Abstract
We present some two-level non-overlapping and overlapping additive Schwarz methods for discontinuous Galerkin methods for the biharmonic equation. It is shown that the condition numbers of the preconditioned systems are of the order \(O\left( \left( \frac{H}{h}\right) ^3\right) \) for the non-overlapping method, and of the order \(O\left( \frac{H}{h}+\left( \frac{H}{\delta }\right) ^3\right) \) for the overlapping method, where h and H stand for the fine and coarse mesh sizes respectively, and \(\delta \) denotes the size of the overlaps between subdomains. In particular, emphasis is placed on studying the influence of the penalty parameters and the choice of the coarse mesh bilinear form on the condition numbers. Numerical experiments are provided to gauge the efficiency of the methods and to validate the theory.

Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, R.A.: Sobolev Spaces. Academic Press, New York (1975)
Arnold, D.N.: An interior penalty finite element method with discontinuous elements. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 19, 742–760 (1982)
Baker, G.A.: Finite element methods for elliptic equations using nonconforming elements. Math. Comput. 31, 44–59 (1977)
Brenner, S.C.: Two-level additive Schwarz preconditioners for nonconforming finite element methods. Math. Comput. 65(215), 897–921 (1996)
Brenner, S.C.: Poincaré–Friedrichs inequalities for piecewise \(H^1\) functions. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 41, 306–324 (2003)
Brenner, S.C., Sung, L.Y.: \(C^0\) interior penalty methods for fourth order elliptic boundary value problems on polygonal domains. J. Sci. Comput. 22(1–3), 83–118 (2005)
Brenner, S.C., Wang, K.: Two-level additive Schwarz preconditioners for \(C^0\) interior penalty methods. Numer. Math. 102, 231–255 (2005)
Brenner, S.C., Owens, L., Sung, L.Y.: A weakly over-penalized symmetric interior penalty method. Electron. Trans. Numer. Anal. 30, 107–127 (2008)
Brenner, S.C., Scott, L.R.: The Mathematical Theory of Finite Element Methods. Springer, New York (2008)
Brenner, S.C., Gudi, T., Sung, L.Y.: A weakly over-penalized symmetric interior penalty method for the biharmonic problem. Electron. Trans. Numer. Anal. 37, 214–238 (2010)
Brezzi, F., Fortin, M.: Mixed and Hybrid Finite Element Methods. Springer, New York (1991)
Ciarlet, P.G.: The Finite Element Method for Elliptic Problems. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1978)
Davis, T.: Direct Methods for Sparse Linear Systems. SIAM, Philadelphia (2006)
Douglas Jr., J., Dupont, T., Percell, P., Scott, R.: A family of \(C^1\) finite elements with optimal approximation properties for various Galerkin methods for 2nd and 4th order problems. RAIRO Anal. Numér. 13(3), 227–255 (1979)
Dryja, M., Widlund, O.B.: Towards a unified theory of domain decomposition algorithms for elliptic problems. In: Chan, T. (ed.) Proc. Differ. Equ., pp. 3–21. SIAM, Philadelphia (1990)
Feng, X., Karakashian, O.A.: Two-level additive Schwarz methods for a discontiuous Galerkin approximation of second order elliptic problems. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 39, 1343–1365 (2001)
Feng, X., Karakashian, O.A.: Two-level Schwarz methods for a discontinuous Galerkin approximation of the biharmonic equation. J. Sci. Comput. 22, 299–324 (2005)
Georgoulis, E., Houston, P., Virtanen, J.: An a posteriori error indicator for discontinuous Galerkin approximations of fourth order elliptic problems. IMA J. Numer. Anal. 31(3), 281–298 (2011)
Georgoulis, E., Houston, P.: Discontinuous Galerkin methods for the biharmonic problem. IMA J. Numer. Anal. 29(3), 573–594 (2009)
Grisvard, P.: Singularities in Boundary Value Problems. Masson, Paris (1992)
Karakashian, O., Collins, C.: Two-level additive Schwarz methods for a discontinuous Galerkin approximation of second-order elliptic problems. IMA J. Numer. Anal. (Electron.) (2016). doi:10.1093/imanum/drw061
Karakashian, O., Jureidini, W.N.: A nonconforming finite element method for the stationary Navier–Stokes equations. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 35, 93–120 (1998)
Smith, B.E., Bjørstad, P.E., Gropp, W.D.: Domain Decomposition: Parallel Multilevel Methods for Elliptic Partial Differential Equations. Cambridge University Press, New York (1996)
Smears, I.: Nonoverlapping Domain Decomposition Preconditioners for Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method \(H^ 2\)-Type Norms. (2014). arXiv:1409.4202
Süli, E., Mozolevski, I.: \(hp\)-version interior penalty DGFEMs for the biharmonic equation. Comput. Method. Appl. Math. 196(13), 1851–1863 (2007)
Smears, I., Süli, E.: Discontinuous Galerkin finite element approximation of Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations with Cordes coefficients. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 52, 993–1016 (2014)
Toselli, A., Widlund, O.: Domain Decomposition Methods: Algorithms and Theory. Springer, Berlin (2005)
Wheeler, M.: An elliptic collocation-finite element method with interior penalties. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 15, 152–161 (1978)
Xu, J.: Iterative methods by space decomposition and subspace correction. SIAM Rev. 34, 581–613 (1992)
Xu, J., Zikatanov, L.: The method of alternating projections and the method of subspace corrections in Hilbert space. J. Am. Math. Soc. 15, 573–597 (2002)
Zhang, S., Xu, J.: Optimal solvers for fourth-order PDEs discretized on unstructured grids. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 52(1), 282–307 (2014)
Zhang, X.: Two-level Schwarz methods for the biharmonic problem discretized conforming \(C^1\) elements. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 33(2), 555–570 (1996)
Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to the referees for their valuable comments and recommendations resulting in improvements in presentation and content.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was partially supported by NSF Grants DMS-1216740 and DMS-1620288.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karakashian, O., Collins, C. Two-Level Additive Schwarz Methods for Discontinuous Galerkin Approximations of the Biharmonic Equation. J Sci Comput 74, 573–604 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-017-0453-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-017-0453-4