| official_name = Drvar

| native_name = Дрвар

| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Town]] and [[Municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina|municipality]]

| image_skyline = Drvar Total View.jpg

| image_caption = Drvar

| subdivision_type1 subdivision_type = [[CountriesList of thesovereign worldstates|Country]]

| subdivision_type2 subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Entity]]

| subdivision_name2 subdivision_name1 = [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]

| subdivision_type3 subdivision_type2 = [[Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Canton]]

| subdivision_name3 subdivision_name2 = [[Canton 10]]

| utc_offset_DSTimage_map = BiH municipality location = +2Drvar.svg

| leader_title pushpin_map = Municipality president

| image_shield pushpin_mapsize =

| area_total_km2timezone = [[Central European = 589.3Time|CET]]

| elevation_m utc_offset = 480+1

| population_totaltimezone_DST = [[Central European Summer = 7506Time|CEST]]

| population_footnotes utc_offset_DST = +2

| population_as_of leader_title = 2013 censusMunicipal mayor

| population_density_km2leader_name = autoDušica Runić

| pushpin_mapleader_party = [[Alliance of Independent Social = Democrats|SNSD]]

| pushpin_map_caption area_total_km2 = 589.3

| pushpin_mapsize elevation_m = 480

| partspopulation_as_of = 2013 = census

| image_map area_code = BiH municipality location+387 Drvar.svg34

'''Drvar''' ({{Lang-sr-Cyrl|Дрвар}}, {{IPA-|sh|dř̩ʋaːr|pron}}) is a town and municipality located in [[Canton 10]] of the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], an entity of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. The 2013 census registered the municipality as having a population of 7,506036.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naseljena Mjesta 1991/2013 |url=http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=11614 |publisher=[[Statistical Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |accessdate=September 12, 2021 |language=Bosnian |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507092208/http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=11614 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is situated in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the road between [[Bosansko Grahovo]] and [[Bosanski Petrovac]], and also near [[Glamoč]].

Drvar lies in thea vast valley, the southeastern part of [[Bosanska Krajina]], between the [[Osječanica]], [[Klekovača]], Vijenca and [[Šator]] mountains of the [[Dinaric Alps]]. The southeastsoutheastern side of the boundary extends from the Šator over Jadovnikathe Jadovnik, Uilicethe Ujilica and descends to the Lipovo and the [[Una (Sava)|Una]] River.

This extremely hilly region comprising the town of Drvar and the numerous outlying villages covers approximately 1,030 square kilometers (640400 square miles). The town itself is mainly spread out from the left side of the river Unac, and its elevation is approximately 480 meters (1,574 feet).

The word Drvar stems from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word "''[[wikt:drvo|drvo]]''" which means "'wood"'. During the period of [[SFR Yugoslavia]], Drvar was named ''Titov Drvar'' in honor of [[Josip Broz Tito]].

[[File:MANASTIR RMANJ.JPG|281x281px|thumb|[[Rmanj Monastery]] from latethe 15th16th century]]

The first writings on Drvar date back to the 9th century. In the first half of the 16th century (approximately 1530) residents of this area, under the leadership of a Vojnović from [[Glamoč]], migrated to the surroundings of Zagreb (Metlika Zumberak and four surrounding villages). The greater area was populated in Roman Times as evidenced by the remains of Roman roads and signposts.

In 1878 Drvar, along with the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was [[Austro-Hungarian occupationrule ofin Bosnia and Herzegovina|subjugated to Austro-Hungarian rule]]. Around 1893 German industrialist {{ill|Otto von Steinbeis|de}} leased the right to exploit fir and spruce forests in the mountains of Klekovača, Lunjevače, Srnetica and Osječenica. Steinbeis operated in the area until 1918 when, after the [[First World War]], the company was taken over by the new [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav state.]] During the 25 years that Steinbeis operated in the area, he created athe complete infrastructure for processing forest products including the construction of modern lumber mills in Drvar and [[Dobrljin]], and the construction of a network of roads and, 400&nbsp;km of a narrow-gauge railway, and telephone and telegraph lines.<ref>[http://othes.univie.ac.at/417/1/02-12-2008_8606753.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006143946/http://othes.univie.ac.at/417/1/02-12-2008_8606753.pdf|date=2011-10-06}}, Helga Berdan: Die Machtpolitik Österreich-Ungarns und der Eisenbahnbau in Bosnien-Herzegowina 1872–1914, Magisterarbeit, Wien 2008</ref> During this time Drvar grew into an industrial town employing approximately 2,800 personspeople in which homes, hospitals, restaurants, cafecafes and retails shops were built. Additional factories appeared in Drvar, including a cellulose factory openedfounded by Alphons Simunius Blumer.

Eventually, poor labor conditions led to the first organized strikes in Drvar in 1906. These strikes continued until 1911 when the Austro-Hungarian Empire banned all such activities.

On April 10 April, [[Ustaše]], aligned with [[Nazi]] Germany, declared the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) and claimed as part of its territory the entire area known asof [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. In Drvar, this resulted in the beginning of the presence of the Ustaše government, the movement chiefly responsible for the World War II Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia in which Serbs, Jews, Roma, Croat and Bosniak resistance members and political opponents were sent to concentration camps and killed. In the beginning the Ustaše contingent in Drvar consisted of the Croatian population residing in Drvar, but they were soon reinforced by others who came from outside Drvar.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

In June 1941 Ustaše arrested a large group of prominent Drvar citizens, and took them to Risovac near Bosanski Petrovac, where they were tortured, killed and thrown into a pit.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} After the Ustaše imprisoned all Serb men from Drvar during June and July 1941, they began with the preparation to imprison and kill all Serbs from Drvar, regardless of their age and sex, including all women and children.<ref>{{harv|Dedijer|Miletić|1989|p=221}}:"Posle odvođenja Srba muškaraca iz Drvara u toku juna i jula 1941 god počele su ustaške vlasti vršiti pripreme za odvođenje i ubistvo svih Srba iz Drvara bez razlike u pogledu pola i starosti: bilo je predviđeno da se imaju pobiti i sve žene i sva deca."</ref>

The genocidal activities of the Ustaše forced the targeted Serb population to organize an uprising known as [[Drvar uprising]]. The rebels were organized into the Kamenički, Javorje, Crljivičko-zaglavički, Boboljusko-cvjetnički, Trubarski, Mokronog and Tičevski, and Grahovo area Grahovsko-resanovski guerrilla detachments (from the [[Bosansko Grahovo|Grahovo]] area).{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

In more recent history, Drvar is perhaps most famous as the location of a daring [[airdrop]] [[raid on Drvar]], codenamed "[[Operation Rösselsprung (1944)|Operation Rösselsprung]]", on May 25, May 1944, by Nazi German invaders, in an attempt to assassinate [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]]. Tito, the main [[Yugoslav Partisan|Partisan]] commander, was sheltered in the Partisan General Staff headquarters in what is now called "Tito's Cave" in the hills near Drvar at the time.

During the 4 years and 1 monthsmonth of the war, Drvar was under occupation for just 390 days. 767 Drvar civilians were killed and only 13 pre-war houses still stood. Approximately 93% of the infrastructure of the town was destroyed, and the livestock population had been reduced by more than 80%.

Drvar was first occupied by the German army in April 1941, followed shortly thereafter by the [[Kingdom of Italy|Italians]]. Drvar continued to experience fierce fighting through mid-1942 when the last of the German and Italian forces were expelled. The Germans re-entered Drvar in 1943 and left it a burned ruin when they departed.

During the summer of 1941, the [[Chetniks]] expelled and killed the [[Croats|Croat]] and(mostly [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]) civilians in the Drvar area. The most significant event was the [[Trubar massacre]], a civilian massacre committed by the Chetniks on 27 July 1941.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Čutura |first1=Vlado |title=Rađa se novi život na mučeničkoj krvi |url=http://www.glas-koncila.hr/index.php?option=com_php&Itemid=41&news_ID=22942 |website=Glas Koncila |accessdateaccess-date=30 December 2015 |archive-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131062638/http://www.glas-koncila.hr/index.php?option=com_php&Itemid=41&news_ID=22942 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vukšić |first1=Tomo |title="Dan ustanka" - ubojstvo župnika iz Drvara i Bosanskog Grahova |url=http://www.katolicki-tjednik.com/vijest.asp?n_UID=1598 |website=Katolički tjednik |accessdateaccess-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310123301/http://www.katolicki-tjednik.com/vijest.asp?n_UID=1598 |archivedatearchive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

In the years following the war, Drvar was rebuilt, its timber industry restored, and new metal, fabrication, and carpet industries developed. Eventually, electricity was brought to outlying villages. Over time, it became a tourist destination attracting approximately 200,000 visitors a year, primarily to Tito's Cave, and on November 24, 1981, Drvar changed its name to Titov Drvar.

In September 1995, Drvar, (as well as some other municipalities), was taken over by Croatian forces, and the Serb population fled. Many of them moved to [[Banja Luka]]. During this period, Drvar was nearly deserted. Leading up to 1995, Drvar was populated almost entirely by Bosnian Serbs. During the [[Bosnian War]] between 1992 and 1995, Drvar was controlled by what is now called the [[Republika Srpska]].

On 3 August 1995, the [[Armed Forces of Croatia|Croatian Armed Forces]] with the help of [[Croatian Defence Council|Bosnian Croats]] began shelling Drvar, from the mountain of Šator. Two Drvar citizens were killed and older men and women began to evacuate to Petrovac. One day later, the Croatian Government armed forces began "Operation Storm", called by European Union Special Envoy to the Former Yugoslavia Carl Bildt, "the most efficient ethnic cleansing we've seen in the Balkans",<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BInS_EkHIUsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false/ Pearl, Daniel (2002), At Home in the World: Collected Writings from The Wall Street Journal, Simon and Schuster, p. 224] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031001441/https://books.google.com/books?id=BInS_EkHIUsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false/ |date=2016-10-31 }} {{ISBN|0-7432-4415-X}}</ref> in the "Dalmatinska zagora" region of Croatia, and columns of hundreds of thousands of refugees in cars, on tractors, wagons and on foot began to pass through Drvar as they fled their homes in Croatia. The shelling onof the outlying areas of Drvar by the Croatian Government forces washad renewedreoccured and continued for days.

In late 1995, after the [[Dayton Agreement|Dayton Peace Accord]] was signed, Drvar became part of the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], after which Croat politicians enticed up to 6,000 Bosnian Croats, mainly displaced persons from central Bosnia, to move to Drvar, by promising such things as jobs and keys to vacant homes. A further 2,500 Croat [[Croatian Defence Council|HVO]] troops and their families were stationed there, also occupying the homes of displaced Bosnian Serb citizens.<ref name="impunity">[[International Crisis Group]], [http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/files/europe/balkans/bosnia-herzegovina/bosnia%2019.ashx Impunity in Drvar] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212025944/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/files/europe/balkans/bosnia-herzegovina/bosnia%2019.ashx |date=February 12, 2011 }}, 20 August 1998</ref> This drastically changed the population and from 1995 to 1999 the population was primarily Croatian.

In 1996, small numbers of Serbs began to tryattempted to return to their homes but faced harassment and discrimination by the Croats. TheNonetheless, returnthey continued nonethelessto return despite the ongoing looting and burning of their homes infrom 1996 to 1996–19981998.<ref>[[International Crisis Group]], [http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/Bosnia%209.ashx House Burnings: Obstruction of the Right to Return to Drvar] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210050252/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/Bosnia%209.ashx |date=February 10, 2011 }}, 16 June 1997, accessed April 2011</ref>

In 1998, Croat opposition to the return of displaced Bosnian Serb citizens culminated in riots and murders. Buildings and houses were torched, United Nations International Police Task Force personnel, [[SFOR]] personnel and Mayor, Mile Marceta (elected with Serb refugee votes) were attacked, and two displaced elderly Serbs who had recently returned to Drvar were murdered.<ref name="impunity" /><ref>[[UNHCR]], [http://www.unhcr.org/3c6913a14.pdf Drvar: Bosnia's Don Quixote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914044051/http://www.unhcr.org/3c6913a14.pdf |date=2011-09-14 }}, ''Refugees vol 1, 1999,'' p 114, accessed April 2011</ref>

Much of the damage done to the town of Drvar was done not during the war, but during its subsequent occupation by Croat civilians and military personnel as the homes and businessbusinesses of displaced Bosnian Serbs attempting to return to Drvar were looted and burned. The local government and companies, the few that exist, are dominated by the Croats, and Serbs have difficulty finding employment.

Since the end of the Bosnian War, about 5,000 Bosnian Serb residents have returned to Drvar.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} However, unemployment in the town stands at 80% and many residents blame the government of the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] for the poor economic situation.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=BBC BBC| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21664488| author= | title= Bosnia town holds 'funeral' to protest at unemployment| |date= 4 March 2013| accessdate|access-date= 6 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308040305/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21664488 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| |publisher=RTS| |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/11/Region/1371710/Dejtonska+sudbina+Drvara+.html| |title=Dejtonska sudbina Drvara| |date=3 August 2013| accessdate|access-date=4 August 2013 |archive-date=6 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806032715/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/11/Region/1371710/Dejtonska+sudbina+Drvara+.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2019, the [[President of Serbia]] [[Aleksandar Vučić]] made an official visit to Drvar, along with the [[List of members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serb Member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[Milorad Dodik]].<ref name="vucic2019">{{cite news |title=Vučić: Jedinstveni za opstanak; Ne mešam se u unutrašnje stvari BiH |url=https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2019&mm=09&dd=13&nav_category=11&nav_id=1590968 |accessdateaccess-date=13 September 2019 |work=b92.net |agency=Tanjug |date=13 September 2019 |language=Serbiansr |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922093810/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2019&mm=09&dd=13&nav_category=11&nav_id=1590968 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Bastasi, (Drvar)|Bastasi]]

* [[BoboljusciBrda, Drvar|Brda]]

* [[Drvar Selo]]

* [[Kamenica, (Drvar)|Kamenica]]

* [[Ljeskovica, (Drvar)|Ljeskovica]]

* [[MaliMokronoge, CvjetnićDrvar|Mokronoge]]

* [[MaloMotike, OčijevoDrvar|Motike]]

* [[Podovi, (Drvar)|Podovi]]

* [[Potoci, (Drvar)|Potoci]]

* [[Trubar, (Drvar)|Trubar]]

* [[Vrtoče, (Drvar)|Vrtoče]]

=== Population ===

[[File:Drvar, sportovní stadion.jpg|thumb|220px|SportA sports stadium]]

[[File:Drvar, plavecký bazén.jpg|thumb|220px|An Olympic pool]]

Drvar was already well known in the Austrian-Hungarian era due to the high-quality wood coming from that area. The Drvar area is still one of the largest logging and wood-processing environments in BiH. One of the major problems in this area is the widespread corruption connected to this wood-processing industry. It is estimated that during 2004 about 110,000m ³ of wood 'disappeared'. Average price of 1m ³ of timber (second class) is about 100&nbsp;BAM (100 Convertible MarkMarks = 49.5 Euros).

A "Desant na Drvar" is a movie made about the German attack on Drvar. There are still some locations in area, which were heavily fought over in that period, that still seem to be untouched by time.

Famous landmarks include "Tito's Cave" and the so-called "Citadel". At the latter mentioned location one can find an AustrianAustro-Hungarian cemetery (in a very poor state) which may contain somean (unknown) number of German soldiers buried after the attack of 1944. On this spot thereThere is also a Roman road sign (+/- ~100 AD). Another one can be found on the way to [[Bosanski Petrovac]] near [[Zaglavica]].

* [[SašaAndrea AdamovićArsović]], doctor ofsport cryptologyshooter

* [[DejanSaša Matić]], singer

* [[Canton 10]]

== Sources==

* {{official website|http://www.opstinadrvar.net}}