Abstract
The smart campus is an educational campus concept that uses innovative technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, with integrated information systems to support learning, teaching and administrative activities. It is one of the important outputs of smart campus applications that these technologies support students, lecturers, and administrators by performing multi-tasking in multi-functional buildings. It is an important step to create smart classrooms with intelligent systems with the aim of developing a smart campus. For this reason, it is necessary to create smart classrooms for a smart campus and to expand it throughout the campus. In this study, it is aimed to monitor the environmental parameters in the classroom environments in real time and to develop a smart classroom concept that provides energy savings and air conditioning based on the analysis of these data. It is expected that an educational effect will occur on the attention span of the students through the automatic improvement of physical conditions as well as administrative convenience in terms of ensuring security and increasing savings in company with an efficient and applicable system architecture. In this study, tests were performed for 7 different scenarios and the best accuracy and sensitivity were calculated as 98%, and the best specifity as 100%.







Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
References
Abadi M, Barham P, Chen J, Chen Z, Davis A, Dean J, ... Zheng X (2016) TensorFlow: A System for Large-Scale Machine Learning. In 12th USENIX symposium on operating systems design and implementation (OSDI 16) (pp 265–283)
Abdel-Basset M, Manogaran G, Mohamed M, Rushdy E (2019) Internet of things in smart education environment: Supportive framework in the decision-making process. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 31(10):e4515. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4515
Aju OG (2015) A survey of zigbee wireless sensor network technology: Topology, applications and challenges. International Journal of Computer Applications 130(9):47–55
Anoopa S, Salim A (2022) Survey on anomaly detection in surveillance videos. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.171
Albarakati AJ, Qayyum J, Fakeeh KA (2014) A survey on 6LowPAN & its future research challenges. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 3(10):558–570
Aldowah H, Rehman SU, Ghazal S, Umar IN (2017, September) Internet of Things in higher education: a study on future learning. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 892(1):012017. IOP Publishing
Brittany A, Katie H (2011) The classroom environment: The silent curriculum
Bagheri M, Movahed SH (2016, November) The effect of the Internet of Things (IoT) on education business model. In 2016 12th International Conference on Signal-Image Technology & Internet-Based Systems (SITIS) (pp 435–441). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SITIS.2016.74
Caţă M (2015) Smart university, a new concept in the Internet of Things. In: IEEE. pp 195–197
Cheng YC (1994) Classroom environment and student affective performance: An effective profile. The Journal of experimental education 62(3):221–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1994.9943842
Coley DA, Beisteiner A (2002) Carbon dioxide levels and ventilation rates in schools. International journal of ventilation 1(1):45–52
Cui X, Liu Q, Gao M, Metaxas DN (2011, June) Abnormal detection using interaction energy potentials. In CVPR 2011 (pp 3161–3167). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2011.5995558
Darbyshire JL, Young JD (2013) An investigation of sound levels on intensive care units with reference to the WHO guidelines. Critical Care 17(5):1–8
Enugala VPR, Vuppala S (2018, December). Internet of Things-based Smart Classroom Environment. In 2018 Fifth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC) (pp 193–198). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/PDGC.2018.8745883
Gao J, Wargocki P, Wang Y (2014) Ventilation system type and the resulting classroom temperature and air quality during heating season. In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (pp 203–214). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39584-0_23
Garg R, Sharma S (2018) Modified and improved IPv6 header compression (MIHC) scheme for 6LoWPAN. Wireless Personal Communications 103(3):2019–2033
Goldena NJ (2022) Essentials of the Internet of Things (IoT). Technology, Tools, and Use Cases, Enterprise Digital Transformation, pp 49–99
Griffiths M, Eftekhari M (2008) Control of CO2 in a naturally ventilated classroom. Energy and Buildings 40(4):556–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.04.013
Gul S, Asif M, Ahmad S, Yasir M, Majid M, Malik MSA, Arshad S (2017) A survey on role of internet of things in education. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security 17(5):159–165
Haghi A, Burney K, Kidd FS, Valiente L, Peng Y (2017, June) Fast-paced development of a smart campus IoT platform. In 2017 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS) (pp 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/GIOTS.2017.8016214
Hasan MT, Akter T (2020) A Quantitative Survey on Smart Classroom with IoT. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology 7(6):12121–12126
Hentschel K, Jacob D, Singer J, Chalmers M (2016, August) Supersensors: Raspberry Pi devices for smart campus infrastructure. In 2016 IEEE 4th International conference on future internet of things and cloud (FiCloud) (pp 58–62). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FiCloud.2016.16
Heo YJ, Oh SM, Chin WS, Jang JW (2015, August) A lightweight platform implementation for internet of things. In 2015 3rd International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (pp 526–531). IEEE
Hill MC, Epps KK (2010) The impact of physical classroom environment on student satisfaction and student evaluation of teaching in the university environment. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal 14(4):65
Huang LS, Su JY, Pao TL (2019) A context aware smart classroom architecture for smart campuses. Appl Sci 9(9):1837
Imran K, Anjum N, Alghamdi A, Shaikh A, Hamdi M, Mahfooz S (2022) A Secure and Efficient Cluster-Based Authentication Scheme for Internet of Things (IoTs). Computers, Materials & Continua 70(1):1033–1052
Kolokotsa D, Gobakis K, Papantoniou S, Georgatou C, Kampelis N, Kalaitzakis K, ... Santamouris M (2016) Development of a web based energy management system for University Campuses: The CAMP-IT platform. Energy and Buildings 123:119–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.04.038
Lau BPL, Wijerathne N, Ng BKK, Yuen C (2017) Sensor fusion for public space utilization monitoring in a smart city. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 5(2):473–481
Lajevardi SM, Hussain ZM (2012) Automatic facial expression recognition: feature extraction and selection. SIViP 6(1):159–169
Li BP, Kong SC, Chen G (2015) A study on the development of the smart classroom scale. In Emerging issues in smart learning. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44188-6_6
Marques G, Pitarma R (2019) An internet of things-based environmental quality management system to supervise the indoor laboratory conditions. Appl Sci 9(3):438. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030438
Maxwell LE, Evans GW (2002) Museums as learning settings: the importance of the physical environment. Journal of Museum Education 27(1):3–7
Murugesan S (2008) Harnessing green IT: Principles and practices. IT professional 10(1):24–33. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2008.10
Palma D, Agudo JE, Sánchez H, Macías MM (2014) An internet of things example: Classrooms access control over near field communication. Sensors 14(4):6998–7012
Poysner LR (1983) An Examination of the Classroom Physical Environment
Rajak CK, Soni U, Biswas B, Shrivastava AK (2021, August) Real-time web based Timing display Application for Test Range Applications. In 2021 2nd International Conference on Range Technology (ICORT) (pp 1–6). IEEE
Ramli NH, Ahmad S, Masri MH (2013) Improving the classroom physical environment: Classroom users’ perception. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 101:221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.195
Rathore MM, Ahmad A, Paul A (2016, October) IoT-based smart city development using big data analytical approach. In 2016 IEEE international conference on automatica (ICA-ACCA) (pp 1–8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICA-ACCA.2016.7778510
Razzaq AN, Ghazali R, El Abbadi NK (2021, July) Face Recognition-Extensive Survey and Recommendations. In 2021 International Congress of Advanced Technology and Engineering (ICOTEN) (pp 1–10). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOTEN52080.2021.9493444
Revathi AR, Kumar D (2017) An efficient system for anomaly detection using deep learning classifier. Signal, Image and Video Processing 11(2):291–299
Savolainen T, Soininen J, Silverajan B (2013) IPv6 addressing strategies for IoT. IEEE Sensors Journal 13(10):3511–3519. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2013.2259691
Şahin İT, Tantekin-Erden F, Akar H (2011) The influence of the physical environment on early childhood education classroom management. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 44:185–202
Sabokrou M, Fayyaz M, Fathy M, Moayed Z, Klette R (2018) Deep-anomaly: Fully convolutional neural network for fast anomaly detection in crowded scenes. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 172:88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2018.02.006
Saini MK, Goel N (2019) How smart are smart classrooms? A review of smart classroom technologies. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 52(6):1–28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3365757
Taylor K (2008) Lamoreaux A (2008) Teaching with the brain in mind. New directions for adult and continuing education 119:49–59
Tomar R, Dangi S (2021) JavaScript: Syntax and Practices. Chapman and Hall/CRC
Uzelac A, Gligoric N, Krco S (2015) A comprehensive study of parameters in physical environment that impact students’ focus during lecture using Internet of Things. Computers in Human Behavior 53:427–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.023
Uzelac A, Gligorić N, Krčo S (2018) System for recognizing lecture quality based on analysis of physical parameters. Telematics and Informatics 35(3):579–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.06.014
Vosko RS, Hiemstra R (1988) The adult learning environment: Importance of physical features. International Journal of Lifelong Education 7(3):185–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260137880070303
Wang Y, Saez B, Szczechowicz J, Ruisi J, Kraft T, Toscano S, ... Nicolas K (2017, October) A smart campus internet of things framework. In 2017 IEEE 8th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON) (pp 498–503). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/UEMCON.2017.8249106
Wang T, Qiao M, Zhu A, Niu Y, Li C, Snoussi H (2018) Abnormal event detection via covariance matrix for optical flow based feature. Multimedia Tools and Applications 77(13):17375–17395
Yang Z, Becerik-Gerber B, Mino L (2013) A study on student perceptions of higher education classrooms: Impact of classroom attributes on student satisfaction and performance. Building and Environment 70:171–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.030
Yibo C, Hou KM, Zhou H, Shi HL, Liu X, Diao X, ... de Vaulx C (2011, September). 6LoWPAN stacks: A survey. In 2011 7th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (pp 1–4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2011.6040344
Zhang M, Li X (2021) Design of Smart Classroom System Based on Internet of Things Technology and Smart Classroom. Mobile Information Systems, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5438878
Zhang D, Lin S, Fu Y, Huang S (2017, October) The communication system between web application host computers and embedded systems based on Node. JS. In 2017 10th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI) (pp 1–5). IEEE
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Atatürk University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. Project number: FOA-2020-7563.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author has declared that no conflict of interests or competing interests exist.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yağanoğlu, M., Bozkurt, F., Günay, F.B. et al. Design and validation of IoT based smart classroom. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 62019–62043 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15872-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15872-2