Operation Vesna (transl. Operation Spring; Russian: Опера́ция «Весна́») was a mass deportation of the armed opposition to the Soviet power in the occupied Lithuania carried out by the forces of the Ministry of State Security (MGB) on May 22–24, 1948.
According to the February 21, 1948 decree № 417—160сс of the USSR Council of Ministers, deportations were to target the "forest brothers" (Lithuanian: miško broliai), members of their families, and "various helpers of anti-Soviet partisans, including kulaks." The official tally of the deported was 49,331 (other sources give the number 39,766[1] and 47,534[2]). In addition to ethnic Lithuanians, Poles and Belarusians were deported as well. The exact numbers by ethnicity are unknown. Their official status was "special settlers" (severely restricted in movement, but otherwise officially not deprived of other citizen's rights).[3][2][4] It was the largest Soviet deportation from Lithuania.[5]
Life in exile
editThe majority of deportations were to Krasnoyarsk Krai (23,467), Irkutsk Oblast (11,495) and Buryat-Mongolian ASSR (4,038). About 25,000 worked in forest industry, and the rest in coal mines and kolkhozes.[2] About 11,000 children were deported with their parents.[5]
About 6,000 to 10,000 of the deportees were brought to Igarka. Later more Lithuanians were moved from other places of Krasnoyarsk Krai to Igarka. In the first years, about 1,000 to 3,000 Lithuanians died in Igarka, mostly children and the elderly. There are three Lithuanian cemeteries in Igarka, one of them has 1,000 burials. Many "settlers" were arrested an put to Gulag labor camps for various violations: trying to escape, singing Lithuanian "nationalist" songs, etc. During 1956–1961 most Lithuanians returned from Igarka to Lithuania. As of 1989[update] about 270 Lithuanians stayed in Igarka. The Lithuanian Union of Igarka was established in 1992.[6]
The Lithuanian "special settlers" were kept in Buryat-Mongolia until 1958, after that the vast majority returned to Lithuania, but some stayed. They registered the society no: Национально-культурное общество литовцев Бурятии.[3]
References
edit- ^ Иосиф Сталин — Лаврентию Берии: «Их надо депортировать...»: Документы, факты, комментарии (Joseph Stalin to Laventy Beria: "They Have to be Deproted..." - Documents, Facts, Commentary), Moscow, Дружба народов, 1992 ISBN 5-285-00049-1, p. 205
- ^ a b c Grzegorz Motyka,"Operacja "Wiosna": wysiedlenie 50 tys. Litwinów zajęło Sowietom 48 godzin", Gazeta Wyborcza, May 21, 2918
- ^ a b "Этот день в истории: 1948 год — в Литве началась операция «Весна» МГБ СССР", Eurasia Daily, May 23, 2018
- ^ "Soviet genocide. Operation "Vesna". 40,002 lithuanian farmers deported in 48 hours", Time Note
- ^ a b "Operation ‘Spring’, biggest Soviet deportation of 40,000 Lithuanians", LRT.lt (Lithuanian National Radio and Television), May 23, 2019
- ^ "Igarka", Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
Further reading
edit- Raminta Biziuleviciute, GENDERED ASPECTS OF THE SOVIET DEPORTATIONS FROM LITHUANIA WITH THE CASE STUDY OF THE OPERATION ‘VESNA’, MAY 22-23, 1948, (for the degree of European Master in Women’s and Gender History), Budapest, Hungary, 2012