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Daehancheolligyo
Hangul
대한천리교
Hanja
Revised RomanizationDaehancheolligyo
McCune–ReischauerTaehanch'ŏlligyo

Daehancheolligyo (Korean: 대한천리교) is a Tenrikyo-based Shinshūkyō (Japanese new religion) that is based in South Korea. It is one of the two South Korean Tenrikyo organizations. Daehancheolligyo is known for adopting more localized customs to harmonize with the general post-Japanese colonial cultural atmosphere; the other one is Cheolligyo Han'gukgyodan that still preserves the Japanese Sect Shinto-affiliated cultural aspects in terms of religious practices and direct affiliation with the Tenrikyo Church Headquarters. Its headquarters are currently located in southern Uijeongbu right next to Mangwolsa Station of Seoul Subway Line 1 and Shinhan University [ko]'s 1st campus.[n 1]

History

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Former headquarters of Daehancheolligyo, currently serving as Saebit Hall of Sookmyung Women's University[n 2]

The Korean branch of Tenrikyo had to face the public backlashes of anti-Japanese sentiment after the surrender of Japan due to Tenrikyo being a religion of native Japanese origin. This nation-wide circumstance had created an environment in which the Korean Tenrikyo adherents could not practice their religion openly in public.

The first attempt to make an autonomous and indigenous Korean Tenrikyo organization was led by Kim Gi-su (김기수; 金杞洙) in May 1947 who founded the General Association of Tenrikyo (천리교연합회; 天理敎聯合會) that did not exist as an officially approved legal corporation.[3] The disorganized social and political situation in South Korea at the time did not unite Tenrikyo followers instantly. In general, the collective hardship continued even further due to the growth of Christianity in South Korea. Another group of Korean Tenrikyo adherents reformed their religion and eventually established Cheon'gyeongsuyang'won[n 3] with government approval in Seoul in 1948 as a way to cut down the overt Japanese connection within Korea's Tenrikyo communities, then evolved into General Association of Korean Tenrikyo (대한천리교연합회; 大韓天理敎聯合會) on 14 December 1952 by the thirty-three members of Cheon'gyeongsuyang'won in Daegu during the Korean War.[5]

The financial and charity arm of the religious organization, Incorporated Foundation Daehancheolligyodan, was established on 14 October 1963.[6]

The headquarters were moved from Cheongpa-dong in Yongsan District to Uijeongbu around late 2000s and early 2010s[n 4] for the purpose of future exchanges with North Korea.[9]

There were around 90,000 adherents as of 2012.[10]

Organization

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Organizational structure of Daehan Cheolligyo.[11]

The head of Daehancheolligyo is called gyotong (교통; 敎統), a subordinate of the gyotong is called gyoui (교의; 敎議),[n 5] and its congregations are called gyohoe (교회; 敎會) or churches in Korean.

Difference from Tenrikyo

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Daehancheolligyo does not largely develop an independent path from Tenrikyo's regional church practices in Japan, but only Korean-ized or removed the verbose Shinto-based elements in the religious practices.

Kanrodai

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Unlike its Japanese origin, Daehancheolligyo's adherents directly pray to the wooden kanrodai fixtures (while the one in the headquarters in Uijeongbu is much bigger) that are installed within the main halls of respective churches instead of mirrors from Shinto traditions during the localized services appropriate for the Korean social environment.[12][13][14]

Teachings of Daehancheolligyo

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The Doctrine (교지; 敎旨)[15] expresses the mission of Daehancheolligyo. It also emphasizes the Three Instructions (삼개훈; 三個訓) and Eight Precepts (팔계훈; 八戒銘) in which they have dedicated names.[16][17]

The details of the Doctrine and two codes are:[18]

  • Doctrine
  1. Let us influence others through repeatedly performing self-cultivation (우리는 자기 수양을 거듭함으로서 남에게 미치자)
  2. Let us achieve the true, the good, and the beautiful[n 6] of the (Korean) people through working hard and protecting the country (우리는 근로보국으로서 민족의 진, 선, 미를 이루자)
  3. Let us build freedom and peace for humanity through ethical loyalty and faith (우리는 도의심과 신앙으로서 인류의 자유평화를 건설하자)
  1. Wake up early (아침 일찍 일어나)
  2. Have an honest heart (정직한 마음으로)
  3. Work diligently (부지런히 일하자)
  1. Throw away the heart that promotes desire (탐내는 마음을 버리자)
  2. Throw away the heart that promotes poverty of emotions (인색한 마음을 버리자)
  3. Throw away the heart that promotes favoritism against others (편애하는 마음을 버리자)
  4. Throw away the heart that promotes hate (미워하는 마음을 버리자)
  5. Throw away the heart that promotes resentment (원망하는 마음을 버리자)
  6. Throw away the heart that promotes anger (분노하는 마음을 버리자)
  7. Throw away the heart that promotes expressing greed (욕심내는 마음을 버리자)
  8. Throw away the heart that promotes arrogance (교만한 마음을 버리자)

Notes

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  1. ^ Its current address is 117 Hoam-ro, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. The modernized traditional Korean style building of the headquarters is often confused as the temple Mangweolsa [ko].[1]
  2. ^ The last photo in this news article[2] entails that this building was renovated after the acquisition by the university.
  3. ^ Cheon'gyeongsuyang'won (천경수양원; 天鏡修養院) literally means Heavenly Mirror Spiritual Training Center in Sino-Korean. This legally approved organization acted as a mere entity for maintaining communication and fostering fraternity among Korean Tenrikyo adherents for the purpose of reestablishing Tenrikyo as a legal religious organization; however, promoted charity for the poor and orphans in public.[4]
  4. ^ The headquarters that is used to be in Cheongpa-dong currently stands Sookmyung Women's University's Saebit Hall since March 2011.[7][8]
  5. ^ Gyoui is also homophone of Tenrikyo doctrine in Korean, gyoui (교의; 敎義)
  6. ^ The set of three values in Daehancheolligyo came from the concept called spheres of value by Wilhelm Windelband and Heinrich Rickert[19] that was popular in the early 20th century Japan as well as Korea under Japanese colonial rule. They are called jin (진; 眞) for the true, seon (선; 善) for the good, and mi (미; 美) for the beautiful in Korean.
  7. ^ They are based on the Anecdote #29 in Anecdotes of Oyasama that pertains to "this is early rising, this is honesty and this is work".[20]
  8. ^ They are based on the eight dusts that is to be avoided for achieving Joyous Life.[21]

Further reading

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  • Lee (이), Won-beom (원범); Nam (남), Chun-mo (춘모); Cho (조), Seong-yun (성윤); Hwang (황), In-gyu (인규); Park (박), Seung-gil (승길) (2006-03-06). "III-1. 천리교(天理敎)". 한일종교의 상호 수용실태에 관한 조사 [Study on mutual acceptance of religions between Korea and Japan] (Report). Korea Research Memory. pp. 41–101.

References

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  1. ^ Shin (신), Jun-seop (준섭); Ahn (안), Yeong-jun (영준); Lee (이), Ha-yeon (하연) (2023-05-11). ""망월사역인데 망월사는 대체 어디 있나요?"" ["Arrived at Mangwolsa Station, but where in the world is Mangwolsa Temple?"]. Kkobi News (in Korean).
  2. ^ Jeon (전), Jeong-hui (정희) (2007-02-27). "천리교, 왜색종교 반감 불구 발전 거듭" [Cheolligyo (Tenrikyo), still innovating despite the aversion towards Japanese style religions]. Amen News (in Korean).
  3. ^ Jang (장), Jeong-tae (정태) (2022-02-06). "장정태 박사의 한국종교학●한반도에 천리교 전래와 전개③" [Dr. Jang Jeong-tae's Korean Religious Studies - The Propagation of Tenrikyo in the Korean Peninsula and its Development ③]. CRS News (in Korean). 이와중에 1947년 5월에 김기수를 발기인으로 한 비공인 '천리교연합회'가 서울에서 결성, [During the time, the unofficially approved General Association of Tenrikyo was formed with Kim Gi-su as the initiator in May 1947]
  4. ^ Study on mutual acceptance of religions between Korea and Japan, Pg. 56-60, 2. 한국에서의 천리교 역사 > (2) 해방 이후 천리교의 재건과 분열 [2. History of Tenrikyo within Korea > (2) The Reconstruction and the Division of Tenrikyo after the Liberation of Korea]
  5. ^ Lee (이), Si-jung (시중) (March 2021). "천리교, 한국에서 전개과정 11" [Tenrikyo, spreading to Korea Chapter 11]. 천리교 고성교회 교회보 (Tenrikyo Goseong Church's Church News) (in Korean). Goseong County: 천리교 고성교회 (Tenrikyo Goseong Church). p. 24.
  6. ^ Kim (김), Hyeon-tae (현태) (2015-12-22). "한국종교협의회·대한천리교단, 종교평화운동 공조하기로 협약" [Korea Religions Association & Daehancheolligyodan to Agree to Co-operate in Religion-inspired Peace Movement]. Segye Ilbo (in Korean). 대한천리교는 나카야마 미키(1798~1887)가 1838년에 창시했으며, 1893년 부산에서 포교를 시작한 이래 1963년 10월14일 재단법인 대한천리교단 인가 취득 후 현재에 이르고 있다. [Daehancheolligyo was founded by Nakayama Miki (1798-1887) in 1838, started conducting (its first Korean) missionary activities in Busan and the Incorporated Foundation Daehancheolligyodan was established on 14 October 1963 and continues on to this day.]
  7. ^ Kim (김), Seong-mi (성미) (2008-11-24). "한국의 종교현황 조사 연구 용역" [Research Service on the Survey of the Current Situation of Religions in Korea]. Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (in Korean). 대한천리교본부; 140-131 서울시 용산구 청파동 1가 121-3호 [Daehancheolligyo Headquarters; 121-No.3 Cheongpa-dong 1-ga Yongsan-gu Seoul (currently 90, Cheongpa-ro 47na-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea)]
  8. ^ "숙명여자대학교 공식 웹사이트 > 숙명 현황 > 대학 요람 > 총람" [Sookmyung Women's University Official Website > Current Situation in Sookmyung > University at a Glance > Overall Profile]. Sookmyung Women's University (in Korean). 2011년 3월 새빛관 2,270.2㎡(687평) RENOVATION을 완료하다. [The renovation of Saebit Hall that occupies 2,270.2㎡ of land was completed in March 2011. (Saebit Hall is also 90, Cheongpa-ro 47na-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea)]
  9. ^ ""남을 도우면 내 몸이 도움을 받습니다"" ["Helping Others Entails That My Body Is Being Provided With Help"]. Northen Gyeonggi Newspaper (북경기신문) (in Korean). 2012-07-22.
  10. ^ Lee (이), Jeong-sik (정식) (2012-07-22). ""남을 도우면 내 몸이 도움을 받습니다"" ["My Body Receives Help when I Help Others"]. Northen Gyeonggi Newspaper (북경기신문) (in Korean). 전국 신도 수는 현재 약 9만여명의 신도들이 신앙생활을 하고 있습니다. [Currently, there are approximately 90,000 adherents all over South Korea.]
  11. ^ "대한천리교 본부 > 조직도" [Daehancheolligyo Headquarters > Organizational Chart]. Daehancheolligyo Official Website (in Korean).
  12. ^ Lee (이), Geon-jae (건재) (2015-04-28). "천리교, "신은 즐겁고 행복한 세상에서의 삶 원해'" [Tenrikyo 'God wants Life in a joyful and happy World']. Segye Ilbo (in Korean). 일본의 천리교가 일본의 전통 종교나 다름없는 신도의 상징물인 신경(神鏡)을 예배대상으로 삼은 것에 반발해 국내 천리교는 1985년부터 '신경' 대신 '감로대'로 신앙대상을 바꾸는 등 일본의 천리교의 전통과 사상을 달리해 왔다. [The main object of worship is considered to be a divine mirror (神鏡, shinkyou) in Japan's Tenrikyo, in which it is nevertheless not that distant from the Japanese traditional belief called Shinto that became a target for objection (by the Korean Tenrikyo adherents at that time). It is thus, Korea's domestic Tenrikyo religious scene switched the object of worship from a divine mirror to kanrodai in 1985, marking a divergence from Tenrikyo's traditions and beliefs.]
  13. ^ Neusner, Jacob (2009-10-07). World Religions in America, Fourth Edition: An Introduction. Louisville, Kentucky: Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. p. 215. ISBN 978-1611640472. This altar contains no images, for divinity in the Tenrikyo and Shinto tradiition generallly does not take human form. Instead there are three simple cabinetlike shrines. When they stand open for worship, they reveal the gleaming mirrors that in Japan betoken the presence of kami (gods).
  14. ^ Gil-myeong (길명), Roh (노) (1987-12-20). "[한국의신흥종교] 20.일본의 신흥종교" [[South Korea's New Religions] 20. Japan's New Religions]. Catholic Times (in Korean). 천리교에서는 예배상징물로서 일본 천황의 선조인 천조대신(天照大神)을 상징하는「야다노가가미」를 상징하는 신각(神閣)과 신(神)을 상징하는 [탑]을 뜻하는 감대로(甘露臺)를 두고 있는데 최근에는 일본의 국조를 모시는 신각의 사용여부를 놓고 심각한 내부갈등을 일으키키도 하였다. [In Tenrikyo, the object of worship is the divine altar that symbolizes Yata no Kagami, the representation of the ancestor of the Japanese emperors, Amaterasu and the kanrodai that symbolizes God the Parent, but recently there were internal disputes on whether the divine altar would be continued as an object of worship.]
  15. ^ "인간은 혼의 덕으로 산다 > 교리소개/천리교훈 > 교지 / 삼개훈 / 팔계" [The Souls of Human Beings live with the Help of Virtues] (in Korean). 29 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2024-08-28.
  16. ^ "대한천리교(大韓天理敎)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. 인간은 이 원신을 신앙하며 삼개훈(三個訓)과 팔계명(八戒銘)을 철저히 지켜 수행해나가면 스스로가 구원되어 재난과 질병을 면하고 세상은 감로대세계(甘露臺世界), 즉 지상천국이 된다는 것이다. [Humankind reveres this primoral deity and if one strictly follow the Three Instructions and Eight Precepts while being accustomed to both regulations, then he or she autonomously attains salvation and overcomes disasters and diseases in order to achieve the Kanrodai World, i.e. the paradise on earth.]
  17. ^ "주위에 감사하며 사랑하는 삶을" [Spreading Gratitude to the Surroundings while Living the Life of Love]. Daehancheolligyo Official Website (in Korean). 2014-07-18. 앞으로 삼개훈과 팔계명을 잘 실천하고, 진실한 마음으로 주위에 감사하며 사랑하는 삶을 살도록 노력하겠습니다. [From now on, (we will) gladly follow the Three Instructions and Eight Precepts, and pour efforts to live a life of love as (we) spread graditude to (our) surrounding from our honest heart.]
  18. ^ "천리교 팔계명과 삼개훈" [Three Instructions and Eight Precepts of Daehancheolligyo]. Digital Art Gallery Myorang (Naver Blog) (in Korean). 2013-06-05.
  19. ^ Dallery, Arleen B.; Scott, Charles E.; Roberts, P. Holley, eds. (1992). Ethics and Danger: Essays on Heidegger and Continental Thought. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0791409831. ....to demarcate different spheres of value (the true, the good, the beautiful).
  20. ^ Iwata, Melvin (June 2015). "Relay Essays by Bishop & Mrs. Yamanaka & Board of Directors" (PDF). Origins. Honolulu: Tenrikyo Mission Hawaii. p. 2.
  21. ^ "Dusts of the Mind - Teachings of Tenrikyo". Tenrikyo Church Headquarters.
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