Abstract
Learning-based face aging/rejuvenation has witnessed rapid progress in recent years. However, existing methods still suffer from the loss of personalized identity information when synthesizing cross-age faces. In this paper, we propose a Conditional Adversarial Consistent Identity AutoEncoder (CACIAE) to revisit this problem. Firstly, a Res-Encoder is designed to better generate powerful face representation. Secondly, the rectangular kernel is introduced into the encoder to make full use of horizontal continuous characteristic information of faces and to make the synthetic face images more natural. Thirdly, a novel consistent identity loss is proposed to learn more face details and produce more natural identity-preserving images. Further, two discriminators are designed to enforce the generator to generate more realistic and more age-accurate images. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The code is available at https://github.com/XH-B/CACIAE.

















Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amos B, Ludwiczuk B, Satyanarayanan M Openface: A general-purpose face recognition library with mobile applications
Antipov G, Baccouche M, Dugelay J-L (2017) Face aging with conditional generative adversarial networks. In: icip, pp 2089–2093
Chen B-C, Chen C-S, Hsu WH (2014) Cross-age reference coding for age-invariant face recognition and retrieval. In: eccv, pp 768–783
Dosovitskiy A, Brox T (2016) Generating images with perceptual similarity metrics based on deep networks. In: nips, pp 658–666
Face transformer (ft) demo. http://cherry.dcs.aber.ac.uk/transformer/. Accessed November, 2019
Face++ Face detect. Accessed November, 2019
Fu Y, Hospedales TM, Xiang T, Gong S, Yao Y (2014) Interestingness prediction by robust learning to rank. In: eccv, pp 488–503
Galton FJ (1878) Composite portraits. Nature 18:97–100
Gatys LA, Ecker AS, Bethge M (2015) A neural algorithm of artistic style. arXiv:1508.06576
Genovese A, Piuri V, Scotti F (2019) Towards explainable face aging with generative adversarial networks. In: icip, pp 3806–3810
Goodfellow IJ, Pouget-Abadie J, Mirza M, Xu B, Warde-Farley D, Ozair S, Courville A, Bengio Y (2014) Generative adversarial networks. nips 3:2672–2680
He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J (2016) Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: cvpr
Kemelmacher-Shlizerman I, Suwajanakorn S, Seitz S M (2014) Illumination-aware age progression. In: cvpr, pp 3334–3341
Ledig C, Theis L, Huszár F, Caballero J, Cunningham A, Acosta A, Aitken A, Tejani A, Totz J, Wang Z et al (2017) Photo-realistic single image super-resolution using a generative adversarial network. In: cvpr, pp 4681–4690
Liu Z, Luo P, Wang X, Tang X (2015) Deep learning face attributes in the wild. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)
Liu S, Sun Y, Zhu D, Bao R, Wang W, Shu X, Yan S (2017) Face aging with contextual generative adversarial nets. In: acmmm, pp 82–90
Nhan Duong C, Luu K, Gia Quach K, Bui TD (2016) Longitudinal face modeling via temporal deep restricted boltzmann machines. In: cvpr, pp 5772–5780
Nhan Duong C, Gia Quach K, Luu K, Le N, Savvides M (2017) Temporal non-volume preserving approach to facial age-progression and age-invariant face recognition. In: iccv, pp 3735–3743
Palsson S, Agustsson E, Timofte R, Van Gool L (2018) Generative adversarial style transfer networks for face aging. In: cvprw, pp 2084–2092
Park U, Tong Y, Jain AK (2010) Age-invariant face recognition. tpami 32(5):947–954
Pittenger JB, Shaw RE (1975) Aging faces as viscal-elastic events: implications for a theory of nonrigid shape perception, vol 1(4)
Ramanathan N, Chellappa R (2008) Modeling shape and textural variations in aging faces. In: 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition, pp 1–8
Ricanek K, Tesafaye T (2006) Morph: a longitudinal image database of normal adult age-progression. In: FG 2006, pp 341–345
Shu X, Tang J, Lai H, Liu L, Yan S (2015) Personalized age progression with aging dictionary. In: iccv
Suo J, Zhu S-C, Shan S, Chen X (2009) A compositional and dynamic model for face aging. tpami 32(3):385–401
Tiddeman B, Burt M, Perrett D (2001) Prototyping and transforming facial textures for perception research. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 21(5):42–50
Todd JT, Shaw RE, Pittenger JB The perception of human growth. Percept Hum Growth 242(2):132–144
Wang Z, Bovik AC, Sheikh HR, Simoncelli EP, et al. (2004) Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE TIP 13(4):600–612
Wang W, Cui Z, Yan Y, Feng J, Yan S, Shu X, Sebe N (2016) Recurrent face aging. In: cvpr, pp 2378–2386
Wang Z, Tang X, Luo W, Gao S (2018) Face aging with identity-preserved conditional generative adversarial networks. In: cvpr, pp 7939–7947
Wu Y, Thalmann NM, Thalmann D (1994) A plastic-visco-elastic model for wrinkles in facial animation and skin aging. In: Fundamentals of Computer Graphics. World Scientific, pp 201–213
Yang H, Huang D, Wang Y, Jain AK (2018) Learning face age progression: A pyramid architecture of gans. In: cvpr, pp 31–39
Yang H, Huang D, Wang Y, Jain AK (2019) Learning continuous face age progression: A pyramid of gans. arXiv:1901.07528
Zhang Z, Song Y, Qi H (2017) Age progression/regression by conditional adversarial autoencoder. In: cvpr, pp 5810–5818
Zhao H, Gallo O, Frosio I, Kautz J (2016) Loss functions for image restoration with neural networks. IEEE TCI 3(1):47–57
Zhao J, Cheng Y, Cheng Y, Yang Y, Zhao F, Li J, Liu H, Yan S, Feng J (2019) Look across elapse: Disentangled representation learning and photorealistic cross-age face synthesis for age-invariant face recognition. In: aaai, vol 33, pp 9251–9258
Zhu H, Zhou Q, Zhang J, Wang JZ (2018) Facial aging and rejuvenation by conditional multi-adversarial autoencoder with ordinal regression. arXiv:1804.02740
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No.L191004) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61271374).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bian, X., Li, J. Conditional adversarial consistent identity autoencoder for cross-age face synthesis. Multimed Tools Appl 80, 14231–14253 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-10442-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-10442-2