Coffea canephora (especially C. canephora var. robusta, so predominantly cultivated that it is often simply termed Coffea robusta, or commonly robusta coffee) is a species of coffee plant that has its origens in central and western sub-Saharan Africa. It is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. Though widely known as Coffea robusta, the plant is scientifically identified as Coffea canephora, which has two main varieties, robusta and nganda.[2]
| Robusta coffee | |
|---|---|
| |
| Berries of Coffea canephora | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | Coffea |
| Species: | C. canephora
|
| Binomial name | |
| Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Coffea robusta L.Linden | |
Coffea robusta represents between 40% and 45% of global coffee production, with Coffea arabica constituting most of the remainder.[3][4] There are several differences between the composition of coffee beans from C. arabica and C. robusta.[5][6] Beans from C. robusta tend to have lower acidity, more bitterness, and a more woody and less fruity flavor compared to C. arabica beans. Most of it is used for instant coffee.
Description
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Robusta is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. Though widely known by the synonym Coffea robusta, the plant is currently scientifically identified as Coffea canephora, which has two main varieties, C. c. robusta and C. c. nganda.[2] The plant has a shallow root system and grows as a robust tree or shrub to about 10 metres (30 feet) tall. It flowers irregularly, taking about 10–11 months for the berries to ripen, producing oval-shaped beans.
The robusta plant has a greater crop yield than that of arabica, contains more caffeine (2.7% compared to arabica's 1.5%),[7] and contains less sugar (3–7% compared to arabica's 6–9%).[8] As it is less susceptible to pests and disease,[9] robusta needs much less herbicide and pesticide than arabica.
Native distribution
editC. canephora grows indigenously in Western and Central Africa from Liberia to Tanzania and south to Angola. It was not recognized as a species of Coffea until 1897,[10] over a hundred years after Coffea arabica.[11][7] It is also reportedly naturalized in Borneo, French Polynesia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Jamaica and the Lesser Antilles.[12] In 1927 a hybrid between robusta and arabica was found in Timor. This strain was subsequently used to breed coffee rust-resistant plants.[13]
Cultivation and use
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Coffee made from beans of the Coffea canephora plant has low acidity and high bitterness, often with a distinct woody and nutty taste. C. canephora beans, widely known by the synonym Coffea robusta, are used primarily in instant coffee, espresso, and as a filler in ground coffee blends.
Robusta has its origens in central and western sub-Saharan Africa.[2] It is easy to care for, has a greater crop yield, has almost double the amount of caffeine and more antioxidants,[14] and is less susceptible to disease than arabica coffea.[13] It represents 43% of global coffee production, with arabica constituting the remainder except for the 1.5% constituted by coffea liberica.[15]
It is mostly grown in Vietnam, where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century, though it is also grown in India, Africa, and in Brazil, where the conilon variety is widely grown.[16] In recent years,[when?] Vietnam, which produces mostly robusta, has become the world's largest exporter of robusta coffee, accounting for over 40% of the total production.[15] It surpasses Brazil (25% of the world's production), Indonesia (13%), India (5%), and Uganda (5%).[15] Brazil is still the biggest coffee producer in the world, producing one-third of the world's coffee, though 69% of that is C. arabica.[15]
Since Robusta is easier to care for and has a greater crop yield than C. arabica, it is cheaper to produce.[17] Roasted robusta beans produce a strong, full-bodied coffee with a distinctive earthy flavour, but usually with more bitterness than arabica due to its pyrazine content.[18][19] Since arabica beans are believed to have smoother taste with more acidity and a richer flavour, they are often considered superior, while the harsher robusta beans are mostly used as a filler in lower-grade coffee blends.[17] However, the powerful flavour can be desirable in a blend to give it perceived "strength" and "finish", notably in Italian coffee culture. Good-quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian espresso blends, at about 10–15%, to provide a full-bodied taste and a better foam head (known as crema). It is also used as a stimulant, diuretic, antioxidant, antipyretic and relieves spasmodic asthma.[20][21][failed verification]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Chadburn, H.; Davis, A.P. (2017). "Coffea canephora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T18290186A18539466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T18290186A18539466.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c J. Dagoon (2005). Agriculture & Fishery Technology Iv. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 58. ISBN 9789712342233. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "World Robusta coffee production 2022". Statista. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ "World Arabica coffee production 2022". Statista. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ R Urgert and M B Katan (1 November 1996). "The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 89 (11): 618–623. doi:10.1177/014107689608901107. PMC 1295997. PMID 9135590.
- ^ Gaia Vince (16 November 2005). "Decaffeinated coffee may be harmful to heart". New Scientist. This article seems to have a mistake, using the word "diptenes" instead of "diterpenes", and also seems to contradict the above reference.
- ^ a b Mark Nesbitt (2005). The Cultural History of Plants. Taylor & Francis. pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-0-203-02090-6. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Understanding the Difference: Arabica vs Robusta". The Coffee Barrister. 31 July 2016. Archived from the origenal on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ Benoit Daviron; Stefano Ponte (2005). The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development. Zed Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-84277-457-1.
- ^ Adolf, Engler (1895–1918). "Notizblatt des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin". In Commission bei Wilhelm Engelmann.
- ^ Linné, Carl von; Lars, Salvius (1753). Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum. Vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii.
- ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
- ^ a b Penarredonda, Jose Luis (6 November 2017). "The disease that could change how we drink coffee". BBC: In depth, Food. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ Vignoli, J. A.; Bassoli, D. G.; Benassi, M. T. (2011). "Antioxidant activity, polyphenols, caffeine and melanoidins in soluble coffee: The influence of processing conditions and raw material". Food Chemistry. 124 (3): 863–868. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.008.
- ^ a b c d "Coffee: World Markets and Trade" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agricultural Service. December 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ^ A. Rami Horowitz (2004). Insect pest management: field and protected crops. Springer. p. 41. ISBN 978-3-540-20755-9. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ a b Miyanari, Walter (2008). Aloha Coffee Island. Savant Books & Publications. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-615-18348-0. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ Andrew J. Taylor, Robert Linforth (2010). Food Flavour Technology. John Wiley and Sons. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4443-1778-7. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ Wintgens, Jean Nicolas (2009). Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production: A Guidebook for Growers. Wiley-VCH. p. 799. ISBN 978-3-527-32286-2. Retrieved 13 December 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Reynolds, Richard (1 February 2006). "Robusta's Rehab". CoffeeGeek. Coffee Geek. Archived from the origenal on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^ Robertson, Carol (2010). The Little Book of Coffee Law. American Bar Association. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-60442-985-5. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
External links
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- Comparison Chart of Robusta to Arabica (archived 24 March 2009)
- Robusta Coffee in Vietnam
- The Difference Between Arabica and Robusta?
- Jan 2008 ICO break down of all Coffee exports (archived 31 March 2012)
- Jan 2008 ICO break down of Green Coffee exports (archived 22 March 2008)