Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stiurijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *steurō, *stiurijō (“steering, rudder”) +‎ *-janą.^[1] The first element is of uncertain origin^[2]:

Traditionally,^[3]^[4] from Proto-Indo-European *stew-r- ~ *stēw-r-, but this is now reconstructed as *steh₂-w-r-, from the adjective *steh₂urós based on a *w-extension of *steh₂- (“to stand, be firm”) (see *stāną), and is thus phonetically impossible.^[2]
More likely, from *(s)twerH- (“to turn, twist, stir, agitate; to propel”), whence also *þweraną and Western *sturjan, *staurijan, with vowel/semivowel metathesis (*-wer- > *-ewr-). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈstiu̯.ri.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stiurijaną^[2]

to direct, steer

Related terms

*steuraz (adjective)^[4]
- Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 (*stiurs)
  - ⇒ 𐌿𐍃-𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂-𐌹𐌱𐌰 (us-stiur-iba, adverb, literally “out-of-steer”), 𐌿𐍃-𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂-𐌴𐌹 (us-stiur-ei, noun)

Inflection

Conjugation of *stiurijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*stiurijō	*stiurijaų	—	*stiurijai	?
2nd singular	*stiurīsi	*stiurijais	*stiurī	*stiurijasai	*stiurijaisau
3rd singular	*stiurīþi	*stiurijai	*stiurijaþau	*stiurijaþai	*stiurijaiþau
1st dual	*stiurijōs	*stiurijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stiurijaþiz	*stiurijaiþiz	*stiurijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*stiurijamaz	*stiurijaim	—	*stiurijanþai	*stiurijainþau
2nd plural	*stiurīþ	*stiurijaiþ	*stiurīþ	*stiurijanþai	*stiurijainþau
3rd plural	*stiurijanþi	*stiurijain	*stiurijanþau	*stiurijanþai	*stiurijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stiuridǭ	*stiuridēdį̄
2nd singular	*stiuridēz	*stiuridēdīz
3rd singular	*stiuridē	*stiuridēdī
1st dual	*stiuridēdū	*stiuridēdīw
2nd dual	*stiuridēdudiz	*stiuridēdīdiz
1st plural	*stiuridēdum	*stiuridēdīm
2nd plural	*stiuridēdud	*stiuridēdīd
3rd plural	*stiuridēdun	*stiuridēdīn

	present	past
participles	*stiurijandz	*stiuridaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *stiurijan
- Old English: stīeran
  - Middle English: steren
    - Scots: stere, steir
    - English: steer, besteer
- Old Frisian: stiūra, stiōra
  - Saterland Frisian: stjuure; stjúurje
  - West Frisian: stjoere
- Old Saxon: *stiurian
  - Middle Low German: stûren
    - German Low German: stüren
    - Plautdietsch: stieren
- Old Dutch: stiuren
  - Middle Dutch: sturen, stieren
    - Dutch: sturen, besturen
      - Afrikaans: bestuur
    - West Flemish: stieren
- Old High German: stiuren
  - Middle High German: stiuren
    - German: steuern
Old Norse: stýra
- Icelandic: stýra
- Faroese: stýra
- Norn: støra
- Norwegian Nynorsk: styra
- Elfdalian: styra
- Old Swedish: stȳra
  - Swedish: styra
- Old Danish: stȳræ
  - Scanian: ýra
  - Danish: styre
    - Norwegian Bokmål: styre
- Gutnish: stöire
Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stiurjan)

References

^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*steurjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*steurjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 479
^ Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “steer”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*steur(j)an ~ *steurō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 377

[1] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*steurjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 377

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*steurjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 479

[3] Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “steer”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

[HGE-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*steur(j)an ~ *steurō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 377

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