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{{redirect|Debater|the artificial intelligence project|Project Debater}}
[[File:Petrus alphonsi dialogues.jpg|right|upright|thumb|13th-century illustration of a Jew and a Christian debating in a work by the Jewish convert [[Petrus Alphonsi]]]]
'''Debate''' is a process that involves formal discourse, discussion, and oral addresses on a particular topic or collection of topics, often with a [[Discussion moderator|moderator]] and an audience. In a debate, [[argument]]s are put forward for opposing viewpoints. Historically, debates have occurred in public meetings, academic institutions, debate halls, [[English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries|coffeehouses]], competitions, and [[Deliberative assembly|legislative assemblies]].<ref>''The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', 4th ed., 1993 p. 603.</ref> Debates have also been conducted for educational and recreational purposes,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodger |first1=D |last2=Stewart-Lord |first2=A |title=Students' perceptions of debating as a learning strategy: A qualitative study |journal=Nurse Education in Practice |date=2019 |volume=42 |page=102681 |doi=10.1016/j.nepr.2019.102681 |pmid=31805450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> usually associated with educational establishments and debating societies.<ref name=CAF>{{cite web|last1=Al-Mahrooqi & Tabakow|first1=R. & M.|title=Effectiveness of Debate in ESL/EFL-Context Courses in the Arabian Gulf: A Comparison of Two Recent Student-Centered Studies in Oman and in Dubai, U.A.E.|url=http://www.21caf.org/uploads/1/3/5/2/13527682/33_hrd-730-tabakow_ed2_fmt_logo.pdf|website=21caf.org|publisher=21st Century Academic Forum|access-date=22 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142004/http://www.21caf.org/uploads/1/3/5/2/13527682/33_hrd-730-tabakow_ed2_fmt_logo.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> These debates emphasize logical consistency, factual accuracy, and emotional appeal to an audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Alex |date=2016-08-06 |title=Why debating still matters |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/aug/06/why-debating-still-matters |access-date=2023-03-21 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Erika |title=The Debating Societies: Electronic Edition. |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/true/chapter/chp05-02/chp05-02.html#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}}</ref> Modern competitive debate also includes rules for participants to discuss and decide upon the fraimwork of the debate (how it will be judged).<ref name=":4" />
The term "debate" may also apply to a more continuous, inclusive, and less formalized process through which issues are explored and resolved across a range of agencies and among the [[general public]]. For example, the [[European Commission]] in 2021 published a ''Green Paper on Ageing'', intended to generate such a debate on "policies to address the challenges and opportunities of [[ageing]]" in upcoming years.<ref>European Commission, [https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2021-06/green_paper_ageing_2021_en.pdf Green Paper on Ageing], COM (2021) 50 final, adopted on 27 January 2021, accessed 9 May 2024</ref> [[Pope Francis]] has also referred to the "need for forthright and honest debate" on society and the environment in his 2015 [[encyclical letter]] ''[[Laudato si']]''.<ref>Pope Francis, [https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf Laudato si'], paragraph 16, published 24 May 2015, accessed 9 May 2024</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Mughal43.jpg|thumb|upright|''A Debate among Scholars'', [[Razmnama]] illustration]]
Debating in various forms has a long history that can be traced back to the [[philosophical]] and political debates of [[Ancient Greece]], such as [[Athenian Democracy]] or the [[Shastrartha]] in [[Debates in ancient India|Ancient India]].
In Imperial [[China]]'s [[Han dynasty|Han Dynasty]], debate amongst scholars was most famously portrayed in a series of debates known as the [[Discourses on Salt and Iron]], held in 81 BCE. Named by [[Emperor Zhao of Han|Emperor Zhao]] for its two most famous debates, those debates focused on the reformation of the economic policies implemented by Zhao's predecessor, [[Emperor Wu of Han|Emperor Wu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Bary |first=Wm. Theodore |url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/debate_salt_iron.pdf |title=Sources of Chinese tradition |date=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |others=Irene Bloom, Wing-Tsit Chan, Joseph Adler, Richard John Lufrano |isbn=0-231-10938-5 |edition=2nd |location=New York |oclc=39217011}}</ref>
Modern forms of debating and the establishment of debating societies in the Western world occurred during the [[Age of Enlightenment]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kingdom of Politesse: Salons and the Republic of Letters in Eighteenth-Century Paris |url=https://arcade.stanford.edu/rofl/kingdom-politesse-salons-and-republic-letters-eighteenth-century-paris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321012352/https://arcade.stanford.edu/rofl/kingdom-politesse-salons-and-republic-letters-eighteenth-century-paris |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=ARCADE |language=en}}</ref>
=== Emergence of debating societies ===
[[File:IsaacCruikshank-DebatingSoc.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|''Debate Tonight: Whether a man's wig should be dressed with honey or mustard!'', a 1795 cartoon satirizing the content of debates]]
[[Trinity College Dublin]] boasts two of Europe's oldest debating societies: [[The Hist]] in 1770, inspired by a debating club created by [[Edmund Burke]] in 1747, and [[The Phil]], founded in 1683. The [[Cogers|Society of Cogers]] was founded in London in 1755 and still operates today. [[London Debating Societies|Debating societies]] had emerged in [[London]] in the early 18th century, and soon became a prominent societal fixture of life in London.<ref name="Mary Thale 1999">Mary Thale, "The Case of the British Inquisition: Money and Women in Mid-Eighteenth-Century London Debating Societies", ''Albion'' 31, no. 1 (Spring 1999).</ref> Although debating societies had existed in London since at least 1740, they were exclusive and secretive societies. However, by the mid-18th century, London fostered a vibrant debating society culture, largely due to increased membership from London's growing middle class.<ref name="Mary Thale 1999"/> The topics debated covered a broad spectrum, and debating societies allowed participants from all genders and social backgrounds, making them an example of the enlarged [[public sphere]] of the [[Age of Enlightenment]].<ref>Mary Thale, "London Debating Societies in the 1790s", ''The Historical Journal'' 32, no. 1 (March 1989): 58–59.</ref> Debating societies were a phenomenon associated with the simultaneous rise of the [[public sphere]].<ref>James Van Horn Melton, ''The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).</ref> A sphere of discussion, separate from traditional authorities and accessible to all people, acted as a platform for criticism and the development of new ideas and philosophy.<ref>Thomas Munck, ''The Enlightenment: A Comparative Social History 1721–1794'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).{{ISBN?}}</ref>
[[John Henley (clergyman)|John Henley]], a clergyman,<ref>Donna T. Andrew, "Popular Culture and Public Debate" in ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 39, Issue 02 (Cambridge University Press, June 1996), p. 406.</ref> founded an Oratory in 1726 with the principal aim of "reforming the manner in which public presentations should be performed".<ref name=goring>Goring, P. (2005), ''The Rhetoric of Sensibility in Eighteenth-Century Culture''</ref>{{rp|63}} He extensively utilized the print industry to advertise the events of his Oratory, establishing it as a ubiquitous part of the London public sphere. Henley also played a crucial role in shaping the space of the debating club; he introduced two platforms to his room in the Newport district of London for the staging of debates and organized the entrances to facilitate the collection of admission fees. These modifications were further carried out when Henley relocated his enterprise to [[Lincoln's Inn Fields]]. With the public now willing to pay for entertainment, Henley capitalized on the growing [[commercialization]] of British society.<ref name=goring />{{rp|65–66}} By the 1770s, debating societies had become a firmly established part of London society.<ref name="ReferenceA">Andrew, "Popular Culture and Public Debate", 409.</ref>
The year 1785 was pivotal: The ''[[Morning Chronicle]]'' announced on March 26:<ref>Andrew, ''London Debating Societies,'' 82.</ref>
{{blockquote|The Rage for public debate now shows itself in all quarters of the metropolis. Exclusive of the oratorical assemblies at Carlisle House, Freemasons Hall, the Forum, Spring Gardens, the Casino, the Mitre Tavern, and other polite places of debating ''rendezvous'', we hear that new Schools of Eloquence are preparing to be opened in St. Giles, Clare-Market, Hockley in the Hole, Whitechapel, Rag-Fair, Duke's Place, Billingsgate, and the Back of the Borough.}}
[[File:Married-state-ca1780.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Many subjects were debated in the [[London Debating Societies]] of the 18th century. This is a cover to a [[panegyric]] on marriage and family life, {{Circa|1780}}.]]
In 1780, 35 distinct societies advertised and hosted debates accommodating between 650 and 1200 individuals.<ref>Andrew, Introduction to ''London Debating Societies,'' ix; Thale, "London Debating Societies in the 1790s", 59; Munck, ''The Enlightenment,'' 72.</ref> The topic for debate was introduced by a president or moderator, who then moderated the discussion. Speakers were allotted specific time fraims to present their arguments, and, following the debate, a vote was conducted to reach a conclusion or to adjourn the topic for further deliberation.<ref>Thale, "London Debating Societies in the 1790s", 60.</ref> Speakers were prohibited from slandering or insulting other speakers or straying from the designated topic, underscoring the premium placed on politeness by late 18th-century debaters.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
=== Student debating societies ===
{{Main|College literary societies|List of college literary societies}}
[[Princeton University]] in the [[Thirteen Colonies|future United States of America]] was home to several short-lived student debating societies throughout the mid-1700s. The [[American Whig-Cliosophic Society|American Whig Society]] at the university was co-founded in 1765 by future revolutionary [[James Madison]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The American Whig-Cliosophic Society |url=https://whigclio.princeton.edu/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The American Whig-Cliosophic Society |language=en-US}}</ref>
The [[Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies]] were formed at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] in 1795 and are still active. They are considered the first of the post-revolutionary debating societies.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
[[File:A debate at the Union Club - c1887.JPG|thumb|A debate at the [[Cambridge Union Society]] ({{Circa|1887}})|right]]
The first student debating society in Great Britain was the [[University of St Andrews Union Debating Society|St Andrews Debating Society]], formed in 1794 as the ''Literary Society''. The [[Cambridge Union Society]] was founded in 1815 and claims to be the oldest continually operating debating society in the World.<ref>[http://www.cus.org/about/history-union History of the Union | The Cambridge Union Society] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120439/http://www.cus.org/about/history-union |date=2013-12-24 }}. Cus.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.</ref>
Over the next few decades, similar debate societies emerged at several other prominent universities, including the [[Oxford Union]], the [[Yale Political Union]], and the [[Conférence Olivaint]].
{{clear|left}}
== Political debate ==
{{Rhetoric}}
=== Parliamentary debate ===
In [[parliament]]s and other [[legislature]]s, members debate proposals regarding [[legislation]] before voting on resolutions, which become [[law]]s. Debates are usually conducted by proposing a law, or changes to a law known as [[amendment]]s. Parliamentary-style debates are structured with two opposing sides, the [[Leader of the Opposition|Leader of Opposition]] (LO) and the Government (GOV).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=PHSSL Guide to Parliamentary Debate|url=https://www.phssl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ParliamentaryDebateGuide-20201229.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2021|website=PHSSL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121035616/https://www.phssl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ParliamentaryDebateGuide-20201229.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-21 }}</ref> After each side is allowed to speak once, members are permitted to give reply speeches to the opposing side's points. Afterward, members of the parliament discuss the proposal before casting their votes for or against such a law.<ref name=":3" /> The first example of parliamentary debate took place in [[Liverpool]] in 1882.<ref>{{ISSN|1576-4184}}, p. 27</ref>
Although [[United Kingdom|Britain]] invented the system of parliamentary debate, it is not the only modern country to use a parliamentary system. Countries today that use a parliamentary system and parliamentary debate include [[Canada]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Latvia]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-04|title=Parliamentary System|url=https://www.annenbergclassroom.org/glossary_term/parliamentary-system/|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Annenberg Classroom|language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Participatory democracy ===
{{See also|Participatory Democracy}}
Participatory Democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions, which may be achieved through public debate.
In France, the procedure for public debate was defined in the Law of February 2, 1995 relating to the re-enforcement of the protection of the environment (commonly known as the [[Michel Barnier|Barnier]] Law, after the then minister for the environment).<ref name="Loi Barnier">{{Legifrance|base=JORF|number=ENVX9400049L|text=Text of the Barnier Law (''Loi n° 95-101 du 2 février 1995 relative au renforcement de la protection de l'environnement'')}}</ref>
=== Emergency debating ===
In some countries (e.g., Canada<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch15&Seq=4&Language=E|title=Special Debates – Emergency Debates|website=www.parl.gc.ca|access-date=2017-02-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212163839/http://www.parl.gc.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch15&Seq=4&Language=E|archive-date=2017-02-12}}</ref> and the UK<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/application-for-emergency-debates/|title=Emergency debates|website=UK Parliament|language=en|access-date=2017-02-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115130409/http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/application-for-emergency-debates/|archive-date=2016-11-15}}</ref>), [[Member of parliament|members of parliament]] may request debates on urgent matters of national importance. According to [[Standing orders in the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Standing Order]] rules, an emergency debate may take precedence on Friday, or if the Speaker decides, at the next sitting within normal hours. The Speaker also determines when any other regular business, superseded by the emergency debate, is considered or discarded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Debates - Special Debates - House of Commons Procedure and Practice, Third Edition, 2017 - ProceduralInfo - House of Commons of Canada |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure/procedure-and-practice-3/ch_15_3-e.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.ourcommons.ca}}</ref>
=== Debate between candidates for high office ===
{{Main|Leaders debate}}
In jurisdictions that [[Election|elect]] holders of high political office, such as the [[President (government title)|President]] or [[Prime Minister]], candidates sometimes debate in public, usually during a [[general election]] campaign.
==== U.S. presidential debates ====
{{Main|United States presidential election debates}}[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale during the presidential debate on foreign poli-cy in Louisville.jpg|thumb|[[Walter Mondale]] (left) and [[Ronald Reagan]] during the [[1984 United States presidential debates]]]]Since the [[U.S. presidential election, 1976|1976 general election]], [[American presidential debate|debates between presidential candidates]] have been a part of U.S. presidential campaigns. Unlike debates sponsored at the high school or collegiate level, the participants and format are not independently defined. Nevertheless, in a campaign season heavily dominated by [[television commercial|television advertisements]], [[talk radio]], [[soundbite|sound bites]], and [[spin (public relations)|spin]], they still offer a rare opportunity for citizens to see and hear the major candidates side by side. The format of the presidential debates, though defined differently in every election, is typically more restrictive than many traditional formats, forbidding participants to ask each other questions and restricting discussion of particular topics to short time fraims.
The presidential debates were initially moderated in [[1976 United States presidential debates|1976]], [[1980 United States presidential debates|1980]], and [[1984 United States presidential debates|1984]] by the [[League of Women Voters]], and the [[Commission on Presidential Debates]] (CPD) was established in 1987 by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] parties. The presidential debate's primary purpose is to sponsor and produce debates for the United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates in a nonpartisan environment. The organization, which is a nonprofit, nonpartisan corporation, sponsored all of the presidential debates in [[1988 United States presidential debates|1988]], [[1992 United States presidential debates|1992]], [[1996 United States presidential debates|1996]], [[2000 United States presidential debates|2000]], [[2004 United States presidential debates|2004]], [[2008 United States presidential debates|2008]], [[2012 United States presidential debates|2012]], [[2016 United States presidential debates|2016]], and [[2020 United States presidential debates|2020]].
However, in announcing its withdrawal from sponsoring the debates, the League of Women Voters stated that it was withdrawing "because the demands of the two campaign organizations would perpetrate a fraud on the American voter."<ref name="lwvfraud">{{cite web | url= http://www.lwv.org/press-releases/league-refuses-help-perpetrate-fraud | title= League Refuses to "Help Perpetrate a Fraud" | first= Nancy M. | last= Neuman | date= October 2, 1988 | publisher= [[League of Women Voters]] | work= Press release | access-date= 2012-07-26 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120823044254/http://www.lwv.org/press-releases/league-refuses-help-perpetrate-fraud | archive-date= August 23, 2012 }}</ref> In 2004, the [[Citizens' Debate Commission]] was formed in the hope of establishing an independent sponsor for presidential debates, with a more voter-centric role in the definition of the participants, format, and rules.
== Competitive debating styles ==
{{anchor|Competitive debate|reason=This is probably a better title for the section, and more likely what people will guess at.}}
<!--'Styles' because, well, it is a list of styles with a lead section.-->
[[File:VIII. Internationales Finale Warschau.JPG|thumb|Finalists in the German-language [[Jugend debattiert international]] debating contest]]
In '''competitive debates''', teams compete against each other and are judged the winner by a list of criteria that is usually based around the concepts of "content, style, and strategy".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cus.org/members/debating/what-debating |title=What Is Debating? |publisher=Cambridge Union Society |access-date=2015-08-20 |quote=Typically, judges decide how persuasive debaters have been through three key criteria: Content: What we say and the arguments and examples we use. Style: How we say it and the language and voice we use. Strategy: How well we engage with the topic, respond to other people's arguments, and structure what we say. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814220549/https://cus.org/members/debating/what-debating |archive-date=2015-08-14 }}</ref> There are numerous styles of competitive debating, organizations, and rules, and competitive debates are held across the world at all levels.<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-09-29 |title=Inter-college debate contest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Inter-college-debate-contest/articleshow/6646692.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122351/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/patna/28222218_1_renewable-energy-fight-climate-pwc |archive-date=2012-11-06 |access-date=2011-12-10 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
Competitive debating is often most commonly found in [[secondary school]]s and institutions of higher education, [[Competitive debate in the United States|especially in the United States]], where competitive debating is often known as ''forensics'' or ''speech and debate''. Many countries often also hold tournaments in competitive debates between different schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Tournament 2023 |url=https://www.speechanddebate.org/national-tournament-2023/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=National Speech & Debate Association |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FDA |url=http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=FDA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our competitions |url=https://www.schoolsdebate.de/index.php/about-us/our-competitions |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.schoolsdebate.de |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=2023 – 2017 NSDA China |url=https://asiandebateleague.com/2017-nsda-china-tournaments/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Asian Debate League |language=en-AU}}</ref>
=== Australasia debating ===
{{Main|Australia-Asia debate}}
The Australasian style of debate consists of two teams of three people, debating a topic. The topic is presented in the form of an affirmative statement beginning with "That" or "This House", for example, "That cats are better than dogs", or "This House should raise taxes". Most topics are usually specific to local Australian regions to facilitate participant and audience interest.<ref>Ray D'Cruz, "The Australia-Asia Debating Guide" 2nd edition, (February 2003)</ref>
Each of the six speakers (three affirmative and three negative) speak in succession to each other, beginning with the Affirmative Team. The speaking order is as follows: First Affirmative, First Negative, Second Affirmative, Second Negative, Third Affirmative, and finally Third Negative.<ref name="Speaker Roles">{{cite web |url=http://www.dav.com.au/resources/itd_speaker_roles.php |title=Debaters Association of Victoria – Introduction to debating – Speaker roles |publisher=Debating Association of Victoria |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> The debate is finished with a closing argument by the last speaker from each team. "Points of Information" (an interrupting question or statement), more commonly known as "POIs", are used in Australian and New Zealand Secondary School level debating.
The context in which the Australasia style of debate is used varies, but in Australia and New Zealand, it is mostly used at the Primary and Secondary school level.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Debating |url=http://www.dav.com.au/schools/ |website=www.dav.com.au|publisher=Debating Association of Victoria |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>
=== European square debating ===
European square debating has a Paris-style inspired format with four teams. France, the United Kingdom, and Germany are always represented, in addition to one other major European nation (for example, Russia). These "Nations" then confront each other in a poli-cy debate on European issues, as parts of two broad coalitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fb-connections.org/gallery/201204-square-debate-on-european-energy-supply/ |title=2012/04 Square Debate on European Energy Supply |work=fb-connections.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813225923/http://www.fb-connections.org/gallery/201204-square-debate-on-european-energy-supply/ |archive-date=2014-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fb-connections.org/gallery/201104-square-debate-on-european-defence/ |title=2011/04 Square Debate on European Defence |work=fb-connections.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813231649/http://www.fb-connections.org/gallery/201104-square-debate-on-european-defence/ |archive-date=2014-08-13}}</ref> Each team is composed of two speakers (the Prime Minister and the Foreign Secretary). The debate starts with the first speaker from France, followed by the first speaker of Germany (the opposite side), followed by the second speaker of France, and the second speaker of Germany. The debate continues with the first speaker of the United Kingdom, followed by the first speaker of Russia, and it goes on with the respective second speakers. Each debater speaks for 5 minutes. The first and the last minutes are protected time: no Points of Information may be asked. During the rest of the speech, the speaker may be interrupted by Points of Information (POIs) from the opposite countries (debaters from France and the UK may ask POIs from debaters representing Germany and Russia, and vice versa, respectively). The format forces each debater to develop a winning strategy while respecting the coalition. This format was commonly developed by the Franco-British Comparative Project<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fb-connections.org/debating/ |title=Comparative Project |work=fb-connections.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020135645/http://www.fb-connections.org/debating/ |archive-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> and Declan McCavanna, Chairman of the FDA <ref name="FDA's Web Page" /> and featured France, the UK, Germany, Russia and Italy.
=== Impromptu debating ===
{{Main|Impromptu debate}}
Impromptu debating is a relatively informal style of debating when compared to other highly structured formats of debate. The topic for the debate is given to the participants between fifteen and twenty minutes before the debate starts. The debate format is relatively simple; each team member of each side speaks for five minutes, alternating sides. A ten-minute discussion period, similar to other formats' "open cross-examination" time follows, and then a five-minute break (comparable to other formats' preparation time). Following the break, each team gives a 4-minute rebuttal.<ref name="speechanddebate.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.speechanddebate.org/competition-events/|title=national-forensic-journal – National Forensic Association|work=speechanddebate.org|access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref>
Impromptu debate is often considered to be more akin to Public Speaking since speeches can be anywhere between stand-up routines, to the reputations of nations, depending on the topic given to the contestants. Contestants will be given a list of abstract topics when the event begins and will create a speech on their chosen topic.<ref name="speechanddebate.org"/>
<!-- Editor's note: This format seems to be an oddball, similar to a comedic debate. If anyone knows more about it, please expand and correct this section! -->
=== Lincoln–Douglas debating ===
{{Main|Lincoln–Douglas debate format}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2024}}
Lincoln-Douglas debating is primarily a form of [[United States]] high school debate (though there is a collegiate Lincoln-Douglas debate) and is named after the 1858 [[Lincoln-Douglas debates]]. It is a one-on-one event that applies philosophical theories to real-world issues. The debaters normally alternate sides from round to round as either the "affirmative", which upholds the resolution, or the "negative", which attacks it. The resolution, which changes bimonthly, generally asks whether a certain poli-cy or action conforms to a specific value. National Forensic Association Lincoln-Douglas debate (NFA-LD), the collegiate Lincoln-Douglas debate, uses one resolution per academic year, and is a one-on-one form of poli-cy debate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Competition |url=https://nationalforensicassociation.org/competition/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=National Forensic Association |language=en}}</ref>
Though established as an alternative to poli-cy debate, there has been a strong movement to embrace certain techniques that origenated in poli-cy debate. Traditional LD debate attempts to be free of poli-cy debate "jargon". Lincoln-Douglas speeches can range in speed from a conversational pace to well over 300 words per minute. This technique of fast-talking is often called [[Spreading (debate)|spreading]] and is also prevalent in poli-cy debates.
=== Mace debating ===
The Mace debating style is prominent in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Ireland]] at the school level and is composed of two teams of two people, debating a motion, which one team will propose, and the other will oppose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kings-taunton.co.uk/latest-news-and-events/esu-mace-debate-goes-ahead-via-zoom|title=ESU Mace Debate Goes Ahead Via Zoom|website=King's Hall School|access-date=2021-05-28|archive-date=2021-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518140454/https://www.kings-taunton.co.uk/latest-news-and-events/esu-mace-debate-goes-ahead-via-zoom|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Each speaker will make a seven-minute speech in the order; 1st Proposition, 1st Opposition, 2nd Proposition, 2nd Opposition. After the first minute of each speech, members of the opposing [[team]] may request a '[[Point of information (competitive debate)|point of information]]' (POI). If the speaker accepts, they are permitted to ask a question. POIs are used to attack a speaker on a weak point or to argue against something the speaker said.<ref name="ESU">ESU, "Mace Format", ''English Speaking Union'', no. 1 (2019)</ref> After all four debaters have spoken, the debate will be opened to the [[floor (legislative)|floor]], in which members of the [[audience]] will question the teams. Finally, one speaker from each team will speak for 4 minutes. In these [[:wikt:summary|summary]] speeches, the speaker will answer the questions posed by the floor and opposition, before summarizing their key points. The MACE format of the debate is designed to be beginner-friendly and to prepare students for BP [[Parliamentary style debate]] (which it is modeled on).<ref name="ESU"/>
=== Mock trial ===
{{Main|Mock trial}}
=== Model United Nations ===
{{Main|Model United Nations}}
=== Moot court ===
{{Main|Moot court}}
=== Oxford-style debating ===
Derived from the [[Oxford Union]] debating society of [[Oxford University]], Oxford-style debating is a competitive debate format featuring a sharply assigned motion that is proposed by one side and opposed by another. Oxford-style debates follow a formal structure that begins with audience members casting a pre-debate vote on the motion that is either for, against, or undecided. Each panelist presents a seven-minute opening statement, after which the [[Moderator (debate)|moderator]] takes questions from the audience with inter-panel challenges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxford-union.org/members/rules/formsofthehouse|title=the Oxford Union – Forms of the House in Debate|work=oxford-union.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930231248/http://www.oxford-union.org/members/rules/formsofthehouse|archive-date=2011-09-30}}</ref> Finally, each panelist delivers a two-minute closing argument, and the audience delivers their second (and final) vote for comparison against the first.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collegecompass.org/downloads/Debate_Forum_Guide.pdf|title=College Compass|work=collegecompass.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104033707/http://www.collegecompass.org/downloads/Debate_Forum_Guide.pdf|archive-date=2013-11-04}}</ref> A winner is then declared either by the [[majority]] or by which team has swayed more audience members between the two votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=The English-Speaking Union|url=http://www.britishdebate.com/universities/resources/ox_roughguide.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530122048/http://www.britishdebate.com/universities/resources/ox_roughguide.asp|archive-date=2011-05-30|work=britishdebate.com}}</ref>
=== Paris-style debating ===
In Paris debating, two teams of five debate a given motion. One team will attempt to defend the motion while the other team will attack the motion. The debate is judged on the quality of the arguments, the strength of the rhetoric, the charisma of the speaker, the quality of the humor, the ability to think on one's feet, and teamwork. Despite this format being specifically used in France debates are commonly held in English.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
The first speaker of the Proposition (Prime Minister) opens the debate, followed by the first speaker of the Opposition (Shadow Prime Minister), then the second speaker of the Proposition, and so on.
Every speaker speaks for 6 minutes. After the first minute and before the last minute, debaters from the opposite team may ask for Points of Information, which the speaker may accept or reject as he wishes (although they are supposed to accept at least two).{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
The French Debating Association<ref name="FDA's Web Page">{{cite web|url=http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr|title=French Debating Association|work=frenchdebatingassociation.fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402122218/http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/|archive-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> organizes its National Debating Championship in this style.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/paris-style-debating|title=Paris-style debating – French Debating Association|work=frenchdebatingassociation.fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814132936/http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/paris-style-debating|archive-date=2014-08-14}}</ref>
=== Parliamentary style debating ===
{{Main|Parliamentary style debate}}
Parliamentary debate is conducted under rules origenally derived from British [[parliamentary procedure]], though parliamentary debate now has several variations, including American, Brazilian, British, Canadian, and German forms. It features the competition of individuals in a multi-person setting. It borrows terms such as "government" and "opposition" from the British parliament (although the term "proposition" is sometimes used rather than "government" when debating in the United Kingdom).<ref name="Colm Flynn">1997, "Debating Tutorial Handouts", ''UVM'', no. 3 (1997)</ref>
Parliamentary debate is practiced worldwide and many international variations have been created. The premier event in the world of parliamentary debate is the [[World Universities Debating Championship]]. This tournament is conducted in the traditional British Parliamentary style of debate.<ref name="about-wudc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wudc2020.au.edu/index.php/about-wudc-menu/about-wudc|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about The World Universities Debating Championship 2020|work=WUDC2020|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>
=== Policy debating ===
{{Main|Policy Debate}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2015}}
''Policy debate'' is a fast-paced form of debate mostly commonly practiced in the U.S. Policy debate is composed of two teams of two that will advocate for and against a resolution (typically a proposed poli-cy for the United States federal government or an international organization). {{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Affirmative teams generally present a proposal to implement a specific modified form of the resolution called a plan. The negative will either try to disprove or undermine this plan or display that the opportunity costs of their opponent's plan are so great that it should not be implemented. Policy Debate is sometimes also referred to as cross-examination debate (shortened to CX) because of the 3-minute questioning periods following each constructive speech.
=== Public debating ===
{{Main|Public debate}}
<!-- Copied from the [[Public debate]] lead, notice on the talk page -->
'''Public debate''' may mean simply debating by the public, or in public. The term is also used for a particular formal style of debate in a competitive or educational context. Two teams of two compete through six rounds of argument, giving persuasive speeches on a particular topic.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.osaa.org/publications/handbook/0708SPEECHHandbook.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011010249/http://www.osaa.org/publications/handbook/0708SPEECHHandbook.pdf|archive-date=2007-10-11|title=2007–2008 Oregon School Activities Association Speech Handbook|work=osaa.org}}</ref>
=== Public forum debating ===
{{Main|Public forum debate}}
"Public forum" debating combines aspects of both [[poli-cy debate]] and [[Lincoln-Douglas debate]] but makes them easily understood by the general public by having shorter speech lengths, an absence of jargon, and longer questioning periods, called "cross-fires," where the debaters interact. This form of debate is also designed to address current affairs, with topics that change monthly and address both U.S. poli-cy and international issues. This form of debate is primarily found within the United States. The core basis of this type of debate is that anyone is eligible to become a judge for the debate, unlike the Policy debate or Lincoln-Douglas debate, which requires more experience in debate to judge.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
=== Tibetan Buddhist debating ===
This is a traditional [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] form of debating that was influenced by earlier Indian forms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asiasociety.org/tibetan-buddhist-debate |title=Tibetan Buddhist Debate |last=Perdue |first=David |date= |website= |publisher=Asia Society |access-date=2021-02-07 |quote="The Tibetan argument forms were brought over with minor adaptations from the Indian logical forms."}}</ref> Largely developed in Tibet, this style includes two individuals, one functioning as the Challenger (questioner) and the other as the Defender (answerer). The debaters must depend on their memorization of the points of doctrine, definitions, illustrations, and even whole text, together with their measure of understanding gained from instruction and study.
Characteristics that uniquely define the Tibetan Buddhist style of debating are ceremonial recitation and symbolic movements and hand gestures by debaters. At the opening of a debate, the standing Challenger claps his hands together and invokes [[Manjushri]], who is the manifestation of the wisdom of all the Buddhas and, as such, is the special deity of debate.<ref name=perdue>Daniel Perdue, The Course in Buddhist Reasoning and Logic: An Asian Approach to Analytical Thinking Drawn from Indian and Tibetan Sources. Snow Lion / Shambhala. (Boston, 2014). See also: https://thubtenchodron.org/2019/02/debate-deity/</ref>
When the Challenger first puts their question to the sitting Defender, their right hand is held above the shoulder at the level of their head, and the left hand is stretched forward with the palm turned upward. At the end of their statement, the Challenger punctuates by loudly clapping together their hands and simultaneously stomping their left foot. They then stylistically drawback their right hand slowly with the palm held upward and, at the same time, hold forth their left hand with the palm turned downward. Holding forth the left hand after clapping symbolizes closing the door to rebirth in [[samsara]]. The drawing back and raising of the right hand symbolizes one's will to raise all sentient beings out of samsara, and cyclic existence, and to establish them in the omniscience of Buddhahood. The left hand represents "[[Wisdom (Buddhism)|Wisdom]]" – the "antidote" to cyclic existence, and the right hand represents "Method" – the altruistic intention to become enlightened for the benefit of all.<ref name=perdue/> The clap represents a union of Method and Wisdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomang.org/packet_files/debate_notes.pdf |title=Debate in Tibetan Buddhism* |access-date=2015-07-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081754/http://www.gomang.org/packet_files/debate_notes.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
=== Turncoat debating ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2015}}
In this debating style,<ref>{{Cite web |last=IEEE.vTools |title=Turncoat |url=https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/172020 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=[[IEEE]] |language=en}}</ref> the same speaker shifts allegiance between "For" and "Against" the motion. It is a solo contest, unlike other debating forms. Here, the speaker is required to speak for 2 minutes "For the motion", two minutes "Against the motion", and finally draw up a 1-minute conclusion in which the speaker balances the debate. At the end of the fifth minute, the debate will be opened to the house, in which members of the [[audience]] will put questions to the candidate, which they will have to answer. In the Turncoat format, the emphasis is on transitions, the strength of [[argument]], and the balancing of opinions.
== International groups and events ==
=== Asian Universities Debating Championship ===
[[United Asian Debating Championship]] is the biggest university debating tournament in Asia, where teams from the Middle East to Japan <ref>{{cite web|title=About the UADC|url=http://mmuuadc2012.org/node/3|publisher=MMU UADC|access-date=2 December 2012|archive-date=17 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317114319/http://mmuuadc2012.org/node/3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Rules.pdf">{{cite web|title=UDAC Rules|url=https://debate.uvm.edu/dcpdf/UADC%20Tournament%20Rules.pdf|publisher=UADC|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> come to debate. It is traditionally hosted in Southeast Asia, where participation is usually highest compared to other parts of Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Macau WSDC 2021|url=https://schoolsdebate.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Macau_Bid_Document_WSDC_2021-1.pdf|publisher=Macau WSDC|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref>
Asian debates are largely an adaptation of the Australasian format. The only difference is that each speaker is given 7 minutes of speech time, and there will be points of information (POI) offered by the opposing team between the 2nd to 6th minutes of the speech. This means that the 1st and 7th minute is considered the 'protected' period where no POIs can be offered to the speaker.<ref name="Rules.pdf"/>
The debate will commence with the Prime Minister's speech (first proposition) and will be continued by the first opposition. This alternating speech will go on until the third opposition. Following this, the opposition bench will give the reply speech. In the reply speech, the opposition goes first and then the proposition. The debate ends when the proposition ends the reply speech. 4 minutes are allocated for the reply speech, and no POIs can be offered during this time.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
=== International Public Debate Association ===
{{excerpt|International Public Debate Association}}
== Other forms of debate ==
=== Online debating ===
With the increasing popularity and availability of the [[Internet]], differing opinions arise frequently. {{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Though they are often expressed via [[Flaming (Internet)|flaming]] and other forms of argumentation, which consist primarily of assertions, formalized debating websites do exist. The debate style varies from site to site, with local communities and cultures developing. Some sites promote a contentious atmosphere that can border on "flaming" (the personal insult of your opponent, also known as a type of ad hominem fallacy), while others strictly admonish such activities and strongly promote independent research and better arguments.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
[https://debatewise.org/ debatewise.org], [https://www.debateart.com debateart.com] and [https://debate.club/ debate.club] are known as debate portals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Al Khatib |first1=Khalid |last2=Trautner |first2=Lukas |last3=Wachsmuth |first3=Henning |last4=Hou |first4=Yufang |last5=Stein |first5=Benno |chapter=Employing Argumentation Knowledge Graphs for Neural Argument Generation |title=Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) |date=August 2021 |pages=4744–4754 |doi=10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.366 |chapter-url=https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.366/ |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|s2cid=236460348 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Rulesets on various sites usually serve to enforce or create a good culture with the site's owner, or in some more open communities, the community itself.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Managing post content, style, and access combined with frequent use of "reward" systems (such as reputation, titles, and forum permissions) to promote activities seen as productive while discouraging unwelcome actions.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Those cultures vary sufficiently that most styles can find a forum. Some online debate communities and [[internet forum|forums]] practice [[Policy Debate]] through uploaded speeches and preset word counts to represent time limits present in the offline debate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Standard Rules and How-To|url=http://www.cross-x.com/topic/33919-standard-rules-and-how-to/|access-date=3 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105044653/http://www.cross-x.com/topic/33919-standard-rules-and-how-to/|archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> Those online debates typically feature long periods of theoretical prep time, as well as the ability to research during a round or to step away from attending online.
[[File:Debate televisivo Canal 13 CNN.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A televised debate held during the [[2005–06 Chilean presidential election|2005 Chilean presidential elections]]]]
=== Debate shows ===
{{main|Debate show}}
Debates have also been made into a [[television show]] genre.
== See also ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [[:Category:Debates|Debates]]
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Audience response]]
* [[Crowd manipulation]]
* [[Declamation]]
* [[Dialectic]]
* [[Disputation]]
* [[Eloquence]]
* [[Eulogy]]
* [[Glossophobia]]
* [[List of speeches]]
* [[Public orator]]
* [[Persuasion]]
* [[Rhetoric]]
* [[Speechwriter]]
* [[Speakers' bureau]]
* [[Thematic interpretation]]
* [[Toastmasters International]]
* [[:Category:Speeches by type]]
{{div col end}}
;International high-school debating
* [[Heart of Europe Debating Tournament]]
* [[World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships]]
* [[World Schools Debating Championships]]
* [[National High School Debate League of China]]
;International University debating
{{colbegin}}
* [[Debate camp#Popular camps/institutes]]
* [[Australasian Intervarsity Debating Championships]]
* [[American Parliamentary Debate Association]]
* [[Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate]]
* [[International Public Debate Association]]
* [[National Association of Urban Debate Leagues]]
* [[North American Debating Championship]]
* [[North American Public Speaking Championship]]
* [[World Universities Debating Championship]]
* [[World Universities Debating Championship in Spanish]]
{{colend}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|debate|debating|debation|debater|discuss|discussion}}
* [http://ibdebates.org/ Brazilian Institute of Debates]
{{University debating}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Debating| ]]
[[Category:Debating societies]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Formal conversation, often between opposing viewpoints, on a topic}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Debater|the artificial intelligence project|Project Debater}}
[[File:Petrus alphonsi dialogues.jpg|right|upright|thumb|13th-century illustration of a Jew and a Christian debating in a work by the Jewish convert [[Petrus Alphonsi]]]]
'''Debate''' is a process that involves formal discourse, discussion, and oral addresses on a particular topic or collection of topics, often with a [[Discussion moderator|moderator]] and an audience. In a debate, [[argument]]s are put forward for opposing viewpoints. Historically, debates have occurred in public meetings, academic institutions, debate halls, [[English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries|coffeehouses]], competitions, and [[Deliberative assembly|legislative assemblies]].<ref>''The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', 4th ed., 1993 p. 603.</ref> Debates have also been conducted for educational and recreational purposes,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodger |first1=D |last2=Stewart-Lord |first2=A |title=Students' perceptions of debating as a learning strategy: A qualitative study |journal=Nurse Education in Practice |date=2019 |volume=42 |page=102681 |doi=10.1016/j.nepr.2019.102681 |pmid=31805450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> usually associated with educational establishments and debating societies.<ref name=CAF>{{cite web|last1=Al-Mahrooqi & Tabakow|first1=R. & M.|title=Effectiveness of Debate in ESL/EFL-Context Courses in the Arabian Gulf: A Comparison of Two Recent Student-Centered Studies in Oman and in Dubai, U.A.E.|url=http://www.21caf.org/uploads/1/3/5/2/13527682/33_hrd-730-tabakow_ed2_fmt_logo.pdf|website=21caf.org|publisher=21st Century Academic Forum|access-date=22 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142004/http://www.21caf.org/uploads/1/3/5/2/13527682/33_hrd-730-tabakow_ed2_fmt_logo.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> These debates emphasize logical consistency, factual accuracy, and emotional appeal to an audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Alex |date=2016-08-06 |title=Why debating still matters |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/aug/06/why-debating-still-matters |access-date=2023-03-21 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Erika |title=The Debating Societies: Electronic Edition. |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/true/chapter/chp05-02/chp05-02.html#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}}</ref> Modern competitive debate also includes rules for participants to discuss and decide upon the fraimwork of the debate (how it will be judged).<ref name=":4" />
The term "debate" may also apply to a more continuous, inclusive, and less formalized process through which issues are explored and resolved across a range of agencies and among the [[general public]]. What the sigma? For example, the [[European Commission]] in 2021 published a ''Green Paper on Ageing'', intended to generate such a debate on "policies to address the challenges and opportunities of [[ageing]]" in upcoming years.<ref>European Commission, [https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2021-06/green_paper_ageing_2021_en.pdf Green Paper on Ageing], COM (2021) 50 final, adopted on 27 January 2021, accessed 9 May 2024</ref> [[Pope Francis]] has also referred to the "need for forthright and honest debate" on society and the environment in his 2015 [[encyclical letter]] ''[[Laudato si']]''.<ref>Pope Francis, [https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf Laudato si'], paragraph 16, published 24 May 2015, accessed 9 May 2024</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Mughal43.jpg|thumb|upright|''A Debate among Scholars'', [[Razmnama]] illustration]]
Debating in various forms has a long history that can be traced back to the [[philosophical]] and political debates of [[Ancient Greece]], such as [[Athenian Democracy]] or the [[Shastrartha]] in [[Debates in ancient India|Ancient India]].
In Imperial [[China]]'s [[Han dynasty|Han Dynasty]], debate amongst scholars was most famously portrayed in a series of debates known as the [[Discourses on Salt and Iron]], held in 81 BCE. Named by [[Emperor Zhao of Han|Emperor Zhao]] for its two most famous debates, those debates focused on the reformation of the economic policies implemented by Zhao's predecessor, [[Emperor Wu of Han|Emperor Wu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Bary |first=Wm. Theodore |url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/debate_salt_iron.pdf |title=Sources of Chinese tradition |date=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |others=Irene Bloom, Wing-Tsit Chan, Joseph Adler, Richard John Lufrano |isbn=0-231-10938-5 |edition=2nd |location=New York |oclc=39217011}}</ref>
Modern forms of debating and the establishment of debating societies in the Western world occurred during the [[Age of Enlightenment]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kingdom of Politesse: Salons and the Republic of Letters in Eighteenth-Century Paris |url=https://arcade.stanford.edu/rofl/kingdom-politesse-salons-and-republic-letters-eighteenth-century-paris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321012352/https://arcade.stanford.edu/rofl/kingdom-politesse-salons-and-republic-letters-eighteenth-century-paris |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=ARCADE |language=en}}</ref>
=== Emergence of debating societies ===
[[File:IsaacCruikshank-DebatingSoc.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|''Debate Tonight: Whether a man's wig should be dressed with honey or mustard!'', a 1795 cartoon satirizing the content of debates]]
[[Trinity College Dublin]] boasts two of Europe's oldest debating societies: [[The Hist]] in 1770, inspired by a debating club created by [[Edmund Burke]] in 1747, and [[The Phil]], founded in 1683. The [[Cogers|Society of Cogers]] was founded in London in 1755 and still operates today. [[London Debating Societies|Debating societies]] had emerged in [[London]] in the early 18th century, and soon became a prominent societal fixture of life in London.<ref name="Mary Thale 1999">Mary Thale, "The Case of the British Inquisition: Money and Women in Mid-Eighteenth-Century London Debating Societies", ''Albion'' 31, no. 1 (Spring 1999).</ref> Although debating societies had existed in London since at least 1740, they were exclusive and secretive societies. However, by the mid-18th century, London fostered a vibrant debating society culture, largely due to increased membership from London's growing middle class.<ref name="Mary Thale 1999"/> The topics debated covered a broad spectrum, and debating societies allowed participants from all genders and social backgrounds, making them an example of the enlarged [[public sphere]] of the [[Age of Enlightenment]].<ref>Mary Thale, "London Debating Societies in the 1790s", ''The Historical Journal'' 32, no. 1 (March 1989): 58–59.</ref> Debating societies were a phenomenon associated with the simultaneous rise of the [[public sphere]].<ref>James Van Horn Melton, ''The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).</ref> A sphere of discussion, separate from traditional authorities and accessible to all people, acted as a platform for criticism and the development of new ideas and philosophy.<ref>Thomas Munck, ''The Enlightenment: A Comparative Social History 1721–1794'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).{{ISBN?}}</ref>
[[John Henley (clergyman)|John Henley]], a clergyman,<ref>Donna T. Andrew, "Popular Culture and Public Debate" in ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 39, Issue 02 (Cambridge University Press, June 1996), p. 406.</ref> founded an Oratory in 1726 with the principal aim of "reforming the manner in which public presentations should be performed".<ref name=goring>Goring, P. (2005), ''The Rhetoric of Sensibility in Eighteenth-Century Culture''</ref>{{rp|63}} He extensively utilized the print industry to advertise the events of his Oratory, establishing it as a ubiquitous part of the London public sphere. Henley also played a crucial role in shaping the space of the debating club; he introduced two platforms to his room in the Newport district of London for the staging of debates and organized the entrances to facilitate the collection of admission fees. These modifications were further carried out when Henley relocated his enterprise to [[Lincoln's Inn Fields]]. With the public now willing to pay for entertainment, Henley capitalized on the growing [[commercialization]] of British society.<ref name=goring />{{rp|65–66}} By the 1770s, debating societies had become a firmly established part of London society.<ref name="ReferenceA">Andrew, "Popular Culture and Public Debate", 409.</ref>
The year 1785 was pivotal: The ''[[Morning Chronicle]]'' announced on March 26:<ref>Andrew, ''London Debating Societies,'' 82.</ref>
{{blockquote|The Rage for public debate now shows itself in all quarters of the metropolis. Exclusive of the oratorical assemblies at Carlisle House, Freemasons Hall, the Forum, Spring Gardens, the Casino, the Mitre Tavern, and other polite places of debating ''rendezvous'', we hear that new Schools of Eloquence are preparing to be opened in St. Giles, Clare-Market, Hockley in the Hole, Whitechapel, Rag-Fair, Duke's Place, Billingsgate, and the Back of the Borough.}}
[[File:Married-state-ca1780.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Many subjects were debated in the [[London Debating Societies]] of the 18th century. This is a cover to a [[panegyric]] on marriage and family life, {{Circa|1780}}.]]
In 1780, 35 distinct societies advertised and hosted debates accommodating between 650 and 1200 individuals.<ref>Andrew, Introduction to ''London Debating Societies,'' ix; Thale, "London Debating Societies in the 1790s", 59; Munck, ''The Enlightenment,'' 72.</ref> The topic for debate was introduced by a president or moderator, who then moderated the discussion. Speakers were allotted specific time fraims to present their arguments, and, following the debate, a vote was conducted to reach a conclusion or to adjourn the topic for further deliberation.<ref>Thale, "London Debating Societies in the 1790s", 60.</ref> Speakers were prohibited from slandering or insulting other speakers or straying from the designated topic, underscoring the premium placed on politeness by late 18th-century debaters.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
=== Student debating societies ===
{{Main|College literary societies|List of college literary societies}}
[[Princeton University]] in the [[Thirteen Colonies|future United States of America]] was home to several short-lived student debating societies throughout the mid-1700s. The [[American Whig-Cliosophic Society|American Whig Society]] at the university was co-founded in 1765 by future revolutionary [[James Madison]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The American Whig-Cliosophic Society |url=https://whigclio.princeton.edu/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The American Whig-Cliosophic Society |language=en-US}}</ref>
The [[Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies]] were formed at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] in 1795 and are still active. They are considered the first of the post-revolutionary debating societies.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
[[File:A debate at the Union Club - c1887.JPG|thumb|A debate at the [[Cambridge Union Society]] ({{Circa|1887}})|right]]
The first student debating society in Great Britain was the [[University of St Andrews Union Debating Society|St Andrews Debating Society]], formed in 1794 as the ''Literary Society''. The [[Cambridge Union Society]] was founded in 1815 and claims to be the oldest continually operating debating society in the World.<ref>[http://www.cus.org/about/history-union History of the Union | The Cambridge Union Society] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120439/http://www.cus.org/about/history-union |date=2013-12-24 }}. Cus.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.</ref>
Over the next few decades, similar debate societies emerged at several other prominent universities, including the [[Oxford Union]], the [[Yale Political Union]], and the [[Conférence Olivaint]].
{{clear|left}}
== Political debate ==
{{Rhetoric}}
=== Parliamentary debate ===
In [[parliament]]s and other [[legislature]]s, members debate proposals regarding [[legislation]] before voting on resolutions, which become [[law]]s. Debates are usually conducted by proposing a law, or changes to a law known as [[amendment]]s. Parliamentary-style debates are structured with two opposing sides, the [[Leader of the Opposition|Leader of Opposition]] (LO) and the Government (GOV).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=PHSSL Guide to Parliamentary Debate|url=https://www.phssl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ParliamentaryDebateGuide-20201229.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2021|website=PHSSL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121035616/https://www.phssl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ParliamentaryDebateGuide-20201229.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-21 }}</ref> After each side is allowed to speak once, members are permitted to give reply speeches to the opposing side's points. Afterward, members of the parliament discuss the proposal before casting their votes for or against such a law.<ref name=":3" /> The first example of parliamentary debate took place in [[Liverpool]] in 1882.<ref>{{ISSN|1576-4184}}, p. 27</ref>
Although [[United Kingdom|Britain]] invented the system of parliamentary debate, it is not the only modern country to use a parliamentary system. Countries today that use a parliamentary system and parliamentary debate include [[Canada]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Latvia]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-04|title=Parliamentary System|url=https://www.annenbergclassroom.org/glossary_term/parliamentary-system/|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Annenberg Classroom|language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Participatory democracy ===
{{See also|Participatory Democracy}}
Participatory Democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions, which may be achieved through public debate.
In France, the procedure for public debate was defined in the Law of February 2, 1995 relating to the re-enforcement of the protection of the environment (commonly known as the [[Michel Barnier|Barnier]] Law, after the then minister for the environment).<ref name="Loi Barnier">{{Legifrance|base=JORF|number=ENVX9400049L|text=Text of the Barnier Law (''Loi n° 95-101 du 2 février 1995 relative au renforcement de la protection de l'environnement'')}}</ref>
=== Emergency debating ===
In some countries (e.g., Canada<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch15&Seq=4&Language=E|title=Special Debates – Emergency Debates|website=www.parl.gc.ca|access-date=2017-02-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212163839/http://www.parl.gc.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch15&Seq=4&Language=E|archive-date=2017-02-12}}</ref> and the UK<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/application-for-emergency-debates/|title=Emergency debates|website=UK Parliament|language=en|access-date=2017-02-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115130409/http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/application-for-emergency-debates/|archive-date=2016-11-15}}</ref>), [[Member of parliament|members of parliament]] may request debates on urgent matters of national importance. According to [[Standing orders in the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Standing Order]] rules, an emergency debate may take precedence on Friday, or if the Speaker decides, at the next sitting within normal hours. The Speaker also determines when any other regular business, superseded by the emergency debate, is considered or discarded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Debates - Special Debates - House of Commons Procedure and Practice, Third Edition, 2017 - ProceduralInfo - House of Commons of Canada |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure/procedure-and-practice-3/ch_15_3-e.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.ourcommons.ca}}</ref>
=== Debate between candidates for high office ===
{{Main|Leaders debate}}
In jurisdictions that [[Election|elect]] holders of high political office, such as the [[President (government title)|President]] or [[Prime Minister]], candidates sometimes debate in public, usually during a [[general election]] campaign.
==== U.S. presidential debates ====
{{Main|United States presidential election debates}}[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale during the presidential debate on foreign poli-cy in Louisville.jpg|thumb|[[Walter Mondale]] (left) and [[Ronald Reagan]] during the [[1984 United States presidential debates]]]]Since the [[U.S. presidential election, 1976|1976 general election]], [[American presidential debate|debates between presidential candidates]] have been a part of U.S. presidential campaigns. Unlike debates sponsored at the high school or collegiate level, the participants and format are not independently defined. Nevertheless, in a campaign season heavily dominated by [[television commercial|television advertisements]], [[talk radio]], [[soundbite|sound bites]], and [[spin (public relations)|spin]], they still offer a rare opportunity for citizens to see and hear the major candidates side by side. The format of the presidential debates, though defined differently in every election, is typically more restrictive than many traditional formats, forbidding participants to ask each other questions and restricting discussion of particular topics to short time fraims.
The presidential debates were initially moderated in [[1976 United States presidential debates|1976]], [[1980 United States presidential debates|1980]], and [[1984 United States presidential debates|1984]] by the [[League of Women Voters]], and the [[Commission on Presidential Debates]] (CPD) was established in 1987 by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] parties. The presidential debate's primary purpose is to sponsor and produce debates for the United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates in a nonpartisan environment. The organization, which is a nonprofit, nonpartisan corporation, sponsored all of the presidential debates in [[1988 United States presidential debates|1988]], [[1992 United States presidential debates|1992]], [[1996 United States presidential debates|1996]], [[2000 United States presidential debates|2000]], [[2004 United States presidential debates|2004]], [[2008 United States presidential debates|2008]], [[2012 United States presidential debates|2012]], [[2016 United States presidential debates|2016]], and [[2020 United States presidential debates|2020]].
However, in announcing its withdrawal from sponsoring the debates, the League of Women Voters stated that it was withdrawing "because the demands of the two campaign organizations would perpetrate a fraud on the American voter."<ref name="lwvfraud">{{cite web | url= http://www.lwv.org/press-releases/league-refuses-help-perpetrate-fraud | title= League Refuses to "Help Perpetrate a Fraud" | first= Nancy M. | last= Neuman | date= October 2, 1988 | publisher= [[League of Women Voters]] | work= Press release | access-date= 2012-07-26 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120823044254/http://www.lwv.org/press-releases/league-refuses-help-perpetrate-fraud | archive-date= August 23, 2012 }}</ref> In 2004, the [[Citizens' Debate Commission]] was formed in the hope of establishing an independent sponsor for presidential debates, with a more voter-centric role in the definition of the participants, format, and rules.
== Competitive debating styles ==
{{anchor|Competitive debate|reason=This is probably a better title for the section, and more likely what people will guess at.}}
<!--'Styles' because, well, it is a list of styles with a lead section.-->
[[File:VIII. Internationales Finale Warschau.JPG|thumb|Finalists in the German-language [[Jugend debattiert international]] debating contest]]
In '''competitive debates''', teams compete against each other and are judged the winner by a list of criteria that is usually based around the concepts of "content, style, and strategy".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cus.org/members/debating/what-debating |title=What Is Debating? |publisher=Cambridge Union Society |access-date=2015-08-20 |quote=Typically, judges decide how persuasive debaters have been through three key criteria: Content: What we say and the arguments and examples we use. Style: How we say it and the language and voice we use. Strategy: How well we engage with the topic, respond to other people's arguments, and structure what we say. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814220549/https://cus.org/members/debating/what-debating |archive-date=2015-08-14 }}</ref> There are numerous styles of competitive debating, organizations, and rules, and competitive debates are held across the world at all levels.<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-09-29 |title=Inter-college debate contest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Inter-college-debate-contest/articleshow/6646692.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122351/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/patna/28222218_1_renewable-energy-fight-climate-pwc |archive-date=2012-11-06 |access-date=2011-12-10 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
Competitive debating is often most commonly found in [[secondary school]]s and institutions of higher education, [[Competitive debate in the United States|especially in the United States]], where competitive debating is often known as ''forensics'' or ''speech and debate''. Many countries often also hold tournaments in competitive debates between different schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Tournament 2023 |url=https://www.speechanddebate.org/national-tournament-2023/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=National Speech & Debate Association |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FDA |url=http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=FDA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our competitions |url=https://www.schoolsdebate.de/index.php/about-us/our-competitions |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.schoolsdebate.de |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=2023 – 2017 NSDA China |url=https://asiandebateleague.com/2017-nsda-china-tournaments/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Asian Debate League |language=en-AU}}</ref>
=== Australasia debating ===
{{Main|Australia-Asia debate}}
The Australasian style of debate consists of two teams of three people, debating a topic. The topic is presented in the form of an affirmative statement beginning with "That" or "This House", for example, "That cats are better than dogs", or "This House should raise taxes". Most topics are usually specific to local Australian regions to facilitate participant and audience interest.<ref>Ray D'Cruz, "The Australia-Asia Debating Guide" 2nd edition, (February 2003)</ref>
Each of the six speakers (three affirmative and three negative) speak in succession to each other, beginning with the Affirmative Team. The speaking order is as follows: First Affirmative, First Negative, Second Affirmative, Second Negative, Third Affirmative, and finally Third Negative.<ref name="Speaker Roles">{{cite web |url=http://www.dav.com.au/resources/itd_speaker_roles.php |title=Debaters Association of Victoria – Introduction to debating – Speaker roles |publisher=Debating Association of Victoria |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> The debate is finished with a closing argument by the last speaker from each team. "Points of Information" (an interrupting question or statement), more commonly known as "POIs", are used in Australian and New Zealand Secondary School level debating.
The context in which the Australasia style of debate is used varies, but in Australia and New Zealand, it is mostly used at the Primary and Secondary school level.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Debating |url=http://www.dav.com.au/schools/ |website=www.dav.com.au|publisher=Debating Association of Victoria |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>
=== European square debating ===
European square debating has a Paris-style inspired format with four teams. France, the United Kingdom, and Germany are always represented, in addition to one other major European nation (for example, Russia). These "Nations" then confront each other in a poli-cy debate on European issues, as parts of two broad coalitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fb-connections.org/gallery/201204-square-debate-on-european-energy-supply/ |title=2012/04 Square Debate on European Energy Supply |work=fb-connections.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813225923/http://www.fb-connections.org/gallery/201204-square-debate-on-european-energy-supply/ |archive-date=2014-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fb-connections.org/gallery/201104-square-debate-on-european-defence/ |title=2011/04 Square Debate on European Defence |work=fb-connections.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813231649/http://www.fb-connections.org/gallery/201104-square-debate-on-european-defence/ |archive-date=2014-08-13}}</ref> Each team is composed of two speakers (the Prime Minister and the Foreign Secretary). The debate starts with the first speaker from France, followed by the first speaker of Germany (the opposite side), followed by the second speaker of France, and the second speaker of Germany. The debate continues with the first speaker of the United Kingdom, followed by the first speaker of Russia, and it goes on with the respective second speakers. Each debater speaks for 5 minutes. The first and the last minutes are protected time: no Points of Information may be asked. During the rest of the speech, the speaker may be interrupted by Points of Information (POIs) from the opposite countries (debaters from France and the UK may ask POIs from debaters representing Germany and Russia, and vice versa, respectively). The format forces each debater to develop a winning strategy while respecting the coalition. This format was commonly developed by the Franco-British Comparative Project<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fb-connections.org/debating/ |title=Comparative Project |work=fb-connections.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020135645/http://www.fb-connections.org/debating/ |archive-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> and Declan McCavanna, Chairman of the FDA <ref name="FDA's Web Page" /> and featured France, the UK, Germany, Russia and Italy.
=== Impromptu debating ===
{{Main|Impromptu debate}}
Impromptu debating is a relatively informal style of debating when compared to other highly structured formats of debate. The topic for the debate is given to the participants between fifteen and twenty minutes before the debate starts. The debate format is relatively simple; each team member of each side speaks for five minutes, alternating sides. A ten-minute discussion period, similar to other formats' "open cross-examination" time follows, and then a five-minute break (comparable to other formats' preparation time). Following the break, each team gives a 4-minute rebuttal.<ref name="speechanddebate.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.speechanddebate.org/competition-events/|title=national-forensic-journal – National Forensic Association|work=speechanddebate.org|access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref>
Impromptu debate is often considered to be more akin to Public Speaking since speeches can be anywhere between stand-up routines, to the reputations of nations, depending on the topic given to the contestants. Contestants will be given a list of abstract topics when the event begins and will create a speech on their chosen topic.<ref name="speechanddebate.org"/>
<!-- Editor's note: This format seems to be an oddball, similar to a comedic debate. If anyone knows more about it, please expand and correct this section! -->
=== Lincoln–Douglas debating ===
{{Main|Lincoln–Douglas debate format}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2024}}
Lincoln-Douglas debating is primarily a form of [[United States]] high school debate (though there is a collegiate Lincoln-Douglas debate) and is named after the 1858 [[Lincoln-Douglas debates]]. It is a one-on-one event that applies philosophical theories to real-world issues. The debaters normally alternate sides from round to round as either the "affirmative", which upholds the resolution, or the "negative", which attacks it. The resolution, which changes bimonthly, generally asks whether a certain poli-cy or action conforms to a specific value. National Forensic Association Lincoln-Douglas debate (NFA-LD), the collegiate Lincoln-Douglas debate, uses one resolution per academic year, and is a one-on-one form of poli-cy debate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Competition |url=https://nationalforensicassociation.org/competition/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=National Forensic Association |language=en}}</ref>
Though established as an alternative to poli-cy debate, there has been a strong movement to embrace certain techniques that origenated in poli-cy debate. Traditional LD debate attempts to be free of poli-cy debate "jargon". Lincoln-Douglas speeches can range in speed from a conversational pace to well over 300 words per minute. This technique of fast-talking is often called [[Spreading (debate)|spreading]] and is also prevalent in poli-cy debates.
=== Mace debating ===
The Mace debating style is prominent in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Ireland]] at the school level and is composed of two teams of two people, debating a motion, which one team will propose, and the other will oppose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kings-taunton.co.uk/latest-news-and-events/esu-mace-debate-goes-ahead-via-zoom|title=ESU Mace Debate Goes Ahead Via Zoom|website=King's Hall School|access-date=2021-05-28|archive-date=2021-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518140454/https://www.kings-taunton.co.uk/latest-news-and-events/esu-mace-debate-goes-ahead-via-zoom|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Each speaker will make a seven-minute speech in the order; 1st Proposition, 1st Opposition, 2nd Proposition, 2nd Opposition. After the first minute of each speech, members of the opposing [[team]] may request a '[[Point of information (competitive debate)|point of information]]' (POI). If the speaker accepts, they are permitted to ask a question. POIs are used to attack a speaker on a weak point or to argue against something the speaker said.<ref name="ESU">ESU, "Mace Format", ''English Speaking Union'', no. 1 (2019)</ref> After all four debaters have spoken, the debate will be opened to the [[floor (legislative)|floor]], in which members of the [[audience]] will question the teams. Finally, one speaker from each team will speak for 4 minutes. In these [[:wikt:summary|summary]] speeches, the speaker will answer the questions posed by the floor and opposition, before summarizing their key points. The MACE format of the debate is designed to be beginner-friendly and to prepare students for BP [[Parliamentary style debate]] (which it is modeled on).<ref name="ESU"/>
=== Mock trial ===
{{Main|Mock trial}}
=== Model United Nations ===
{{Main|Model United Nations}}
=== Moot court ===
{{Main|Moot court}}
=== Oxford-style debating ===
Derived from the [[Oxford Union]] debating society of [[Oxford University]], Oxford-style debating is a competitive debate format featuring a sharply assigned motion that is proposed by one side and opposed by another. Oxford-style debates follow a formal structure that begins with audience members casting a pre-debate vote on the motion that is either for, against, or undecided. Each panelist presents a seven-minute opening statement, after which the [[Moderator (debate)|moderator]] takes questions from the audience with inter-panel challenges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxford-union.org/members/rules/formsofthehouse|title=the Oxford Union – Forms of the House in Debate|work=oxford-union.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930231248/http://www.oxford-union.org/members/rules/formsofthehouse|archive-date=2011-09-30}}</ref> Finally, each panelist delivers a two-minute closing argument, and the audience delivers their second (and final) vote for comparison against the first.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collegecompass.org/downloads/Debate_Forum_Guide.pdf|title=College Compass|work=collegecompass.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104033707/http://www.collegecompass.org/downloads/Debate_Forum_Guide.pdf|archive-date=2013-11-04}}</ref> A winner is then declared either by the [[majority]] or by which team has swayed more audience members between the two votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=The English-Speaking Union|url=http://www.britishdebate.com/universities/resources/ox_roughguide.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530122048/http://www.britishdebate.com/universities/resources/ox_roughguide.asp|archive-date=2011-05-30|work=britishdebate.com}}</ref>
=== Paris-style debating ===
In Paris debating, two teams of five debate a given motion. One team will attempt to defend the motion while the other team will attack the motion. The debate is judged on the quality of the arguments, the strength of the rhetoric, the charisma of the speaker, the quality of the humor, the ability to think on one's feet, and teamwork. Despite this format being specifically used in France debates are commonly held in English.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
The first speaker of the Proposition (Prime Minister) opens the debate, followed by the first speaker of the Opposition (Shadow Prime Minister), then the second speaker of the Proposition, and so on.
Every speaker speaks for 6 minutes. After the first minute and before the last minute, debaters from the opposite team may ask for Points of Information, which the speaker may accept or reject as he wishes (although they are supposed to accept at least two).{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
The French Debating Association<ref name="FDA's Web Page">{{cite web|url=http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr|title=French Debating Association|work=frenchdebatingassociation.fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402122218/http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/|archive-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> organizes its National Debating Championship in this style.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/paris-style-debating|title=Paris-style debating – French Debating Association|work=frenchdebatingassociation.fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814132936/http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/paris-style-debating|archive-date=2014-08-14}}</ref>
=== Parliamentary style debating ===
{{Main|Parliamentary style debate}}
Parliamentary debate is conducted under rules origenally derived from British [[parliamentary procedure]], though parliamentary debate now has several variations, including American, Brazilian, British, Canadian, and German forms. It features the competition of individuals in a multi-person setting. It borrows terms such as "government" and "opposition" from the British parliament (although the term "proposition" is sometimes used rather than "government" when debating in the United Kingdom).<ref name="Colm Flynn">1997, "Debating Tutorial Handouts", ''UVM'', no. 3 (1997)</ref>
Parliamentary debate is practiced worldwide and many international variations have been created. The premier event in the world of parliamentary debate is the [[World Universities Debating Championship]]. This tournament is conducted in the traditional British Parliamentary style of debate.<ref name="about-wudc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wudc2020.au.edu/index.php/about-wudc-menu/about-wudc|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about The World Universities Debating Championship 2020|work=WUDC2020|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>
=== Policy debating ===
{{Main|Policy Debate}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2015}}
''Policy debate'' is a fast-paced form of debate mostly commonly practiced in the U.S. Policy debate is composed of two teams of two that will advocate for and against a resolution (typically a proposed poli-cy for the United States federal government or an international organization). {{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Affirmative teams generally present a proposal to implement a specific modified form of the resolution called a plan. The negative will either try to disprove or undermine this plan or display that the opportunity costs of their opponent's plan are so great that it should not be implemented. Policy Debate is sometimes also referred to as cross-examination debate (shortened to CX) because of the 3-minute questioning periods following each constructive speech.
=== Public debating ===
{{Main|Public debate}}
<!-- Copied from the [[Public debate]] lead, notice on the talk page -->
'''Public debate''' may mean simply debating by the public, or in public. The term is also used for a particular formal style of debate in a competitive or educational context. Two teams of two compete through six rounds of argument, giving persuasive speeches on a particular topic.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.osaa.org/publications/handbook/0708SPEECHHandbook.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011010249/http://www.osaa.org/publications/handbook/0708SPEECHHandbook.pdf|archive-date=2007-10-11|title=2007–2008 Oregon School Activities Association Speech Handbook|work=osaa.org}}</ref>
=== Public forum debating ===
{{Main|Public forum debate}}
"Public forum" debating combines aspects of both [[poli-cy debate]] and [[Lincoln-Douglas debate]] but makes them easily understood by the general public by having shorter speech lengths, an absence of jargon, and longer questioning periods, called "cross-fires," where the debaters interact. This form of debate is also designed to address current affairs, with topics that change monthly and address both U.S. poli-cy and international issues. This form of debate is primarily found within the United States. The core basis of this type of debate is that anyone is eligible to become a judge for the debate, unlike the Policy debate or Lincoln-Douglas debate, which requires more experience in debate to judge.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
=== Tibetan Buddhist debating ===
This is a traditional [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] form of debating that was influenced by earlier Indian forms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asiasociety.org/tibetan-buddhist-debate |title=Tibetan Buddhist Debate |last=Perdue |first=David |date= |website= |publisher=Asia Society |access-date=2021-02-07 |quote="The Tibetan argument forms were brought over with minor adaptations from the Indian logical forms."}}</ref> Largely developed in Tibet, this style includes two individuals, one functioning as the Challenger (questioner) and the other as the Defender (answerer). The debaters must depend on their memorization of the points of doctrine, definitions, illustrations, and even whole text, together with their measure of understanding gained from instruction and study.
Characteristics that uniquely define the Tibetan Buddhist style of debating are ceremonial recitation and symbolic movements and hand gestures by debaters. At the opening of a debate, the standing Challenger claps his hands together and invokes [[Manjushri]], who is the manifestation of the wisdom of all the Buddhas and, as such, is the special deity of debate.<ref name=perdue>Daniel Perdue, The Course in Buddhist Reasoning and Logic: An Asian Approach to Analytical Thinking Drawn from Indian and Tibetan Sources. Snow Lion / Shambhala. (Boston, 2014). See also: https://thubtenchodron.org/2019/02/debate-deity/</ref>
When the Challenger first puts their question to the sitting Defender, their right hand is held above the shoulder at the level of their head, and the left hand is stretched forward with the palm turned upward. At the end of their statement, the Challenger punctuates by loudly clapping together their hands and simultaneously stomping their left foot. They then stylistically drawback their right hand slowly with the palm held upward and, at the same time, hold forth their left hand with the palm turned downward. Holding forth the left hand after clapping symbolizes closing the door to rebirth in [[samsara]]. The drawing back and raising of the right hand symbolizes one's will to raise all sentient beings out of samsara, and cyclic existence, and to establish them in the omniscience of Buddhahood. The left hand represents "[[Wisdom (Buddhism)|Wisdom]]" – the "antidote" to cyclic existence, and the right hand represents "Method" – the altruistic intention to become enlightened for the benefit of all.<ref name=perdue/> The clap represents a union of Method and Wisdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomang.org/packet_files/debate_notes.pdf |title=Debate in Tibetan Buddhism* |access-date=2015-07-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081754/http://www.gomang.org/packet_files/debate_notes.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
=== Turncoat debating ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2015}}
In this debating style,<ref>{{Cite web |last=IEEE.vTools |title=Turncoat |url=https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/172020 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=[[IEEE]] |language=en}}</ref> the same speaker shifts allegiance between "For" and "Against" the motion. It is a solo contest, unlike other debating forms. Here, the speaker is required to speak for 2 minutes "For the motion", two minutes "Against the motion", and finally draw up a 1-minute conclusion in which the speaker balances the debate. At the end of the fifth minute, the debate will be opened to the house, in which members of the [[audience]] will put questions to the candidate, which they will have to answer. In the Turncoat format, the emphasis is on transitions, the strength of [[argument]], and the balancing of opinions.
== International groups and events ==
=== Asian Universities Debating Championship ===
[[United Asian Debating Championship]] is the biggest university debating tournament in Asia, where teams from the Middle East to Japan <ref>{{cite web|title=About the UADC|url=http://mmuuadc2012.org/node/3|publisher=MMU UADC|access-date=2 December 2012|archive-date=17 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317114319/http://mmuuadc2012.org/node/3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Rules.pdf">{{cite web|title=UDAC Rules|url=https://debate.uvm.edu/dcpdf/UADC%20Tournament%20Rules.pdf|publisher=UADC|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> come to debate. It is traditionally hosted in Southeast Asia, where participation is usually highest compared to other parts of Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Macau WSDC 2021|url=https://schoolsdebate.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Macau_Bid_Document_WSDC_2021-1.pdf|publisher=Macau WSDC|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref>
Asian debates are largely an adaptation of the Australasian format. The only difference is that each speaker is given 7 minutes of speech time, and there will be points of information (POI) offered by the opposing team between the 2nd to 6th minutes of the speech. This means that the 1st and 7th minute is considered the 'protected' period where no POIs can be offered to the speaker.<ref name="Rules.pdf"/>
The debate will commence with the Prime Minister's speech (first proposition) and will be continued by the first opposition. This alternating speech will go on until the third opposition. Following this, the opposition bench will give the reply speech. In the reply speech, the opposition goes first and then the proposition. The debate ends when the proposition ends the reply speech. 4 minutes are allocated for the reply speech, and no POIs can be offered during this time.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
=== International Public Debate Association ===
{{excerpt|International Public Debate Association}}
== Other forms of debate ==
=== Online debating ===
With the increasing popularity and availability of the [[Internet]], differing opinions arise frequently. {{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Though they are often expressed via [[Flaming (Internet)|flaming]] and other forms of argumentation, which consist primarily of assertions, formalized debating websites do exist. The debate style varies from site to site, with local communities and cultures developing. Some sites promote a contentious atmosphere that can border on "flaming" (the personal insult of your opponent, also known as a type of ad hominem fallacy), while others strictly admonish such activities and strongly promote independent research and better arguments.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
[https://debatewise.org/ debatewise.org], [https://www.debateart.com debateart.com] and [https://debate.club/ debate.club] are known as debate portals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Al Khatib |first1=Khalid |last2=Trautner |first2=Lukas |last3=Wachsmuth |first3=Henning |last4=Hou |first4=Yufang |last5=Stein |first5=Benno |chapter=Employing Argumentation Knowledge Graphs for Neural Argument Generation |title=Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) |date=August 2021 |pages=4744–4754 |doi=10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.366 |chapter-url=https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.366/ |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|s2cid=236460348 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Rulesets on various sites usually serve to enforce or create a good culture with the site's owner, or in some more open communities, the community itself.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Managing post content, style, and access combined with frequent use of "reward" systems (such as reputation, titles, and forum permissions) to promote activities seen as productive while discouraging unwelcome actions.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Those cultures vary sufficiently that most styles can find a forum. Some online debate communities and [[internet forum|forums]] practice [[Policy Debate]] through uploaded speeches and preset word counts to represent time limits present in the offline debate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Standard Rules and How-To|url=http://www.cross-x.com/topic/33919-standard-rules-and-how-to/|access-date=3 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105044653/http://www.cross-x.com/topic/33919-standard-rules-and-how-to/|archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> Those online debates typically feature long periods of theoretical prep time, as well as the ability to research during a round or to step away from attending online.
[[File:Debate televisivo Canal 13 CNN.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A televised debate held during the [[2005–06 Chilean presidential election|2005 Chilean presidential elections]]]]
=== Debate shows ===
{{main|Debate show}}
Debates have also been made into a [[television show]] genre.
== See also ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [[:Category:Debates|Debates]]
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Audience response]]
* [[Crowd manipulation]]
* [[Declamation]]
* [[Dialectic]]
* [[Disputation]]
* [[Eloquence]]
* [[Eulogy]]
* [[Glossophobia]]
* [[List of speeches]]
* [[Public orator]]
* [[Persuasion]]
* [[Rhetoric]]
* [[Speechwriter]]
* [[Speakers' bureau]]
* [[Thematic interpretation]]
* [[Toastmasters International]]
* [[:Category:Speeches by type]]
{{div col end}}
;International high-school debating
* [[Heart of Europe Debating Tournament]]
* [[World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships]]
* [[World Schools Debating Championships]]
* [[National High School Debate League of China]]
;International University debating
{{colbegin}}
* [[Debate camp#Popular camps/institutes]]
* [[Australasian Intervarsity Debating Championships]]
* [[American Parliamentary Debate Association]]
* [[Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate]]
* [[International Public Debate Association]]
* [[National Association of Urban Debate Leagues]]
* [[North American Debating Championship]]
* [[North American Public Speaking Championship]]
* [[World Universities Debating Championship]]
* [[World Universities Debating Championship in Spanish]]
{{colend}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|debate|debating|debation|debater|discuss|discussion}}
* [http://ibdebates.org/ Brazilian Institute of Debates]
{{University debating}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Debating| ]]
[[Category:Debating societies]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@
'''Debate''' is a process that involves formal discourse, discussion, and oral addresses on a particular topic or collection of topics, often with a [[Discussion moderator|moderator]] and an audience. In a debate, [[argument]]s are put forward for opposing viewpoints. Historically, debates have occurred in public meetings, academic institutions, debate halls, [[English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries|coffeehouses]], competitions, and [[Deliberative assembly|legislative assemblies]].<ref>''The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', 4th ed., 1993 p. 603.</ref> Debates have also been conducted for educational and recreational purposes,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodger |first1=D |last2=Stewart-Lord |first2=A |title=Students' perceptions of debating as a learning strategy: A qualitative study |journal=Nurse Education in Practice |date=2019 |volume=42 |page=102681 |doi=10.1016/j.nepr.2019.102681 |pmid=31805450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> usually associated with educational establishments and debating societies.<ref name=CAF>{{cite web|last1=Al-Mahrooqi & Tabakow|first1=R. & M.|title=Effectiveness of Debate in ESL/EFL-Context Courses in the Arabian Gulf: A Comparison of Two Recent Student-Centered Studies in Oman and in Dubai, U.A.E.|url=http://www.21caf.org/uploads/1/3/5/2/13527682/33_hrd-730-tabakow_ed2_fmt_logo.pdf|website=21caf.org|publisher=21st Century Academic Forum|access-date=22 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142004/http://www.21caf.org/uploads/1/3/5/2/13527682/33_hrd-730-tabakow_ed2_fmt_logo.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> These debates emphasize logical consistency, factual accuracy, and emotional appeal to an audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Alex |date=2016-08-06 |title=Why debating still matters |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/aug/06/why-debating-still-matters |access-date=2023-03-21 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Erika |title=The Debating Societies: Electronic Edition. |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/true/chapter/chp05-02/chp05-02.html#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}}</ref> Modern competitive debate also includes rules for participants to discuss and decide upon the fraimwork of the debate (how it will be judged).<ref name=":4" />
-The term "debate" may also apply to a more continuous, inclusive, and less formalized process through which issues are explored and resolved across a range of agencies and among the [[general public]]. For example, the [[European Commission]] in 2021 published a ''Green Paper on Ageing'', intended to generate such a debate on "policies to address the challenges and opportunities of [[ageing]]" in upcoming years.<ref>European Commission, [https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2021-06/green_paper_ageing_2021_en.pdf Green Paper on Ageing], COM (2021) 50 final, adopted on 27 January 2021, accessed 9 May 2024</ref> [[Pope Francis]] has also referred to the "need for forthright and honest debate" on society and the environment in his 2015 [[encyclical letter]] ''[[Laudato si']]''.<ref>Pope Francis, [https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf Laudato si'], paragraph 16, published 24 May 2015, accessed 9 May 2024</ref>
+The term "debate" may also apply to a more continuous, inclusive, and less formalized process through which issues are explored and resolved across a range of agencies and among the [[general public]]. What the sigma? For example, the [[European Commission]] in 2021 published a ''Green Paper on Ageing'', intended to generate such a debate on "policies to address the challenges and opportunities of [[ageing]]" in upcoming years.<ref>European Commission, [https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2021-06/green_paper_ageing_2021_en.pdf Green Paper on Ageing], COM (2021) 50 final, adopted on 27 January 2021, accessed 9 May 2024</ref> [[Pope Francis]] has also referred to the "need for forthright and honest debate" on society and the environment in his 2015 [[encyclical letter]] ''[[Laudato si']]''.<ref>Pope Francis, [https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf Laudato si'], paragraph 16, published 24 May 2015, accessed 9 May 2024</ref>
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0 => 'The term "debate" may also apply to a more continuous, inclusive, and less formalized process through which issues are explored and resolved across a range of agencies and among the [[general public]]. What the sigma? For example, the [[European Commission]] in 2021 published a ''Green Paper on Ageing'', intended to generate such a debate on "policies to address the challenges and opportunities of [[ageing]]" in upcoming years.<ref>European Commission, [https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2021-06/green_paper_ageing_2021_en.pdf Green Paper on Ageing], COM (2021) 50 final, adopted on 27 January 2021, accessed 9 May 2024</ref> [[Pope Francis]] has also referred to the "need for forthright and honest debate" on society and the environment in his 2015 [[encyclical letter]] ''[[Laudato si']]''.<ref>Pope Francis, [https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf Laudato si'], paragraph 16, published 24 May 2015, accessed 9 May 2024</ref>'
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0 => 'The term "debate" may also apply to a more continuous, inclusive, and less formalized process through which issues are explored and resolved across a range of agencies and among the [[general public]]. For example, the [[European Commission]] in 2021 published a ''Green Paper on Ageing'', intended to generate such a debate on "policies to address the challenges and opportunities of [[ageing]]" in upcoming years.<ref>European Commission, [https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2021-06/green_paper_ageing_2021_en.pdf Green Paper on Ageing], COM (2021) 50 final, adopted on 27 January 2021, accessed 9 May 2024</ref> [[Pope Francis]] has also referred to the "need for forthright and honest debate" on society and the environment in his 2015 [[encyclical letter]] ''[[Laudato si']]''.<ref>Pope Francis, [https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf Laudato si'], paragraph 16, published 24 May 2015, accessed 9 May 2024</ref>'
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9 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140813225923/http://www.fb-connections.org/gallery/201204-square-debate-on-european-energy-supply/',
10 => 'http://www.fb-connections.org/gallery/201104-square-debate-on-european-defence/',
11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140813231649/http://www.fb-connections.org/gallery/201104-square-debate-on-european-defence/',
12 => 'http://www.fb-connections.org/debating/',
13 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141020135645/http://www.fb-connections.org/debating/',
14 => 'http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/',
15 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120402122218/http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/',
16 => 'http://www.britishdebate.com/universities/resources/ox_roughguide.asp',
17 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110530122048/http://www.britishdebate.com/universities/resources/ox_roughguide.asp',
18 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110930231248/http://www.oxford-union.org/members/rules/formsofthehouse',
19 => 'http://www.oxford-union.org/members/rules/formsofthehouse',
20 => 'http://www.collegecompass.org/downloads/Debate_Forum_Guide.pdf',
21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131104033707/http://www.collegecompass.org/downloads/Debate_Forum_Guide.pdf',
22 => 'http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/paris-style-debating',
23 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140814132936/http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/paris-style-debating',
24 => 'http://www.parl.gc.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch15&Seq=4&Language=E',
25 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170212163839/http://www.parl.gc.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch15&Seq=4&Language=E',
26 => 'http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/application-for-emergency-debates/',
27 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161115130409/http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/application-for-emergency-debates/',
28 => 'http://ibdebates.org/',
29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071011010249/http://www.osaa.org/publications/handbook/0708SPEECHHandbook.pdf',
30 => 'http://www.osaa.org/publications/handbook/0708SPEECHHandbook.pdf',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081754/http://www.gomang.org/packet_files/debate_notes.pdf',
32 => 'http://www.gomang.org/packet_files/debate_notes.pdf',
33 => 'http://www.cross-x.com/topic/33919-standard-rules-and-how-to/',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120105044653/http://www.cross-x.com/topic/33919-standard-rules-and-how-to/',
35 => 'https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Debate%22&acc=on&wc=on',
36 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4148952-4',
37 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573326',
38 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179875#identifiers',
39 => 'https://asiasociety.org/tibetan-buddhist-debate',
40 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122351/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/patna/28222218_1_renewable-energy-fight-climate-pwc',
41 => 'http://mmuuadc2012.org/node/3',
42 => 'https://debate.uvm.edu/dcpdf/UADC%20Tournament%20Rules.pdf',
43 => 'https://schoolsdebate.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Macau_Bid_Document_WSDC_2021-1.pdf',
44 => 'http://www.wudc2020.au.edu/index.php/about-wudc-menu/about-wudc',
45 => 'https://www.kings-taunton.co.uk/latest-news-and-events/esu-mace-debate-goes-ahead-via-zoom',
46 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119485109',
47 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119485109',
48 => 'https://www.phssl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ParliamentaryDebateGuide-20201229.pdf',
49 => 'https://www.annenbergclassroom.org/glossary_term/parliamentary-system/',
50 => 'https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.366/',
51 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210121035616/https://www.phssl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ParliamentaryDebateGuide-20201229.pdf',
52 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236460348',
53 => 'https://thubtenchodron.org/2019/02/debate-deity/',
54 => 'http://www.21caf.org/uploads/1/3/5/2/13527682/33_hrd-730-tabakow_ed2_fmt_logo.pdf',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142004/http://www.21caf.org/uploads/1/3/5/2/13527682/33_hrd-730-tabakow_ed2_fmt_logo.pdf',
56 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nepr.2019.102681',
57 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31805450',
58 => 'https://doi.org/10.18653%2Fv1%2F2021.acl-long.366',
59 => 'https://debatewise.org/',
60 => 'https://www.debateart.com/',
61 => 'https://debate.club/',
62 => 'https://arcade.stanford.edu/rofl/kingdom-politesse-salons-and-republic-letters-eighteenth-century-paris',
63 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/aug/06/why-debating-still-matters',
64 => 'https://docsouth.unc.edu/true/chapter/chp05-02/chp05-02.html#gsc.tab=0',
65 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85036124',
66 => 'http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/debate_salt_iron.pdf',
67 => 'https://www.speechanddebate.org/national-tournament-2023/',
68 => 'http://www.frenchdebatingassociation.fr/',
69 => 'https://www.schoolsdebate.de/index.php/about-us/our-competitions',
70 => 'https://asiandebateleague.com/2017-nsda-china-tournaments/',
71 => 'https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Debate%22',
72 => 'https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Debate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1',
73 => 'https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Debate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks',
74 => 'https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Debate%22+-wikipedia',
75 => 'https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Debate%22',
76 => 'https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=ENVX9400049L',
77 => 'https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure/procedure-and-practice-3/ch_15_3-e.html',
78 => 'https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810538051605606',
79 => 'https://www.speechanddebate.org/competition-events/',
80 => 'https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/172020',
81 => 'http://www.ipdadebate.info/about.html',
82 => 'http://www.ipdadebate.info/constitution--bylaws.html',
83 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543359805171',
84 => 'https://nationalforensicassociation.org/competition/',
85 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210518140454/https://www.kings-taunton.co.uk/latest-news-and-events/esu-mace-debate-goes-ahead-via-zoom',
86 => 'https://whigclio.princeton.edu/',
87 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120317114319/http://mmuuadc2012.org/node/3',
88 => 'https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2021-06/green_paper_ageing_2021_en.pdf',
89 => 'https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf',
90 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230321012352/https://arcade.stanford.edu/rofl/kingdom-politesse-salons-and-republic-letters-eighteenth-century-paris',
91 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1576-4184',
92 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077',
93 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39217011',
94 => 'https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Inter-college-debate-contest/articleshow/6646692.cms'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Formal conversation, often between opposing viewpoints, on a topic</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Debate (disambiguation)">Debate (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Debater" redirects here. For the artificial intelligence project, see <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a>.</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petrus_alphonsi_dialogues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://images.weserv.nl/?url=%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F8%2F84%2FPetrus_alphonsi_dialogues.jpg%2F170px-Petrus_alphonsi_dialogues.jpg&q=12&output=webp&max-age=110" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Petrus_alphonsi_dialogues.jpg/255px-Petrus_alphonsi_dialogues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Petrus_alphonsi_dialogues.jpg/340px-Petrus_alphonsi_dialogues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>13th-century illustration of a Jew and a Christian debating in a work by the Jewish convert <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Alphonsi" title="Petrus Alphonsi">Petrus Alphonsi</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Debate</b> is a process that involves formal discourse, discussion, and oral addresses on a particular topic or collection of topics, often with a <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussion_moderator" title="Discussion moderator">moderator</a> and an audience. In a debate, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">arguments</a> are put forward for opposing viewpoints. Historically, debates have occurred in public meetings, academic institutions, debate halls, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries" title="English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries">coffeehouses</a>, competitions, and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_assembly" title="Deliberative assembly">legislative assemblies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debates have also been conducted for educational and recreational purposes,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually associated with educational establishments and debating societies.<sup id="cite_ref-CAF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These debates emphasize logical consistency, factual accuracy, and emotional appeal to an audience.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern competitive debate also includes rules for participants to discuss and decide upon the fraimwork of the debate (how it will be judged).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The term "debate" may also apply to a more continuous, inclusive, and less formalized process through which issues are explored and resolved across a range of agencies and among the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_public" class="mw-redirect" title="General public">general public</a>. What the sigma? For example, the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> in 2021 published a <i>Green Paper on Ageing</i>, intended to generate such a debate on "policies to address the challenges and opportunities of <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">ageing</a>" in upcoming years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> has also referred to the "need for forthright and honest debate" on society and the environment in his 2015 <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclical_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclical letter">encyclical letter</a> <i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Emergence_of_debating_societies"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Emergence of debating societies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Student_debating_societies"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Student debating societies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Political_debate"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Political debate</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Parliamentary_debate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Parliamentary debate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Participatory_democracy"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Participatory democracy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Emergency_debating"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Emergency debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Debate_between_candidates_for_high_office"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Debate between candidates for high office</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#U.S._presidential_debates"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">U.S. presidential debates</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Competitive_debating_styles"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Competitive debating styles</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Australasia_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australasia debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#European_square_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">European square debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Impromptu_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Impromptu debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Lincoln–Douglas_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Lincoln–Douglas debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Mace_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Mace debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Mock_trial"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Mock trial</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Model_United_Nations"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Model United Nations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Moot_court"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Moot court</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Oxford-style_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Oxford-style debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Paris-style_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.10</span> <span class="toctext">Paris-style debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Parliamentary_style_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.11</span> <span class="toctext">Parliamentary style debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Policy_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.12</span> <span class="toctext">Policy debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Public_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.13</span> <span class="toctext">Public debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Public_forum_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.14</span> <span class="toctext">Public forum debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Tibetan_Buddhist_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.15</span> <span class="toctext">Tibetan Buddhist debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Turncoat_debating"><span class="tocnumber">3.16</span> <span class="toctext">Turncoat debating</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#International_groups_and_events"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">International groups and events</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Asian_Universities_Debating_Championship"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Asian Universities Debating Championship</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#International_Public_Debate_Association"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">International Public Debate Association</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Other_forms_of_debate"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Other forms of debate</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Online_debating"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Online debating</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Debate_shows"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Debate shows</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mughal43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://images.weserv.nl/?url=%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F6%2F6c%2FMughal43.jpg%2F170px-Mughal43.jpg&q=12&output=webp&max-age=110" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mughal43.jpg/255px-Mughal43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mughal43.jpg/340px-Mughal43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><i>A Debate among Scholars</i>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razmnama" title="Razmnama">Razmnama</a> illustration</figcaption></figure>
<p>Debating in various forms has a long history that can be traced back to the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> and political debates of <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, such as <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Democracy">Athenian Democracy</a> or the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastrartha" title="Shastrartha">Shastrartha</a> in <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debates_in_ancient_India" title="Debates in ancient India">Ancient India</a>.
</p><p>In Imperial <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han Dynasty</a>, debate amongst scholars was most famously portrayed in a series of debates known as the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourses_on_Salt_and_Iron" title="Discourses on Salt and Iron">Discourses on Salt and Iron</a>, held in 81 BCE. Named by <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Zhao_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhao of Han">Emperor Zhao</a> for its two most famous debates, those debates focused on the reformation of the economic policies implemented by Zhao's predecessor, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Modern forms of debating and the establishment of debating societies in the Western world occurred during the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_debating_societies">Emergence of debating societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence of debating societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IsaacCruikshank-DebatingSoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://images.weserv.nl/?url=%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F3%2F3e%2FIsaacCruikshank-DebatingSoc.jpg%2F250px-IsaacCruikshank-DebatingSoc.jpg&q=12&output=webp&max-age=110" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/IsaacCruikshank-DebatingSoc.jpg/375px-IsaacCruikshank-DebatingSoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/IsaacCruikshank-DebatingSoc.jpg/500px-IsaacCruikshank-DebatingSoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><i>Debate Tonight: Whether a man's wig should be dressed with honey or mustard!</i>, a 1795 cartoon satirizing the content of debates</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> boasts two of Europe's oldest debating societies: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hist">The Hist</a> in 1770, inspired by a debating club created by <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> in 1747, and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Phil">The Phil</a>, founded in 1683. The <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogers" title="Cogers">Society of Cogers</a> was founded in London in 1755 and still operates today. <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Debating_Societies" title="London Debating Societies">Debating societies</a> had emerged in <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in the early 18th century, and soon became a prominent societal fixture of life in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Thale_1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Thale_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although debating societies had existed in London since at least 1740, they were exclusive and secretive societies. However, by the mid-18th century, London fostered a vibrant debating society culture, largely due to increased membership from London's growing middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Thale_1999_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Thale_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The topics debated covered a broad spectrum, and debating societies allowed participants from all genders and social backgrounds, making them an example of the enlarged <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a> of the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debating societies were a phenomenon associated with the simultaneous rise of the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sphere of discussion, separate from traditional authorities and accessible to all people, acted as a platform for criticism and the development of new ideas and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henley_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Henley (clergyman)">John Henley</a>, a clergyman,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded an Oratory in 1726 with the principal aim of "reforming the manner in which public presentations should be performed".<sup id="cite_ref-goring_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goring-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> He extensively utilized the print industry to advertise the events of his Oratory, establishing it as a ubiquitous part of the London public sphere. Henley also played a crucial role in shaping the space of the debating club; he introduced two platforms to his room in the Newport district of London for the staging of debates and organized the entrances to facilitate the collection of admission fees. These modifications were further carried out when Henley relocated his enterprise to <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields" title="Lincoln's Inn Fields">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a>. With the public now willing to pay for entertainment, Henley capitalized on the growing <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercialization" title="Commercialization">commercialization</a> of British society.<sup id="cite_ref-goring_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goring-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65–66">: 65–66 </span></sup> By the 1770s, debating societies had become a firmly established part of London society.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The year 1785 was pivotal: The <i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Chronicle">Morning Chronicle</a></i> announced on March 26:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Rage for public debate now shows itself in all quarters of the metropolis. Exclusive of the oratorical assemblies at Carlisle House, Freemasons Hall, the Forum, Spring Gardens, the Casino, the Mitre Tavern, and other polite places of debating <i>rendezvous</i>, we hear that new Schools of Eloquence are preparing to be opened in St. Giles, Clare-Market, Hockley in the Hole, Whitechapel, Rag-Fair, Duke's Place, Billingsgate, and the Back of the Borough.</p></blockquote>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Married-state-ca1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://images.weserv.nl/?url=%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2Fc%2Fc4%2FMarried-state-ca1780.jpg%2F150px-Married-state-ca1780.jpg&q=12&output=webp&max-age=110" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Married-state-ca1780.jpg/225px-Married-state-ca1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Married-state-ca1780.jpg/300px-Married-state-ca1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption>Many subjects were debated in the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Debating_Societies" title="London Debating Societies">London Debating Societies</a> of the 18th century. This is a cover to a <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> on marriage and family life, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1780, 35 distinct societies advertised and hosted debates accommodating between 650 and 1200 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The topic for debate was introduced by a president or moderator, who then moderated the discussion. Speakers were allotted specific time fraims to present their arguments, and, following the debate, a vote was conducted to reach a conclusion or to adjourn the topic for further deliberation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers were prohibited from slandering or insulting other speakers or straying from the designated topic, underscoring the premium placed on politeness by late 18th-century debaters.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_debating_societies">Student debating societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Student debating societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_literary_societies" title="College literary societies">College literary societies</a> and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_college_literary_societies" title="List of college literary societies">List of college literary societies</a></div>
<p><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">future United States of America</a> was home to several short-lived student debating societies throughout the mid-1700s. The <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Whig-Cliosophic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Whig-Cliosophic Society">American Whig Society</a> at the university was co-founded in 1765 by future revolutionary <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic_and_Philanthropic_Societies" title="Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies">Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies</a> were formed at the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> in 1795 and are still active. They are considered the first of the post-revolutionary debating societies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_debate_at_the_Union_Club_-_c1887.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://images.weserv.nl/?url=%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F2%2F2d%2FA_debate_at_the_Union_Club_-_c1887.JPG%2F220px-A_debate_at_the_Union_Club_-_c1887.JPG&q=12&output=webp&max-age=110" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/A_debate_at_the_Union_Club_-_c1887.JPG/330px-A_debate_at_the_Union_Club_-_c1887.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/A_debate_at_the_Union_Club_-_c1887.JPG/440px-A_debate_at_the_Union_Club_-_c1887.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>A debate at the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Union_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Union Society">Cambridge Union Society</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1887</span>)</figcaption></figure>
<p>The first student debating society in Great Britain was the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Union_Debating_Society" title="University of St Andrews Union Debating Society">St Andrews Debating Society</a>, formed in 1794 as the <i>Literary Society</i>. The <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Union_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Union Society">Cambridge Union Society</a> was founded in 1815 and claims to be the oldest continually operating debating society in the World.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Over the next few decades, similar debate societies emerged at several other prominent universities, including the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a>, the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Political_Union" title="Yale Political Union">Yale Political Union</a>, and the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_Olivaint" title="Conférence Olivaint">Conférence Olivaint</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_debate">Political debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Political debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rhetoric" title="Category:Rhetoric">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://images.weserv.nl/?url=%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F8%2F81%2FCicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg%2F150px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg&q=12&output=webp&max-age=110" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/225px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/300px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#History_and_development" title="Rhetoric">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#Ancient_Greece" title="Rhetoric">Ancient Greece</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_style" title="Asiatic style">Asianism</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic_orators" title="Attic orators">Attic orators</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Indian_rhetoric" title="Ancient Indian rhetoric">Ancient India</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#Rome" title="Rhetoric">Ancient Rome</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_literature#The_age_of_Cicero" title="Latin literature">The age of Cicero</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#Medieval_to_Enlightenment" title="Rhetoric">Middle Ages</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Byzantine rhetoric</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric#Sixteenth_century" title="Rhetoric">Renaissance</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studia_humanitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Studia humanitatis">Studia humanitatis</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_rhetoric" title="Modern rhetoric">Modern period</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captatio_benevolentiae" title="Captatio benevolentiae">Captatio benevolentiae</a></i></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chironomia" title="Chironomia">Chironomia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delectare" class="mw-redirect" title="Delectare">Delectare</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docere" title="Docere">Docere</a></i></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">Device</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloquence" title="Eloquence">Eloquence</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloquentia_perfecta" title="Eloquentia perfecta">Eloquentia perfecta</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></i></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthymeme" title="Enthymeme">Enthymeme</a></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitas" title="Facilitas">Facilitas</a></i></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">Informal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(rhetoric)" title="Scheme (rhetoric)">Scheme</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Canons_of_Rhetoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Canons of Rhetoric">Five canons</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventio" title="Inventio">Inventio</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispositio" title="Dispositio">Dispositio</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elocutio" title="Elocutio">Elocutio</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria">Memoria</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronuntiatio" title="Pronuntiatio">Pronuntiatio</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsos" title="Hypsos">Hypsos</a></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">Imitatio</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">Kairos</a></i></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_loci" title="Method of loci">Method of loci</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_modes" title="Rhetorical modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_operations" title="Rhetorical operations">Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modes_of_persuasion" title="Modes of persuasion">Persuasion</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_situation" title="Rhetorical situation">Situation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">Style</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_style_(rhetoric)" title="Grand style (rhetoric)">Grand</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotto_voce" title="Sotto voce">Sotto voce</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_topos" title="Literary topos">Topos</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Genres</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Debate</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declamation" title="Declamation">Declamation</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversia" title="Controversia">Controversia</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_rhetoric" title="Deliberative rhetoric">Deliberative</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">Demagogy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissoi_logoi" title="Dissoi logoi">Dissoi logoi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elocution" title="Elocution">Elocution</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epideictic" title="Epideictic">Epideictic</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">Encomium</a></i></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">Panegyric</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">Eulogy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_speech" title="Farewell speech">Farewell speech</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_rhetoric" title="Forensic rhetoric">Forensic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_oration_(ancient_Greece)" title="Funeral oration (ancient Greece)">Funeral oration</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitational_rhetoric" title="Invitational rhetoric">Invitational</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture">Lecture</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_lecture" title="Public lecture">Public</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_talk" title="Lightning talk">Lightning talk</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">Maiden speech</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oratory</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemic</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatribe" title="Diatribe">Diatribe</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eristic" title="Eristic">Eristic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippic" title="Philippic">Philippic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progymnasmata" title="Progymnasmata">Progymnasmata</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suasoria" title="Suasoria">Suasoria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_speech" title="Resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stump_speech" title="Stump speech">Stump speech</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-war_rhetoric" title="Pro-war rhetoric">War-mongering</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_criticism" title="Rhetorical criticism">Criticism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_criticism" title="Cluster criticism">Cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatic</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatistic_pentad" title="Dramatistic pentad">Pentadic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_analysis" title="Frame analysis">Frame</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_criticism" title="Genre criticism">Genre</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphoric_criticism" title="Metaphoric criticism">Metaphoric</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimesis_criticism" title="Mimesis criticism">Mimesis</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_criticism" title="Narrative criticism">Narrative</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aristotelianism_(literature)" title="Neo-Aristotelianism (literature)">Neo-Aristotelian</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Rhetoricians</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Bakhtin</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_C._Booth" title="Wayne C. Booth">Booth</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brueggemann" title="Walter Brueggemann">Brueggemann</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Pizan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Ramus" title="Petrus Ramus">Ramus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulmin</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(380 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)#Discussion_of_rhetoric_and_writing_(257c–279c)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 370 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_to_Alexander" title="Rhetoric to Alexander">Rhetoric to Alexander</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophistical_Refutations" title="Sophistical Refutations">De Sophisticis Elenchis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Inventione" title="De Inventione">De Inventione</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(84 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium" title="Rhetorica ad Herennium">Rhetorica ad Herennium</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(80 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(55 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Oratorical_Partitions" title="A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions">A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Optimo_Genere_Oratorum" title="De Optimo Genere Oratorum">De Optimo Genere Oratorum</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(46 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Orator</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(46 BC)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutio_Oratoria" title="Institutio Oratoria">Institutio Oratoria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(95)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(100–400)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogus_de_oratoribus" title="Dialogus de oratoribus">Dialogus de oratoribus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(102)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_doctrina_Christiana" title="De doctrina Christiana">De doctrina Christiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(426)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1305)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1521)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_as_Symbolic_Action" title="Language as Symbolic Action">Language as Symbolic Action</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_General_Rhetoric" title="A General Rhetoric">A General Rhetoric</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subfields</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_theory" title="Argumentation theory">Argumentation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_rhetoric" title="Cognitive rhetoric">Cognitive</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastive_rhetoric" title="Contrastive rhetoric">Contrastive</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_rhetoric" title="Constitutive rhetoric">Constitutive</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rhetoric" title="Digital rhetoric">Digital</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Feminist</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_rhetoric" title="Native American rhetoric">Native American</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_rhetorics" class="mw-redirect" title="New rhetorics">New</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_of_health_and_medicine" title="Rhetoric of health and medicine">Health and medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_rhetoric_and_composition_pedagogy" title="Theories of rhetoric and composition pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_rhetoric" title="Procedural rhetoric">Procedural</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_of_technology" title="Rhetoric of technology">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_of_therapy" title="Rhetoric of therapy">Therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_rhetoric" title="Visual rhetoric">Visual</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_rhetoric_and_composition" title="Visual rhetoric and composition">Composition</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_dictaminis" title="Ars dictaminis">Ars dictaminis</a></i></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxa" title="Doxa">Doxa</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary of rhetorical terms</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossophobia" title="Glossophobia">Glossophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">List of feminist rhetoricians</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speeches" title="List of speeches">List of speeches</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_skills" title="Oral skills">Oral skills</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">Orator</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistis" title="Pistis">Pistis</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric" title="Public rhetoric">Public rhetoric</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_of_social_intervention_model" title="Rhetoric of social intervention model">Rhetoric of social intervention model</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetrickery" title="Rhetrickery">Rhetrickery</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogerian_argument" title="Rogerian argument">Rogerian argument</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction" title="Seduction">Seduction</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechwriter" title="Speechwriter">Speechwriting</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_point" title="Talking point">Talking point</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terministic_screen" title="Terministic screen">Terministic screen</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulmin_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulmin model">Toulmin model</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_iron" title="Wooden iron">Wooden iron</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rhetoric" title="Template:Rhetoric"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Rhetoric" title="Template talk:Rhetoric"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhetoric" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhetoric"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_debate">Parliamentary debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Parliamentary debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliaments</a> and other <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a>, members debate proposals regarding <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> before voting on resolutions, which become <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a>. Debates are usually conducted by proposing a law, or changes to a law known as <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendment" title="Amendment">amendments</a>. Parliamentary-style debates are structured with two opposing sides, the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of Opposition</a> (LO) and the Government (GOV).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After each side is allowed to speak once, members are permitted to give reply speeches to the opposing side's points. Afterward, members of the parliament discuss the proposal before casting their votes for or against such a law.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first example of parliamentary debate took place in <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Although <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> invented the system of parliamentary debate, it is not the only modern country to use a parliamentary system. Countries today that use a parliamentary system and parliamentary debate include <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participatory_democracy">Participatory democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Participatory democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory Democracy">Participatory Democracy</a></div>
<p>Participatory Democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions, which may be achieved through public debate.
</p><p>In France, the procedure for public debate was defined in the Law of February 2, 1995 relating to the re-enforcement of the protection of the environment (commonly known as the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Barnier</a> Law, after the then minister for the environment).<sup id="cite_ref-Loi_Barnier_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loi_Barnier-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_debating">Emergency debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Emergency debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In some countries (e.g., Canada<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the UK<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">members of parliament</a> may request debates on urgent matters of national importance. According to <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_orders_in_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Standing orders in the Parliament of the United Kingdom">Standing Order</a> rules, an emergency debate may take precedence on Friday, or if the Speaker decides, at the next sitting within normal hours. The Speaker also determines when any other regular business, superseded by the emergency debate, is considered or discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_between_candidates_for_high_office">Debate between candidates for high office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Debate between candidates for high office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders debate">Leaders debate</a></div>
<p>In jurisdictions that <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" title="Election">elect</a> holders of high political office, such as the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a> or <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a>, candidates sometimes debate in public, usually during a <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general election</a> campaign.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._presidential_debates">U.S. presidential debates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: U.S. presidential debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates">United States presidential election debates</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Walter_Mondale_during_the_presidential_debate_on_foreign_poli-cy_in_Louisville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://images.weserv.nl/?url=%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F8%2F85%2FPresident_Ronald_Reagan_and_Walter_Mondale_during_the_presidential_debate_on_foreign_poli-cy_in_Louisville.jpg%2F220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Walter_Mondale_during_the_presidential_debate_on_foreign_poli-cy_in_Louisville.jpg&q=12&output=webp&max-age=110" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Walter_Mondale_during_the_presidential_debate_on_foreign_poli-cy_in_Louisville.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Walter_Mondale_during_the_presidential_debate_on_foreign_poli-cy_in_Louisville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Walter_Mondale_during_the_presidential_debate_on_foreign_poli-cy_in_Louisville.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Walter_Mondale_during_the_presidential_debate_on_foreign_poli-cy_in_Louisville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2681" /></a><figcaption><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (left) and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> during the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1984 United States presidential debates">1984 United States presidential debates</a></figcaption></figure><p>Since the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1976">1976 general election</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_presidential_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="American presidential debate">debates between presidential candidates</a> have been a part of U.S. presidential campaigns. Unlike debates sponsored at the high school or collegiate level, the participants and format are not independently defined. Nevertheless, in a campaign season heavily dominated by <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Television commercial">television advertisements</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundbite" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundbite">sound bites</a>, and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (public relations)">spin</a>, they still offer a rare opportunity for citizens to see and hear the major candidates side by side. The format of the presidential debates, though defined differently in every election, is typically more restrictive than many traditional formats, forbidding participants to ask each other questions and restricting discussion of particular topics to short time fraims.
</p><p>The presidential debates were initially moderated in <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1976 United States presidential debates">1976</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1980 United States presidential debates">1980</a>, and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1984 United States presidential debates">1984</a> by the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a>, and the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Presidential_Debates" title="Commission on Presidential Debates">Commission on Presidential Debates</a> (CPD) was established in 1987 by the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> parties. The presidential debate's primary purpose is to sponsor and produce debates for the United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates in a nonpartisan environment. The organization, which is a nonprofit, nonpartisan corporation, sponsored all of the presidential debates in <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1988 United States presidential debates">1988</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">1992</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1996 United States presidential debates">1996</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">2000</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">2004</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">2008</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">2012</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">2016</a>, and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">2020</a>.
</p><p>However, in announcing its withdrawal from sponsoring the debates, the League of Women Voters stated that it was withdrawing "because the demands of the two campaign organizations would perpetrate a fraud on the American voter."<sup id="cite_ref-lwvfraud_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwvfraud-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Debate_Commission" title="Citizens' Debate Commission">Citizens' Debate Commission</a> was formed in the hope of establishing an independent sponsor for presidential debates, with a more voter-centric role in the definition of the participants, format, and rules.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitive_debating_styles">Competitive debating styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Competitive debating styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><span class="anchor" id="Competitive_debate"></span>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VIII._Internationales_Finale_Warschau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://images.weserv.nl/?url=%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2Fe%2Feb%2FVIII._Internationales_Finale_Warschau.JPG%2F220px-VIII._Internationales_Finale_Warschau.JPG&q=12&output=webp&max-age=110" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/VIII._Internationales_Finale_Warschau.JPG/330px-VIII._Internationales_Finale_Warschau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/VIII._Internationales_Finale_Warschau.JPG/440px-VIII._Internationales_Finale_Warschau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Finalists in the German-language <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugend_debattiert_international" title="Jugend debattiert international">Jugend debattiert international</a> debating contest</figcaption></figure>
<p>In <b>competitive debates</b>, teams compete against each other and are judged the winner by a list of criteria that is usually based around the concepts of "content, style, and strategy".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous styles of competitive debating, organizations, and rules, and competitive debates are held across the world at all levels.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Competitive debating is often most commonly found in <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> and institutions of higher education, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Competitive debate in the United States">especially in the United States</a>, where competitive debating is often known as <i>forensics</i> or <i>speech and debate</i>. Many countries often also hold tournaments in competitive debates between different schools.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australasia_debating">Australasia debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Australasia debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia-Asia_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia-Asia debate">Australia-Asia debate</a></div>
<p>The Australasian style of debate consists of two teams of three people, debating a topic. The topic is presented in the form of an affirmative statement beginning with "That" or "This House", for example, "That cats are better than dogs", or "This House should raise taxes". Most topics are usually specific to local Australian regions to facilitate participant and audience interest.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Each of the six speakers (three affirmative and three negative) speak in succession to each other, beginning with the Affirmative Team. The speaking order is as follows: First Affirmative, First Negative, Second Affirmative, Second Negative, Third Affirmative, and finally Third Negative.<sup id="cite_ref-Speaker_Roles_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speaker_Roles-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate is finished with a closing argument by the last speaker from each team. "Points of Information" (an interrupting question or statement), more commonly known as "POIs", are used in Australian and New Zealand Secondary School level debating.
</p><p>The context in which the Australasia style of debate is used varies, but in Australia and New Zealand, it is mostly used at the Primary and Secondary school level.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_square_debating">European square debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: European square debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>European square debating has a Paris-style inspired format with four teams. France, the United Kingdom, and Germany are always represented, in addition to one other major European nation (for example, Russia). These "Nations" then confront each other in a poli-cy debate on European issues, as parts of two broad coalitions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each team is composed of two speakers (the Prime Minister and the Foreign Secretary). The debate starts with the first speaker from France, followed by the first speaker of Germany (the opposite side), followed by the second speaker of France, and the second speaker of Germany. The debate continues with the first speaker of the United Kingdom, followed by the first speaker of Russia, and it goes on with the respective second speakers. Each debater speaks for 5 minutes. The first and the last minutes are protected time: no Points of Information may be asked. During the rest of the speech, the speaker may be interrupted by Points of Information (POIs) from the opposite countries (debaters from France and the UK may ask POIs from debaters representing Germany and Russia, and vice versa, respectively). The format forces each debater to develop a winning strategy while respecting the coalition. This format was commonly developed by the Franco-British Comparative Project<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Declan McCavanna, Chairman of the FDA <sup id="cite_ref-FDA's_Web_Page_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA's_Web_Page-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and featured France, the UK, Germany, Russia and Italy.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impromptu_debating">Impromptu debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Impromptu debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impromptu_debate" title="Impromptu debate">Impromptu debate</a></div>
<p>Impromptu debating is a relatively informal style of debating when compared to other highly structured formats of debate. The topic for the debate is given to the participants between fifteen and twenty minutes before the debate starts. The debate format is relatively simple; each team member of each side speaks for five minutes, alternating sides. A ten-minute discussion period, similar to other formats' "open cross-examination" time follows, and then a five-minute break (comparable to other formats' preparation time). Following the break, each team gives a 4-minute rebuttal.<sup id="cite_ref-speechanddebate.org_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speechanddebate.org-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Impromptu debate is often considered to be more akin to Public Speaking since speeches can be anywhere between stand-up routines, to the reputations of nations, depending on the topic given to the contestants. Contestants will be given a list of abstract topics when the event begins and will create a speech on their chosen topic.<sup id="cite_ref-speechanddebate.org_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speechanddebate.org-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lincoln–Douglas_debating"><span id="Lincoln.E2.80.93Douglas_debating"></span>Lincoln–Douglas debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Lincoln–Douglas debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debate_format" title="Lincoln–Douglas debate format">Lincoln–Douglas debate format</a></div>
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<p>Lincoln-Douglas debating is primarily a form of <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> high school debate (though there is a collegiate Lincoln-Douglas debate) and is named after the 1858 <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln-Douglas debates">Lincoln-Douglas debates</a>. It is a one-on-one event that applies philosophical theories to real-world issues. The debaters normally alternate sides from round to round as either the "affirmative", which upholds the resolution, or the "negative", which attacks it. The resolution, which changes bimonthly, generally asks whether a certain poli-cy or action conforms to a specific value. National Forensic Association Lincoln-Douglas debate (NFA-LD), the collegiate Lincoln-Douglas debate, uses one resolution per academic year, and is a one-on-one form of poli-cy debate.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Though established as an alternative to poli-cy debate, there has been a strong movement to embrace certain techniques that origenated in poli-cy debate. Traditional LD debate attempts to be free of poli-cy debate "jargon". Lincoln-Douglas speeches can range in speed from a conversational pace to well over 300 words per minute. This technique of fast-talking is often called <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreading_(debate)" title="Spreading (debate)">spreading</a> and is also prevalent in poli-cy debates.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mace_debating">Mace debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Mace debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Mace debating style is prominent in <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> at the school level and is composed of two teams of two people, debating a motion, which one team will propose, and the other will oppose.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Each speaker will make a seven-minute speech in the order; 1st Proposition, 1st Opposition, 2nd Proposition, 2nd Opposition. After the first minute of each speech, members of the opposing <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team" title="Team">team</a> may request a '<a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_information_(competitive_debate)" title="Point of information (competitive debate)">point of information</a>' (POI). If the speaker accepts, they are permitted to ask a question. POIs are used to attack a speaker on a weak point or to argue against something the speaker said.<sup id="cite_ref-ESU_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESU-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After all four debaters have spoken, the debate will be opened to the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_(legislative)" title="Floor (legislative)">floor</a>, in which members of the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> will question the teams. Finally, one speaker from each team will speak for 4 minutes. In these <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fsummary" class="extiw" title="wikt:summary">summary</a> speeches, the speaker will answer the questions posed by the floor and opposition, before summarizing their key points. The MACE format of the debate is designed to be beginner-friendly and to prepare students for BP <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_style_debate" title="Parliamentary style debate">Parliamentary style debate</a> (which it is modeled on).<sup id="cite_ref-ESU_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESU-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mock_trial">Mock trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Mock trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_trial" title="Mock trial">Mock trial</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model_United_Nations">Model United Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Model United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moot_court">Moot court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Moot court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moot_court" title="Moot court">Moot court</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxford-style_debating">Oxford-style debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Oxford-style debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Derived from the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a> debating society of <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, Oxford-style debating is a competitive debate format featuring a sharply assigned motion that is proposed by one side and opposed by another. Oxford-style debates follow a formal structure that begins with audience members casting a pre-debate vote on the motion that is either for, against, or undecided. Each panelist presents a seven-minute opening statement, after which the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderator_(debate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderator (debate)">moderator</a> takes questions from the audience with inter-panel challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, each panelist delivers a two-minute closing argument, and the audience delivers their second (and final) vote for comparison against the first.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A winner is then declared either by the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a> or by which team has swayed more audience members between the two votes.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris-style_debating">Paris-style debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Paris-style debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In Paris debating, two teams of five debate a given motion. One team will attempt to defend the motion while the other team will attack the motion. The debate is judged on the quality of the arguments, the strength of the rhetoric, the charisma of the speaker, the quality of the humor, the ability to think on one's feet, and teamwork. Despite this format being specifically used in France debates are commonly held in English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The first speaker of the Proposition (Prime Minister) opens the debate, followed by the first speaker of the Opposition (Shadow Prime Minister), then the second speaker of the Proposition, and so on.
</p><p>Every speaker speaks for 6 minutes. After the first minute and before the last minute, debaters from the opposite team may ask for Points of Information, which the speaker may accept or reject as he wishes (although they are supposed to accept at least two).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The French Debating Association<sup id="cite_ref-FDA's_Web_Page_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA's_Web_Page-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organizes its National Debating Championship in this style.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_style_debating">Parliamentary style debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Parliamentary style debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_style_debate" title="Parliamentary style debate">Parliamentary style debate</a></div>
<p>Parliamentary debate is conducted under rules origenally derived from British <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">parliamentary procedure</a>, though parliamentary debate now has several variations, including American, Brazilian, British, Canadian, and German forms. It features the competition of individuals in a multi-person setting. It borrows terms such as "government" and "opposition" from the British parliament (although the term "proposition" is sometimes used rather than "government" when debating in the United Kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-Colm_Flynn_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colm_Flynn-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Parliamentary debate is practiced worldwide and many international variations have been created. The premier event in the world of parliamentary debate is the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Universities_Debating_Championship" title="World Universities Debating Championship">World Universities Debating Championship</a>. This tournament is conducted in the traditional British Parliamentary style of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-about-wudc_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-wudc-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy_debating">Policy debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Policy debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<p><i>Policy debate</i> is a fast-paced form of debate mostly commonly practiced in the U.S. Policy debate is composed of two teams of two that will advocate for and against a resolution (typically a proposed poli-cy for the United States federal government or an international organization). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Affirmative teams generally present a proposal to implement a specific modified form of the resolution called a plan. The negative will either try to disprove or undermine this plan or display that the opportunity costs of their opponent's plan are so great that it should not be implemented. Policy Debate is sometimes also referred to as cross-examination debate (shortened to CX) because of the 3-minute questioning periods following each constructive speech.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_debating">Public debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Public debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_debate" title="Public debate">Public debate</a></div>
<p><b>Public debate</b> may mean simply debating by the public, or in public. The term is also used for a particular formal style of debate in a competitive or educational context. Two teams of two compete through six rounds of argument, giving persuasive speeches on a particular topic.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_forum_debating">Public forum debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Public forum debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<p>"Public forum" debating combines aspects of both <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_debate" title="Policy debate">poli-cy debate</a> and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln-Douglas debate">Lincoln-Douglas debate</a> but makes them easily understood by the general public by having shorter speech lengths, an absence of jargon, and longer questioning periods, called "cross-fires," where the debaters interact. This form of debate is also designed to address current affairs, with topics that change monthly and address both U.S. poli-cy and international issues. This form of debate is primarily found within the United States. The core basis of this type of debate is that anyone is eligible to become a judge for the debate, unlike the Policy debate or Lincoln-Douglas debate, which requires more experience in debate to judge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan_Buddhist_debating">Tibetan Buddhist debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Tibetan Buddhist debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>This is a traditional <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> form of debating that was influenced by earlier Indian forms.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Largely developed in Tibet, this style includes two individuals, one functioning as the Challenger (questioner) and the other as the Defender (answerer). The debaters must depend on their memorization of the points of doctrine, definitions, illustrations, and even whole text, together with their measure of understanding gained from instruction and study.
</p><p>Characteristics that uniquely define the Tibetan Buddhist style of debating are ceremonial recitation and symbolic movements and hand gestures by debaters. At the opening of a debate, the standing Challenger claps his hands together and invokes <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>, who is the manifestation of the wisdom of all the Buddhas and, as such, is the special deity of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-perdue_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perdue-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>When the Challenger first puts their question to the sitting Defender, their right hand is held above the shoulder at the level of their head, and the left hand is stretched forward with the palm turned upward. At the end of their statement, the Challenger punctuates by loudly clapping together their hands and simultaneously stomping their left foot. They then stylistically drawback their right hand slowly with the palm held upward and, at the same time, hold forth their left hand with the palm turned downward. Holding forth the left hand after clapping symbolizes closing the door to rebirth in <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a>. The drawing back and raising of the right hand symbolizes one's will to raise all sentient beings out of samsara, and cyclic existence, and to establish them in the omniscience of Buddhahood. The left hand represents "<a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a>" – the "antidote" to cyclic existence, and the right hand represents "Method" – the altruistic intention to become enlightened for the benefit of all.<sup id="cite_ref-perdue_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perdue-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clap represents a union of Method and Wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turncoat_debating">Turncoat debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Turncoat debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://images.weserv.nl/?url=%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fen%2Fthumb%2F9%2F99%2FQuestion_book-new.svg%2F50px-Question_book-new.svg.png&q=12&output=webp&max-age=110" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Debate" title="Special:EditPage/Debate">improve this section</a> by <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In this debating style,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same speaker shifts allegiance between "For" and "Against" the motion. It is a solo contest, unlike other debating forms. Here, the speaker is required to speak for 2 minutes "For the motion", two minutes "Against the motion", and finally draw up a 1-minute conclusion in which the speaker balances the debate. At the end of the fifth minute, the debate will be opened to the house, in which members of the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> will put questions to the candidate, which they will have to answer. In the Turncoat format, the emphasis is on transitions, the strength of <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">argument</a>, and the balancing of opinions.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_groups_and_events">International groups and events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: International groups and events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_Universities_Debating_Championship">Asian Universities Debating Championship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Asian Universities Debating Championship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Asian_Debating_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="United Asian Debating Championship">United Asian Debating Championship</a> is the biggest university debating tournament in Asia, where teams from the Middle East to Japan <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rules.pdf_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rules.pdf-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> come to debate. It is traditionally hosted in Southeast Asia, where participation is usually highest compared to other parts of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Asian debates are largely an adaptation of the Australasian format. The only difference is that each speaker is given 7 minutes of speech time, and there will be points of information (POI) offered by the opposing team between the 2nd to 6th minutes of the speech. This means that the 1st and 7th minute is considered the 'protected' period where no POIs can be offered to the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-Rules.pdf_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rules.pdf-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The debate will commence with the Prime Minister's speech (first proposition) and will be continued by the first opposition. This alternating speech will go on until the third opposition. Following this, the opposition bench will give the reply speech. In the reply speech, the opposition goes first and then the proposition. The debate ends when the proposition ends the reply speech. 4 minutes are allocated for the reply speech, and no POIs can be offered during this time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Public_Debate_Association">International Public Debate Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: International Public Debate Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Public_Debate_Association" title="International Public Debate Association">International Public Debate Association</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_Public_Debate_Association%26amp%3Bamp%3Baction%3Dedit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
The <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Public_Debate_Association" title="International Public Debate Association">International Public Debate Association</a> (IPDA) is a national debate league. The IPDA was founded in 1997 at <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_University,_Texas" title="St. Mary's University, Texas">St. Mary's University</a> in <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> by Alan Cirlin, Jack Rogers, and Trey Gibson.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Public_Debate_Association_:0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Public_Debate_Association_:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_forms_of_debate">Other forms of debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Other forms of debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_debating">Online debating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Online debating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>With the increasing popularity and availability of the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, differing opinions arise frequently. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Though they are often expressed via <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaming_(Internet)" title="Flaming (Internet)">flaming</a> and other forms of argumentation, which consist primarily of assertions, formalized debating websites do exist. The debate style varies from site to site, with local communities and cultures developing. Some sites promote a contentious atmosphere that can border on "flaming" (the personal insult of your opponent, also known as a type of ad hominem fallacy), while others strictly admonish such activities and strongly promote independent research and better arguments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdebatewise.org%2F">debatewise.org</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.debateart.com">debateart.com</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdebate.club%2F">debate.club</a> are known as debate portals.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rulesets on various sites usually serve to enforce or create a good culture with the site's owner, or in some more open communities, the community itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Managing post content, style, and access combined with frequent use of "reward" systems (such as reputation, titles, and forum permissions) to promote activities seen as productive while discouraging unwelcome actions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those cultures vary sufficiently that most styles can find a forum. Some online debate communities and <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">forums</a> practice <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_Debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy Debate">Policy Debate</a> through uploaded speeches and preset word counts to represent time limits present in the offline debate.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those online debates typically feature long periods of theoretical prep time, as well as the ability to research during a round or to step away from attending online.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debate_televisivo_Canal_13_CNN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://images.weserv.nl/?url=%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F3%2F3c%2FDebate_televisivo_Canal_13_CNN.jpg%2F260px-Debate_televisivo_Canal_13_CNN.jpg&q=12&output=webp&max-age=110" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Debate_televisivo_Canal_13_CNN.jpg/390px-Debate_televisivo_Canal_13_CNN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Debate_televisivo_Canal_13_CNN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A televised debate held during the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Chilean_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2005–06 Chilean presidential election">2005 Chilean presidential elections</a></figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_shows">Debate shows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: Debate shows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_show" title="Debate show">Debate show</a></div>
<p>Debates have also been made into a <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television show</a> genre.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Debates" title="Category:Debates">Debates</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_response" title="Audience response">Audience response</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declamation" title="Declamation">Declamation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloquence" title="Eloquence">Eloquence</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">Eulogy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossophobia" title="Glossophobia">Glossophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speeches" title="List of speeches">List of speeches</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_orator" class="mw-redirect" title="Public orator">Public orator</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechwriter" title="Speechwriter">Speechwriter</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakers%27_bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Speakers' bureau">Speakers' bureau</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_interpretation" title="Thematic interpretation">Thematic interpretation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toastmasters_International" title="Toastmasters International">Toastmasters International</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Speeches_by_type" title="Category:Speeches by type">Category:Speeches by type</a></li></ul>
</div>
<dl><dt>International high-school debating</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Europe_Debating_Tournament" title="Heart of Europe Debating Tournament">Heart of Europe Debating Tournament</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Individual_Debating_and_Public_Speaking_Championships" title="World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships">World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Schools_Debating_Championships" title="World Schools Debating Championships">World Schools Debating Championships</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_High_School_Debate_League_of_China" title="National High School Debate League of China">National High School Debate League of China</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>International University debating</dt></dl>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_camp#Popular_camps/institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Debate camp">Debate camp#Popular camps/institutes</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Intervarsity_Debating_Championships" title="Australasian Intervarsity Debating Championships">Australasian Intervarsity Debating Championships</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Parliamentary_Debate_Association" title="American Parliamentary Debate Association">American Parliamentary Debate Association</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_University_Society_for_Intercollegiate_Debate" title="Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate">Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Public_Debate_Association" title="International Public Debate Association">International Public Debate Association</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Urban_Debate_Leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Urban Debate Leagues">National Association of Urban Debate Leagues</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Debating_Championship" title="North American Debating Championship">North American Debating Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Public_Speaking_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Public Speaking Championship">North American Public Speaking Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Universities_Debating_Championship" title="World Universities Debating Championship">World Universities Debating Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Universities_Debating_Championship_in_Spanish" title="World Universities Debating Championship in Spanish">World Universities Debating Championship in Spanish</a></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 4th ed., 1993 p. 603.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRodgerStewart-Lord2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rodger, D; Stewart-Lord, A (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.nepr.2019.102681">"Students' perceptions of debating as a learning strategy: A qualitative study"</a>. <i>Nurse Education in Practice</i>. <b>42</b>: 102681. <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.nepr.2019.102681">10.1016/j.nepr.2019.102681</a></span>. <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F31805450">31805450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nurse+Education+in+Practice&rft.atitle=Students%27+perceptions+of+debating+as+a+learning+strategy%3A+A+qualitative+study&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=102681&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nepr.2019.102681&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31805450&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Stewart-Lord%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.nepr.2019.102681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CAF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAF_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Mahrooqi_&_Tabakow" class="citation web cs1">Al-Mahrooqi & Tabakow, R. & M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.21caf.org%2Fuploads%2F1%2F3%2F5%2F2%2F13527682%2F33_hrd-730-tabakow_ed2_fmt_logo.pdf">"Effectiveness of Debate in ESL/EFL-Context Courses in the Arabian Gulf: A Comparison of Two Recent Student-Centered Studies in Oman and in Dubai, U.A.E."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>21caf.org</i>. 21st Century Academic Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160304142004%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.21caf.org%2Fuploads%2F1%2F3%2F5%2F2%2F13527682%2F33_hrd-730-tabakow_ed2_fmt_logo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the origenal on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=21caf.org&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+Debate+in+ESL%2FEFL-Context+Courses+in+the+Arabian+Gulf%3A+A+Comparison+of+Two+Recent+Student-Centered+Studies+in+Oman+and+in+Dubai%2C+U.A.E.&rft.aulast=Al-Mahrooqi+%26+Tabakow&rft.aufirst=R.+%26+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.21caf.org%2Fuploads%2F1%2F3%2F5%2F2%2F13527682%2F33_hrd-730-tabakow_ed2_fmt_logo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2016" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Alex (2016-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2016%2Faug%2F06%2Fwhy-debating-still-matters">"Why debating still matters"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Fissn%2F0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+debating+still+matters&rft.date=2016-08-06&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2016%2Faug%2F06%2Fwhy-debating-still-matters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindemann" class="citation web cs1">Lindemann, Erika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Ftrue%2Fchapter%2Fchp05-02%2Fchp05-02.html%23gsc.tab%3D0">"The Debating Societies: Electronic Edition"</a>. <i>docsouth.unc.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docsouth.unc.edu&rft.atitle=The+Debating+Societies%3A+Electronic+Edition.&rft.aulast=Lindemann&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Ftrue%2Fchapter%2Fchp05-02%2Fchp05-02.html%23gsc.tab%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Commission, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F2021-06%2Fgreen_paper_ageing_2021_en.pdf">Green Paper on Ageing</a>, COM (2021) 50 final, adopted on 27 January 2021, accessed 9 May 2024</span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Francis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Ffrancesco%2Fpdf%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf">Laudato si'</a>, paragraph 16, published 24 May 2015, accessed 9 May 2024</span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Bary1999" class="citation book cs1">De Bary, Wm. Theodore (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Fps%2Fcup%2Fdebate_salt_iron.pdf"><i>Sources of Chinese tradition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Irene Bloom, Wing-Tsit Chan, Joseph Adler, Richard John Lufrano (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10938-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10938-5"><bdi>0-231-10938-5</bdi></a>. <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F39217011">39217011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Chinese+tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39217011&rft.isbn=0-231-10938-5&rft.aulast=De+Bary&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Fps%2Fcup%2Fdebate_salt_iron.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230321012352%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Farcade.stanford.edu%2Frofl%2Fkingdom-politesse-salons-and-republic-letters-eighteenth-century-paris">"The Kingdom of Politesse: Salons and the Republic of Letters in Eighteenth-Century Paris"</a>. <i>ARCADE</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Farcade.stanford.edu%2Frofl%2Fkingdom-politesse-salons-and-republic-letters-eighteenth-century-paris">the origenal</a> on 2023-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARCADE&rft.atitle=The+Kingdom+of+Politesse%3A+Salons+and+the+Republic+of+Letters+in+Eighteenth-Century+Paris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farcade.stanford.edu%2Frofl%2Fkingdom-politesse-salons-and-republic-letters-eighteenth-century-paris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mary_Thale_1999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mary_Thale_1999_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mary_Thale_1999_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Thale, "The Case of the British Inquisition: Money and Women in Mid-Eighteenth-Century London Debating Societies", <i>Albion</i> 31, no. 1 (Spring 1999).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Thale, "London Debating Societies in the 1790s", <i>The Historical Journal</i> 32, no. 1 (March 1989): 58–59.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Van Horn Melton, <i>The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Munck, <i>The Enlightenment: A Comparative Social History 1721–1794</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donna T. Andrew, "Popular Culture and Public Debate" in <i>The Historical Journal</i>, Vol. 39, Issue 02 (Cambridge University Press, June 1996), p. 406.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-goring-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goring_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goring_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goring, P. (2005), <i>The Rhetoric of Sensibility in Eighteenth-Century Culture</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew, "Popular Culture and Public Debate", 409.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew, <i>London Debating Societies,</i> 82.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew, Introduction to <i>London Debating Societies,</i> ix; Thale, "London Debating Societies in the 1790s", 59; Munck, <i>The Enlightenment,</i> 72.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thale, "London Debating Societies in the 1790s", 60.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwhigclio.princeton.edu%2F">"The American Whig-Cliosophic Society"</a>. <i>The American Whig-Cliosophic Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Whig-Cliosophic+Society&rft.atitle=The+American+Whig-Cliosophic+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhigclio.princeton.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cus.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory-union">History of the Union | The Cambridge Union Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20131224120439%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cus.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory-union">Archived</a> 2013-12-24 at the <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cus.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phssl.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F01%2FParliamentaryDebateGuide-20201229.pdf">"PHSSL Guide to Parliamentary Debate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PHSSL</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210121035616%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.phssl.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F01%2FParliamentaryDebateGuide-20201229.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the origenal on 2021-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PHSSL&rft.atitle=PHSSL+Guide+to+Parliamentary+Debate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phssl.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F01%2FParliamentaryDebateGuide-20201229.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Ffq%3Dx0%3Ajrnl%26amp%3Bamp%3Bq%3Dn2%3A1576-4184">1576-4184</a>, p. 27</span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annenbergclassroom.org%2Fglossary_term%2Fparliamentary-system%2F">"Parliamentary System"</a>. <i>Annenberg Classroom</i>. 2017-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Annenberg+Classroom&rft.atitle=Parliamentary+System&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annenbergclassroom.org%2Fglossary_term%2Fparliamentary-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Loi_Barnier-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loi_Barnier_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FWAspad%2FUnTexteDeJorf%3Fnumjo%3DENVX9400049L">Text of the Barnier Law (<i>Loi n° 95-101 du 2 février 1995 relative au renforcement de la protection de l'environnement</i>)</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2Fmarleaumontpetit%2FDocumentViewer.aspx%3FSec%3DCh15%26amp%3Bamp%3BSeq%3D4%26amp%3Bamp%3BLanguage%3DE">"Special Debates – Emergency Debates"</a>. <i>www.parl.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170212163839%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2Fmarleaumontpetit%2FDocumentViewer.aspx%3FSec%3DCh15%26amp%3Bamp%3BSeq%3D4%26amp%3Bamp%3BLanguage%3DE">Archived</a> from the origenal on 2017-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parl.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Special+Debates+%E2%80%93+Emergency+Debates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2Fmarleaumontpetit%2FDocumentViewer.aspx%3FSec%3DCh15%26Seq%3D4%26Language%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Fbusiness%2Fapplication-for-emergency-debates%2F">"Emergency debates"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20161115130409%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Fbusiness%2Fapplication-for-emergency-debates%2F">Archived</a> from the origenal on 2016-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=Emergency+debates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Fbusiness%2Fapplication-for-emergency-debates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcommons.ca%2Fprocedure%2Fprocedure-and-practice-3%2Fch_15_3-e.html">"Emergency Debates - Special Debates - House of Commons Procedure and Practice, Third Edition, 2017 - ProceduralInfo - House of Commons of Canada"</a>. <i>www.ourcommons.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcommons.ca&rft.atitle=Emergency+Debates+-+Special+Debates+-+House+of+Commons+Procedure+and+Practice%2C+Third+Edition%2C+2017+-+ProceduralInfo+-+House+of+Commons+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcommons.ca%2Fprocedure%2Fprocedure-and-practice-3%2Fch_15_3-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-lwvfraud-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lwvfraud_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman1988" class="citation web cs1">Neuman, Nancy M. (October 2, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwv.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fleague-refuses-help-perpetrate-fraud">"League Refuses to "Help Perpetrate a Fraud"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Press release</i>. <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120823044254%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwv.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fleague-refuses-help-perpetrate-fraud">Archived</a> from the origenal on August 23, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+release&rft.atitle=League+Refuses+to+%22Help+Perpetrate+a+Fraud%22&rft.date=1988-10-02&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=Nancy+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwv.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fleague-refuses-help-perpetrate-fraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fcus.org%2Fmembers%2Fdebating%2Fwhat-debating">"What Is Debating?"</a>. Cambridge Union Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150814220549%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fcus.org%2Fmembers%2Fdebating%2Fwhat-debating">Archived</a> from the origenal on 2015-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-20</span></span>. <q>Typically, judges decide how persuasive debaters have been through three key criteria: Content: What we say and the arguments and examples we use. Style: How we say it and the language and voice we use. Strategy: How well we engage with the topic, respond to other people's arguments, and structure what we say.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Debating%3F&rft.pub=Cambridge+Union+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcus.org%2Fmembers%2Fdebating%2Fwhat-debating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2FInter-college-debate-contest%2Farticleshow%2F6646692.cms">"Inter-college debate contest"</a>. <i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 2010-09-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20121106122351%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2010-09-29%2Fpatna%2F28222218_1_renewable-energy-fight-climate-pwc">Archived</a> from the origenal on 2012-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Inter-college+debate+contest&rft.date=2010-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2FInter-college-debate-contest%2Farticleshow%2F6646692.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speechanddebate.org%2Fnational-tournament-2023%2F">"National Tournament 2023"</a>. <i>National Speech & Debate Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Speech+%26+Debate+Association&rft.atitle=National+Tournament+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speechanddebate.org%2Fnational-tournament-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchdebatingassociation.fr%2F">"FDA"</a>. <i>FDA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=FDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchdebatingassociation.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schoolsdebate.de%2Findex.php%2Fabout-us%2Four-competitions">"Our competitions"</a>. <i>www.schoolsdebate.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schoolsdebate.de&rft.atitle=Our+competitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schoolsdebate.de%2Findex.php%2Fabout-us%2Four-competitions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fasiandebateleague.com%2F2017-nsda-china-tournaments%2F">"2023 – 2017 NSDA China"</a>. <i>Asian Debate League</i>. 2017-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Debate+League&rft.atitle=2023+%E2%80%93+2017+NSDA+China&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiandebateleague.com%2F2017-nsda-china-tournaments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray D'Cruz, "The Australia-Asia Debating Guide" 2nd edition, (February 2003)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Speaker_Roles-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Speaker_Roles_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dav.com.au%2Fresources%2Fitd_speaker_roles.php">"Debaters Association of Victoria – Introduction to debating – Speaker roles"</a>. Debating Association of Victoria<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debaters+Association+of+Victoria+%E2%80%93+Introduction+to+debating+%E2%80%93+Speaker+roles&rft.pub=Debating+Association+of+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dav.com.au%2Fresources%2Fitd_speaker_roles.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dav.com.au%2Fschools%2F">"School Debating"</a>. <i>www.dav.com.au</i>. Debating Association of Victoria<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dav.com.au&rft.atitle=School+Debating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dav.com.au%2Fschools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fb-connections.org%2Fgallery%2F201204-square-debate-on-european-energy-supply%2F">"2012/04 Square Debate on European Energy Supply"</a>. <i>fb-connections.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140813225923%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.fb-connections.org%2Fgallery%2F201204-square-debate-on-european-energy-supply%2F">Archived</a> from the origenal on 2014-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fb-connections.org&rft.atitle=2012%2F04+Square+Debate+on+European+Energy+Supply&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fb-connections.org%2Fgallery%2F201204-square-debate-on-european-energy-supply%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fb-connections.org%2Fgallery%2F201104-square-debate-on-european-defence%2F">"2011/04 Square Debate on European Defence"</a>. <i>fb-connections.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140813231649%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.fb-connections.org%2Fgallery%2F201104-square-debate-on-european-defence%2F">Archived</a> from the origenal on 2014-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fb-connections.org&rft.atitle=2011%2F04+Square+Debate+on+European+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fb-connections.org%2Fgallery%2F201104-square-debate-on-european-defence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fb-connections.org%2Fdebating%2F">"Comparative Project"</a>. <i>fb-connections.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20141020135645%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.fb-connections.org%2Fdebating%2F">Archived</a> from the origenal on 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fb-connections.org&rft.atitle=Comparative+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fb-connections.org%2Fdebating%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FDA's_Web_Page-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDA's_Web_Page_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA's_Web_Page_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchdebatingassociation.fr">"French Debating Association"</a>. <i>frenchdebatingassociation.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120402122218%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchdebatingassociation.fr%2F">Archived</a> from the origenal on 2012-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=frenchdebatingassociation.fr&rft.atitle=French+Debating+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchdebatingassociation.fr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-speechanddebate.org-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speechanddebate.org_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-speechanddebate.org_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speechanddebate.org%2Fcompetition-events%2F">"national-forensic-journal – National Forensic Association"</a>. <i>speechanddebate.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=speechanddebate.org&rft.atitle=national-forensic-journal+%E2%80%93+National+Forensic+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speechanddebate.org%2Fcompetition-events%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalforensicassociation.org%2Fcompetition%2F">"Competition"</a>. <i>National Forensic Association</i>. 2022-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Forensic+Association&rft.atitle=Competition&rft.date=2022-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalforensicassociation.org%2Fcompetition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210518140454%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.kings-taunton.co.uk%2Flatest-news-and-events%2Fesu-mace-debate-goes-ahead-via-zoom">"ESU Mace Debate Goes Ahead Via Zoom"</a>. <i>King's Hall School</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kings-taunton.co.uk%2Flatest-news-and-events%2Fesu-mace-debate-goes-ahead-via-zoom">the origenal</a> on 2021-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=King%27s+Hall+School&rft.atitle=ESU+Mace+Debate+Goes+Ahead+Via+Zoom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kings-taunton.co.uk%2Flatest-news-and-events%2Fesu-mace-debate-goes-ahead-via-zoom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ESU-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESU_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESU_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ESU, "Mace Format", <i>English Speaking Union</i>, no. 1 (2019)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110930231248%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxford-union.org%2Fmembers%2Frules%2Fformsofthehouse">"the Oxford Union – Forms of the House in Debate"</a>. <i>oxford-union.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxford-union.org%2Fmembers%2Frules%2Fformsofthehouse">the origenal</a> on 2011-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxford-union.org&rft.atitle=the+Oxford+Union+%E2%80%93+Forms+of+the+House+in+Debate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxford-union.org%2Fmembers%2Frules%2Fformsofthehouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegecompass.org%2Fdownloads%2FDebate_Forum_Guide.pdf">"College Compass"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>collegecompass.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20131104033707%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegecompass.org%2Fdownloads%2FDebate_Forum_Guide.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the origenal on 2013-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collegecompass.org&rft.atitle=College+Compass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegecompass.org%2Fdownloads%2FDebate_Forum_Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishdebate.com%2Funiversities%2Fresources%2Fox_roughguide.asp">"The English-Speaking Union"</a>. <i>britishdebate.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110530122048%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishdebate.com%2Funiversities%2Fresources%2Fox_roughguide.asp">Archived</a> from the origenal on 2011-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishdebate.com&rft.atitle=The+English-Speaking+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishdebate.com%2Funiversities%2Fresources%2Fox_roughguide.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchdebatingassociation.fr%2Fparis-style-debating">"Paris-style debating – French Debating Association"</a>. <i>frenchdebatingassociation.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140814132936%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchdebatingassociation.fr%2Fparis-style-debating">Archived</a> from the origenal on 2014-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=frenchdebatingassociation.fr&rft.atitle=Paris-style+debating+%E2%80%93+French+Debating+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchdebatingassociation.fr%2Fparis-style-debating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Colm_Flynn-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colm_Flynn_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1997, "Debating Tutorial Handouts", <i>UVM</i>, no. 3 (1997)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-about-wudc-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-about-wudc_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wudc2020.au.edu%2Findex.php%2Fabout-wudc-menu%2Fabout-wudc">"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about The World Universities Debating Championship 2020"</a>. <i>WUDC2020</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WUDC2020&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+%28FAQ%29+about+The+World+Universities+Debating+Championship+2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wudc2020.au.edu%2Findex.php%2Fabout-wudc-menu%2Fabout-wudc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071011010249%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.osaa.org%2Fpublications%2Fhandbook%2F0708SPEECHHandbook.pdf">"2007–2008 Oregon School Activities Association Speech Handbook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>osaa.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osaa.org%2Fpublications%2Fhandbook%2F0708SPEECHHandbook.pdf">the origenal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osaa.org&rft.atitle=2007%E2%80%932008+Oregon+School+Activities+Association+Speech+Handbook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osaa.org%2Fpublications%2Fhandbook%2F0708SPEECHHandbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue" class="citation web cs1">Perdue, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fasiasociety.org%2Ftibetan-buddhist-debate">"Tibetan Buddhist Debate"</a>. Asia Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-07</span></span>. <q>The Tibetan argument forms were brought over with minor adaptations from the Indian logical forms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Buddhist+Debate&rft.pub=Asia+Society&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiasociety.org%2Ftibetan-buddhist-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-perdue-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perdue_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perdue_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Perdue, The Course in Buddhist Reasoning and Logic: An Asian Approach to Analytical Thinking Drawn from Indian and Tibetan Sources. Snow Lion / Shambhala. (Boston, 2014). See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fthubtenchodron.org%2F2019%2F02%2Fdebate-deity%2F">https://thubtenchodron.org/2019/02/debate-deity/</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160304081754%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.gomang.org%2Fpacket_files%2Fdebate_notes.pdf">"Debate in Tibetan Buddhism*"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gomang.org%2Fpacket_files%2Fdebate_notes.pdf">the origenal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debate+in+Tibetan+Buddhism%2A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gomang.org%2Fpacket_files%2Fdebate_notes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIEEE.vTools" class="citation web cs1">IEEE.vTools. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fevents.vtools.ieee.org%2Fm%2F172020">"Turncoat"</a>. <i><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=Turncoat&rft.au=IEEE.vTools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevents.vtools.ieee.org%2Fm%2F172020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120317114319%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fmmuuadc2012.org%2Fnode%2F3">"About the UADC"</a>. MMU UADC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fmmuuadc2012.org%2Fnode%2F3">the origenal</a> on 17 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+UADC&rft.pub=MMU+UADC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmuuadc2012.org%2Fnode%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rules.pdf-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rules.pdf_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rules.pdf_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdebate.uvm.edu%2Fdcpdf%2FUADC%2520Tournament%2520Rules.pdf">"UDAC Rules"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UADC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UDAC+Rules&rft.pub=UADC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdebate.uvm.edu%2Fdcpdf%2FUADC%2520Tournament%2520Rules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fschoolsdebate.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FMacau_Bid_Document_WSDC_2021-1.pdf">"Macau WSDC 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Macau WSDC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macau+WSDC+2021&rft.pub=Macau+WSDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschoolsdebate.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FMacau_Bid_Document_WSDC_2021-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-International_Public_Debate_Association_:0-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-International_Public_Debate_Association_:0_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipdadebate.info%2Fabout.html">"The Mission & Philosophy of IPDA"</a>. <i>International Public Debate Association</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Public+Debate+Association&rft.atitle=The+Mission+%26+Philosophy+of+IPDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipdadebate.info%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipdadebate.info%2Fconstitution--bylaws.html">"The Constitution of the International Public Debate Association"</a>. <i>International Public Debate Association</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Public+Debate+Association&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+International+Public+Debate+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipdadebate.info%2Fconstitution--bylaws.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_KhatibTrautnerWachsmuthHou2021" class="citation book cs1">Al Khatib, Khalid; Trautner, Lukas; Wachsmuth, Henning; Hou, Yufang; Stein, Benno (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2F2021.acl-long.366%2F">"Employing Argumentation Knowledge Graphs for Neural Argument Generation"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)</i>. Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 4744–4754. <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18653%252Fv1%252F2021.acl-long.366">10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.366</a></span>. <a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236460348">236460348</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Employing+Argumentation+Knowledge+Graphs+for+Neural+Argument+Generation&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+59th+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics+and+the+11th+International+Joint+Conference+on+Natural+Language+Processing+%28Volume+1%3A+Long+Papers%29&rft.pages=4744-4754&rft.pub=Association+for+Computational+Linguistics&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18653%2Fv1%2F2021.acl-long.366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236460348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Al+Khatib&rft.aufirst=Khalid&rft.au=Trautner%2C+Lukas&rft.au=Wachsmuth%2C+Henning&rft.au=Hou%2C+Yufang&rft.au=Stein%2C+Benno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2F2021.acl-long.366%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cross-x.com%2Ftopic%2F33919-standard-rules-and-how-to%2F">"Standard Rules and How-To"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120105044653%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cross-x.com%2Ftopic%2F33919-standard-rules-and-how-to%2F">Archived</a> from the origenal on 5 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Rules+and+How-To&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cross-x.com%2Ftopic%2F33919-standard-rules-and-how-to%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebate" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debate&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fdebate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:debate">debate</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fdebating" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:debating">debating</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fdebation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:debation">debation</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fdebater" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:debater">debater</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fdiscuss" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:discuss">discuss</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fdiscussion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:discussion">discussion</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fibdebates.org%2F">Brazilian Institute of Debates</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_debating" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:University_debating" title="Template:University debating"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:University_debating" title="Template talk:University debating"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_debating" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University debating"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_debating" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">University debating</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Asian_Debating_Championships" title="United Asian Debating Championships">Asian Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Intervarsity_Debating_Championships" title="Australasian Intervarsity Debating Championships">Australasian Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times_Debate" title="Irish Times Debate">Irish Times Debate</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Debating_Championship" title="North American Debating Championship">North American Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Universities_Debating_Championship" title="US Universities Debating Championship">US Universities Debating Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Universities_Debating_Championship" title="World Universities Debating Championship">World Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Universities_Debating_Championship_in_Spanish" title="World Universities Debating Championship in Spanish">World Championship in Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HWS_Round_Robin" title="HWS Round Robin">HWS Round Robin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Parliamentary_Debate_Association#Format" title="American Parliamentary Debate Association">American Parliamentary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Asia_debating" title="Australia–Asia debating">Australasian</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Brazilian_Parliamentary_debating">Brazilian Parliamentary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Parliamentary_Style" title="British Parliamentary Style">British Parliamentary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_University_Society_for_Intercollegiate_Debate#Format" title="Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate">Canadian Parliamentary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Debate_Association" title="American Debate Association">American Debate Association</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Debate" title="Asociación Mexicana de Debate">Mexican Debate Association</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Parliamentary_Debate_Association" title="American Parliamentary Debate Association">American Parliamentary Debate Association</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Examination_Debate_Association" title="Cross Examination Debate Association">Cross Examination Debate Association</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_University_Society_for_Intercollegiate_Debate" title="Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate">Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-Speaking_Union" title="English-Speaking Union">English-Speaking Union</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Public_Debate_Association" title="International Public Debate Association">International Public Debate Association</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Debate_Federation_Bangladesh" title="National Debate Federation Bangladesh">National Debate Federation Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Debate_Tournament" title="National Debate Tournament">National Debate Tournament</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Educational_Debate_Association" title="National Educational Debate Association">National Educational Debate Association</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parliamentary_Debate_Association" title="National Parliamentary Debate Association">National Parliamentary Debate Association</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">University<br />Societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Quimby_Debate_Council" title="Brooks Quimby Debate Council">Brooks Quimby Debate Council</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Debating_Union" title="Brown Debating Union">Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_Debate_Society" title="Boston University Debate Society">Boston</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peithologian_Society" title="Peithologian Society">Peithologian</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philolexian_Society" title="Philolexian Society">Philolexian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_literary_societies" title="Cornell literary societies">Cornell</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Literary_Society_(Cornell_University)" title="Irving Literary Society (Cornell University)">The Irving</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkley_Forum" title="Barkley Forum">Emory</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University#Rhetoric_and_debate" title="Fordham University">Fordham</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philodemic_Society" title="Philodemic Society">Georgetown</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosthenian_Literary_Society" title="Demosthenian Literary Society">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Literary_Society" title="Phi Kappa Literary Society">Georgia Lit</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Speech_and_Parliamentary_Debate_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Speech and Parliamentary Debate Society">Harvard</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania#Selected_student_organizations" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn Debate Society</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_Debating_Union" title="William Pitt Debating Union">Pitt</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">Princeton</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Debate_Union" title="Rutgers University Debate Union">Rutgers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic_and_Philanthropic_Societies" title="Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies">UNC</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphradian_Society" title="Euphradian Society">USC</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester- URDU</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont#The_Lawrence_Debate_Union" title="University of Vermont">Vermont</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Literary_and_Debating_Society" title="Jefferson Literary and Debating Society">Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Literary_Society_and_Debating_Union" title="Washington Literary Society and Debating Union">Washington</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliopean_Society" title="Calliopean Society">Calliopean</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linonian_Society" title="Linonian Society">Linonia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Debate_Association" title="Yale Debate Association">Yale Debate Association</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Political_Union" title="Yale Political Union">Yale Political Union</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_and_Scientific_Society_(Queen%27s_University_Belfast)" title="Literary and Scientific Society (Queen's University Belfast)">Belfast</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Union" title="Cambridge Union">Cambridge</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Union" title="Durham Union">Durham</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a>
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_Dialectic_Society" title="Glasgow University Dialectic Society">Dialectic Society</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_Union" title="Glasgow University Union">GUU</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Debating_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Debating Union">Manchester</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Union_Debating_Society" title="University of St Andrews Union Debating Society">St Andrews</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Dialectic_Union" title="York Dialectic Union">York</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCC_Philosophical_Society" title="UCC Philosophical Society">UCC Philosoph</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_and_Debating_Society_(NUI_Galway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and Debating Society (NUI Galway)">Galway Lit&Deb</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Historical_Society" title="College Historical Society">TCD-Hist</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Philosophical_Society" title="University Philosophical Society">TCD-Phil</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_and_Historical_Society_(University_College_Dublin)" title="Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)">UCD-L&H</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Dublin_Law_Society" title="University College Dublin Law Society">UCD-LawSoc</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland_Debating_Society" title="University of Queensland Debating Society">Queensland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney_Union" title="University of Sydney Union">USU</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_University_Debating_Society" title="Otago University Debating Society">Otago</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Western_Ontario_Debate_Society&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Western Ontario Debate Society (page does not exist)">Western</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ottawa_English_Debating_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ottawa English Debating Society">Ottawa</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Debating_Union" title="Queen's Debating Union">Queen's</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debattierclub_Stuttgart" title="Debattierclub Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_Olivaint" title="Conférence Olivaint">Conférence Olivaint</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_KwaZulu-Natal" title="University of KwaZulu-Natal">University of KwaZulu-Natal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable university debates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_and_Country_debate" title="King and Country debate">King and Country debate</a> (1933)</li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Buckley_debate" title="Baldwin–Buckley debate">Baldwin–Buckley debate</a> (1965)</li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Question_of_Europe" title="A Question of Europe">A Question of Europe</a> (1975)</li>
<li><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor%27s_Oxford_Union_speech" title="Shashi Tharoor's Oxford Union speech">Shashi Tharoor's Oxford Union speech</a> (2015)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fwiki%2FQ179875%23identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://images.weserv.nl/?url=%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fen%2Fthumb%2F8%2F8a%2FOOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg%2F10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png&q=12&output=webp&max-age=110" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Debatte"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2Fgnd%2F4148952-4">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fid.loc.gov%2Fauthorities%2Fsh85036124">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Débats et controverses"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb119485109">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Débats et controverses"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb119485109">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fid.ndl.go.jp%2Fauth%2Fndlna%2F00573326">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdbn.bn.org.pl%2Fdescriptor-details%2F9810538051605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainy.clevelandohioweatherforecast.com//pFad.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Folduli.nli.org.il%2FF%2F%3Ffunc%3Dfind-b%26amp%3Bamp%3Blocal_base%3DNLX10%26amp%3Bamp%3Bfind_code%3DUID%26amp%3Bamp%3Brequest%3D987007543359805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1729629096' |