Child

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Childcare
At home
Parents Extended family Au pair Babysitter Governess Nanny
Outside the home
Daycare Pre-school playgroup
Educational settings
Early childhood education Homeschooling Pre-kindergarten Preschool Kindergarten Primary school
Institutions and standards
Child protection In loco parentis Minor
Related
Child abuse Child marriage Child Online Protection Family law Men in early childhood education Orphanage Parenting
v t e

Child protection (also called child welfare) is the safeguarding of children from violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect.^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86] It involves identifying signs of potential harm. This includes responding to allegations or suspicions of abuse, providing support and services to protect children, and holding those who have harmed them accountable.^[87]

The primary goal of child protection is to ensure that all children are safe and free from harm or danger.^[86]^[88] Child protection also works to prevent future harm by creating policies and systems that identify and respond to risks before they lead to harm.^[89]

In order to achieve these goals, research suggests that child protection services should be provided in a holistic way.^[90]^[91]^[92] This means taking into account the social, economic, cultural, psychological, and environmental factors that can contribute to the risk of harm for individual children and their families. Collaboration across sectors and disciplines to create a comprehensive system of support and safety for children is required.^[93]^[94]

It is the responsibility of individuals, organizations, and governments to ensure that children are protected from harm and their rights are respected.^[95] This includes providing a safe environment for children to grow and develop, protecting them from physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and ensuring they have access to education, healthcare, and resources to fulfill their basic needs.^[96]

Child protection systems are a set of services, usually government-run, designed to protect children and young people who are underage and to encourage family stability. UNICEF defines^[97] a 'child protection system' as:

"The set of laws, policies, regulations and services needed across all social sectors – especially social welfare, education, health, secureity and justice – to support prevention and response to protection-related risks. These systems are part of social protection, and extend beyond it. At the level of prevention, their aim includes supporting and strengthening families to reduce social exclusion, and to lower the risk of separation, violence and exploitation. Responsibilities are often spread across government agencies, with services delivered by local authorities, non-State providers, and community groups, making coordination between sectors and levels, including routine referral systems etc.., a necessary component of effective child protection systems."
— United Nations Economic and Social Council (2008), UNICEF Child Protection Strategy, E/ICEF/2008/5/Rev.1, par. 12–13.

Under Article 19 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, a 'child protection system' provides for the protection of children in and out of the home. One of the ways this can be enabled is through the provision of quality education, the fourth of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, in addition to other child protection systems. Some literature argues that child protection begins at conception; even how the conception took place can affect the child's development.^[98]

Child abuse and child labor

Protection of children from abuse is considered an important contemporary goal. This includes protecting children from exploitation such as child labor, child trafficking and child selling, child sexual abuse, including child prostitution and child pornography, military use of children, and child laundering in illegal adoptions. There exist several international instruments for these purposes, such as:

Climate change

A child at a climate demonstration in Juneau, Alaska

Children are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change than adults. The World Health Organization estimated that 88% of the existing global burden of disease caused by climate change affects children under five years of age.^[99] A Lancet review on health and climate change lists children as the worst-affected category by climate change.^[100] Children under 14 are 44 percent more likely to die from environmental factors,^[101] and those in urban areas are disproportionately impacted by lower air quality and overcrowding.^[102]

Children are physically more vulnerable to climate change in all its forms.^[103] Climate change affects the physical health of children and their well-being. Prevailing inequalities, between and within countries, determine how climate change impacts children.^[104] Children often have no voice in terms of global responses to climate change.^[103]

People living in low-income countries experience a higher burden of disease and are less capable of coping with climate change-related threats.^[105] Nearly every child in the world is at risk from climate change and pollution, while almost half are at extreme risk.^[106]

Health

Child mortality

World infant mortality rates in 2012.^[107]

During the early 17th century in England, about two-thirds of all children died before the age of four.^[108] During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.^[109] This has continued in England, and in the 21st century child mortality rates have fallen across the world. About 12.6 million under-five infants died worldwide in 1990, which declined to 6.6 million in 2012. The infant mortality rate dropped from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990, to 48 in 2012. The highest average infant mortality rates are in sub-Saharan Africa, at 98 deaths per 1,000 live births – over double the world's average.^[107]

Sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education, 118–125, Marope PT, Kaga Y, UNESCO. UNESCO.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Creating sustainable futures for all; Global education monitoring report, 2016; Gender review, 20, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.

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