Abstract
As evident from archaeological excavation, ochre was widely used for ceremonial, mortuary, and other purposes around the world. However, the ancient meaning and procurement practices of ochre are not well understood. This study examines the variation in the major, minor and trace element patterns of ochre from iron oxide sources in southeastern Missouri to better understand the differences that may occur within and between sources. Samples were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and the data were interpreted by Pearson’s linear correlation and multivariate analysis. The data indicate geochemical trends in ochre that satisfy the provenance postulate.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Diaz-Granados, J. Duncan, The Petroglyphs and Pictographs of Missouri, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, 2000.
H. Mrzlack, Ochre at 49-PET-408. University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, 2003.
M. Menu, P. Walter, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res., B (1992) 547.
E. Chalmin, M. Menu, C. Vignaud, Meas. Sci. Technol., (2003) 1590.
A. Zucchiati, P. Prati, A. Bouquillon, L. Giuntini, M. Massi, A. Migliori, A. Cagnana, S. Roascio, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res., B (2004) 20.
E. A. Moffatt, P. J. Sirois, J. Miller, Stud. Cons., (1997) 65.
R. J. H. Clark, J. Mol. Struct., (1998) 105.
M. I. Dinator, J. R. Morales, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1 (1989) 133.
T. Young, The paviland ochres: Characterisation and sourcing, in: Paviland Cave and the ‘Red Lady’, S. Aldhouse-Green, Western Academic & Specialist Press Ltd., Bristol, England, 2000, p. 205.
L. W. Ellis, S. C. Caran, M. D. Glascock, S. W. Tweedy, H. Neff, Appendix H: Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of ochre from an archaeological context, in: Hot Rock Cooking on the Greater Edwards Plateau: Four Burned Rock Midden Sites in West Central Texas, S. L. Black, Linda W. Ellis, Darrell G. Creel, G. T. Goode (Eds), Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 1997.
A. H. F. Robertson, T I Min. Metall., B (1976) 245.
J. Mortimore, L.-J. R. Marshall, M. Almond, P. Hollins, W. Matthews, Spectrochim. Acta, A (2003) 1179.
M. Glascock, Characterization of archaeological ceramics at MURR by neutron activation analysis and multivariate statistics, in: Chemical Characterization of Ceramic Pastes in Archaeology, H. Neff (Ed.), Prehistory Press, Madison, 1992, p. 11.
H. Neff, Archaeometry, 1 (1994) 115.
M. D. Glascock, H. Neff, Meas. Sci. Technol., 9 (2003) 1516.
G. Harbottle, Neutron activation analysis in archaeological chemistry, in: Chemical Applications of Nuclear Probes, K. Yoshihara (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990, p. 59.
P. C. Weigand, G. Harbottle, E. V. Sayre, Turquoise Sources and Source Analysis: Mesoamerica and the Southwestern U.S.A., Academic Press, New York, 1977.
D. C. Smith, M. Bouchard, M. Lorblanchet, J. Raman Spectrosc., (1999) 347.
A. R. David, H. G. M. Edwards, D. W. Farwell, D. L. A. De Faria, Archaeometry, 4 (2001) 461.
A. Zoppi, G. Signorini, F. Lucarelli, L. Bachechi, J. Cult. Herit., 3 (2002) 299.
M. Weinstein-Evron, S. Ilani, J. Archaeol. Sci., (1994) 461.
H. G. M. Edwards, Case study: Prehistoric art, in: Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History, H. G. M. Edwards, J. M. Chalmers (Eds), Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005, p. 84.
M. W. Rowe, Physical and chemical analysis, in: Handbook of Rock Art, D. S. Whitley (Ed.), Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, CA, 2001, p. 190.
S. D. Mooney, C. Geiss, M. A. Smith, J. Archaeol. Sci., 5 (2003) 511.
M. A. Smith, S. Pell, J. Archaeol. Sci., (1997) 773.
M. Jercher, A. Pring, P. G. Jones, M. D. Raven, Archaeometry, 2 (1998) 383.
R. Goodall, B. David, J. Bartley, Non-destructive techniques for the analysis and characterization of pigments from archaeological sites: The case of Fern Cave, in: Australian Archaeology’ 95: Proc. of the 1995 Australian Archaeological Association Annual Conf., Vol. 6, S. Ulm, I. Lilley, A. Ross (Eds), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 1996, p. 183.
J. M. Erlandson, J. D. Robertson, C. Descantes, Am. Antiquity, 3 (1999) 517.
M. D. Stafford, G. C. Frison, D. Stanford, G. Zeimans, Geoarchaeology, 1 (2003) 71.
K. B. Tankersley, K. O. Tankersley, N. R. Shaffer, M. D. Hess, J. S. Benz, F. R. Turner, M. D. Stafford, G. Zeimans, G. C. Frison, Plains Anthropol., 152 (1995) 185.
Various authors Archaeological Survey of Missouri Reports.
C. Seeger, Personal communication 2005.
C. Seeger, Southeast Missouri iron metallogenic province: Characteristics and general chemistry, in: Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper Gold and Related Deposits, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., T. M. Porter (Ed.), PGC Publishing, Adelaide, 2002, p. 237.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Popelka-Filcoff, R.S., Robertson, J.D., Glascock, M.D. et al. Trace element characterization of ochre from geological sources. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 272, 17–27 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-006-6836-x
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-006-6836-x