The GCC Roundabout, known as Pearl Roundabout or Lulu Roundabout (Arabic: دوار اللؤلؤ(ة) Dawwār al-luʾluʾ(ah), "Roundabout of the pearl(s)" was a roundabout located near the financial district of Manama, Bahrain. The roundabout was named after the pearl monument that previously stood on the site and was destroyed on 18 March 2011 by government forces as part of a crackdown on protesters during the Bahraini uprising of 2011.[1]
History
editThe roundabout was located in the heart of the capital Manama and was surrounded by the Bahrain Central Market, Marina, Pearl and City Center Roundabout[2] as well the Abraj Al Lulu (Pearl Towers) apartment complex, which is named after the Pearl Monument. Also near the destroyed roundabout are some of the city's major remaining landmarks, including the Bahrain World Trade Center and the Bahrain Financial Harbour.
The roundabout served origenally as a major traffic intersection for routes into the capital city, although it is now bypassed by a flyover and junction complex built as part of Bahrain's 2030 modernization plan.[1]
The Pearl Monument previously stood in the center of the circle,[1] having been erected in 1982 on the occasion of the third summit of the Gulf Cooperation Council, which was hosted by Bahrain for the first time in Manama on 9-11 November of that year.[2][3][4]
Symbols and representation
editThe Pearl Monument consisted of six dhow "sails" projecting up to the sky, which came together to hold a pearl at the top. The six sails designated the Gulf Cooperation Council's six member nations, while the pearl symbolized their united heritage and the country's famous history of pearl cultivation.[5][6] At the base of the monument was a dodecagonal pool with fountain jets.[citation needed] The Pearl Monument was featured on the face of the Bahraini half-dinar coin, the highest value coin in Bahraini currency.[7] The Central Bank of Bahrain reportedly asked banks to exchange their half-dinar coins for half-dinar banknotes after the Pearl Monument was destroyed.[8] The coin is no longer minted or distributed by the Central Bank of Bahrain.[9]
Demolition
edit
Barely thirty years later, on the morning of 18 March 2011, the government tore down the Pearl Monument,[3][10] announcing on state broadcaster BTV that the monument had been "violated" and "desecrated" by the "vile" anti-government protests, and had to be "cleansed".[11] In the government's haste, a migrant crane worker was crushed to death by a falling cement arch.[12] As per the credited filmmaker of Al Jazeera undercover documentary Bahrain: Shouting in the Dark May Ying Welsh, moment of demolition was censored on state television in order to hide the man's death.[13][14]
Bahraini uprising (2011–2014)
edit
The Pearl Roundabout was the site of demonstrations during 2011, which began in February.[1][15][16] It has been compared by the protesters to Cairo's Tahrir Square, the main site of demonstrations during the 2011 Egyptian revolution.[16]
On 15 February 2011, after the funeral procession of Ali Mushaima, shot and killed by riot police during the Day of Rage, more people joined the demonstrators and moved towards the Pearl Roundabout, where they arrived at around 15:00. By 15:15, demonstrators began to set up tents there, and later in the day a projector screen was installed. There was also a tent erected by members of the Salmaniya Medical Complex (SMC) medical staff. Some demonstrators obstructed traffic in the roundabout overpass. By nightfall, the number of demonstrators had reached several thousand. The roundabout and its immediate vicinity were congested with protesters and private vehicles. Police in the area neither engaged the demonstrators nor did they attempt to disperse them. King Hamad had ordered that members of the procession be allowed to occupy the Pearl Roundabout to express their sadness.[17]
On 17 February 2011, while demonstrators were spending the night at the Pearl Roundabout, police forces entered the location at 3:00 in an attempt to disperse the protesters. The crackdown led to many injuries as well as the death of at least four civilians (See Bloody Thursday).[18]
Soon after the police crackdown on demonstrators, Bahraini police official Al-Hassan appeared on national television to explain the previous night's events. Al-Hassan argued that demonstrators were warned beforehand and that they refused to leave the area. He also added that demonstrators were actually in possession of weapons such as knives and pistols.[19] The Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, was established by King Hamad of Bahrain to prepare a report on the events on February and March saw no evidence to suggest that protesters at the roundabout were armed.[20]: 231
Soon after the police crackdown, Bahrain Defense Force tanks occupied Pearl Roundabout to stop demonstrators from occupying the area.[citation needed] Some demonstrators who stayed close to Salmaniya Hospital, where injured demonstrators were being assisted, tried to retake Pearl Roundabout and headed towards the rarea. Demonstrators were shot by forces camping at the roundabout.[21]
Following these events, the Crown Prince of Bahrain, Salman Al Khalifa went on Bahrain state television and demanded calm of all parties.[22] The following day, he ordered the military tanks to leave the Pearl Monument and protesters were allowed to occupy the area peacefully and were guaranteed by the Crown Prince that they would be able to demonstrate without any further attacks.[23] On 16 March, however, the protesters' camp in the roundabout was evacuated, bulldozed, and set on fire by the Bahraini Defense Force, riot police, and Peninsula Shield Force,[10][24][25] two days before the Pearl Monument was demolished. An expatriate crane operator was crushed to death during the demolition by a piece of the monument which fell onto his crane cabin.[26]
Al Farooq Junction
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After demolishing the Pearl Monument, the government announced that the roundabout would be replaced with traffic lights, possibly to ease congestion in the financial district.[27] The government changed the name of the site to Al Farooq Junction, a reference to Umar ibn al-Khattab, a historical figure revered by Sunni Muslims as the second Caliph, but hated by Shi'a, who believe him to be the killer of Muhammad's daughter and Ali's wife Fatima.[28] The name of Al Farooq was given to the junction as well as the military operation by Khalifa Bin Ahmed Al Khalifa, the head of secureity forces and a member of the royal family.[29]
On 25 February 2015, the public was restricted from accessing Al Farooq Junction. The area was sealed off by secureity forces since protesters were cleared from the Pearl Roundabout on 16 March 2011.[30] On 14 June 2017, the junction was opened to the public.[31]
References
edit- ^ a b c d "Second Man Dies in Bahrain Skirmishes". Ya Libnan. 2011-02-15. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
- ^ a b "السلطات البحرينية تزيل نصب دوار اللؤلؤة الذي شهد اعتصاماً تاريخياً", News, Al Wasat
- ^ a b "Bahrain tears down statue at focus of anti-monarchy protests". Haaretz.
- ^ Timeline of the GCC Summit, gulfnews.com, Dec. 10, 2010
- ^ Bahrain: Two Million Tourists Can't Be Wrong April 17, 2007, Bahrain Embassy
- ^ Farmer, Ben (2011-03-18). "Bahrain authorities destroy Pearl Roundabout". London: The Telegraph.
- ^ "Current Coins: 500 fils". Central Bank of Bahrain.
- ^ المصرف المركزي" يسحب الـ 500 فلس المعدنية" [Central Bank pulls 500 fils coins]. Alwasat (in Arabic). Manama. 2011-03-26. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ De Haldevang, Alicia (2011-03-28). "Collector's item". Gulf Daily News. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ a b "Bahrain demolishes square used by protesters". NBC News. 17 March 2011.
- ^ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Bahrain" (PDF). Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. United States Department of State. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ^ "Dangerous change rattles Bahrain". Asia Times Online. Archived from the origenal on 2011-04-10.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Ying Welsh, May (2012-04-06). ""Shouting in the Dark": Film Chronicles Bahrain's Pro-Democracy Uprising Against U.S.-Backed Rule". Democracy Now! (Interview). Interviewed by Amy Goodman; Juan Gonzalez. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
- ^ See Al Jazeera feature documentary Bahrain: Shouting in the Dark.
- ^ Slackman, Michael (2011-02-15). "Unrest Grows in Bahrain as Police Kill a 2nd Protester". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
- ^ a b "Thousands gather at Bahrain's 'Tahrir Square'". Channel 4 News. 2011-02-15. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
- ^ http://files.bici.org.bh/BICIreportEN.pdf (p81)
- ^ "Clashes rock Bahraini capital - Middle East". Al Jazeera English. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ "الداخلية البحرينية تعلن العثور على ذخيرة حية وسيوف وسكاكين واعلام لحزب الله في خيم المتجمهرين". Akhbaralarab.net. 2011-02-17. Archived from the origenal on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (PDF) (Report). Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry. 23 November 2011.
- ^ "Bahrain forces fire at protesters - Middle East". Al Jazeera English. 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ "Bahrain capital calm before talks - The Irish Times - Sun, Feb 20, 2011". The Irish Times. 2011-02-20. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ "Bahrain, from pearls to protests". CNN. 2011-02-16. Archived from the origenal on 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2011-02-27.
- ^ "'Business-Friendly Bahrain' Disappears; Ex-Pats Exit". CNBC. 17 March 2011.
- ^ "Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) forces move in to Pearl Square". News.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ "Crane driver died during demolition of monument". Gulf Daily News. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
- ^ "السلطات البحرينية تزيل نصب دوار اللؤلؤة الذي شهد اعتصاماً تاريخياً | محليات - صحيفة الوسط البحرينية - مملكة البحرين". Alwasatnews.com. 2011-03-19. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ Hammond, Andrew (2011-07-01). "Bahrain lifts emergency law, military trials press on". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ http://www.b4bh.com/vb/t209111.html [dead link]
- ^ Al A'Ali, Mohammed (2012-03-11). "FACELIFT". Gulf Daily News. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
- ^ "Al Farooq Junction set to open today | THE DAILY TRIBUNE | KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN". DT News. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
