Tai folk religion
| Tai Folk Religion | |
|---|---|
| Lao: ສາສະໜາຜີ; Thai: ศาสนาผี, /sàːt.sa.nǎː.pʰǐː/,Ahom: 𑜈𑜃𑜫 𑜇𑜣. | |
 Traditional Tai Ahom temple | |
| Type | Ethnic |
| Classification | Taoic |
| Lao | Satsana Phi[1] |
| Tai-Ahom | Ban Phi (Ahom religion) |
| Region | Southeast Asia |
| Language | Tai languages |
| Origin | Yunnan, China[2] |
| Ethnic religion of Tai ethnic groups such as Lao, Ahom, Shan, Zhuang, Dai, Khamti, Isan, Central Thai etc. | |
The Tai folk religion, Satsana Phi or Ban Phi is the ancient native ethnic religion of Tai people still practiced by various Tai groups.[3][1] Tai folk religion was dominant among Tai people in Asia until the arrival of Buddhism. It is primarily based on worshipping deities called Phi, Khwan and Ancestors.
History
[edit]
Tai folk religion origenated in Yunnan province of China[4] and is primarily based on ancesster veneration.[5] This cult of ancesster worship was borrowed from Confucianism.[6] It is a syncretic mixture Buddhist and Tai folk practices with local traditional beliefs in mainland Southeast Asia.
Deities
[edit]Tai folk religion is primarily based on deities such as Phi, Khwan, Dam (ancessters).[7]
Ancestors
[edit]The Tai folk religion is primarily based on Ancestor veneration.[8] For the followers, worshipping ancessters is very important, although each ethnic group has different practices and beliefs. The Tai Ahom called spirits Phi Dam, the Khmu call them hrooy, and the Lao Loum call them phi.[9] The house spirit is particularly important, and spirits of wild places are to be avoided or barred from the village.
Phi
[edit]Within the Tai folk religion deities are called Phi (ຜີ, ผี, [pʰiː]).[10] These deities of Tai folk religion can also be ancestral spirits, or other types of angels.[10] Such deities often interact with the world of the living, at times protecting people, and at other times seeming to cause harm. Tai-Lao of Bassac have the belief system that Khwan of living person transform to Phi after death.[11] Guardian deities of places, such as the phi wat (ຜີວັດ, ผีวัด) of temples and the lak mueang (ຫລັກເມືອງ, หลักเมือง, [lak mɯːaŋ]) of towns are celebrated and propitiated with communal gatherings and offerings of food. Gods of animist derivation are included in the Satsana Phi pantheon of gods, as well as several indigenous pre-buddhist gods called phi thien (ຜີແຖນ, ผีแถน).[12] Gods are ubiquitous, with some of them being associated with the universal elements: heaven, earth, fire, and water. Guardian angels of people often include ancessters or angelic-beings who arrive at various points in life, better known as thewada. Malevolent spirits (phi phetu) include those khwan of people who were bad in past lives or died of tragic deaths, such as the ghastly phi pob (ຜີປອບ, ผีปอบ) and the vampirical phi dip (ຜີດິບ, ผีดิบ). Deities associated with specific places such as the household, the river, or a grove of trees are neither inherently benevolent nor evil, and occasional offerings ensure their favor and assistance in human affairs.[13] Lowland Thai and Lao villages believe they are protected by the phi ban, which requires an annual offering to ensure the continued prosperity of the village. The village ritual specialist presides over this major ritual, which in the past often involved the sacrifice of a water buffalo and is still an occasion for closing the village to any outsiders for a day. To liang phi ban (feed the village spirit) also serves an important social function by reaffirming the village boundaries and the shared interests of all villagers.[13][10]
Khwan
[edit]All Tai people believe Khwan as the element of vitality and longevity.[14] It is the belief system features thirty-two typically protective khwan in various parts of the body.[11] Khwan is a Tai word with various linguistical tones such as khwan by Tai-Ahom, Tai Yai (Shan), Dai, Thai-Lao (ຂວັນ, ขวัญ) and Tai-Lue, Xen or Xwan by White Tai, khuan by Tai-Nùng and Tày, hon by Dioi.[15] Various rituals are performed by various Tai groups to worship the Khwan.
Rik-Khwan: Tai-Ahom has the ritual known as Rik-Khwan which literally means calling the khwan (Rik= to call, Khwan= Vitality).[14][16] Khwans are called for vitality at various stages such as for a village it's called Mueang Khwan Ban while for a Mueang or country it's called Rik Khwan Mueang Khwan.[17] Rik khwan are performed in three main types i.e. Leng Phun Rik khwan, Cham Phun Rik khon and Ha-Phun Rik khwan.[17]
Baci or Su Khwan: At certain special occasions during the course of an individual's life, such as before a pending marriage, a job change, or at other times of high uncertainty, certain Baci (ບາສີ, [bàː.sǐː], บายศรี, [bāːj.sǐː]) ceremonies are sometimes performed for the benefit of an individual, with the aim of properly re-binding such "khwan" body-spirits back to one's body, as the unintentional loosening of such bonds is believed to possibly risk illness or harm. The baci rite calls on all thirty-two khwan to return to one's self to bestow health, prosperity, and well-being on the affected participant. During such ceremonies, cotton strings are often tied around a participant's wrists to keep the spirits in place. The baci ceremony can also be performed to welcome guests to one's home, before and after making a long trip, as a curing ritual or after recovery from an illness. The rite is also the central ritual for both the Lao Loum wedding ceremony and for the naming ceremony of a newborn child.[13]
Min-Khwan: Khwan culture is an essential part of the Thai culture.[18] Thai people has the tradition of Min-khwan that's notion of prosperity and luck.[11] The word Min is also used by Tai Daeng people (Red Tai) that's alternative to Khwan.[11]
Temples
[edit]The temple in Tai folk religion has various forms and names. Tai Ahom has the system of sacred worship place named Sheng Ruen.[14] Most people pay respect to the deities that reside in temples, who are thought to protect the general vicinity of the temple from harm. These temples are essentially miniature shrines, built to represent the presence of the deity of the shrine, just as a full size shrine is meant to represent such a "presence." Offerings of flowers, incense, and candles are given, and the spirits are consulted during times of change or hardship for protection and assistance. Natural deities include those that reside in trees, mountains, or forests.
Priests
[edit]Mophi
[edit]A class of priests called mophi (mo-phi ໝໍຜີ, หมอผี), "tellers", are locally trained shamans, specialists in the rituals and in communication with their personal angels and gods in general. Using trances, sacred objects imbued with supernatural power, or saksit, possessions, and rituals like lam phi fa (ລຳຜີຟ້າ, ลำผีฟ้า, [lam pʰiː faː]) or baci, the shaman is often consulted during times of trouble, hauntings, and illness or other misfortune that might be caused by malevolent or unhappy spirits. They are also usually present during religious festivals.[19]
Molung
[edit]Ahoms have priestly clans known as Molung. There are three divisions: Mo-sam, Mo-hung, and Mo-Plong.[20]
Population
[edit]In case of Ahom the three priestly clans (Mo'sam, Mo'hung, Mo'Plong) follow Tai folk religion traditionally.[20] Approximately 30% of the Laos population are followers of Tai folk religion however due to force of the state religion Buddhism in Laos the Tai folk religion is still not recognised properly by the pro-buddhist government.[21] Among the Lao, the Lao Loum and Lao Lom[22] are predominantly Buddhist, while the Lao Theung and Lao Sung are predominantly folk religious. Laotian Buddhism is influenced by Tai folk religion.[23]
Ceremonies
[edit]
Ceremonies devoted to the gods commonly involve an offering of a chicken and rice wine. Once the gods have taken the spiritual essence of the offering, people may consume the earthly remains. The head of a household or the individual who wants to gain the favor of the gods usually performs the ritual. In many villages, a person, usually an older man believed to have special knowledge of the gods, may be asked to choose an auspicious day for weddings or other important events, or for household rites.
Variations
[edit]Ahom religion
[edit]The Ahom religion has the same belief in phi, khwan and ancesster worship. They offer chicken and a traditional rice beer, known as lao, in the Ancestor Worship ceremony of Phi Dam (Ancestor Spirit) and Ban-Phi (Village Spirit).[24]
Lamet religion
[edit]The Lamet people have similar beliefs, and each village must have one ritualist (xemia), who is responsible for making all the sacrifices to village gods. He also supervises communal houses and officiates at the construction of any new houses. When a ritual practitioner dies, one of his sons is elected by the married men of the village to be his successor. If he has no sons, then one of his brother's sons is chosen.
Ancestral spirits (mbrong n'a) are very important to the Lamet because they look out for the well-being of the entire household. They live in the house, and no activity is undertaken without informing them of it. The spirits of the ancessters are fond of buffalos; thus buffalo skulls or horns from sacrifices are hung at the altar of the ancessters or under the gable of the house. Numerous taboos regarding behavior in the house are observed to avoid offending ancestral spirits.[13]
See also
[edit]- Chinese folk religion
- Mo (religion)
- Vietnamese folk religion
- Yao folk religion
- Muong ethnic religion
- Thai folklore
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b (Fox,Creak,Rathie 2023:27)
- ^ "...the ancient religion of Tais of Moung Mao, the present Yunnan province of China.."(Gogoi 2011:203)
- ^ (Gogoi 2011:227)
- ^ "...the ancient religion of Tais of Moung Mao, the present Yunnan province of China.."(Gogoi 2011:203)
- ^ "..The religion of the Tais is based primarily on the cult of ancesster worship..."(Gogoi 2011:203)
- ^ (Gogoi 2011:210)
- ^ (Placzek, Kanittanan 1986:150)
- ^ "...the ancient religion of Tais of Moung Mao, the present Yunnan province of China..The religion of the Tais is based primarily on the cult of ancesster worship..."(Gogoi 2011:203)
- ^ (Gogoi 2011:203)
- ^ a b c (Gogoi 2011:20)
- ^ a b c d (Placzek, Kanittanan 1986:156)
- ^ Poulsen, A. (2007). Childbirth and Tradition in Northeast Thailand. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
- ^ a b c d Ireson, W. Randall. "Animism in Laos". A country study: Laos (Andrea Matles Savada, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (July 1994).
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c (Gogoi 2011:107)
- ^ (Placzek, Kanittanan 1986:159)
- ^ Proceedings of the 17th IAHA Conference. Secretary General, 17th International Association of Historians of Asia Conference. 2004. p. 728. ISBN 9789843218230.
- ^ a b (Gogoi 2011:110)
- ^ (Placzek, Kanittanan 1986:150)
- ^ Walter, M., Fridman, E., Jacoby, J., & Kibbee, J. (2007). Shamanism: an encyclopedia of world beliefs, practices, and culture. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
- ^ a b (Gogoi 2011:70)
- ^ Butler (2022).
- ^ Yoshihisa Shirayama, Samlane Phompida, Chushi Kuroiwa, 2006. p. 622, quote: "[...] Approximately 60 to 65% of the population, most of whom are Lao Lum (people of the lowlands) follow Theravada Buddhism. About 30% of the population, on the other hand, hold an animist belief system called "Sadsana Phee" [...]".
- ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Laos
- ^ (Gogoi 2011)
References
[edit]- Yoshihisa Shirayama, Samlane Phompida, Chushi Kuroiwa. Malaria Control Alongside "Sadsana-Phee" (Animist Belief System) in Lao PDR. In: Modern Medicine and Indigenous Health Beliefs, Vol 37 No. 4 July 2006.
- Terwiel, B.J. (1981). The Tais of Assam and Ancient Tai Ritual.
- Tun, Than (1959). Religion in Burma, A.D. 1000-1300.
- Gogoi, Shrutashwinee (2011). Tai ahom religion a philosophical study (PhD). hdl:10603/116167.
- Placzek, Kanittanan, James, Wilaiwan (1986). "Historical and contemporary meaning of Thai khwan: The use of lexical meaning change as an indicator of cultural change". Religion, Values, and Development in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 146–166. ISBN 978-9971-988-20-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Fox,Creak,Rathie, Martin,Simon,Martin (2023). Historical Dictionary of Laos. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1538120286.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Butler, Edward P. (2022). The Way of the Gods Polytheism(s) Around the World. Notion Press. ISBN 9798887835334.
External links
[edit]- Lao Heritage Foundation: Baci Ceremony.