Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Malicious inter-frame video tampering detection in MPEG videos using time and spatial domain analysis of quantization effects

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for forgery detection in MPEG videos using spatial and time domain analysis of quantization effect on DCT coefficients of I and residual errors of P frames. The proposed algorithm consists of three modules, including double compression detection, malicious tampering detection and decision fusion. Double compression detection module employs spatial domain analysis using first significant digit distribution of DCT coefficients in I frames to detect single and double compressed videos using an SVM classifier. Double compression does not necessarily imply the existence of malignant tampering in the video. Therefore, malicious tampering detection module utilizes time domain analysis of quantization effect on residual errors of P frames to identify malicious inter-frame forgery comprising frame insertion or deletion. Finally, decision fusion module is used to classify input videos into three categories, including single compressed videos, double compressed videos without malicious tampering and double compressed videos with malicious tampering. The experimental results and the comparison of the results of the proposed method with those of other methods show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Arab F, Abdullah SM, Hashim SZM, Manaf AA, Zamani M (2015) A robust video watermarking technique for the tamper detection of surveillance systems. Multimed Tools Appl 1–31. doi:10.1007/s11042-015-2800-5

  2. Bestagini P, Milani S, Tagliasacchi M, Tubaro S (2013) Local tampering detection in video sequences. In: 2013 I.E. 15th International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP). IEEE, p 488–493

  3. Carter T (2007) An introduction to information theory and entropy. Complex systems summer school, Santa Fe

  4. Chen PH, Lin CJ, Schölkopf B (2005) A tutorial on ν‐support vector machines. Appl Stoch Model Bus Ind 21(2):111–136

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Chen W, Shi YQ (2009) Detection of double MPEG compression based on first digit statistics. In: Digital watermarking. Springer, p 16–30

  6. Dong Q, Yang G, Zhu N (2012) A MCEA based passive forensics scheme for detecting frame-based video tampering. Digit Investig 9(2):151–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Dueck D (2001) MPEG-2 video transcoding. University of Manitoba

  8. Feng C, Xu Z, Zhang W, Xu Y (2014) Automatic location of frame deletion point for digital video forensics. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Information hiding and multimedia security. ACM, p 171–179

  9. Gironi A, Fontani M, Bianchi T, Piva A, Barni M (2014) A video forensic technique for detecting frame deletion and insertion. In: 2014 I.E. International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, p 6226–6230

  10. Jiang X, Wang W, Sun T, Shi YQ, Wang S (2013) Detection of double compression in MPEG-4 videos based on Markov statistics. IEEE Signal Process Lett 20(5):447–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kang X, Liu J, Liu H, Wang ZJ (2015) Forensics and counter anti-forensics of video inter-frame forgery. Multimed Tools Appl 1–21. doi:10.1007/s11042-015-2762-7

  12. Li F, Huang T (2014) Video copy-move forgery detection and localization based on structural similarity. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT 2013). Springer, p 63–76

  13. Liao D, Yang R, Liu H, Li J, Huang J, Double H (2011) 264/AVC compression detection using quantized nonzero AC coefficients. In: IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging. International Society for Optics and Photonics, p 78800Q-78800Q-78810

  14. Lin C-S, Tsay J-J (2014) A passive approach for effective detection and localization of region-level video forgery with spatio-temporal coherence analysis. Digit Investig 11(2):120–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Milani S, Fontani M, Bestagini P, Barni M, Piva A, Tagliasacchi M, Tubaro S (2012) An overview on video forensics. APSIPA Trans Signal Inf Proces 1, e2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Milani S, Tagliasacchi M, Tubaro S (2014) Discriminating multiple JPEG compressions using first digit features. APSIPA Trans Signal Inf Proces 3, e19

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ravi H, Subramanyam A, Gupta G, Kumar BA (2014) Compression noise based video forgery detection. In: 2014 I.E. International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, p 5352–5356

  18. Rocha A, Scheirer W, Boult T, Goldenstein S (2011) Vision of the unseen: current trends and challenges in digital image and video forensics. ACM Comput Surv 43(4):1–42. doi:10.1145/1978802.1978805

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Shanableh T (2013) Detection of frame deletion for digital video forensics. Digit Investig 10(4):350–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Stamm MC, Lin WS, Liu KR (2012) Temporal forensics and anti-forensics for motion compensated video. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 7(4):1315–1329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Su Y, Nie W, Zhang C (2011) A frame tampering detection algorithm for MPEG videos. In: 2011 6th IEEE Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference (ITAIC). IEEE, p 461–464

  22. Sun T, Wang W, Jiang X (2012) Exposing video forgeries by detecting MPEG double compression. In: 2012 I.E. International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, p 1389–1392

  23. Tian L, Zheng N, Xue J, Li C (2015) Authentication and copyright protection watermarking scheme for H. 264 based on visual saliency and secret sharing. Multimed Tools Appl 74(9):2991–3011. doi:10.1007/s11042-013-1765-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Union IT (1995) ISO/IEC 13818–2 MPEG-2. Geneva, ITU H 262

  25. Vazquez-Padin D, Fontani M, Bianchi T, Comesaña P, Piva A, Barni M (2012) Detection of video double encoding with GOP size estimation. In: 2012 I.E. International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS). IEEE, p 151–156

  26. Wang W, Farid H (2006) Exposing digital forgeries in video by detecting double MPEG compression. In: Proceedings of the 8th workshop on Multimedia and security. ACM, p 37–47

  27. Wang W, Farid H (2009) Exposing digital forgeries in video by detecting double quantization. In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM workshop on Multimedia and security. ACM, p 39–48

  28. Wu Y, Jiang X, Sun T, Wang W (2014) Exposing video inter-frame forgery based on velocity field consistency. In: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, p 2674–2678

  29. Xu J, Su Y, You X (2012) Detection of video transcoding for digital forensics. In: International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP). IEEE, p 160–164

  30. Yang J, Huang T, Su L (2014) Using similarity analysis to detect frame duplication forgery in videos. Multimed Tools Appl 75(4):1793–1811. doi:10.1007/s11042-014-2374-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. YUV Video Sequences (Accessed 2013) http://trace.eas.asu.edu/yuv/& https://media.xiph.org/video/derf/.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

    Javad Abbasi Aghamaleki & Alireza Behrad

Authors
  1. Javad Abbasi Aghamaleki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alireza Behrad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alireza Behrad.

Appendix A

Appendix A

The following videos were used to perform the experiments in this paper:

Akiyo, Bowing, Bridge-Close, Bridge-Far, Claire, Coastguard, Container, Deadline, Galleon, Grandma, Hall monitor, Pamphlet, Mother and Daughter, News, Paris, Salesman, Sign-Irene, Silent, Students, Suzie, Vtc1nw, WashDC.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abbasi Aghamaleki, J., Behrad, A. Malicious inter-frame video tampering detection in MPEG videos using time and spatial domain analysis of quantization effects. Multimed Tools Appl 76, 20691–20717 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4004-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4004-z

Keywords

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy