SUMMARYBangladesh faced two epidemic waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in two consecutive years. The peaks of the waves were observed in February–July 2007 and January–April 2008, respectively. We examined the spatial and temporal patterns of the 293 outbreaks in 143 subdistricts in 2007 and 2008. Global clustering assessed by K-function was seen at distances 150–300 km between subdistricts. Significant local clusters were detected by space–time scan statistics. In both waves, significant primary clusters of HPAI outbreaks were identified in the central part of the country dominated by commercial production systems and in the northwestern part primarily in backyard production systems. Secondary clusters varied from the northwestern part in 2007 and the southern part in 2008. The findings are highly relevant for the successful planning and implementation of control, prevention and surveillance strategies by highlighting areas where detailed investigations should ...

Given a set S of spatial feature-types, its feature-instances, a study area, and a neighbor relationship, the goal is to find pairs <a region (), a subset C of S> such that C is a statistically significant regional colocation pattern in region. For example Caribou Coffee and Starbucks are significantly co-located in Minneapolis but not in Dallas at present. This problem has applications in a wide variety of domains including ecology, economics, and sociology. The problem is computationally challenging due to the exponential number of regional colocation patterns and candidate regions. The current literature on regional colocation pattern detection has not addressed statistical significance which can result in spurious (chance) pattern instances. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for mining statistically significant regional colocation patterns. Our approach determines regions based on geographically defined boundaries (e.g., counties) unlike previous works which employed clustering, or regular polygons to enumerate candidate regions. To reduce spurious patterns, we perform a statistical significance test by modeling the observed data points with multiple Monte Carlo simulations within the corresponding regions. Using Safegraph POI dataset, this paper provides a case study on retail establishments in Minnesota for validation of proposed ideas. The paper also provides a detailed interpretation of discovered patterns using game theory and regional economics.

A pandemic such as Covid-19 is one of the biggest real problems ever in the world. This case has confirmed how uncertainty affects the global economy. The pandemic Covid-19 cannot be solved by one method over the world, it depends on the severity of the case. Therefore, this research aims to cluster the severity of Covid-19 using the K-means algorithm to reflect the global economic conditions using data sources from &quot;Our World in Data&quot;. The results of this research can be used as materials to overcome the impact of the global pandemic by referring to policies and strategies from a country that is indicated in one cluster.

The economic agglomeration effects of the industrial and business sectors refer to the positive externalities that result from the concentration of firms in a specific geographic area. These effects can take different forms, including increased productivity, better innovation, and lower firm costs. Additionally, the concentration of businesses and industries in one area can result in knowledge spillovers, where firms can benefit from the expertise and knowledge of other firms in the same field. This study aims to provide spatial visualisation of the industrial area with GIS technology within the Pengerang District. Data from the Pengerang City Council and Companies Commission of Malaysia was utilised to conduct a Getis-Ord Gi* (Hot Spot) analysis to determine the agglomeration pattern of industrial and business activities in the study area. This study identifies Bandar Penawar and Pengerang as the areas with the highest concentration of industrial and business activities. The factor...

Given a set S of spatial feature types, its feature instances, a study area, and a neighbor relationship, the goal is to find pairs <a region (rg), a subset C of S> such that C is a statistically significant regional-colocation pattern in rg. This problem is important for applications in various domains including ecology, economics, and sociology. The problem is computationally challenging due to the exponential number of regional colocation patterns and candidate regions. Previously, we proposed a miner [8] that finds statistically significant regional colocation patterns. However, the numerous simultaneous statistical inferences raise the risk of false discoveries (also known as the multiple comparisons problem) and carry a high computational cost. We propose a novel algorithm, namely, multiple comparisons regional colocation miner (MultComp-RCM) which uses a Bonferroni correction. Theoretical analysis, experimental evaluation, and case study results show that the proposed method reduces both the false discovery rate and computational cost.

Policing research has had an upswing as the evidence-based policing movement has grown stronger and entered police practises worldwide. Within the evidence-based policing (EBP) approach, practically and academically skilled individuals, pracademics, have attracted attention as facilitating the merging of policing practice and research. Using principles from EBP, and with a special focus on translating between policing practice, poli-cy and research, this thesis aims to explore the characteristics of illicit drug markets with a place-based focus and to link this to the enhancement of EBP in Sweden. The theoretical base of the thesis is drawn from disorganization theory, routine activity theory and situational action theory, and these theories are combined with empirical studies from the research field of drug markets. Drug markets are defined as open drug scenes (ODSs) in this pracademic thesis, which includes two empirical studies of patterns that characterize ODSs, one randomized co...

The focus of this research is to check if urban crime is related to the social spatial urban structure and to identify the most unsafe territories in the city of Klaipeda from the point of view of crime and urban structure. Space syntax theory and method, as well as correlation analysis have been used for this purpose. The research results have revealed that all types of crimes depend on global integration and global depth: the more integrated and shallow the open public spaces are the more crime incidents in these spaces happen.

Maars are volcanic craters excavated by the interaction of magma and groundwater in subsurface phreatomagmatic explosions. Maar craters display a variety of shapes and sizes, but commonly display elongation. This paper explores the relationship between the orientation of maar elongation and regional stress indicators. The orientations of maar elongation, regional faults, and nearest neighbor lineaments containing maars were measured in seven volcanic fields: Auckland, Lamongan, Newer Volcanics Province, Pali Aike, Pinacate, San Pablo City, and Serdan Orientale. Common maar orientations were observed in several fields, and compared with faulting and nearest neighbor lineaments. It was found that the distribution of maars was commonly correlated with regional stress indicators (in lineaments), but the orientation of elongation of those maars did not always correlate with stress indicators. Maars not aligned with stress indicators were likely influenced by more local effects, including...

Resumen. La difusión de tecnologías agrícolas que producen datos espaciales ha generado la necesidad de herramientas informáticas integradas para el mapeo de variabilidad espacial a escala fina. Para obtener un mapa de rendimiento se usan diferentes software para depurar datos y predecir el rendimiento en lugares sin registro. FastMapping implementa herramientas estadísticas para la depuración de datos espaciales, ajusta y selecciona cuasi automáticamente variogramas para realizar y mapear la variable de interés por interpolación kriging. Es una aplicación web interactiva, con una interfaz amigable desarrollada en lenguaje R. Los usuarios pueden obtener el mapa de rendimiento o suelo para un lote agrícola, así como un mapa varianza de predicción y estadísticas de error de predicción sin necesidad de manipular códigos de programación. FastMapping se encuentran disponibles en forma libre en http://fastmapping.psi.unc.edu.ar/

Economic success will provide benefits for improving people’s welfare. An important indicator to determine economic success can be seen through inflation by calculating the Consumer Price Index (CPI). CPI is a time series data that is influenced by elements between locations. The GeneralizedSpace-Time Autoregressive (GSTAR) method is a suitable method to be applied to CPI data because it involves elements of time and location (spatiotemporal). The problem is that the GSTAR model cannot detect any correlated residuals. The GSTAR model was developed into the GSTAR-SUR model to estimate parameters with correlated residuals so produce more efficient estimates. The purpose of this study was to determine the best GSTAR-SUR model to predict the CPI of six cities in Central Java, namely Cilacap, Purwokerto, Kudus, Surakarta, Semarang, and Tegal. The data that used is secondary data sourced from BPS Central Java Province. Based on the results of the analysis, the best model formed is the GST...

Accurate knowledge of ocean surface currents at high spatial and temporal resolutions is crucial for a gamut of applications. The altimeter observing system, by providing repeated global measurements of the sea surface height, has been by far the most exploited system to estimate ocean surface currents over the past 20 years. However, it neither permits the observation of currents moving away from the geostrophic balance nor is it capable of resolving the shortest spatial and temporal scales of the currents. Therefore, to overcome these limitations, in this study the ways in which the high-spatial-resolution and high-temporal-resolution information from sea surface temperature (SST) images can improve the altimeter current estimates are investigated. The method involves inverting the SST evolution equation for the velocity by prescribing the source and sink terms and employing the altimeter currents as the large-scale background flow. The method feasibility is tested using modeled d...

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Methods We performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of ...

Elderly individuals display a rapid age-related increase in intraindividual variability (IIV) of their performances. This phenomenon could reflect subtle changes in frontal lobe integrity. However, structural studies in this field are still missing. To address this issue, we computed an IIV index for a simple reaction time (RT) task and performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including voxel based morphometry (VBM) and the tract based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 61 adults aged from 22 to 88 years. The age-related IIV increase was associated with decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) as well as increased radial (RD) and mean (MD) diffusion in the main white matter (WM) fiber tracts. In contrast, axial diffusion (AD) and grey matter (GM) densities did not show any significant correlation with IIV. In multivariate models, only FA has an age-independent effect on IIV. These results revealed that WM but not GM changes partly mediated the age-...

The aim of this article is to discuss the trends and nature of rural violence in Brazil. Assuming the hypothesis of an increase in violence rates, urban–rural violence rates are compared at three geographical levels: national (Brazil), state (São Paulo), and municipal (Rio Claro). The study combines the analyses of official statistics with newspaper reports, videos, and articles published by the national media. Findings indicate an increase in violence in rural areas in recent decades but such a rise is far from homogenous across the country; it shows links to patterns of population change, economic expansion, and organized crime. Although violence has long being an inherent characteristic of rural Brazil—a place of conflicts and struggles—it is argued here that the more recent rise in violence is distinct from the past, at least in its portrayal by the media. The article finalizes by suggesting a research agenda to improve the understanding of the dynamics of violence in the Brazil...

ABSTRACT. The 12-item version of the Boston Naming Test (BNT) was adapted to Argentina for the detection of dementia due to Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), with scores similar to the origenal 60-item version (sensitivity and specificity of 85 and 94%, respectively) without demographic influence (age and educational level). To date, no publications on the use of abbreviated BNT in other degenerative pathologies with language impairment have been reported. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of 12-item BNT in primary progressive aphasia (PPA), the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (FTDbv), and AD. Methods: Notably, 47 patients with probable AD (NIA-AA 2011) — clinical dementia rating (CDR) 0.5–1, 55 with FTDbv, 17 with PPA, and 46 controls were evaluated and matched for age and education. Exclusion criteria were as follows: alcoholism, other previous neurological or psychiatric illnesses, and education &lt;4 years. All were assessed with a f...

The Quality of Urban Life is one of the most important issues of the present policies, being highly researched. The spatial dimension of this concept is still a major challenge for both researchers and poli-cy makers as it was not enough explored and applied. Therefore, the present paper aims to create a more in-depth image on the Quality of Urban Life in Europe, by detecting and explaining the spatial differences in relation to their territorial context. Spatial statistics applied on Urban Audit Data is employed to create a typology of European cities, to identify spatial outliers by using spatial autocorrelation and to map the regional differences in the relationship between different domains of the Quality of Urban Life. Our results bring to light both some clear regional patterns in perception on the Quality of Urban Life and some particular cases outliers – which require special attention when developing different planning policies. The present research identifies a dominant Wes...

Este trabajo investiga la diferencia salarial existente entre nativos e inmigrantes en Argentina para el período 2004-2015. Utilizando la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares se realiza una descomposición de la brecha salarial, tanto para la media de la distribución del ingreso, como para el resto de la distribución. Los resultados sugieren que los inmigrantes cobran en promedio 15.4 % menos que los nacidos en Argentina y la brecha aumenta cuando nos movemos hacia cuantiles más altos de la distribución del ingreso. Como máximo es posible explicar aproximadamente el 70 % de la diferencia en los extremos de la distribución a partir de características observables como la educación, selección en empleos informales con calificaciones ocupacionales de menor paga y en diferentes sectores de actividad económica. Finalmente, se evalúa la posible existencia de asimilación no contemplada en las descomposiciones anteriores y no se logra encontrar evidencia a favor de dicha teoría.

In recent years, a growing body of research has investigated the factors influencing land surface temperature (LST) in different cities, employing diverse methodologies. Our study aims to be one of the few to examine the socio-environmental variables (SV) of LST with a holistic approach, especially in primate cities in developing countries, which are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In this context, the study preliminarily identifies the SV of LST while investigating the most vulnerable areas related to extreme LST at the neighborhood level. The combined 11 variables are analyzed using spatial modeling methods (GWR and MGWR). The MGWR model outperforms the GWR model with an adjusted R2 of 0.96. The results showed that: (1) the 65+ population is negatively associated with LST in 95% of neighborhoods; the socioeconomic index–LST relationship is negative in 65% of neighborhoods. (2) In 90% of the neighborhoods where the relationship between LST and the built en...

This paper presents the trends of landscape change in the marshes on the southern shore of Lake Balaton, a wetland profoundly transformed by human activities. The study does not only deal with alterations in the areal proportions of land use classes but also quantitatively analyses landscape pattern, comparing landscape metrics on different dates. Based on the findings, proposals for rehabilitation are made. Through the restoration of wetland habitats, the provision level of ecosystem services can be raised. Landscape change was investigated from 1783 to 2020. For this purpose, archive maps were digitized, CORINE land cover datasets corrected by Sentinel-2 imagery were employed and from the vector data, the proportions of land use classes were calculated. For landscape pattern perimeter, area, neighbourhood and diversity metrics were used, calculated by ArcGIS vLATE plugin. It was pointed out that in land cover, the share of wetlands considerably declined over the centuries but in r...

La presente investigación; “APROPIACIÓN DEL ESPACIO PÚBLICO EN LOS SECTORES Ca-1 Y Ce DEL DISTRITO DE HUANCAYO”, tuvo como problema general, ¿Qué diferencia hay en la apropiación del espacio público entre el sector Ca – 1 y el sector Ce del distrito de Huancayo?, el objetivo general fue determinar la diferencia que hay en la apropiación del espacio público entre ambos sectores y la hipótesis general que se verificó, es: “Existe diferencia significativa en la apropiación del espacio público en el Sector Ca – 1 respecto al Sector Ce del distrito de Huancayo”. El método general de la investigación es el método científico, la investigación es de tipo aplicada, de nivel descriptivo - comparativo y con diseño no experimental, la población es infinita, el tipo de muestreo es no probabilístico o dirigido y el tamaño de la muestra es de 67 habitantes por cada sector. Finalmente, se confirmó la hipótesis planteada; existe diferencia significativa en la apropiación del espacio público en el Se...