Abstract
This paper proposes PatternAttack to mitigate two major issues of Adversarial Transformation Network (ATN) including the low diversity and the low quality of adversarial examples. In order to deal with the first issue, this research proposes a stacked convolutional autoencoder based on patterns to generalize ATN. This proposed autoencoder could support different patterns such as all-pixel pattern, object boundary pattern, and class model map pattern. In order to deal with the second issue, this paper presents an algorithm to improve the quality of adversarial examples in terms of \(L_0\)-norm and \(L_2\)-norm. This algorithm employs adversarial pixel ranking heuristics such as JSMA and COI to prioritize adversarial pixels. To demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method, comprehensive experiments have been conducted on the MNIST dataset and the CIFAR-10 dataset. For the first issue, the proposed autoencoder generates diverse adversarial examples. For the second issue, the proposed algorithm significantly improves the quality of adversarial examples. In terms of \(L_0\)-norm, the proposed algorithm decreases from hundreds of adversarial pixels to one adversarial pixel. In terms of \(L_2\)-norm, the proposed algorithm reduces the average distance considerably. These results show that the proposed method can generate high-quality and diverse adversarial examples in practice.
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam under project number KC-4.0-07/19-25, Program KC4.0/19-25. Duc-Anh Nguyen was funded by Vingroup JSC and supported by the Master, PhD Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Institute of Big Data, code VINIF.2022.TS001.
Kha Do Minh was funded by Vingroup JSC and supported by the Master, PhD Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Institute of Big Data, code VINIF.2021.ThS.24.
Funding
Duc-Anh Nguyen was funded by Vingroup JSC and supported by the Master, PhD Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Institute of Big Data, code VINIF.2022.TS001. Kha Do Minh was funded by Vingroup JSC and supported by the Master, PhD Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Institute of Big Data, code VINIF.2021.ThS.24.
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Conceptualization: PNH, D-AN; Methodology: D-AN, KDM; Formal analysis and investigation: D-AN, KDM; Writing - original draft preparation: D-AN; Writing - review and editing: all authors.
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Nguyen, DA., Minh, K.D., Le, K.N. et al. Improving diversity and quality of adversarial examples in adversarial transformation network. Soft Comput 27, 3689–3706 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-07655-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-07655-y