Grey-throated leaftosser
| Grey-throated leaftosser | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | Sclerurus |
| Species: | S. albigularis
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| Binomial name | |
| Sclerurus albigularis Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1869
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The grey-throated leaftosser (Sclerurus albigularis) is a Near Threatened species of bird in the subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae.[2] It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.[3]
Taxonomy and systematics
[edit]The grey-throated leaftosser's taxonomy is unsettled. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) and the Clements taxonomy assign it these seven subspecies:[2][3]
- S. a. canigularis Ridgway, 1889
- S. a. propinquus Bangs, 1899
- S. a. albigularis Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1869
- S. a. kunanensis Aveledo & Ginés, 1950
- S. a. zamorae Chapman, 1923
- S. a. albicollis Carriker, 1935
- S. a. kempffi Kratter, 1997
BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) does not recognize S. a. kunanensis.[4] That subspecies might not be distinguishable from the nominate S. a. albigularis.[5]
The grey-throated and rufous-breasted leaftosser (S. scansor) are sister species.[6]
This article follows the seven-subspecies model.
Description
[edit]The grey-throated leaftosser is one of the larger members of genus Sclerurus. It is 16 to 18 cm (6.3 to 7.1 in) long and weighs 34 to 46 g (1.2 to 1.6 oz). The sexes are alike. The nominate subspecies has a grayish brown face with a somewhat scaly appearance. Its crown and back are rich chestnut-brown and its rump and uppertail coverts are a brighter reddish chestnut. Its flight feathers are rich brown and its tail is dark gray-brown. Its throat is grayish white with a darker lower edge, its breast dark rufous with some pale streaks, its belly dark brown, and its flanks and undertail coverts a richer brown. Its iris is dark brown to brown, its maxilla black to dark gray, its mandible pale grayish white to yellowish (sometimes with a dark tip), and its legs and feed black to brown. Juveniles resemble adults but are overall duller and have some dusky scaling on the throat.[5]
Subspecies S. a. propinquus has darker upperparts, breast, and belly than the nominate, and its throat is grayer. S. a. canigularis is generally darker than propinquus but its rufous cast is brighter than on both propinquus and the nominate. S. a. zamorae is generally darker than the nominate, with duller chestnut rump and uppertail coverts, a less whitish chin, and a brighter upper breast. S. a. albicollis has brighter and more rufescent upperparts than the other subspecies; its uppertail coverts are especially rich rufous. It has paler underparts than most others and a white throat. S. a. kempffi is the palest subspecies, with a grayer breast and belly and less reddish upper breast and back than the others. Its rump is the same color as its back. Some authors state that S. a. kunanensis has a somewhat greenish olive belly, some olive on its flight feathers, and a blackish tail but others find no difference between it and the nominate.[5]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The grey-throated leaftosser has a disjunct distribution. The subspecies are found thus:[2][3][5]
- S. a. canigularis, Costa Rica and western Panama
- S. a. propinquus, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of northern Colombia
- S. a. albigularis, eastern Colombia, northern Venezuela, Trinidad, and Tobago
- S. a. kunanensis, northern Venezuela's Paria Peninsula
- S. a. zamorae, from Napo Province in eastern Ecuador south to Peru's Department of Pasco
- S. a. albicollis, disjunctly in southeastern Peru, the eastern Andean foothills in Bolivia, and several areas in southwestern Brazil
- S. a. kempffi, the Serranía de Huanchaca in Bolivia's Santa Cruz Department
The grey-throated leaftosser inhabits evergreen forest, usually in foothills and lower montane areas, though in places it ranges both higher and lower. In the northeastern part of its range it approaches sea level and in Brazil it is strictly in the lowlands. In Costa Rica it occurs between 600 and 1,500 m (2,000 and 4,900 ft) of elevation, in Colombia between 500 and 2,200 m (1,600 and 7,200 ft), and in Ecuador mostly between 1,000 and 1,700 m (3,300 and 5,600 ft).[5][7][8][9][10]
Behavior
[edit]Movement
[edit]The grey-throated leaftosser is a year-round resident throughout its range.[5]
Feeding
[edit]The grey-throated leaftosser forages mostly on the ground, flipping aside leaves, probing the ground and gleaning from it and leaf litter while hopping rather than walking. It usually forages singly or in pairs; it does not join mixed-species foraging flocks. Its diet has not been detailed but has been documented to include beetles, spiders, cockroaches, and tiny frogs.[5]
Breeding
[edit]The grey-throated leaftosser breeds between October and May in Trinidad and its season in Colombia includes at least May and June; its breeding seasons elsewhere have not been documented. The species is assumed to be monogamous. It nests in a burrow with a cup of leaves in a chamber at its end. The clutch size is two eggs.[5]
Vocalization
[edit]The grey-throated leaftosser's song is "a series of 4–6 tripled rising notes, 'kwu-kwu-kwe-kwe-kwi-kwi' " that sometimes has "musical trills" within it and at the end. Another description of it is "squeaky, plaintive, ascending, whistled notes, 'tuéé, tuéé, tuéé, tweééptu'." Its alarm call is "a squeaky, sharp 'cheek' or 'chik-chik'."[5]
Status
[edit]The IUCN originally assessed the grey-throated leaftosser as being of Least Concern but since 2012 has rated it Near Threatened. It has a fairly large but disjunct range and an unknown population size; the latter is believed to be stable. It is "particularly susceptible" to forest fragmentation and disturbance so deforestation is the principal threat.[1] It is overall considered rare to locally uncommon, though locally fairly common in Venezuela. It does occur in several protected areas.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Grey-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus albigularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22702968A93897178. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22702968A93897178.en. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
- ^ a b c Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Remsen, Jr., J. V. (2020). Gray-throated Leaftosser (Sclerurus albigularis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grtlea1.01 retrieved April 29, 2023
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 January 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
- ^ van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
- ^ Garrigues, Richard; Dean, Robert (2007). The Birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca: Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-8014-7373-9.
- ^ McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
- ^ Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.