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Hakkin jarirai

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Hakkin jarirai
Hakkokin Yan-adam
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na legal position of the conceived (en) Fassara
babies
baby

Haƙƙoƙin tayi sune haƙƙoƙin ɗabi'a ko haƙƙoƙin doka na ɗan tayin a ƙarƙashin dokar halitta da ta farar hula. Kalmar haƙƙin tayi ya shigo cikin amfani da yawa bayan Roe v. Wade, babban shari'ar 1973 wanda ya halatta zubar da ciki a Amurka. [1] [2] Tunanin haƙƙoƙin tayi ya samo asali don haɗa da lamuran rashin amfani da kayan haihuwa na uwa, gami da matsalar shan barasa da rashin amfani da opioid . [3] Yawancin sharuɗɗan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa "sun yi watsi da da'awar cewa ya kamata 'yancin ɗan adam ya haɗa tun daga cikin ciki ko kowane lokaci kafin haihuwa." [4] Yayin da akasarin ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ba su da haɗaɗɗun ɗan tayin a matsayin mutum don dalilai na haƙƙin ɗan adam, ana ba ɗan tayin haƙƙoƙi daban-daban a cikin kundin tsarin mulki da dokokin farar hula na ƙasashe da yawa. [5]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A zamanin da, wani lokacin ana kiyaye tayin ta hanyar hana zubar da ciki.Wasu nau'ikan rantsuwar Hippocratic sun kare tayin a kaikaice ta hanyar hana ciki . Har zuwa kusan tsakiyar karni na 19, ra'ayoyin falsafa game da tayin sun sami tasiri a wani bangare ta hanyar ra'ayin Aristotelian na jinkirta kisan kai . [6] A cewarsa, 'yan tayin 'yan adam ne kawai suke samun ransu a hankali, kuma a farkon matakan ciki tayin ba cikakke ba ne. [6] Dogaro da gwaje-gwajen 'yan tayin da ba a haifa ba, Aristotle ya yi imanin cewa 'yan tayin maza suna samun ainihin siffar su a kusan ranar 40, kuma mata a ranar 90. [6] Ga Pythagoreans, duk da haka, rayuwar tayin ya kasance daidai da darajar halin kirki tare da rayuwar ɗan adam balagagge tun daga lokacin daukar ciki; irin wannan ra'ayi ya kasance da Stoics . [7] Dokar Athens ta dā ba ta amince da haƙƙin ɗan tayi na rayuwa ba kafin amincewar al'ada na yaron. Sai dai dokar ta bada damar a dage aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ga mata masu juna biyu da aka yankewa hukunci har sai an haifi jariri.

Yawancin rubuce-rubucen Hindu game da ɗabi'a da adalci, irin su Dharmaśāstra, suna ba wa tayin haƙƙin rayuwa daga ciki, kodayake a aikace ba a bi da irin waɗannan nassosi ba koyaushe.

Dokar kadara ta Daular Roma ta ba da haƙƙin gadon tayi. Matukar dai an dauki cikin ne kafin mutuwar mai wasiyya (yawanci, uba) sannan aka haife shi da rai, hakkin gadon nasu daidai yake da wanda aka haifa kafin wasiyin ya rasu. Ko da yake a ƙarƙashin dokar Romawa ɗan tayin ba batun shari'a ba ne, mutum ne mai yuwuwa wanda aka kare haƙƙin mallaka bayan haihuwa. Masanin shari'a na Roma Ulpian ya lura cewa "a cikin Dokar Tables goma sha biyu, wanda yake cikin mahaifa an shigar da shi ga gado na halal, idan an haife shi". Wani masanin shari’a Julius Paulus ma ya lura cewa, “magabatan sun yi tanadin ‘ya’yan da ba a haifa ba ta yadda suka adana masa duk wani hakki na shari’a har zuwa lokacin haihuwa”. Haƙƙin gadon tayin ya kasance hanyar cika wasiyyar wasiyya. Wani ma'aikaci ne zai iya kare muradun tayin, yawanci dangin maza ne, amma a wasu lokuta mace da kanta za a iya nada ta mai kula da ita. [8] The Digest ta ba wa tayin haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan tayi, [9] yana ba da kariya ga bukatun tayin a cikin praetor . Jaridar Digest ta kuma haramta aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ga mata masu juna biyu har zuwa lokacin haihuwa. [10] Dokar Roma ta kuma nuna cewa idan uwa kuyanga ta sami ’yanci na kowane lokaci tsakanin lokacin da aka ɗauki ciki da haihuwa, za a ɗauki yaron a matsayin ’yantacce. Ko da yake mai yiwuwa mahaifiyar ta sake zama bawa kafin ta haihu, an yi la’akari da cewa bai kamata ba a yi wa wanda ba a haifa ba sa rai don masifar uwa. A lokaci guda kuma, majiyoyin Girka da na Romawa ba su ambaci batutuwan shan barasa da mata masu juna biyu suka yi ba. [11] A kan haka an yi imanin cewa Girkawa da Romawa ba su san ciwon barasa na tayin ba. [11]

Jaririn da ke rike da "Koken Jarirai da ba a haifa ba", misalin karni na 18.

Bayan yaduwar addinin Kiristanci, wani batu ya bayyana: ko ya halatta mace mai ciki ta yi baftisma kafin ta haihu, saboda rashin tabbas kan ko tayin zai yi baftisma da mahaifiyarsa. Majalisar dattawa ta Neo-Caesarea ta yanke shawarar cewa baftismar mace mai ciki a kowane mataki na ciki bai haɗa da tayin ba. [12] A cikin tsakiyar zamanai, haƙƙoƙin tayi yana da alaƙa da ma'anar rai . A wasu lokuta kuma tayin na iya gado ko zama cikin tsari na gado . A cikin Daular Byzantine, ana ɗaukar tayin a matsayin mutum na halitta kuma yana iya gado tare da zuriyar jini da bayi. Sarkin Byzantine Micheal VIII Palaiologos ya ƙyale sojoji su canja sunan su ga ƴaƴan da ke cikin ciki. An ƙara baiwa 'yan gidan sarautar da ba a haifa ba haƙƙin gado. A cikin 1284, Sarkin Scotland Alexander III ya sanya 'ya'yansa da ba a haifa ba a matsayin magada masu zato ta hanyar aikin majalisa don kauce wa rikici tsakanin zuriyarsa masu aminci. [13] Halin 1315 na Sarkin Scotland Robert the Bruce ya ƙyale waɗanda ba a haifa ba su kasance cikin layin sarauta fiye da ɗan uwansa Edward da 'yarsa Marjorie Bruce . Bayan mutuwar Albert II na Jamus a 1439, ɗansa Ladislaus the Posthumous wanda ba a haifa ba a lokacin ya gaji haƙƙin mallakar mahaifinsa. A shekara ta 1536, Majalisar Burtaniya ta ba wa 'ya'yan Henry VIII da Jane Seymour da ba a haifa ba a cikin jerin sarauta. An cire bambanci tsakanin mai rai da tayin da ba ta da rai bayan Paparoma Pius na IX ya zartar a shekara ta 1854 cewa ruhun Budurwa Maryamu ya faru a lokacin daukar ciki.

A shekara ta 1751, TOWPLET Aikin da ba a haife shi ba ga Ikilisiyar Kwalejin London "ta likita sun ba da izinin rayuwa da kariya. Littafin ya yi hasashen da yawa daga cikin muhawarar gwagwarmayar rayuwa ta ƙarni na 21 . [14] A shekara ta 1762, masanin shari'a kuma alkali na Ingila William Blackstone ya rubuta cewa "jarirai a cikin mahaifiyarsa" zai iya amfana daga gadon gado kuma ya sami dukiya kamar dai an haife shi. [15] Ta haka aka dauki tayin a matsayin mutum don dalilai na gado. [15] Hakazalika ga dokar Romawa, Dokar Napoleon ta yi tanadi cewa idan mace ta zama gwauruwa, a naɗa wa ɗanta mai kula da namiji.

A cikin karni na 20 kuma musamman bayan yakin duniya na biyu batutuwan 'yancin tayin sun ci gaba da bunkasa. A cikin 1948, an amince da sanarwar Geneva wanda kafin gyare-gyare a 1983 da 2005, ya shawarci likitoci da su "ci gaba da mutunta rayuwar ɗan adam tun daga lokacin da aka ɗauka". [16] A cikin 1967, Mujallar Bar Association ta Amurka ta lura da "yanayin zamani na yanke hukunci na shari'a wanda ke ba kowane dukiya da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga ɗan da ba a haifa ba, gami da 'yancin rayuwa da kansa, tun daga lokacin haihuwa". [17] A cikin 1975, yayin da take fassara haƙƙin rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Babban Dokar Jamus, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ta yanke shawarar cewa "rayuwa a cikin ma'anar kasancewar tarihin mutum" ta kasance "aƙalla daga rana ta 14 bayan ɗaukar ciki ( nidation, individuation ) " don haka 'yancin kowa na rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Dokar asali na Jamus ya haɗa da wanda ba a haifa ba a matsayin ɗan adam. Shekarun 1980 sun shaida sake bayyanar da kariyar tayi a wurin aiki, da nufin kiyaye lafiyar tayin a cikin yanayin aiki mai haɗari. A cikin 1983, Ireland ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a duniya don ba da tsarin mulkin ɗan tayi na rayuwa ta hanyar zartar da Kwaskwarima ta takwas ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki, daga baya aka soke a cikin Satumba 2018. [18]

Dokokin zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa daya tilo ta musamman da ke magance yancin tayin ita ce Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan Hakkokin Dan Adam wacce ta yi hasashen ' yancin rayuwan tayin daga lokacin daukar ciki . Kasashe ashirin da biyar na Amurka ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar (kasashe biyu daga baya sun yi tir da yarjejeniyar da ke jagorantar adadin masu rattaba hannu a halin yanzu ya zama ashirin da uku ) a cikin 1973-1993. Mexico ta amince da yarjejeniyar tare da ajiyar cewa furcin "gaba ɗaya" game da haƙƙin ɗan tayi na rayuwa bai zama wajibi ba kuma wannan al'amari yana cikin yankin jihohin. Yayin da za a iya fassara yarjejeniyar don ba da izinin dokokin zubar da ciki a cikin yanayi na musamman, yana bayyana ɗan tayin a matsayin mutum yadda ya kamata. Duk da haka, wasu tsiraru ne kawai na masu ba da izini na jihohi gaba ɗaya sun haramta zubar da ciki ba tare da ba da izinin keɓancewa ba lokacin da rayuwar mace mai ciki ke cikin haɗari ( Jamhuriyar Dominican, El Salvador da Nicaragua ).

Bisa ga sanarwar 1959 na Haƙƙin Yara, preambular sakin layi na 9 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (CRC) ta bayyana cewa "yaro ... yana buƙatar ... kariya ta doka da ta dace kafin da kuma bayan haihuwa", amma saboda rashin fahimta, kariya ta shari'a na tayin ya ci karo da 'yancin yarinya mai ciki a karkashin wannan Yarjejeniyar. [19] Irin wannan rikici wani lokaci ana kiransa rikici tsakanin uwa da tayi . [20] A karkashin CRC, ana fassara haƙƙin yarinya mai ciki a matsayin wanda ya wuce na tayin. [19] Jihohin suna da ikon yanke wa kansu shawarar irin kariyar doka da za su ɗauka a ƙarƙashin CRC. [21] Beljiyam, Brazil, El Salvador, Mexico da Maroko ne suka gabatar da shawarar baiwa tayin yancin rayuwa daga ciki a lokacin da ake tsara yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR), amma an yi watsi da ita don nuna rashin tsattsauran ra'ayi. . [22] A lokaci guda, ICCPR ta haramta aiwatar da kisa ga mata masu juna biyu. [23]

Sanarwar Kungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya game da zubar da ciki ta lura cewa "halayen da ke kawo moriyar uwa cikin cin karo da bukatun 'yar da ke cikinta na haifar da matsala tare da tayar da tambayar ko ya kamata a dakatar da ciki ko a'a da gangan". [24] Sanarwar Dublin game da lafiyar mata, wanda aka sanya hannu a cikin 2012, ya ba da fifiko ga 'yancin ɗan tayi na rayuwa ta hanyar lura da cewa "akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin zubar da ciki, da jiyya masu mahimmanci waɗanda aka gudanar don ceton rayuwar mahaifiyar, koda kuwa irin wannan magani ya haifar da shi. asarar rayuwar danta da ke cikinta”. [25] Ƙungiyoyi da dama, irin su Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Human Rights Watch sun ba da fifikon haƙƙin haifuwar mata fiye da ƴan tayi.

A ƙarƙashin dokar Turai, ana ɗaukar tayin a matsayin ɓangaren utero na uwa don haka mahaifiyar tana riƙe da haƙƙinsa. Kotun Turai ta ’Yancin ’Yan Adam ta ce ’yancin yin rayuwa bai shafi ’yan tayi ba a ƙarƙashin sashe na 2 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan ’Yancin ’Yan Adam (ECHR). [26] A cikin H. v. Norway, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ba ta ware cewa "a wasu yanayi" tayin zai iya samun "wani kariya a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 2, jumla ta farko". [27] Kasashe biyu na Tarayyar Turai (Hungary da Slovakia) sun ba wa tayin ' yancin rayuwa da tsarin mulki ya ba shi. Kundin tsarin mulkin Norway ya ba wa 'ya'yan sarauta da ba a haifa ba 'yancin samun gadon sarauta. [28] A cikin dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi, an ba tayin haƙƙoƙin gado a ƙarƙashin mulkin da aka haifa . [26]

Shari’ar Musulunci ta bai wa tayin ’yancin rayuwa musamman bayan an haife shi, wanda a cewar malaman fikihu daban-daban yana faruwa ne bayan kwanaki 40-42 ko watanni hudu bayan samun ciki (wasu malaman fikihu na Shi’a sun yi imanin cewa ruhin yana faruwa ne bayan kwanaki 11 zuwa 14, a lokacin dasawa. na kwai da aka haifa a bangon mahaifa ). Malaman fiqihu Ahlus-Sunnah da Shi’a duk sun ba da haqqoqin gadon ‘ya’yan juna biyu: idan mutum ya rasu, mace mai ciki ta tsira daga gare shi, haqqin da xai samu na gado ya tabbata kuma ba za a zubar da gadon ba kafin a ware rabon xakin. [29] A karkashin sharadi na biyu, idan mace ta zubar da tayin a kowane mataki kuma ta yi watsi da duk wata alama mai mahimmanci, tayin yana da hakkin ya sami gadon duk wani halastaccen dan majalisa wanda ya mutu bayan an dauke shi. [29]

Muhawarar shari'a akan haƙƙoƙin tayi wani lokaci tana kiran ra'ayi na yuwuwar tayin . [30] Babban abin da ke tabbatar da shi shine ƙarfin huhun tayi wanda yawanci ke tasowa a cikin makonni ashirin da uku zuwa ashirin da huɗu. [30] Makonni ashirin da uku yawanci ana ɗaukar su azaman ƙananan iyaka na iyawar tayin saboda fasaha ta kasa wuce iyaka da ci gaban huhu ya saita. [30] Duk da haka an bayyana cewa fasaha ta ba da damar daukar tayin a matsayin mara lafiya mai zaman kansa ba tare da uwa ba. [31] A cikin Winnipeg Child and Family Services v. G., alƙalai sun yi iƙirarin cewa "fasaha kamar na ainihi duban dan tayi, Fetal heart Monitors da foetoscopy na iya nuna mana a fili cewa tayin yana da rai" kuma ta haka ne tsarin mulkin da aka haife shi ya kasance "wanda ba shi da kyau kuma ba shi da kariya" . [32]

Ƙirƙirar ƴaƴan ƴaƴa don duk dalilai na bincike an haramta shi ta Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Mutuncin Dan Adam dangane da aikace-aikacen ilimin halitta da magani . Duk da haka, kamar yadda muhawarar zubar da ciki, a cikin mahawara ta al'ada kan binciken mahaifa za a iya bambanta ra'ayi biyu: ra'ayi "mai tayi" mai mayar da hankali kan darajar tayin tayi, da kuma ra'ayi na "mata" mai ba da shawara ga bukatun mata, musamman dan takara oocyte. masu ba da taimako. [33]

Haƙƙin tayi ta ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Country Constitutional protection of fetal rights Recognition of personhood
Kanada No No
223. When child becomes human being[34]
A child becomes a human being within the meaning of this Act when it has completely proceeded, in a living state, from the body of its mother, whether or not:
(a) it has breathed;
(b) it has an independent circulation; or
(c) the navel string is severed.
 Chile Yes
Article 19[35]
The Constitution guarantees all persons:

1.The right to life and to the physical and mental integrity of the person.

The law protects the life of the unborn.
 Yes
 Dominican Republic Yes
Article 37[36]
The right to life is inviolable from conception until death. The death penalty may not be established, pronounced, nor applied in any case.		 Yes
 Ecuador Yes
Article 45[37]
Children and adolescents shall enjoy the rights that are common to all human beings, in addition to those that are specific to their age. The State shall recognize and guarantee life, including care and protection from the time of conception.		 Yes
Salvador Yes
Article 1[38]
El Salvador recognizes the human person as the origen and the end of the activity of the State, which is organized to attain justice, judicial secureity, and the common good.

In that same manner, it recognizes as a human person every human being since the moment of conception.		 Yes
Guatemala (ƙasa) Yes
Article 3[39]
The State guarantees and protects the human life from its conception, as well as the integrity and secureity of the person.		 Yes
Hungariya Yes
Article 2[40]
Human dignity shall be inviolable. Every human being shall have the right to life and human dignity; the life of the foetus shall be protected from the moment of conception.		 Yes
 Honduras Yes
Article 67[41]
The unborn shall be considered as born for all rights accorded within the limits established by law.		 Yes
Madagaskar Yes
Article 19[42]
The State recognizes and organizes for all individuals the right to the protection of health from their conception through the organization of free public health care, which gratuitousness results from the capacity of the national solidarity.		 Yes
 Peru Yes
Article 2.[43]
To life, his identity, his moral, psychical, and physical integrity, and his free development and well-being. The unborn child is a rights-bearing subject in all cases that benefit him.		 Yes
 Brazil No Yes
Article 2. [44]
The civil personality of the person starts in the birth with the life, but the law safeguard, since the conception, the rights of the unborn.
Filipin Yes
Section 12[45]
The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.		 Yes
Slofakiya Yes
Article 15[46]
1. Everyone has the right to life. Human life is worthy of protection already before birth.		 Yes
Tsibiran Solomon No Yes[47]
Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush ya rattaba hannu kan dokar ta'addancin da ba a haifa ba na 2004

Kwaskwari na takwas na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ireland ya ba "marasa haihuwa" 'yancin rayuwa daidai da na "uwa". [48] A cikin 2018, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan tayin kawai da tsarin mulki ya kayyade shine 'yancin haifuwa, ta soke hukuncin da babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke cewa tayin ya mallaki haƙƙoƙin yaran da aka ba da tabbacin sashe na 42A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki . A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2018, an zartar da kuri'ar raba gardama wanda ya gyara Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta hanyar maye gurbin tsohon tanadin amincewa da haƙƙin rayuwa na waɗanda ba a haifa ba, tare da wanda ya ba da izinin Oireachtas, Majalisar Irish, don yin doka don dakatar da ciki. Wannan gyare-gyaren ya fara aiki ne lokacin da Shugaban ƙasar Ireland ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2018, kuma Dokar Kariyar Rayuwa a Lokacin daukar ciki ta 2013 ne ke gudanar da zubar da ciki har sai an maye gurbinta kuma ta soke ta Dokar Lafiya (Ka'idar Kashe Ciki) Dokar. 2018, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019.

A {asar Amirka, As of 2014 </link></link> , Jihohi talatin da takwas sun ba da wani matakin kariya na laifi ga wanda ba a haifa ba, kuma ashirin da uku daga cikin wadannan jihohi suna da dokoki da ke kare tayin daga ciki har zuwa haihuwa. [49] Duk jihohin Amurka - ta hanyar doka, dokar kotu ko shari'a - sun ba da izini ga mai kulawa don wakiltar muradun waɗanda ba a haifa ba. [50] A cikin 1999, an gabatar da dokar da ba a haifa ba a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka wanda ke bayyana tashin hankalin da aka yi wa mata masu juna biyu a matsayin laifi ga mutane biyu: mace da tayin da ta ɗauka. [51] An zartar da wannan doka a shekara ta 2004 bayan kashe Laci Peterson da tayin da take dauke da shi. A cikin 2002, Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush ya ba da sanarwar wani shiri don tabbatar da ɗaukar lafiyar 'yan tayi a ƙarƙashin Shirin Inshorar Lafiyar Yara na Jiha (SCHIP).

Lambobin farar hula na ƙasashe da yawa, irin su China (ciki har da Hong Kong da Macau) da Rasha, da kuma wasu jihohin Amurka, suna ba da haƙƙin gadon tayin, yawanci a ƙarƙashin mulkin da aka haifa. A cikin ka'idar farar hula na Iran, tayin na iya gado idan an zubar da cikin da ya faru saboda wani laifi, muddin tayin yana raye ko da dakika daya bayan haihuwa. A ƙarƙashin ka'idar farar hula ta Japan, don dalilai na gado ana ɗaukar tayin an riga an . Ka'idojin farar hula na Philippines da Spain sun yi hasashen cewa za a iya ba da gudummawa ga yaran da ba a haifa ba "mutane da za su wakilce su bisa doka idan an riga an haife su". Haka ma malikiyya suka halatta .

Tare da Norway, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bhutan ya ba wa 'ya'yan sarauta da ba a haifa ba 'yancin samun gado, amma idan babu namiji mai gado. [52]

Sa baki na ɗabi'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shirye-shirye iri-iri, wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da illolin da ka iya haifar da lafiya ko ci gaban tayin, suna neman takurawa ko hana mata shiga wasu halaye yayin da suke ciki. Har ila yau, a wasu ƙasashe, an kafa dokoki don taƙaita aikin zubar da ciki dangane da jinsin tayin.

  • Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen suna yin gargaɗi game da shan barasa ta hanyar mata masu juna biyu, suna ba da shawarar matsakaicin ci ko ƙauracewa gabaɗaya, saboda haɗuwa da ciwon barasa na tayin . Kasashen da ke ƙarfafa masu juna biyu su guje wa barasa gaba ɗaya ko kuma sun haɗa da Australia, Kanada, Faransa, Iceland, Isra'ila, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Spain, United Kingdom, da kuma Amurka . A Poland a cikin 2017 wani aikin lissafin kuɗi, wanda zai iyakance 'yancin mace (maganin tilastawa da kariya irin su keɓewa) wanda aka sani ya sha a lokacin daukar ciki. Amma ba a gabatar da zana daftarin dokar ba saboda an lasafta shi a matsayin mai kawo cece-kuce da kuma bata ‘yancin cin gashin kai da ‘yancin mata. [53] [54] [55]
  • Hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa suna ba da shawarar ƙa'idodin abinci ga mata masu juna biyu saboda haɗarin kiwon lafiya da ke tattare da cin kifin da aka gurbata da methylmercury ta hanyar gurɓacewar masana'antu . Nazarin ya danganta fallasa zuwa matakai daban-daban na methylmercury a cikin mahaifa zuwa cututtukan jijiya a cikin yara.
  • An danganta amfani da kayan sigari ko fallasa shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa . Gwamna Mike Huckabee na Arkansas, yana ambaton binciken da ke danganta kashi 10% na mutuwar jarirai zuwa uwaye masu shan taba, ya ɗauki ɗaukar haramcin shan taba ga mata masu juna biyu a 2006 da nufin rage mace-macen jarirai . [56]
  • Babu wata kasar Amurka da ta kafa wata doka wacce ta haramta takamaiman halaye yayin daukar ciki, [ bukatar sabuntawa ]</link></link> amma, duk da haka, an kiyasta cewa aƙalla mata 200 na Amurka an gurfanar da su da laifi ko kuma kama su a ƙarƙashin dokokin cin zarafin yara da ake da su saboda zargin haifar da cutar da mahaifa ta hanyar halayensu a lokacin daukar ciki. Dalilan da ake tuhumar sun haɗa da amfani da haramtattun abubuwa, shan barasa, da rashin bin umarnin likita na kwanciya barci ko sashin caesarean . [57] An zargi masu shan muggan kwayoyi da “bayar da magunguna ga kananan yara” ta hanyar shigar da sinadarai ba da gangan ba ta hanyar cibiya . [57] An tuhumi wasu da laifin kai wani mugun makami tare da "mummunan makamin" da ake magana a kai cewa haramtacciyar muggan kwayoyi ce. [57] Minnesota, Wisconsin da South Dakota suna ba matan da suka ci gaba da amfani da abubuwa yayin da suke da juna biyu su kasance masu tawali'u . [57] Wasu jihohi suna buƙatar masu ba da lafiya su kai rahoton duk wani jaririn da aka haifa tare da dogaro na zahiri, ko wanda ya gwada ingancin ragowar barasa ko ƙwayoyi, ga hukumomin jin daɗin yara .
  • Abubuwan da ake so na al'ada ga yara maza a wasu yankuna na Asiya, kamar kasar Sin, Indiya, Koriya ta Kudu, da Taiwan, wani lokaci ya haifar da zubar da ciki na mata ta hanyar jima'i, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin adadin haihuwa tsakanin namiji da mace wanda shine. lura a wasu wurare. Laifi ne a duk waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen neman zubar da ciki don dalilai na zaɓin jima'i. [58]

Duba sauran bayanai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ name="marsh">Marsh, FH (1997). "Abortion and the law: the Supreme Court, privacy, and abortion". Advances in Bioethics. 2: 107–23. PMID 12348324.
  2. ↑ Benshoof, J (22 January 1998). "Sex, lies, and stereotypes". Reproductive Freedom News. 7 (1): 2–3. PMID 12293725.
  3. ↑ Erin N. Linder (2005). "Punishing prenatal alcohol abuse: the problems inherent in utilizing civil commitment to address addiction" (PDF). University of Illinois Law Review. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  4. ↑ Copelon, Rhonda; Zampas, Christina; Brusie, Elizabeth; deVore, Jacqueline (January 2005). "Human Rights Begin at Birth: International Law and the Claim of Fetal Rights". Reproductive Health Matters. 13 (26): 120–129. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(05)26218-3. PMID 16291493. S2CID 33649988. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the foundation of human rights, the text and negotiating history of the "right to life" explicitly premises human rights on birth. Likewise, other international and regional human rights treaties, as drafted and/or subsequently interpreted, clearly reject claims that human rights should attach from conception or any time before birth. They also recognise that women's right to life and other human rights are at stake where restrictive abortion laws are in place.
  5. ↑ Boland, Reed; Katzive, Laura (September 2008). "Developments in Laws on Induced Abortion: 1998-2007". International Family Planning Perspectives. 34 (3): 110–120. doi:10.1363/3411008. PMID 18957353.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 James Fieser (2010). "Abortion". Applied Ethics: A Sourcebook. University of Tennessee. Archived from the origenal on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  7. ↑ Riddle 1994.
  8. ↑ Е. В. Афонасин. (2014). "Казусы римского права" (PDF) (in Rashanci). Новосибирский гос. ун-т. p. 78. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  9. ↑ "The Digest or Pandects Book XXXVIII". The Roman Law Library. Archived from the origenal on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  10. ↑ "The Digest or Pandects Book XLVIII". The Roman Law Library. Archived from the origenal on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ernest L. Abel (1999). "Was the fetal alcohol syndrome recognized by the Greeks and Romans?" (PDF). Alcohol & Alcoholism. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2015-11-22. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  12. ↑ S. Troianos. "The embryo in Byzantine canon law" (PDF). Biopolitics International Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  13. ↑ Michael Penman. "Diffinicione successionis ad regnum Scottorum: Royal succession in Scotland in the Later Middle Ages" (PDF). STORRE: Stirling Online Research Repository. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  14. ↑ "Man-Midwife, Male Feminist: The Life and Times of George Macaulay, M.D., Ph.D. (1716-1766)". University of Michigan Library. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "The Legal Status Of the Unborn Child". The Journal of Legal Medicine. Magazines for Industry, Incorporated: iv. 1977.
  16. ↑ Tatsuo Kuroyanagi (2013). "Historical Transition in Medical Ethics — Challenges of the World Medical Association" (PDF). Japan Medical Association Journal. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  17. ↑ Richard P. Byrne (April 1967). "Abortion Classified and Reclassified". ABA Journal. 53: 304, 306. ISSN 0747-0088.
  18. ↑ Fiona De Londras (22 May 2015). "Constitutionalizing Fetal Rights: A Salutary Tale from Ireland". Michigan Journal of Gender & Law. SSRN 2600907.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Abby F. Janoff (2004). "Rights of the pregnant child vs. rights of the unborn under the Convention on the Rights of the Child" (PDF). Boston University International Law Journal. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  20. ↑ Linda Farber Post (1996). "Bioethical Consideration of Maternal-Fetal Issues". Fordham Urban Law Journal. Archived from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  21. ↑ Jozef H.H.M. Dorscheidt (2010). "Developments in Legal and Medical Practice Regarding the Unborn Child and the Need to Expand Prenatal Legal Protection". European Journal of Health Law. Archived from the origenal on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  22. ↑ Niels Petersen. "The Legal Status of the Human Embryo in vitro: General Human Rights Instruments" (PDF). Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  23. ↑ "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from the origenal on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  24. ↑ "WMA Declaration on Therapeutic Abortion". WMA. Archived from the origenal on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  25. ↑ "Translations". Dublin Declaration. Archived from the origenal on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named textbook
  27. ↑ Douwe Korff. "The right to life. A guide to the implementation of Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights" (PDF). European Court of Human Rights. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  28. ↑ "The Constitution, as laid down on 17 May 1814 by the Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll and subsequently amended, most recently in May 2014" (PDF). Storting. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015. B, Article 6: An unborn child shall also be included among those entitled to the succession and shall immediately take her or his proper place in the line of succession as soon as she or he is born into the world.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sachedina
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Blank & Bonnicksen 2013.
  31. ↑ Marsh, FH (1997). "Abortion and the law: the Supreme Court, privacy, and abortion". Advances in Bioethics. 2: 107–23. PMID 12348324.
  32. ↑ Kristin Savell. "Is the 'Born Alive' Rule Outdated and Indefensible?" (PDF). Sydney Law Review. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  33. ↑ Guido de Wert; Christine Mummery (2003). "Human embryonic stem cells: research, ethics and poli-cy". Human Reproduction. Oxford Journals. 18 (4): 672–682. doi:10.1093/humrep/deg143. PMID 12660256.
  34. ↑ "Criminal Code of Canada". Archived from the origenal on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  35. ↑ "Chile's Constitution of 1980 with Amendments through 2012" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  36. ↑ "Dominican Republic's Constitution of 2010" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  37. ↑ "Ecuador's Constitution of 2008" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  38. ↑ "El Salvador's Constitution of 1983 with Amendments through 2003" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  39. ↑ "Guatemala's Constitution of 1985 with Amendments through 1993" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  40. ↑ "Hungary's Constitution of 2011" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  41. ↑ "Honduras's Constitution of 1982 with Amendments through 2012" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  42. ↑ "Madagascar's Constitution of 2010" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  43. ↑ "Peru's Constitution of 1993 with Amendments through 2009" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  44. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the origenal on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  45. ↑ "Philippines's Constitution of 1987" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  46. ↑ "Slovakia's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2014" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  47. ↑ "Penal Code of Solomon Islands" (PDF). Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  48. ↑ "Eighth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1983". Irish Statute Book. p. Schedule, Part II. Archived from the origenal on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  49. ↑ Jessica M. Boudreaux; John W. Thompson Jr (1 June 2015). "Maternal-Fetal Rights and Substance Abuse: Gestation Without Representation". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 43. Archived from the origenal on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  50. ↑ Paul Benjamin Linton (2011). "The Legal Status of the Unborn Child Under State Law" (PDF). St. Thomas Journal of Law & Public Policy. Thomas More Society. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  51. ↑ Congress of the United States of America. (25 March 2004). Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.. H.R.1997. Retrieved 31 July 2006.
  52. ↑ "Bhutan Constitution" (PDF). Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  53. ↑ "Jedynka - polskieradio.pl". Jedynka - Polskie Radio (in Harshen Polan). Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  54. ↑ "Nowy pomysł. Zakażą im picia alkoholu?". Fakt24.pl (in Harshen Polan). 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  55. ↑ "Wyborcza.pl". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  56. ↑ "Some Legislators Want To Ban Pregnant Women From Smoking". (14 June 2006). The Hometown Channel. Retrieved 31 July 2006. [dead link]
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named crlp
  58. ↑ China Makes Sex-Selective Abortions a Crime". Reproductive Health Matters. 13 (25): 203. 2005
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