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{{short description|Experimental therapy}}
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{{Redirect|Young blood|other uses|Youngblood (disambiguation){{!}}Youngblood}}
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'''Young blood transfusion''' refers to [[blood transfusion|transfusing blood]] specifically from a young person into an older one with the intention of creating a health benefit.<ref name="sbm">{{cite news|url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/parabiosis-the-next-snakeoil/|title=Parabiosis – The Next Snakeoil| vauthors = Novella S |author-link=Steven Novella|date=3 August 2016|work=Science-Based Medicine}}</ref> The efficacy and safety of young blood transfusions for anti-aging purposes remain a subject of debate in the scientific community, with limited clinical evidence in humans.<ref name=sbm/><ref name="sciam">{{cite web| vauthors = Robbins R |title=Young-Blood Transfusions Are on the Menu at Society Gala|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/young-blood-transfusions-are-on-the-menu-at-society-gala/|website=Scientific American|access-date=26 May 2018|language=en|date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name=FDA2019/> There are also concerns of harm.<ref name=FDA2019/> While some preclinical studies on animals suggest potential benefits, there is a lack of robust clinical evidence to support its use in humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Conboy IM, Conboy MJ, Wagers AJ, Girma ER, Weissman IL, Rando TA | title = Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment | journal = Nature | volume = 433 | issue = 7027 | pages = 760–764 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15716955 | doi = 10.1038/nature03260 | bibcode = 2005Natur.433..760C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinha M, Jang YC, Oh J, Khong D, Wu EY, Manohar R, Miller C, Regalado SG, Loffredo FS, Pancoast JR, Hirshman MF, Lebowitz J, Shadrach JL, Cerletti M, Kim MJ, Serwold T, Goodyear LJ, Rosner B, Lee RT, Wagers AJ | title = Restoring systemic GDF11 levels reverses age-related dysfunction in mouse skeletal muscle | journal = Science | volume = 344 | issue = 6184 | pages = 649–652 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24797481 | doi = 10.1126/science.1251152 | pmc = 4104429 | bibcode = 2014Sci...344..649S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Villeda SA, Plambeck KE, Middeldorp J, Castellano JM, Mosher KI, Luo J, Smith LK, Bieri G, Lin K, Berdnik D, Wabl R, Udeochu J, Wheatley EG, Zou B, Simmons DA, Xie XS, Longo FM, Wyss-Coray T | title = Young blood reverses age-related impairments in cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in mice | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 659–663 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24793238 | pmc = 4224436 | doi = 10.1038/nm.3569 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Katsimpardi L, Litterman NK, Schein PA, Miller CM, Loffredo FS, Wojtkiewicz GR, Chen JW, Lee RT, Wagers AJ, Rubin LL | title = Vascular and neurogenic rejuvenation of the aging mouse brain by young systemic factors | journal = Science | volume = 344 | issue = 6184 | pages = 630–634 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24797482 | pmc = 4123747 | doi = 10.1126/science.1251141 | bibcode = 2014Sci...344..630K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mccay CM, Pope F, Lunsford W, Sperling G, Sambhavaphol P | title = Parabiosis between old and young rats | journal = Gerontologia | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–17 | date = 1957 | pmid = 13405201 | doi = 10.1159/000210677 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Horvath S, Singh K, Raj K, Khairnar SI, Sanghavi A, Shrivastava A, Zoller JA, Li CZ, Herenu CB, Canatelli-Mallat M, Lehmann M, Habazin S, Novokmet M, Vučković F, Solberg Woods LC, Martinez AG, Wang T, Chiavellini P, Levine AJ, Chen H, Brooke RT, Gordevicius J, Lauc G, Goya RG, Katcher HL | title = Reversal of biological age in multiple rat organs by young porcine plasma fraction | journal = GeroScience | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 367–394 | date = February 2024 | pmid = 37875652 | pmc = 10828479 | doi = 10.1007/s11357-023-00980-6 }}</ref> The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]], in 2019, cautioned "consumers against receiving young donor plasma infusions" stating that they are an "unproven treatment".<ref name=FDA2019/>
== Research ==
Experiments beginning in the 1950s in the [[Cornell University]] lab of [[Clive McCay]] on pairs of old and young rodents placed into [[parabiosis]]
A study conducted at UC Berkeley found that when delivered alone, blood from older mice was more inhibitory to the regenerative capacities of younger mice than blood from younger mice was beneficial to older ones, and that the benefit of young blood in older mice was less than had been observed when older mice were subjected to parabiosis.<ref name="Rebp2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rebo J, Mehdipour M, Gathwala R, Causey K, Liu Y, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM | title = A single heterochronic blood exchange reveals rapid inhibition of multiple tissues by old blood | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 7 | pages = 13363 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27874859 | pmc = 5121415 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms13363 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2016NatCo...713363R }}</ref><ref name="pmid32474458">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mehdipour M, Skinner C, Wong N, Lieb M, Liu C, Etienne J, Kato C, Kiprov D, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM | title = Rejuvenation of three germ layers tissues by exchanging old blood plasma with saline-albumin | journal = Aging | volume = 12 | issue = 10 | pages = 8790–8819 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32474458 | pmc = 7288913 | doi = 10.18632/aging.103418 }}</ref> Replacing plasma of old mice with saline and albumin from young mice was sufficient to rejuvenate brain, liver, and muscle.<ref name="pmid32474458" /> A 2020 review of plasma components that change with age identified several candidate anti-aging and pro-aging factors.<ref name="pmid33197235">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kang JS, Yang YR | title = Circulating plasma factors involved in rejuvenation | journal = Aging | volume = 12 | issue = 22 | pages = 23394–23408 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33197235 | pmc = 7746393 | doi = 10.18632/aging.103933 }}</ref>
In experiments like this, researchers found that some of the parabiosed died quickly (11 out of 69 in one experiment) for reasons the scientists could not explain, but described as possibly some form of [[immune rejection]];<ref name="Conboy2013"/><ref name="sbm" /> most such cases were the young parabiont.<ref name="Conboy2013"/>. [[Amy Wagers]], a researcher who coauthored several mouse studies on young blood transfusion, has said that her papers do not provide a scientific basis for some of the existing human trials.<ref name="sciam"/>▼
▲In experiments like this, researchers found that some of the parabiosed died quickly (11 out of 69 in one experiment) for reasons the scientists could not explain, but described as possibly some form of [[immune rejection]];<ref name="Conboy2013"/><ref name="sbm" /> most such cases were the young parabiont.<ref name="Conboy2013"/>
A review of studies on donor age for whole blood transfusions reported that blood from donors under the age of 20 years, when compared to donors aged 20–60 years, resulted in a modestly higher risk of death in the recipients.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Edgren G, Ullum H, Rostgaard K, Erikstrup C, Sartipy U, Holzmann MJ, Nyrén O, Hjalgrim H |title=Association of Donor Age and Sex With Survival of Patients Receiving Transfusions |journal=JAMA Intern Med |volume=177 |issue=6 |pages=854–60 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28437543 |pmc=5540056 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0890 |url=}}</ref> However, other studies have found no effect of age.<ref name="Vasan2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vasan SK, Chiesa F, Rostgaard K, Magnusson PK, Halmin M, Nielsen KR, Titlestad KE, Hjalgrim H, Edgren G |title=Vasan SK, Chiesa F, Rostgaard K, Magnusson PK, Halmin M, Nielsen KR, Titlestad KE, Hjalgrim H, Edgren|journal=Blood |date=February 4, 2016 |volume=127 |issue=5 |pages=658-61 |doi=10.1182/blood-2015-11-683862 |pmid=26702060 |url=https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/127/5/658/35090/Lack-of-association-between-blood-donor-age-and |accessdate=30 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Guinn2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guinn NR, Waldron NH, Cooter ML, Goldberg CL, Kertai MD, Raghunathan K, Bandarenko N, Hoffman M, Bennett-Guerrero E |title=No association between donor age and recipient outcomes: transfusion of plasma in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery |journal=Transfusion |date=July 2016 |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=1723-9 |doi=10.1111/trf.13616 |pmid=27105928 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/trf.13616 |accessdate=30 July 2020}}</ref> Research on blood transfusion outcomes has been complicated by the lack of careful characterization of the transfusion products that have been used in clinical trials; studies had focused on how storage methods and duration might affect blood, but not on the differences among lots of blood themselves.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ning|first1=S|last2=Heddle|first2=NM |last3=Acker |first3=JP|date=January 2018|title=Exploring donor and product factors and their impact on red cell post-transfusion outcomes.|journal=Transfusion Medicine Reviews|volume=32|issue=1|pages=28–35|doi=10.1016/j.tmrv.2017.07.006|pmid=28988603}}</ref>▼
▲A review of studies on donor age for whole blood transfusions reported that blood from donors under the age of 20 years, when compared to donors aged 20–60 years, resulted in a modestly higher risk of death in the recipients.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Edgren G, Ullum H, Rostgaard K, Erikstrup C, Sartipy U, Holzmann MJ, Nyrén O, Hjalgrim H | title = Association of Donor Age and Sex With Survival of Patients Receiving Transfusions | journal = JAMA
==Commercial development==▼
In February 2019 the FDA warned about companies offering young blood transfusions stating: "simply put, we’re concerned that some patients are being preyed upon by unscrupulous actors touting treatments of plasma from young donors as cures and remedies. Such treatments have no proven clinical benefits for the uses for which these clinics are advertising them and are potentially harmful. There are reports of bad actors charging thousands of dollars for infusions that are unproven and not guided by evidence from adequate and well-controlled trials. The promotion of plasma for these unproven purposes could also discourage patients suffering from serious or intractable illnesses from receiving safe and effective treatments that may be available to them."<ref name=FDA2019>{{cite web |title=Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., and Director of FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D., cautioning consumers against receiving young donor plasma infusions that are promoted as unproven treatment for varying conditions |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm631568.htm |website=FDA |accessdate=20 February 2019 |date=19 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=ars/>▼
Another approach to achieving "younger" blood is to rejuvenate blood-producing [[stem cells]] in the [[bone marrow]]. A 2023 study reported that the existing rheumatoid arthritis drug [[anakinra]] blocked [[IL-1B]] in elderly mice and returned those cells to a more youthful state.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Irving M |date=2023-02-06 |title=Arthritis drug mimics "young blood" transfusions to reverse aging in mice |url=https://newatlas.com/medical/arthritis-drug-young-blood-reverses-aging-mice/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref>
▲== Commercial development ==
▲In February 2019 the FDA
=== Ambrosia ===
A startup company, Ambrosia, has been selling "young blood transfusions" for $8,000 since 2016
On February 19, 2019, Ambrosia announced it stopped testing the treatment, responding to concerns from the FDA.<ref name=ars>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/02/blood-of-the-young-wont-spare-rich-old-people-from-sadness-and-death-fda-says/|title=Blood of the young won't spare rich old people from sadness and death, FDA says|
=== Alkahest ===
Another company, Alkahest, was founded based on the Stanford rodent studies. As of 2017 it is collaborating with European pharmaceutical company [[Grifols]] to create a [[blood plasma]]-based experimental [[Biopharmaceutical#Extracted from living systems|biologic]] drug which they propose to test on people with [[Alzheimer's]].<ref name="Trends20173"/><ref>{{cite journal |
=== Maharaj
The Maharaj Institute led by Dr. Dipnarine Maharaj MD, a Florida licensed physician, is currently running a clinical trial to test whether using G-CSF (Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor) stem cell mobilized young blood plasma can treat symptoms of frailty in patients aged 55 to 95.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ClinicalTrials.gov |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03458429?term=Dipnarine%20Maharaj&rank=1 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=clinicaltrials.gov}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Miranda |first=Danny |title=Home - The Maharaj Institute Regenerative Medicine Services |url=https://maharajinstitute.com/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=The Maharaj Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Participation in the trial is free of charge to the patients.<ref name=":0" /> This trial has been promoted by Bill Faloon, who founded the Life Extension Foundation.<ref name="sciam" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-12 |title=South Florida Church Pursues Eternal Life Through Cryonics, Inflaming Critics and the IRS |url=http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/south-florida-church-pursues-eternal-life-through-cryonics-inflaming-critics-and-the-irs-7608632 |access-date=2018-06-10 |work=Miami New Times |vauthors=Funcheon D}}</ref> The trial has received FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) and IRB approval for a Phase I/Phase II clinical trial as a single-arm study without a control group, which is not uncommon for Phase I/Phase II studies.<ref name=":0" /> Dr. Maharaj also has a program for hematopoietic progenitor stem cell and immune cell banking so that patients can preserve their cells for future use.<ref name=":1" />
=== Young Blood Institute ===
An organization called the Young Blood Institute has also run trials; these, however, involved exchange only of [[blood plasma]].<ref name=Wei2019>{{cite news|
==
*[[Bryan Johnson#Project Blueprint|Bryan Johnson]]: Tech Billionaire that attempted the practice as part of "Project Blueprint"
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{cite news
|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fountain-of-youth-young-blood-infusions-ldquo-rejuvenate-rdquo-old-mice/
|title=Fountain of Youth? Young Blood Infusions "Rejuvenate" Old Mice
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|first=Simon
|work=[[Scientific American]]
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}}
{{Pseudoscience}}
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
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