Lysimachus

Lysimachus
Lysimachus
	Hellenistic marble bust of Lysimachus at the Ephesus Archaeological Museum, dated circa 300 BC.
King of Thrace
Reign	306–281 BC
Predecessor	Alexander IV
Successor	Ptolemy Keraunos
King of Asia Minor
Reign	301–281 BC
Predecessor	Antigonus I Monophthalmus
Successor	Seleucus I Nicator
King of Macedon; with Pyrrhus of Epirus
Reign	288–281 BC
Predecessor	Demetrius I Poliorcetes
Successor	Ptolemy Keraunos
Born	c. 360 BC; Crannon or Pella
Died	February 281 BC (aged approximately 79); Corupedium, near Sardis; (modern-day Salihli, Manisa, Turkey)
Burial	Lysimachia, Thrace; (modern-day Kavakköy, Çanakkale, Turkey)
Consort	Nicaea; Amastris; Arsinoe II;
Issue; Among others	Agathocles; Ptolemy; Alexander; Arsinoe;
Father	Agathocles

Lysimachus (/lɪˈsɪməkəs/; Greek: Λυσίμαχος, Lysimachos; c. 360 BC – 281 BC) was a Thessalian^[3] officer and successor of Alexander the Great, who in 306 BC, became king of Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedon.

Early life and career

A marble bust of Lysimachus, an Augustan Roman era copy of a Hellenistic Greek original dated to the 2nd century BC, National Archaeological Museum, Naples

Lysimachus was born in circa 360 BC, to a family of Thessalian stock but they were citizens of Pella in Macedonia.^[3]^[4] He was the second son of Agathocles^[5] and his wife; there is some indication in the historical sources that this wife was perhaps named Arsinoe, and that Lysimachus' paternal grandfather may have been called Alcimachus. His father was a nobleman of high rank who was an intimate friend of Philip II of Macedon, who shared in Philip II’s councils and became a favourite in the Argead court.^[6] Lysimachus and his brothers grew up with the status of Macedonians; all these brothers enjoyed with Lysimachus prominent positions in Alexander’s circle^[6] and, like him, were educated at the Macedonian court in Pella.^[7]^[8]

Pausanias and the historian Justin both record a story that Alexander had Lysimachus thrown to a lion as a punishment. According to Justin this was because Lysimachus had smuggled poison to a person Alexander had condemned to a slow death. Both Pausanias and Justin report that Lysimachus overcame the lion with his bare hands and subsequently became one of Alexander's favorites.^[9]^[10] Some coins issued during Lysimachus's appointment had his image on one side and a lion on the other.

He was probably appointed Somatophylax during the reign of Philip II.^[7] During Alexander's Persian campaigns, in 328 BC he was one of his immediate bodyguards.^[11] In 324 BC, in Susa, he was awarded a ceremonial crown in recognition of his actions in India.^[12] After Alexander's death in 323 BC, he was appointed to the government of Thrace as strategos^[13] although he faced some difficulties from the Thracian king Seuthes.^[11]

Diadochi

Obverse of coin of Lysimachus: The horned Alexander appears as the king's divine patron.

Fanciful digital reconstruction of Leontophoros.

In 315 BC, Lysimachus joined Cassander, Ptolemy and Seleucus against Antigonus, who, however, diverted his attention by stirring up Thracian and Scythian tribes against him.^[14] However, he managed to consolidate his power in the east of his territories, suppressing a revolt of the cities on the Black Sea coast.^[11]

In 309 BC, he founded Lysimachia in a commanding situation on the neck connecting the Chersonese with the mainland,^[14] forming a bulwark against the Odrysians.

In 306/305 BC, Lysimachus followed the example of Antigonus and assumed the royal title.^[15]

In 302 BC, when the second alliance between Cassander, Ptolemy and Seleucus was made, Lysimachus, reinforced by troops from Cassander, entered Asia Minor, where he met with little resistance. On the approach of Antigonus he retired into winter quarters near Heraclea, marrying its widowed queen Amastris, a Persian princess. Seleucus joined him in 301 BC, and at the Battle of Ipsus Antigonus was defeated and slain. Antigonus' dominions were divided among the victors. Lysimachus' share was Lydia, Ionia, Phrygia and the north coast of Asia Minor.^[16]

Kingdom of Lysimachus
Other diadochi
  Kingdom of Cassander

  Kingdom of Seleucus I Nicator

  Kingdom of Ptolemy I Soter

  Epirus
Other
  Carthage

  Rome

  Greek colonies

Feeling that Seleucus was becoming dangerously powerful, Lysimachus now allied himself with Ptolemy, marrying his daughter Arsinoe II of Egypt. Amastris, who had divorced herself from him, returned to Heraclea. When Antigonus' son Demetrius I renewed hostilities (297 BC), during his absence in Greece, Lysimachus seized his towns in Asia Minor, but in 294 BC concluded a peace whereby Demetrius was recognized as ruler of Macedonia. He tried to carry his power beyond the Danube, but was defeated and taken prisoner by the Getae king Dromichaetes (or Dromihete), who, however, set him free in 292 BC on amicable terms in return for Lysimachus surrendering the Danubian lands he had captured.^[11] Demetrius subsequently threatened Thrace, but had to retire due to a sudden uprising in Boeotia and an attack from King Pyrrhus of Epirus.^[14]

In 287 BC, Lysimachus and Pyrrhus in turn invaded Macedonia and drove Demetrius out of the country. Lysimachus left Pyrrhus in possession of Macedonia with the title of king for around seven months before Lysimachus invaded.^[14] For a short while the two ruled jointly but in 285 BC Lysimachus expelled Pyrrhus, seizing complete control for himself.^[17]

Tetradrachm of Lysimachus. The Greek inscription reads: *ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ* "[coin] of King Lysimachus".

Later years

Domestic troubles embittered the last years of Lysimachus’ life. Amastris had been murdered by her two sons; Lysimachus treacherously put them to death. On his return, Arsinoe II asked the gift of Heraclea, and he granted her request, though he had promised to free the city. In 284 BC Arsinoe, desirous of gaining the succession for her sons in preference to Lysimachus’ first child, Agathocles, intrigued against him with the help of Arsinoe's paternal half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos; they accused him of conspiring with Seleucus to seize the throne, and Agathocles was put to death.^[14]

This atrocious deed by Lysimachus aroused great indignation. Many of the cities of Asia Minor revolted, and his most trusted friends deserted him. The widow of Agathocles and their children fled to Seleucus, who at once invaded the territory of Lysimachus in Asia Minor. In 281 BC, Lysimachus crossed the Hellespont into Lydia and at the decisive Battle of Corupedium was killed. After some days his body was found on the field, protected from birds of prey by his faithful dog.^[18] Lysimachus' body was given over to another son, Alexander, by whom it was interred at Lysimachia.^[14]

Marriages and children

Lysimachus was married three times and his wives were:

First marriage: Nicaea, a Greek (Macedonian) noblewoman and daughter of the powerful regent Antipater. Lysimachus and Nicaea married in c. 321 BC. Nicaea bore Lysimachus three children:
- Son, Agathocles^[19]^[20]
- Daughter, Eurydice^[19]^[20]
- Daughter, Arsinoe I^[19]^[20]

Nicaea most probably died by 302 BC.

Second marriage: Persian Princess Amastris. Lysimachus married her in 302 BC. Amastris and Lysimachus’ union was brief, as he ended their marriage and divorced her in 300/299 BC.
Third marriage: Ptolemaic Greek Princess Arsinoe II. Arsinoe II married Lysimachus in 300/299 BC and remained with him until his death in 281 BC. Arsinoe II bore Lysimachus three sons:

From an Odrysian concubine he had a son borne to him called Alexander.^[23]

Family tree of Lysimachids

Alcimachus

Agathocles of Pella
counselor
∞ Arsinoe

Alcimachus of Apollonia
diplomat

1.Nicaea of Macedon
daughter of
Antipater
regent of Macedon

Lysimachus
king of Thrace, Asia
Minor, Macedonia
∞ 2.Amastrine

3.Arsinoe II
daughter of
Ptolemy I of Egypt

Autodicus
somatophylax
∞ Adeia

Philip
soldier

Alcimachus
nobleman

(1) Eurydice
∞ Antipater I of Macedon

(1) Agathocles
prince
∞ Lysandra (daughter
of Ptolemy I of Egypt)

(1) Arsinoe I
∞ Ptolemy II of Egypt

(3) Ptolemy I Epigonus
king of Telmessos

(3) Lysimachus
prince

(3) Philip
prince

(illeg.)
Alexander

Lysimachus
king of Telmessos

Epigonos
prince

Ptolemy II
king of Telmessos

Antipater Epigonos
prince

Berenice
priestess

References

^ The Pimlico Dictionary Of Classical Civilizations: "Lysimachus (360–281 BC), one of the close companions of Alexander the Great, assumed the title of king in 305 BC"
^ The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage: "Lysimachus (c. 360–281 BC), another diadoch and a past bodyguard of Alexander, received the greater part of Asia Minor."
^ ^a ^b Sear, David R. (1978). Greek Coins and Their Values, Volume 2. Seaby. p. 634. ISBN 9780900652509. Lysimachos, 323–281 B.C. (one of the most remarkable of the 'Successors' of Alexander, Lysimachos was of Thessalian stock and was a bodyguard of the great Macedonian King.
^ Traver, Andrew G. (2002). From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.-A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 236. ISBN 9780313309427. Lysimachus was a citizen of Pella in Macedonia, although his father was said to have been a Greek from Thessaly.
^ Lund, Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship, p. 3
^ ^a ^b Lund, Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship, p.2
^ ^a ^b Heckel, Who’s who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander’s empire, p. 153
^ Lysimachus had an elder brother called Alcimachus of Apollonia and had two younger brothers called Autodicus and Philip. He had two known nephews through his brother Alcimachus called Alcimachus and Philip; his known great-nephew was Lysippus the grandson of his brother Alcimachus and his known sister-in-law was Adeia the wife of Autodicus
^ http://www.attalus.org/translate/justin1.html#15.1 Justin, Epitome of Pompey Trogue’s “Philippic histories”, XV, 3, 1–9: Retrieved 18 January 2019
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.9.5
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Tony (2000). Who's Who in the Classical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 238. ISBN 0192801074.
^ Heckel, Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire pp. 153-154. "Near Sangala in India some 1,200 of Alexander's troops were wounded, among them Lysimachus the Somatophylax. He had earlier boarded a thirty-oared vessel at the Hydaspes (in the company of two other Somatophylakes), before the battle with Porus, though his role in the actual battle is not attested; presumably he fought in the immediate vicinity of Alexander himself. When Alexander decided to sail down the Indus river system to the Ocean, Lysimachus was one of those from Pella charged with a trierarchy in the Attic fashion. He is named by Arrian in the only complete list of Somatophylakes. At Susa in spring 324 BC, Lysimachus and the rest of the Somatophylakes were crowned by Alexander, though unlike Leonnatus, Lysimachus appears to have earned no special distinction."
^ Heckel, Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire p. 155." In 323 Lysimachus was assigned control of Thrace, and was probably strategos rather than satrap. The subordinate position of strategos may account for the failure of the sources to mention Lysimachus in the settlement of Triparadeisus; his brother Autodicus was, however, named as a Somatophylax of Philip III at that time."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lysimachus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 184.
^ Heckel, Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire, p. 155. "In 306 or 305 BC, he assumed the title of "King", which he held until his death at Corupedium in 282/1 BC."
^ Williams, Henry Smith. Historians History of the World (Volume 4), p. 450.
^ Williams, Henry Smith. Historians History of the World (Volume 4), p. 454.
^ Williams, Henry Smith. Historians History of the World (Volume 4), p. 505.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bengtson, Griechische Geschichte von den Anfängen bis in die römische Kaiserzeit, p.569
^ ^a ^b ^c Heckel, Who’s who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander’s empire, p.175
^ Billows, Kings and colonists: aspects of Macedonian imperialism, p. 110
^ Ptolemaic Genealogy: Ptolemy ‘the Son’, Footnotes 9 & 12
^ Pausanias, 1.10.4

Bibliography

Primary sources

Arrian, Anabasis v. 13, vi. 28
Justin xv. 3, 4, xvii. I
Quintus Curtius Rufus History of Alexander the Great V. 3, x. 30
Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheke xviii. 3
Polybius Histories v. 67
Plutarch, Life of Demetrius, 31. 52, Life of Pyrrhus, 12
Appian, Syriaca, 62

Secondary sources

Hunerwadel, Forschungen zur Gesch. des Könige Lysimachus (1900)
Possenti, Il Re Lisimaco di Tracia (1901)
Ghione, "Note sul regno di Lisimaco" Atti d. real. Accad. di Torino xxxix (1903)
R.A. Billows, Kings and colonists: aspects of Macedonian imperialism, BRILL, 1995
H.S. Lund, Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship, Routledge, 2002
W. Heckel, Who’s who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander’s empire, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006
Lysimachus’ article at Livius.org
Ptolemaic Genealogy: Ptolemy Ceraunus
Ptolemaic Genealogy: Unknown wife of Ptolemy Ceraunus
Ptolemaic Genealogy: Ptolemy ‘the Son’

External links

Lysimachus
Lysimachus' Dog & Nisaean Horses – Informative but non-scholarly essay on Lysimachus (Annotated with Sources)

Preceded by New creation	Governor of Thrace 323–306 BC	Succeeded by Merged into kingship
Preceded by Alexander IV	King of Thrace 306–281 BC	Succeeded by Ptolemy Keraunos
Preceded by Antigonus I Monophthalmus	King of Asia Minor 301–281 BC	Succeeded by Seleucus I Nicator
Preceded by Demetrius I Poliorcetes	King of Macedon 288–281 BC With: Pyrrhus of Epirus	Succeeded by Ptolemy Keraunos

[1] The Pimlico Dictionary Of Classical Civilizations: "Lysimachus (360–281 BC), one of the close companions of Alexander the Great, assumed the title of king in 305 BC"

[2] The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage: "Lysimachus (c. 360–281 BC), another diadoch and a past bodyguard of Alexander, received the greater part of Asia Minor."

[Sear1978-3] Sear, David R. (1978). Greek Coins and Their Values, Volume 2. Seaby. p. 634. ISBN 9780900652509. Lysimachos, 323–281 B.C. (one of the most remarkable of the 'Successors' of Alexander, Lysimachos was of Thessalian stock and was a bodyguard of the great Macedonian King.

[Traver2002-4] Traver, Andrew G. (2002). From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.-A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 236. ISBN 9780313309427. Lysimachus was a citizen of Pella in Macedonia, although his father was said to have been a Greek from Thessaly.

[5] Lund, Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship, p. 3

[Lund,_p.2-6] Lund, Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship, p.2

[Heckel,_p.153-7] Heckel, Who’s who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander’s empire, p. 153

[8] Lysimachus had an elder brother called Alcimachus of Apollonia and had two younger brothers called Autodicus and Philip. He had two known nephews through his brother Alcimachus called Alcimachus and Philip; his known great-nephew was Lysippus the grandson of his brother Alcimachus and his known sister-in-law was Adeia the wife of Autodicus

[9] ttp://www.attalus.org/translate/justin1.html#15.1 Justin, Epitome of Pompey Trogue’s “Philippic histories”, XV, 3, 1–9: Retrieved 18 January 2019

[Pausanias_1.9.5-10] Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.9.5

[:0-11] Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Tony (2000). Who's Who in the Classical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 238. ISBN 0192801074.

[12] Heckel, Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire pp. 153-154. "Near Sangala in India some 1,200 of Alexander's troops were wounded, among them Lysimachus the Somatophylax. He had earlier boarded a thirty-oared vessel at the Hydaspes (in the company of two other Somatophylakes), before the battle with Porus, though his role in the actual battle is not attested; presumably he fought in the immediate vicinity of Alexander himself. When Alexander decided to sail down the Indus river system to the Ocean, Lysimachus was one of those from Pella charged with a trierarchy in the Attic fashion. He is named by Arrian in the only complete list of Somatophylakes. At Susa in spring 324 BC, Lysimachus and the rest of the Somatophylakes were crowned by Alexander, though unlike Leonnatus, Lysimachus appears to have earned no special distinction."

[13] Heckel, Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire p. 155." In 323 Lysimachus was assigned control of Thrace, and was probably strategos rather than satrap. The subordinate position of strategos may account for the failure of the sources to mention Lysimachus in the settlement of Triparadeisus; his brother Autodicus was, however, named as a Somatophylax of Philip III at that time."

[EB1911-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lysimachus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 184.

[15] Heckel, Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire, p. 155. "In 306 or 305 BC, he assumed the title of "King", which he held until his death at Corupedium in 282/1 BC."

[Williams-16] Williams, Henry Smith. Historians History of the World (Volume 4), p. 450.

[17] Williams, Henry Smith. Historians History of the World (Volume 4), p. 454.

[18] Williams, Henry Smith. Historians History of the World (Volume 4), p. 505.

[Bengtson,_p.569-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bengtson, Griechische Geschichte von den Anfängen bis in die römische Kaiserzeit, p.569

[Heckel,_p.175-20] Heckel, Who’s who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander’s empire, p.175

[21] Billows, Kings and colonists: aspects of Macedonian imperialism, p. 110

[22] Ptolemaic Genealogy: Ptolemy ‘the Son’, Footnotes 9 & 12

[23] Pausanias, 1.10.4

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v t e Kings of Macedon
Legendary	Caranus Coenus Tyrimmas	Vergina Sun
Argead dynasty	Perdiccas I Argaeus I Philip I Aeropus I Alcetas Amyntas I Alexander I Perdiccas II Archelaus Orestes Aeropus II Amyntas II Pausanias Amyntas III Argaeus II Alexander II Ptolemy of Aloros Perdiccas III Amyntas IV Philip II Alexander III (the Great) Philip III Alexander IV
Antipatrid dynasty	Cassander Philip IV Antipater I Alexander V
Dynastic conflict	Demetrius I Pyrrhus Lysimachus Ptolemy Ceraunus Meleager Antipater II Sosthenes Antigonus II Pyrrhus
Antigonid dynasty	Antigonus II Demetrius II Antigonus III Philip V Perseus
Post-Conquest Rebel Kings	Andriscus Pseudo-Alexander Pseudo-Philip/Pseudo-Perseus Euephenes
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

v t e Hellenistic rulers
Argeads	Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV
Antipatrids	Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes
Antigonids	Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender)
Ptolemies	Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Monarchs of Cyrene	Magas Berenice II Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra Selene II
Seleucids	Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Cleopatra Thea Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Cleopatra Selene I Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Lysimachids	Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos
Attalids	Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks	Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus	Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos with Laodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene	Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia	Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus
Monarchs of the Cimmerian Bosporus	Paerisades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V [ru] Kamasarye Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander with Dynamis Mithridates II Asander with Dynamis Scribonius's attempted rule with Dynamis Dynamis with Polemon Polemon Aspurgus Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I
Monarchs of Epirus	Admetus Tharrhypas Alcetas I Neoptolemus I Arybbas Alexander I Aeacides Neoptolemus II Alcetas II Pyrrhus I Alexander II Olympias II (regent) Pyrrhus II Ptolemy Pyrrhus III Deidamia
Hellenistic rulers were preceded by Hellenistic satraps in most of their territories.

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