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{{short description|Australian Aboriginal language}}
{{distinguish|Gujari language}}
{{distinguish|Gujari language}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Gurdjar
| name = Gurdjar
|nativename = Kurtjar
| nativename = {{lang|gdj|Kurtjar}}
|states = [[Australia]]
| states = [[Australia]]
|region = [[Cape York Peninsula]], [[Queensland]]
| region = [[Cape York Peninsula]], [[Queensland]]
| ethnicity = [[Kunggara]] (Kurtjar), [[Araba people|Araba]]
|speakers = 1
|date = 2007
| extinct = after 2007
|ref=e18
| ref = e18
|familycolor = Australian
| familycolor = Australian
|fam1 = [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
| fam1 = [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
|fam2 = [[Paman languages|Paman]]
| fam2 = [[Paman languages|Paman]]
|fam3 = [[Norman Paman languages|Norman]]
| fam3 = [[Norman Paman languages|Norman]]
|fam4 =
| fam4 =
|dia1=Kurtjar (Gunggara)
| dia1 = Kurtjar (Gunggara)
|dia2=Rip (Ngarap, Areba)
| dia2 = Rip (Ngarap, Areba)
|lc1=gdj|ld1=Gurdjar
| lc1 = gdj
| ld1 = Gurdjar
|lc2=aea|ld2=Areba
| lc2 = aea
|glotto=ribg1235
| ld2 = Areba
|glottorefname=Rib–Gurdjar
| glotto = ribg1235
|aiatsis=G33
| glottorefname = Rib–Gurdjar
|aiatsisname=Kurtjar
| aiatsis = G33
|aiatsis2=Y107
| aiatsisname = Kurtjar
|aiatsisname2=Areba
| aiatsis2 = Y107
| aiatsisname2 = Areba
| map2 = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Kurtjar is classified as Extinct according to the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}<ref>{{cite report |title=Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger |publisher=UNESCO |edition=3rd |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026 |date=2010 |page=57}}</ref>
| ELP2 = 3594
| ELPname2 = Ariba
}}
}}


'''Gurdjar''' (Kurtjar) is a [[Paman languages|Paman language]] of the [[Cape York Peninsula]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. There are two dialects, Gurdjar proper (Gunggara), and Rip (Ngarap, Areba).<ref>RMW Dixon (2002), ''Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development'', p xxxii</ref> Kunggara is another name for one or the other.<ref name="AIATSIS" />
'''Gurdjar''' (Kurtjar) is a [[Paman languages|Paman language]] of the [[Cape York Peninsula]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. There are two dialects, Gurdjar proper (Gunggara, Kunggara<ref name="AIATSIS" />), and Rip (Ngarap, Areba).<ref>RMW Dixon (2002), ''Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development'', p xxxii</ref> According to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, the language is classified as extinct.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Stop consonant|Stop]]
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|{{IPA link|c}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n̪}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|-
![[Fricative]]
|{{IPA link|β}}
|{{IPA link|ð}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|-
![[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Tap and flap consonants|Flap]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɻ}}~{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|[[Front vowel|Front]]
!rowspan=2|[[Central vowel|Central]]
!rowspan=2|[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!{{small|unrounded}}
!{{small|rounded}}
|-
![[Low vowel|Non-low]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}
|{{IPA link|ø}} {{IPA link|øː}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}} {{IPA link|ɨː}}
|{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}}
|
|}
Kurtjar also has a diphthong /ua/.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Paul D. |title=Norman Pama historical phonology |publisher=Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. |year=1980 |pages=194-196}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 32: Line 123:
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Paman}}
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Paman}}
[[Category:Paman languages]]
[[Category:Paman languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Queensland]]

Latest revision as of 01:59, 11 August 2024

Not to be confused with Gujari language.
Gurdjar
Kurtjar
Native toAustralia
RegionCape York Peninsula, Queensland
EthnicityKunggara (Kurtjar), Araba
Extinctafter 2007[1]
Dialects
  • Kurtjar (Gunggara)
  • Rip (Ngarap, Areba)
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
gdj – Gurdjar
aea – Areba
Glottologribg1235
AIATSIS[2]G33 Kurtjar, Y107 Areba
ELP
 Ariba[3]
Kurtjar is classified as Extinct according to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
[4]

Gurdjar (Kurtjar) is a Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. There are two dialects, Gurdjar proper (Gunggara, Kunggara[2]), and Rip (Ngarap, Areba).[5] According to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, the language is classified as extinct.

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Stop p t̪ t c k
Nasal m n̪ n ɲ ŋ
Fricative β ð ɣ
Trill r
Flap ɾ ɻ~ɽ
Approximant w l j

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Non-low i iː ø øː ɨ ɨː u uː
Low a aː

Kurtjar also has a diphthong /ua/.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gurdjar at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Areba at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b G33 Kurtjar at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies  (see the info box for additional links)
  3. ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Ariba.
  4. ^ Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 57.
  5. ^ RMW Dixon (2002), Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development, p xxxii
  6. ^ Black, Paul D. (1980). Norman Pama historical phonology. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 194–196.
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