Abstract
This paper presents an efficient hyperspectral images classification method based on multiple reduced kernel extreme learning machine (MRKELM). The MRKELM model is developed on the basis of the multiple kernel leaning method and the reduced kernel extreme learning machine method. In the presented MRKELM, the kernel function are not fixed anymore, multiple kernels are adaptively trained as a hybrid kernel and the optimal kernel combination weights are jointly optimized. Finally, two simulation examples, classification of benchmark datasets and classification of hyperspectral images including Indian Pines, University of Pavia, and Salinas respectively, are used testify the performance of the proposed MRKELM method.

Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Bach FR, Lanckriet GR, Jordan MI (2004) Multiple kernel learning, conic duality, and the smo algorithm. In: Proceedings of the twenty-first international conference on Machine learning, ACM, p 6
Bazi Y, Alajlan N, Melgani F, AlHichri H, Malek S, Yager RR (2014) Differential evolution extreme learning machine for the classification of hyperspectral images. Geosci Remote Sens Lett IEEE 11(6):1066–1070
Bellocchio F, Ferrari S, Piuri V, Borghese NA (2012) Hierarchical approach for multiscale support vector regression. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 23(9):1448–1460
Bencherif M, Bazi Y, Guessoum A, Alajlan N, Melgani F, AlHichri H (2015) Fusion of extreme learning machine and graph-based optimization methods for active classification of remote sensing images. Geosci Remote Sens Lett IEEE 12(3):527–531
Camps-Valls G, Bruzzone L (2005) Kernel-based methods for hyperspectral image classification. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 43(6):1351–1362
Cao W, Wang X, Ming Z, Gao J (2018) A review on neural networks with random weights. Neurocomputing 275:278–287
Chen X, Guo N, Ma Y, Chen G (2012) More efficient sparse multi-kernel based least square support vector machine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 70–78
Deng WY, Ong YS, Zheng QH (2016) A fast reduced kernel extreme learning machine. Neural Netw 76:29–38
Duan L, Tsang IW, Xu D (2012) Domain transfer multiple kernel learning. IEEE Trans Patt Anal Mach Intell 34(3):465–479
Gnen M, Alpaydn E (2011) Multiple kernel learning algorithms. J Mach Learn Res 12:2211–2268
Grigorievskiy A, Miche Y, Ventel AM, Sverin E, Lendasse A (2014) Long-term time series prediction using op-elm. Neural Netw 51:50–56
Gu Y, Wang C, You D, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhang Y (2012) Representative multiple kernel learning for classification in hyperspectral imagery. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 50(7):2852–2865
Gu Y, Liu T, Jia X, Benediktsson JA, Chanussot J (2016) Nonlinear multiple kernel learning with multiple-structure-element extended morphological profiles for hyperspectral image classification. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 54(6):3235–3247
Huang G, Zhu Q, Siew C (2006) Extreme learning machine: theory and applications. Neurocomputing 70(1–3):489–501
Huang G, Wang D, Lan Y (2011) Extreme learning machines: a survey. Int J Mach Learn Cybern 2(2):107–122
Huang GB, Zhou H, Ding X, Zhang R (2012) Extreme learning machine for regression and multiclass classification. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B Cybern 42(2):513–529
Huang Z, Wang X (2018) Sensitivity of data matrix rank in non-iterative training. Neurocomputing 313:386–391
Iosifidis A, Tefas A, Pitas I (2013) Minimum class variance extreme learning machine for human action recognition. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 23(11):1968–1979
Jaeger H, Haas H (2004) Harnessing nonlinearity: predicting chaotic systems and saving energy in wireless communication. Science 304(5667):78
Kourentzes N, Petropoulos F, Trapero JR (2014) Improving forecasting by estimating time series structural components across multiple frequencies. Int J Forecast 30(2):291–302
Li J, Huang X, Gamba P, Bioucas-Dias JM, Zhang L, Benediktsson JA, Plaza A (2015) Multiple feature learning for hyperspectral image classification. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 53(3):1592–1606
Lichman M (2013) UCI machine learning repository. http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml
Liu X, Gao C, Li P (2012) A comparative analysis of support vector machines and extreme learning machines. Neural Netw 33:58–66
Lorente D, Aleixos N, Gómez-Sanchis J, Cubero S, Blasco J (2013) Selection of optimal wavelength features for decay detection in citrus fruit using the roc curve and neural networks. Food Bioproc Technol 6(2):530–541
Miche Y, Sorjamaa A, Bas P, Simula O, Jutten C, Lendasse A (2010) Op-elm: optimally pruned extreme learning machine. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 21(1):158–162
Mohammed A, Minhas R, Jonathan WuQ, Sid-Ahmed M (2011) Human face recognition based on multidimensional pca and extreme learning machine. Patt Recognit 44(10–11):2588–2597
Nizar A, Dong Z, Wang Y (2008) Power utility nontechnical loss analysis with extreme learning machine method. IEEE Trans Power Syst 23(3):946–955
Orabona F, Jie L, Caputo B (2012) Multi kernel learning with online-batch optimization. J Mach Learn 13:227–253
Plaza J, Plaza A, Perez R, Martinez P (2009) On the use of small training sets for neural network-based characterization of mixed pixels in remotely sensed hyperspectral images. Patt Recognit 42(11):3032–3045
Qiu S, Lane T (2009) A framework for multiple kernel support vector regression and its applications to sirna efficacy prediction. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinf 6(2):190–199
Rakotomamonjy A, Bach F, Canu S (2007) More efficiency in multiple kernel learning. In: International conference on machine learning, pp 775–782
Rakotomamonjy A, Bach F, Canu S, Grandvalet Y (2008) Simplemkl. J Mach Learn Res 9:2491–2521
Rong H, Huang G, Sundararajan N, Saratchandran P (2009) Online sequential fuzzy extreme learning machine for function approximation and classification problems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B Cybern 39(4):1067–1072
Samat A, Du P, Liu S, Li J, Cheng L (2014) E2lm: ensemble extreme learning machines for hyperspectral image classification. IEEE J Select Topics Appl Earth Observ Remote Sens 7(4):1060–1069
Shi Z, Han M (2009) \(\gamma\)-c plane and robustness in static reservoir for nonlinear regression estimation. Neurocomputing 72(7):1732–1743
Smola AJ, Schölkopf B (2004) A tutorial on support vector regression. Stat Comput 14(3):199–222
Song Y, Zheng YT, Tang S, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Lin S, Chua TS (2011) Localized multiple kernel learning for realistic human action recognition in videos. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 21(9):1193–1202
Subrahmanya N, Shin YC (2010) Sparse multiple kernel learning for signal processing applications. IEEE Trans Patt Anal Mach Intell 32(5):788–798
Wang X, Cao W (2018) Non-iterative approaches in training feed-forward neural networks and their applications. Soft Comput 22(11):3473–3476
Wang X, Zhang T, Wang R (2018a) Noniterative deep learning: incorporating restricted Boltzmann machine into multilayer random weight neural networks. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst 1–10
Wang XZ, Wang R, Xu C (2018b) Discovering the relationship between generalization and uncertainty by incorporating complexity of classification. IEEE Trans Cybern 48(2):703–715
Wang Z, Wang X (2018) A deep stochastic weight assignment network and its application to chess playing. J Parallel Distrib Comput 117:205–211
Widodo A, Budi I (2012) Multi layer kernel learning for time series forecasting. In: 2012 international conference on advanced computer science and information systems (ICACSIS), IEEE, pp 313–318
Wilamowski B, Yu H (2010) Neural network learning without backpropagation. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 21(11):1793–1803
Xue J, Liu Q, Li M, Liu X, Ye Y, Wang S, Yin J (2018) Incremental multiple kernel extreme learning machine and its application in robo-advisors. Soft Comput 22(11):3507–3517
Yang S, Jin H, Yang L, Xu W, Jiao L (2014) Compressive sensing-inspired dual-sparse slfnn for hyperspectral imagery classification. Geosci Remote Sens Lett IEEE 11(1):220–224
Ye Y, Squartini S, Piazza F (2012) On-line extreme learning machine for training time-varying neural networks. Bio-Inspired Comput Appl 6840:49–54
Yu S, Falck T, Daemen A, Tranchevent LC, Suykens JA, De Moor B, Moreau Y (2010) L2-norm multiple kernel learning and its application to biomedical data fusion. BMC Bioinf 11(1):309
Yu S, Tranchevent LC, De Moor B, Moreau Y (2011) L n-norm multiple kernel learning and least squares support vector machines. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 39–88
Zhang L, He Z, Liu Y (2017a) Deep object recognition across domains based on adaptive extreme learning machine. Neurocomputing 239:194–203
Zhang L, Liu Y, Deng P (2017b) Odor recognition in multiple e-nose systems with cross-domain discriminative subspace learning. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 66(7):1679–1692
Zhang L, Wang X, Huang GB, Liu T, Tan X (2018a) Taste recognition in e-tongue using local discriminant preservation projection. IEEE Trans Cybern 1–14
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhou G, Jin J, Wang B, Wang X, Cichocki A (2018b) Multi-kernel extreme learning machine for eeg classification in brain-computer interfaces. Expert Syst Appl 96:302–310
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant no. 61374154 and the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant no. 2013CB430403.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lv, F., Han, M. Hyperspectral image classification based on multiple reduced kernel extreme learning machine. Int. J. Mach. Learn. & Cyber. 10, 3397–3405 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-019-00926-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-019-00926-5