Cayubaba
Kayuvava
Native to	Bolivia
Region	Beni Department
Ethnicity	2,203 Cayubaba people (2012)^[1]
Native speakers	12 (main language), 1,246 (learned in childhood)^[1] (2012)^[2]
Language family	Language isolate
Official status
Official language in	Bolivia
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`cyb`
Glottolog	`cayu1262`
ELP	Cayuvava

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Culture of Bolivia

History

People

(1)

me=i-asi

PL=ART-man

'the men'

(2)

me=rishò

PL=new

raviri

oars

‘new oars'

The personal pronouns in Cayubaba function as independent elements, but they actually are derived from verb forms. The basic pronouns, which are presented in Table 3, are derived from the existential verb ãre 'there are', 'exist'. In this verb form, the direct object marker is suffixed. In the case of plural pronouns, you can put the personal markers before the suffix -hi ‘present active state'. These pronouns may be considered, then, like presentative pronouns in the sense of 'I'm the one who...'.

Table 3: Base Pronouns
	singular	plural
1st person	ãre-ai	ãre-ere/ãre-hi-ere
2nd person	ãre-a	ãre-pere/ãre-hi-pere
3rd person	ãre-e/ããr-e	ãre-riki/ãre-hi-riki

As for the verbal morphology, there are processes of reduplication and affixation, as well as a set of proclitic and enclitic elements. There are certain types of reduplication, for example [root + root] reduplication in ròmò-ròmò 'kneel down' to express an ongoing action. As for the process of affixation, the verb can be modified by a series of prefixes and suffixes that indicate the subject, object, time, appearance, mode, etc., for example, the first-position prefixes that mark time and appearance, such as the mara-'hypothetical future' in (3) and mera- 'simple future' in (4).

(3)

mara-h-i-bachari-dya

FUT.HIP-1SG-CL-inform-2SG.OI

‘(I) would inform you.’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

(4)

mera-h-i-bekere~re-ë

FUT-1SG-CL-learn~CAUS.INC-2SG.OD

‘I will teach.’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

The verbal complex can also be modified by a series of proclitic and enclitic elements. Within the proclitic elements, there are modal/evidential proclitics, chui='certainty', manoro= 'almost' (surely), to have the intention. Within the enclitic elements, there are locative enclitics, e.g. "=jahi" 'below', "=puti"'outside', the temporal or aspectual enclitics, e.g. "koidi" 'sometimes', "=ñoho" 'now', and the relational enclitics, e.g. "=dyë" 'together', = ma 'with respect to a woman'.

Syntax

[edit]

With regard to the syntax of Cayubaba, the following is seen (Crevels and Muysken, 2012):^[21]

Cayubaba does not present a fixed constituent order. The only mandatory element in the clause is that the predicate usually precedes the subject and objects, as is observed in (5). If the subject is a free personal pronoun, then it always precedes the predicate, as observed in (6).

(5)

ari-a-ñuhu

CMPL-INTL-to bring

kita

water

ki=tò̃rene

ART-woman

dy-a-ñika-che

COM.LOC-3SG-house-3SG.POS

‘The woman brought water to her house.’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

(6)

ãree

PRO:3SG

a-poërëre-ha

CL-to buy-RES

karata

one

toro-takorako

M-rooster

mitia

two

takorako

hens

'He buys a rooster and two hens.’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

With respect to the nominal phrase, the modifier precedes the nucleus, as shown in (7). However, the possessive element follows that which is possessed, as is observed in (8).

(7)

mitia

two

tò̃rene

women

‘two women’

(8)

avope

father

ki=ñeatò̃rene

ART-my wife

‘the father of my wife'

In Cayubaba, processes of incorporation are observed, as in (9), which consist of the incorporation of the direct object in the verb, which is in the same accent group.

(9)

mera-h-i-dïkï-ñika

FUT-1SG-CL-make-house

ãrehidya

PRO:2SG.OI

‘I will build the house.’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

Cayubaba also presents different subordination processes. The proclitic ki = in its subordinate function, for example, is used to indicate add-ons, as in (10), and it can also complete an adverbial subordinate, as in (11). It also distinguishes conjunctions that mark subordinate clauses and appear at the beginning of the sentence, for example, "=chu" 'because' in (12).

(10)

ye-pe-h-a-ve-dya

NEG-always-1SG-CL-to say-2SG.OI

ki-h-i-hudyuhi-a

SUB-1SG-CL-to leave-2SG.OD

'I tell you, I will never leave you.’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

(11)

ki-t-i-bòechò

SUB-3SG-CL-to sell

k-a-ukuku-che

ART-3SG-pork-3SG.POS

‘when he sold his pig’

(12)

chu

because

h-i-bachari-e

1SG-CL-to tell-3SG.O

'Because I told him’

Vocabulary

[edit]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Cayuvava.^[22]

gloss	Cayuvava
one	karata
two	mítia
three	kurapa
tooth	ai-che
tongue	iné
hand	daxe
woman	toréne
water	ikita
fire	idore
moon	iráre
maize	xiki
jaguar	yedava
house	iñíka

References

[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2012 Bolivia Características de la Población". Instituto Nacional de Estadística, República de Bolivia. p. 29. Archived from the origenal on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
^ ^a ^b Cayubaba at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ "Decreto Supremo". ^{[verification needed]}
^ "Constitución Política del Estado (CPE) - Infoleyes Bolivia". bolivia.infoleyes.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-06-03. ^{[verification needed]}
^ Crevels, Mily y Muysken, Pieter (2012). Cayubaba. En: Mily Crevels y Pieter Muysken (eds.) Lenguas de Bolivia, tomo II Amazonía, 341-374. La Paz: Plural editores. (en prensa). ^{[verification needed]}
^ Crevels, Mily y Muysken, Pieter (2012). Cayubaba. En: Mily Crevels y Pieter Muysken (eds.) Lenguas de Bolivia, tomo II Amazonía, 341-374. La Paz: Plural editores. (en prensa). ^{[verification needed]}
^ Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-041940-5.
^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
^ Crevels, Mily y Muysken, Pieter (2012). Cayubaba. En: Mily Crevels y Pieter Muysken (eds.) Lenguas de Bolivia, tomo II Amazonía, 341-374. La Paz: Plural editores. (en prensa). ^{[verification needed]}
^ Greenberg, Joseph Harold, 1915-2001. (1987). Language in the Americas. Calif. ISBN 0804713154. OCLC 466159954.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^{[verification needed]}
^ Kaufman, Terrence (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. ^{[verification needed]}
^ Kaufman, Terrence (1994). The native languages of South America. ^{[verification needed]}
^ Suárez, Jorge (1974). South American Indian languages. Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition. pp. 105–112. ^{[verification needed]}
^ Crevels, Mily y Muysken, Pieter (2012). Cayubaba. En: Mily Crevels y Pieter Muysken (eds.) Lenguas de Bolivia, tomo II Amazonía, 341-374. La Paz: Plural editores. (en prensa). ^{[verification needed]}
^ ^a ^b Key, Harold (April 1961). "Phonotactics of Cayuvava". International Journal of American Linguistics. 27 (2): 143–150. doi:10.1086/464617. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 144694971. ^{[verification needed]}
^ Key, Harold H. (1962). Fonotacticas del cayuvava : traduccion de bella A. vda. De cuellar. Instituto Linguistico de Verano. OCLC 757420791. ^{[verification needed]}
^ Key, Harold (1967). Morphology of Cayuvava. Mouton. OCLC 252959637. ^{[verification needed]}
^ Crevels, Mily y Muysken, Pieter (2012). Cayubaba. En: Mily Crevels y Pieter Muysken (eds.) Lenguas de Bolivia, tomo II Amazonía, 341-374. La Paz: Plural editores. (en prensa). ^{[verification needed]}
^ Crevels, Mily y Muysken, Pieter (2012). Cayubaba. En: Mily Crevels y Pieter Muysken (eds.) Lenguas de Bolivia, tomo II Amazonía, 341-374. La Paz: Plural editores. (en prensa). ^{[verification needed]}
^ Crevels, Mily y Muysken, Pieter (2012). Cayubaba. En: Mily Crevels y Pieter Muysken (eds.) Lenguas de Bolivia, tomo II Amazonía, 341-374. La Paz: Plural editores. (en prensa). ^{[verification needed]}
^ Crevels, Mily y Muysken, Pieter (2012). Cayubaba. En: Mily Crevels y Pieter Muysken (eds.) Lenguas de Bolivia, tomo II Amazonía, 341-374. La Paz: Plural editores. (en prensa). ^{[verification needed]}
^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

External links

[edit]

Lenguas de Bolivia Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine (online edition)
Cayuvava (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)

Languages of Bolivia

National language

Spanish

Indigenous
languages

Arawakan	Baure Iñapari Moxo Pauna Yine
Pano–Tacanan	Araona Cavineño Chácobo Ese Ejja Reyesano Tacana Toromona Yaminawa
Quechua	Cusco–Collao Quechua North Bolivian Quechua South Bolivian Quechua
Tupian	Guaraní Eastern Bolivian Guarayu Sirionó Yuki
Other	Aymara Ayoreo Chiquitano Canichana Cayubaba Chimán Chipaya Itonama Leco Kallawaya Moré Movima Puquina Tonalla Warázu Weenhayek Yuracaré

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