風暴潮

提示：此條目的主題不是海嘯。

風暴潮（storm surge）

風暴潮或稱暴潮（英語：storm surge）是由熱帶氣旋、溫帶氣旋、冷鋒的強風作用和氣壓驟變等強烈的天氣系統引起的海面異常上升現象，又稱「風暴增水」、「風暴海嘯」、「氣象海嘯」或「風潮」。風暴潮會使受到影響的海區的潮位大大地超過正常水位。如果風暴潮恰好與影響海區漲潮相重疊，就會使水位暴漲，海水湧進內陸，造成巨大破壞。如1845年7月11日：台灣中部樹苓湖（象鼻湖）一帶（今雲林縣口湖鄉台子村南邊）發生大水，造成週邊聚落（下湖街、新港莊、箔仔寮、蚶仔寮、竹苗寮、蝦仔寮、竹達寮）重創，死亡人數官方保守估計達3千人之多。日後因此事件而發展出口湖牽水藏的習俗。1953年2月發生在荷蘭沿岸的強大風暴潮，使水位高出正常潮位3米多。洪水沖毀了防護堤，淹沒土地80萬英畝，導致2千餘人死亡。英國最嚴重的風暴潮發生在1953年，英格蘭東海岸大部分地區遭受襲擊，304人死亡。1970年11月12-13日發生在孟加拉灣沿岸地區的一次風暴潮，曾導致30餘萬人死亡和100多萬人無家可歸。1962年，颱風溫黛在香港吐露港引發嚴重風暴潮。2013年，颱風海燕侵襲菲律賓禮智省獨魯萬市，導致1萬人以上死亡。

風暴潮不同於海嘯、風浪（波濤）、長浪（涌浪）和異常巨浪。而海嘯是當地震發生於海底，因震波的動力而引起形成的強大波浪；風浪是風吹在當地水體上引起的波浪；長浪是遠處的風，或已經過去的風所引起的波浪；異常巨浪是長浪的一種，然而它的成因目前還沒有確實定論。

參考資料

• Siddiqui, Zubair A. Storm surge forecasting for the Arabian Sea (PDF). Marine Geodesy (Great Britain: Taylor & Francis). April 2009, 32 (2): 19.  引文格式1維護：日期與年 (link)
• Anthes, Richard A. Tropical Cyclones; Their Evolution, Structure and Effects, Meteorological Monographs. American Meteorological Society (Ephrata, PA). 1982, 19 (41): 208. 
• Cotton, W.R. Storms. Fort Collins, Colorado: *ASTeR Press. 1990: 158. ISBN 0-9625986-0-7. 
• Dunn, Gordon E.; Banner I. Miller. Atlantic Hurricanes. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. 1964: 377. 
• Finkl, C.W. Jnr. Disaster Mitigation in the South Atlantic Coastal Zone (SACZ): A Prodrome for Mapping Hazards and Coastal Land Systems Using the Example of Urban subtropical Southeastern Florida. In: Finkl, C.W., Jnr. (ed.), Coastal Hazards: Perception, Susceptibility and Mitigation.. Journal of Coastal Research (Charlottesville, Virginia: Coastal Education & Research Foundation). 1994, (Special Issue No. 12): 339–366. 
• National Hurricane Center; Florida Department of Community Affairs, Division of Emergency Management. Lake Okeechobee Storm Surge Atlas for 17.5' & 21.5' Lake Elevations. Ft. Myers, Florida: Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council. 1995. 
• Gornitz, V.; R.C. Daniels, T.W. White, and K.R. Birdwell. The development of a coastal risk assessment database: Vulnerability to sea level rise in the U.S. southeast. Journal of Coastal Research (Coastal Education & Research Foundation). 1994, (Special Issue No. 12): 327–338. 
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• Newman, C.J.; BR Jarvinen, CJ McAdie, JD Elms. Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1992. Asheville, North Carolina and National Hurricane Center, Coral Gables, Florida: National Climatic Data Center in cooperation with the National Hurricane Center: 193. 1993. 
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外部連結

• European Space Agency storm Surge Project home pages （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Data on Bangladesh disasters from NIRAPAD disaster response organisation.
• NOAA National Hurricane Center storm surge page （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• "The 1953 English East Coast Floods" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• DeltaWorks.Org （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） North Sea Flood of 1953, includes images, video and animations.
• UK storm surge model outputs and real-time tide gauge information from the National Tidal and Sea Level Facility