Wikipedia

Detransition

"Detrans" redirects here. For the short film, see Detrans (short film).

Detransition is the cessation or reversal of a transgender identification or of gender transition, temporarily or permanently, through social, legal, and/or medical means.[1] The term is distinct from the concept of 'regret', and the decision may be based on a shift in gender identity, or other reasons, such as health concerns, social or economic pressure, discrimination, stigma,[2] political beliefs,[3] or religious beliefs.[4]

Some studies use the term retransition rather than detransition.[5] Retransition is also commonly used to describe the resumption of transition or transgender identity following a detransition.[6]

The estimated prevalence of detransition varies depending on definitions and methodology, with estimates ranging from 1% to 8%.[7] Different methodological limitations afflict studies reporting low and high incidence, with some scholars arguing that detransition may be underestimated.[citation needed]Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,[8] politically controversial,[9] and inconsistent in the way they characterize the phenomenon.[10] Professional interest in the phenomenon has been met with contention, and some scholars have argued there is censorship around the topic.[11]

Some former detransitioners regret detransitioning and choose to retransition later.[5][not in body] Some organizations with ties to conversion therapy have used detransition narratives to push transphobic rhetoric and legislation.[12]

Background and terminology

Gender transition, often shortened to just transition, is the process of a transgender person changing their gender expression and/or sex characteristics to accord with their internal sense of gender identity.[13] Methods of transition vary from person to person, but the process commonly involves social changes (such as clothing, personal name, and pronouns), legal changes (such as changes in legal name and legal gender), and medical/physical changes (such as hormone replacement therapy and gender-affirming surgery).

Detransition is the process of halting or reversing social, medical, or legal aspects of a gender transition, partially or completely. It can be temporary or permanent. Detransition and regret over transition are often erroneously conflated, though there are cases of detransition without regret and regret without detransition.[14] The terms "primary detransition" and "detransition with identity desistance" have been used to describe those who cease to identity as transgender, while "secondary detransition" and "detransition without identity desistance" are used for those who continue to identity as transgender.[14] Retransition is sometimes used as a synonym for detransition but more commonly refers to restarting or resuming a stopped or reversed gender transition.[14] Those who undergo detransition are commonly called detransitioners or detrans.[14]

Desistance has been commonly used in research literature but poorly defined. It is commonly being used to refer to children whose gender dysphoria subsides or who cease to identity as transgender during puberty. These definitions are often conflated. The definitions are primarily used to claim that transgender children who desist will identity as cisgender after puberty, based on biased research from the 1960s to 1980s and poor-quality research in the 2000s. It is sometimes used to refer to adults who ceased identifying as transgender prior to medically transitioning.[15][14]

The term detransition is controversial within the transgender community. According to Turban et al., this is because, as with the word transition, it carries an "incorrect implication that gender identity is contingent upon gender affirmation processes".[16] The term has become associated with movements that aim to restrict the access of transgender people to transition-related healthcare by over-emphasizing the risk of regret and detransition.[16][17]

Occurrence

Detransition has been heterogenously defined in the literature, but available estimates show a very low prevalance.[18][14][19] Politicization of the concept has created an atmosphere of censorship for detransitioners, transgender people, and medical professionals.[14] Some have argued that research should focus on supporting detransitioners rather than preventing detransition.[14]

A review in 2023 found estimates ranged from 0-13.1% for detransition or regret, 1.9%-29.8% for discontinuation of medical care, 0-2.4% for detransition or regret after surgery, and 0-9.8% for detransition or regret after surgery.[14] A review in 2024 analyzed detransition among those who received puberty blockers or cross-sex hormones. It found the studies used heterogenous methodologies and definitions of the term, with small time frames, low participation, and lack of consideration for patient-level data and confounding factors. The majority of studies were small cohorts from specialized gender clinics or were limited to pediatric/adolescent ages. Most were from the Netherlands, the USA, the United Kingdom and Denmark. It gave point-prevalence proportions of 1.6–9.8% for discontinuation of cross-sex hormone and 1–7.6% for discontinuation of puberty blockers among the transgender population. The review noted that the "current literature shows that the decision to detransition appears to be rare" and stated that estimates of those who detransition due to a change in identity are likely overinflated due to conflation between a change in identity and other reasons for discontinuation reported such as "financial barriers, side effects, poor compliance, social issues or goals of treatment met".[18]

A 2021 meta-analysis of 27 studies concluded that "there is an extremely low prevalence of regret in transgender patients after [gender-affirmation surgery]", with a pooled prevalence of 1%, with under 1% for transmasculine surgeries and under 2% for transfeminine ones.[19] A review in 2024 found a pooled prevalence of regret for gender-affirming surgeries was 1.94%, with 4.0% for transfeminine individuals and 0.8% for transmasculine ones.[20]

Reasons

Reasons for detransition vary and may include internal factors such as a changed understanding of their gender identity, regret, physical health concerns or side-effects, or remission of gender dysphoria, or having met the goals of treatment. External factors include financial or legal issues, social and familial stigma and discrimination, difficulty accessing medical treatment, or cultural and ideological pressures.[14][18] Some people detransition on a temporary basis, in order to accomplish a particular aim, such as having biologically related children, or until barriers to transition have been resolved or removed.[21] Transgender elders may also detransition out of concern for whether they can receive adequate or respectful care in later life.[22]

The National Center for Transgender Equality conducted a survey of individuals who identified as transgender.[23] The results published in the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey found that 8% of respondents reported having ever detransitioned; 62% of that group reported having subsequently retransitioned.[24] 33% reported detransitioning because it was too difficult, 31% due to discrimination, and 29% due to difficulty getting a job. Others reported the reason as being pressure from parents (about 36%), family members (26%), spouses (18%), and employers (17%).[2]

A mixed-methods analysis of the survey's data published in 2021 found that the vast majority said detransition was in part due to external factors, such as pressure from family, sexual assault, and nonaffirming school environments; another highly cited factor was "it was just too hard for me."[25]

Forced medical detransition

Some state legislatures in the United States have enacted or sought to enact laws which would force transgender people who were unable to flee to medically detransition by criminalizing or restricting their access to care.[26][27][28][29][30][31] Arkansas was the first US state to ban transgender healthcare for minors, which had increased to 26 by August 2024. States have also sought to ban such care for those under 26, restrict access for all ages, or limit public and private insurance coverage of it. In 2024, over 112 bills in 40 states proposed bans on trans healthcare for minors. A study by the Williams Institute found that approximately 114,000 transgender minors lived in states which banned transgender healthcare, and approximately 240,000 transgender minors lived in states that banned it or proposed banning it in 2024.[26]

In May 2024, leaked documents from the NHS suggested said that transgender youth who received gender-affirming care from unregulated or overseas advisors could be forced to choose between medical detransition or being subject to safeguarding referrals and investigations. The documents called for the approximately 6,000 youth on the waiting list for NHS gender-affirming care to be interviewed and advised per the recommendations of the Cass Review not to receive gender-affirming care obtained via routes without "appropriate care", and if they were found to disregard the advice in a way the provider considers to put them "at increased risk", then to make safeguarding referalls.[32][33]

Transgender prisoners are often forcibly detransitioned in many state and federal prisons within the US.[34][35][36] Transgender prisoners have been subject to the same in the UK.[37]

On March 12, 2023, a Saudi trans woman named Eden Knight died by suicide after being forcefully detransitioned. Knight wrote in a suicide note that her parents had hired an American private intelligence firm and a Saudi lawyer to relocate and forcibly socially and medically detransition her. After becoming dependent on the lawyer for food and shelter and fearing he would report her to U.S. immigration authorities, Knight wrote that she returned to her parents in Saudi Arabia. She secretly continued feminizing hormone replacement therapy, but after being found out twice she died by suicide.[38][39][40][41]

Clinical pathway

As of 2023, there were no clinical guidelines for detransition.[14] The World Professional Association for Transgender Health's 8th edition of its Standards of Care recommended that "health care professionals assessing adults who wish to detransition and seek gender-related hormone intervention, surgical intervention, or both, utilize a comprehensive multidisciplinary assessment that will include additional viewpoints from experienced health care professional in transgender health and that considers, together with the individual, the role of social transition as part of the assessment process".[42]

In August 2024, following recommendations in the Cass Review, NHS England announced plans for the first NHS service to support patients wishing to detransition. They said: "There is no defined clinical pathway in the NHS for individuals who are considering detransition. NHS England will establish a programme of work to explore the issues around a detransition pathway by October 2024."[43]

Cultural and political impact

Controversy surrounding detransition within trans activism primarily arises from how the subject is framed as a subject of moral panic in mainstream media and right-wing politics.[44] Detransition has attracted interest from both social conservatives on the political right and radical feminists on the political left. Activists on the right have been accused of using detransitioners' stories to further their work against trans rights.[45] On the left, some radical feminists see detransitioners' experiences as further proof of patriarchal enforcement of gender roles and medicalized erasure of gays and lesbians.[46] Other feminists have expressed disagreement with this opinion, referring to those who hold these beliefs as trans-exclusionary radical feminists (TERF).[47] This attention has elicited in detransitioners mixed feelings of both exploitation and support.[46][48]

In 2017, the Mazzoni Center's Philadelphia Trans Health Conference, which is an annual meeting of transgender people, advocates, and healthcare providers, canceled two panel discussions on detransition and alternate methods of working with gender dysphoria.[49] The conference organizers said, "When a topic becomes controversial, such as this one has turned on social media, there is a duty to make sure that the debate does not get out of control at the conference itself. After several days of considerations and reviewing feedback, the planning committee voted that the workshops, while valid, cannot be presented at the conference as planned."[50]

Many ex-gay and Christian Right affiliated organizations also promote programs aiming to discourage transition, promote reversal or desistence of transition, and to change individuals' gender identities. A key characteristic of these organizations are the construction of "transgenderism" as a sin against God or the natural order. In the 1970s, Exodus International platformed Perry Desmond, an "ex-transsexual" who evangelized throughout the US and supported Anita Bryant's Save Our Children campaign. Another prominent characteristic is ex-transgender testimonials, which depict "the transgender lifestyle" as destructive as opposed to contemplation of God and encourage other transgender people to join them. These organizations portray "gender ideology" and "transgender ideology" as a social contagion threatening to the natural order.[51]

Ky Schevers, an "ex-detransitioner" whose detransition was prominently profiled by Katie Herzog[52] and The Outline,[53] spoke about her experiences in a community of radical feminist detransitioned women, drawing parallels to the ex-gay movement and conversion therapy.[48] Parallels drawn include suppressing rather than addressing or removing the underlying dysphoria, stating that not only their gender dysphoria but everyone's dysphoria was a result of internalized sexism and trauma, and language from the twelve-step program being used to describe the desire to transition.[48]

Schevers noted that during the Bell v Tavistock ruling, her lawyer had connections to the right-wing and anti-LGBT-rights organization the Alliance Defending Freedom, which she described as pushing most of the anti-trans bills in the United States. Schevers later created Health Liberation Now! alongside Lee Leveille, who'd also previously been involved in detransition communities that were transphobic, to "give voice to folks who have complicated experiences with transition or detransition, retransition and shifting senses of self that goes beyond a lot of the TERFy areas that people are inevitably getting funnelled into". The group has reported on conversion therapy practices and maintains resources to help identify relationships between clinical conversion therapists and astroturfed campaigns led by anti-trans groups.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Davies, Skye; McIntyre, Stephen; Rypma, Craig (April 2019). Detransition rates in a national UK Gender Identity Clinic (PDF). 3rd Biennial EPATH Conference: Inside Matters, On Law, Ethics and Religion. EPATH. p. 118. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Boslaugh, Sarah (August 3, 2018). Transgender Health Issues. ABC-CLIO. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-4408-5888-8. Archived from the original on June 20, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  3. ^ Robinson, Max. Detransition: Beyond Before And After. Spinifex Press. p. 1-50.
  4. ^ Pray Away (Documentary). Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Alfonseca, Kiara (November 23, 2022). "Former 'detransitioner' fights anti-transgender movement she once backed". ABC News.
  6. ^ MacKinnon, Kinnon Ross; Expósito-Campos, Pablo; Gould, W. Ariel (June 14, 2023). "Detransition needs further understanding, not controversy". BMJ. 381: e073584. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-073584. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 10265220. PMID 37315956.
  7. ^ Hall, Mitchell & Sachdeva 2021, "Rates of detransitioning are unknown, with estimates ranging from less than 1% to 8%.".
  8. ^ *"There is a paucity of literature." Danker et al. 2018
    • "We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care." Zucker 2019
  9. ^ "[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial." Danker et al. 2018
  10. ^ Expósito-Campos, Pablo (January 10, 2021). "A Typology of Gender Detransition and Its Implications for Healthcare Providers". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 47 (3): 270–280. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2020.1869126. hdl:10810/51393. PMID 33427094. S2CID 231575978. The absence of systematic research around detransition has given rise to inconsistencies in its conceptual use and application, adding to the unclarity and confusion.
  11. ^ Shute 2017; BBC 2017; Borreli 2017; Stein 2009; Veissière 2018
  12. ^ a b Falk, Misha (August 4, 2022). "Health Liberation Now! is challenging the way anti-trans groups weaponize detransition narratives". Xtra. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  13. ^ Fenway Health 2010; Human Rights Campaign n.d.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Expósito-Campos, Pablo; Salaberria, Karmele; Pérez-Fernández, José Ignacio; Gómez-Gil, Esther (May 1, 2023). "Gender detransition: A critical review of the literature". Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría. 51 (3). Archived from the original on January 2, 2025.
  15. ^ Karrington, Baer (June 1, 2022). "Defining Desistance: Exploring Desistance in Transgender and Gender Expansive Youth Through Systematic Literature Review". Transgender Health. 7 (3): 189–212. doi:10.1089/trgh.2020.0129. ISSN 2688-4887. Archived from the original on January 2, 2025.
  16. ^ a b Turban, Jack L.; Loo, Stephanie S.; Almazan, Anthony N.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (June 1, 2021). "Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis". LGBT Health. 8 (4): 273–280. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437. ISSN 2325-8292. PMC 8213007. PMID 33794108.
  17. ^ Knox, Liam (December 19, 2019). "Media's 'detransition' narrative is fueling misconceptions, trans advocates say". Retrieved January 7, 2025.
  18. ^ a b c Feigerlova, Eva (December 27, 2024). "Prevalence of detransition in persons seeking gender-affirming hormonal treatments: a systematic review". The Journal of Sexual Medicine: qdae186. doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae186. ISSN 1743-6095.
  19. ^ a b Bustos, Valeria P.; Bustos, Samyd S.; Mascaro, Andres; Del Corral, Gabriel; Forte, Antonio J.; Ciudad, Pedro; Kim, Esther A.; Langstein, Howard N.; Manrique, Oscar J. (March 19, 2021). "Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. 9 (3): e3477. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477. ISSN 2169-7574. PMC 8099405. PMID 33968550.
  20. ^ Ren, Thomas; Galenchik-Chan, Andre; Erlichman, Zachary; Krajewski, Aleksandra (2024). "Prevalence of Regret in Gender-Affirming Surgery: A Systematic Review". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 92 (5): 597–602. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000003895. ISSN 1536-3708.
  21. ^ Americo 2018; Kanner 2018
  22. ^ Witten 2015
  23. ^ "The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey" (PDF). December 17, 2016.
  24. ^ Boslaugh 2018, p. 43; James et al. 2016, pp. 111, 292–294
  25. ^ Turban, Jack L.; Loo, Stephanie S.; Almazan, Anthony N.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (May 2021). "Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis". LGBT Health. 8 (4): 273–280. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437. ISSN 2325-8306. PMC 8213007. PMID 33794108. "Because the USTS only surveyed currently TGD-identified people, our study does not offer insights into reasons for detransition in previously TGD-identified people who currently identify as cisgender." "The vast majority of participants reported detransition due at least in part to external factors, such as pressure from family, nonaffirming school environments, and sexual assault." "It was just too hard for me" is shown in table 2.
  26. ^ a b "Attacks on Gender-Affirming and Transgender Health Care". American College of Physicians. August 6, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  27. ^ Norton, Tom (February 28, 2023). "Fact Check: Has Tennessee passed bill to make trans youth "detransition"?". NewsWeek. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  28. ^ Greig, James (April 3, 2023). "The real-life cost of America's war on trans healthcare". Dazed Digital. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  29. ^ Norton, Tom (June 1, 2022). "How Chase Strangio Became the Face of the Legal Battle for Trans Rights". Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  30. ^ Smith, Serena (April 8, 2022). "Alabama will now force trans youth to detransition". Dazed Digital. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  31. ^ Levin, Bess (January 5, 2023). "Oklahoma Bill Would Ban Gender-Affirming Care for People Under 26, Could Force Some to Detransition". Vanity Fair. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  32. ^ Perry, Sophie (May 6, 2024). "Trans children could be 'forced to detransition' under leaked NHS England plans". PinkNews. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  33. ^ Wareham, Jamie (May 4, 2024). "NHS England to tell some transgender children to medically detransition or face safeguarding referrals". Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  34. ^ "Prisoners, Doctors, and the Battle Over Trans Medical Care". Wired.
  35. ^ Sontag, Deborah (September 24, 2015). "Ashley Diamond, Transgender inmate, Is Out of Prison But Far From Free". NYT.
  36. ^ "A Missouri bill to ban gender-affirming care for kids expanded to include adults in prison". NPR (local).
  37. ^ Owen, Greg (November 13, 2023). "Trans inmate forced to detransition as prison doctors try to inject her with testosterone". Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  38. ^ Crimmins, Tricia (March 14, 2023). "Eden Knight, Trans Twitter presence, says she was forced to detransition in viral suicide note". The Daily Dot. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  39. ^ Grieg, James (March 14, 2023). "A young trans woman has committed suicide after a forced detransition". Dazed. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  40. ^ Dodds, Io (March 14, 2023). "Saudi Arabian trans woman feared dead after family 'forced her to detransition'". The Independent. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  41. ^ Zoledziowski, Anya; Marchman, Tim (March 16, 2023). "A Young Saudi Trans Woman Is Believed Dead After Being Lured From the US and Forced to Detransition". Vice. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  42. ^ Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; Bouman, W. P.; Brown, G. R.; de Vries, A. L. C.; Deutsch, M. B.; Ettner, R.; Fraser, L.; Goodman, M.; Green, J.; Hancock, A. B.; Johnson, T. W.; Karasic, D. H.; Knudson, G. A.; Leibowitz, S. F. (August 19, 2022). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8". International Journal of Transgender Health. 23 (sup1): S1 – S259. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644. ISSN 2689-5269. Archived from the original on December 24, 2024.
  43. ^ Searles, Michael (August 7, 2024). "NHS to launch first service for trans patients wanting to return to birth gender". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  44. ^ Slothouber, Van (2020). "(De)trans visibility: Moral panic in mainstream media reports on de/Retransition". European Journal of English Studies. 24: 89–99. doi:10.1080/13825577.2020.1730052. S2CID 219079388.
  45. ^ Ford 2018; Herzog 2017a; Bowen 2007; Tobia 2018
  46. ^ a b Herzog 2017a; Bowen 2007
  47. ^ Parker, Charlie. "JK Rowling compares trans treatment to gay conversion therapy". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  48. ^ a b c Urquhart, Evan (February 1, 2021). "An "Ex-Detransitioner" Disavows the Anti-Trans Movement She Helped Spark". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  49. ^ Rodriguez 2017; Herzog 2017b
  50. ^ Mazzoni Center 2017
  51. ^ Robinson, Christine M.; Spivey, Sue E. (June 19, 2019). "Ungodly Genders: Deconstructing Ex-Gay Movement Discourses of "Transgenderism" in the US". Social Sciences. 8 (6): 191. doi:10.3390/socsci8060191. ISSN 2076-0760.
  52. ^ "This has ignited a contentious debate both in and outside the trans community, with various sides accusing each other of bigotry, harassment, censorship, and damaging the fight for trans rights. It's such a fraught issue that many people I interviewed requested anonymity. (All the names of detransitioners have been changed.) Others refused to speak on the record, afraid of the potential fallout." Herzog 2017a
  53. ^ Monroe, Rachel (December 4, 2016). "Detransitioning: a story about discovery". The Outline. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2019.

Sources

Books

Journal articles

News

Online sources

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detransition&oldid=1268101717"
pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy