ë

See also: Appendix:Variations of "e"

ë U+00EB, ë LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS Composition: e [U+0065] + ◌̈ [U+0308] ← ê [U+00EA] Latin-1 Supplement ì → [U+00EC]

Translingual

Symbol

ë

1. (NAPA) a close-mid back unrounded vowel (IPA [ɤ]).

English

Symbol

ë

1. (lexicography, dated) An orthographic ⟨e⟩ with a diacritic that marks it as being the FACE vowel, as in the word "cafe".

Albanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ə/ or silent.

Letter

ë (lower case Ë)

1. The eighth letter of the Albanian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) shkronjë; A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, Dh dh, E e, Ë ë, F f, G g, Gj gj, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, Nj nj, O o, P p, Q q, R r, Rr rr, S s, Sh sh, T t, Th th, U u, V v, X x, Xh xh, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

Bube

Determiner

ë

1. The augment for class 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 12 nouns.

See also

augments

• a (classes 2, 6, 6b, 16)
• i (class 10)
• ö (classes 1, 3, 11, 13)

 

References

• Justo Bolekia (2009) Diccionario español-bubi, Akal, →ISBN, page 23

Chipewyan

Pronunciation

1. IPA^(key): /e/

Letter

ë (upper case Ë)

1. A letter of the Chipewyan alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Dinka

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /e̤/

Letter

ë (upper case Ë)

1. A letter of the Dinka alphabet, written in the Latin script.

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ə/, /ɛ/

• Audio:

  (file)

Letter

ë (lower case Ë)

1. the letter “e” in words when it must be pronounced separately and not associated with preceding letter. E.g. “-gue” is normally pronounced /ɡ/ but “-guë” is pronounce /ɡy/ (like in aiguë, ciguë); “œ” is normally pronounced /e/ or /ɛ/ but “oë” is pronounced /o.ɛ/ (like in troëne, Noël)

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /e/

Letter

ë (lower case, upper case Ë)

1. The close-mid front unrounded vowel as used in several Hungarian dialects; more closed than the sound of e and shorter than that of é; used instead of e in certain, lexically determined places.

   Synonym: zárt e (literally “closed e”)

2. The symbol to indicate this sound.

Usage notes

It can distinguish certain words that are otherwise homophones in the current standard (so it can act like a phoneme), e.g. nem: nem (“gender, genus”) and nëm (“not”); mentek: mentëk (“I save”), mentek (“exempt [plural]”), mëntëk (“you go [plural]”), and mëntek (“they went”).

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	ë	ë-k
accusative	ë-t	ë-ket
dative	ë-nek	ë-knek
instrumental	ë-vel	ë-kkel
causal-final	ë-ért	ë-kért
translative	ë-vé	ë-kké
terminative	ë-ig	ë-kig
essive-formal	ë-ként	ë-kként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	ë-ben	ë-kben
superessive	ë-n	ë-ken
adessive	ë-nél	ë-knél
illative	ë-be	ë-kbe
sublative	ë-re	ë-kre
allative	ë-hez	ë-khez
elative	ë-ből	ë-kből
delative	ë-ről	ë-kről
ablative	ë-től	ë-ktől
non-attributive possessive - singular	ë-é	ë-ké
non-attributive possessive - plural	ë-éi	ë-kéi

Possessive forms of ë
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	ë-m	ë-im
2nd person sing.	ë-d	ë-id
3rd person sing.	ë-je	ë-i
1st person plural	ë-nk	ë-ink
2nd person plural	ë-tek	ë-itek
3rd person plural	ë-jük	ë-ik

Derived terms

• ë-zik → ë-zés, ë-ző (specifying a dialect that uses it)

 

See also

• (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.

Further reading

• A zárt ë rendszere, szabályai és mércéje a magyar köznyelvben. “The system, rules, and yardstick of closed ë in standard Hungarian” by András Mészáros (with an extensive list of minimal pairs in Appendix 1 and partly in Appendix 2; Kiejtes.hu)
• Mindent a zárt ë hangról “Everything on the closed ë sound” by László Fejes (Nyest.hu)
• Ilyen lënne az új helyësírás “This is what the new spelling would be like” by László Fejes (Nyest.hu)
• Fejes László tévedései pontokba szedve “Mr. László Fejes’ mistakes, itemized” by András Mészáros (Kiejtes.hu)
• Section 89 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
• ë in Pusztai, Ferenc (ed.). Magyar értelmező kéziszótár (“A Concise Explanatory Dictionary of Hungarian”). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2003. 2nd, expanded and revised edition →ISBN. Online searchable version (under development)
• Mészáros, András. Igényës (ë-ző) kiejtési kisszótár : adalékok a 15 magánhangzós magyar köznyelvi kiejtés mércéjének kialakításához. “Pocket dictionary of a discerning (ë-) pronunciation: contributions to shaping everyday standard Hungarian with 15 vowels.” 2nd, rev. ed. Bicske: Gondos Bt., 1999. →ISBN

Kashubian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɜ/
• Rhymes: -ɜ
• Syllabification: ë

Etymology 1

The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and ë for development of the glyph itself.

Letter

ë (lower case, upper case Ë)

1. The ninth letter of the Kashubian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, àã, B b, C c, D d, E e, É é, Ë ë, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, O o, Ò ò, Ó ó, Ô ô, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ù ù, W w, Y y, Z z, Ż ż

Etymology 2

Conjunction

ë

1. Alternative form of i

Further reading

• Stefan Ramułt (1893) “é”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 35
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “i”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[1], volume 1, page 515
• “ë”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

Ladin

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɜ/

Letter

ë (upper case Ë)

1. The open-mid central unrounded vowel as used in the Gherdëina variant of Ladin.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a (À à, Á á, Ä ä), B b, C c, D d, E e (Ë ë, É é, È è), F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, L l, M m, N n, O o (Ò ò, Ó ó, Ö ö), P p, Q q, R r, S s (Ś ś), T t, U u (Ù ù, Ú ú, Ü ü), V v, Z z

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ə/

Letter

ë (upper case Ë)

1. A letter of the Luxembourgish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Middle High German

Etymology

The letter ë indicates the sound /ɛ/, which derives from Proto-Germanic *e (as in ëȥȥen) or *i (as in lëben), distinguished from e /e/ (also spelt ẹ), which usually derives from Proto-Germanic *a.

Letter

ë

1. A letter sometimes used in normalised Middle High German spelling. It is optional in editions and never found in actual manuscripts.

Noon

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /a̘/

Letter

ë (upper case Ë)

1. A letter of the Noon alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Romani

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ə/

Letter

ë (lower case, upper case Ë)

1. (International Standard) The letter e with the umlaut.

Usage notes

Although it is pronounced the same as ä, it indicates a dialectal pronunciation of e.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).

Further reading

• Marcel Courthiade (2009) “DECISION : "THE ROMANI ALPHABET"”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 499
• “Introduction 3. How to read Rromani”, in R.E.D-RROM‎^[2], 2021 October 2 (last accessed)

Slovene

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (sound): IPA^(key): /joː/
• (sound, educated): IPA^(key): /jɔ/

Letter

ë (lower case, upper case Ë)

1. (linguistics) Letter used for transcription of Russian Ё / ё.

Etymology 2

Letter E with diaeresis (¨) to signify centralization.

Pronunciation

• (Resian, phoneme): IPA^(key): /ə/

Letter

ë (lower case, upper case Ë)

1. The ninth letter of the Slovene alphabet (Resian), written in the Latin script.

See also

• e
• ē
• è
• é
• ȅ
• ȇ
• ê
• ḙ
• ẹ
• ə

References

• Toporišič, Jože (2001) “Slovaropisna pravila”, in Slovenski pravopis (in Slovene), Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, →ISBN, page 178
• Steenwijk, Han (1994) Ortografia resiana = Tö jošt rozajanskë pïsanjë (overall work in Italian and Slovene), Padua: CLEUP

Slovincian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *i.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈə/
• Rhymes: -ə
• Syllabification: ë

Conjunction

ë

1. coordinating conjunction; and

Particle

ë

1. Introduces interrogative sentences.

Further reading

• Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “ä”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch‎^[3] (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 7

Tagalog

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ə/ [ə]
• Rhymes: -ə

Letter

ë (lower case, upper case Ë, Baybayin spelling ᜁ)

1. the letter e with a diaeresis representing a schwa

Usage notes

• In Tagalog and its standardized form Filipino, ë is used to represent the schwa, particularly in words originating from other Philippine languages, for instance Maranao (Mëranaw), Pangasinan, Ilocano, and Ibaloi. Before introduction of this letter, the schwa was ambiguously represented by a or e.
• Writing the diaeresis is recommended but not required as long as the reader is aware that the unaccented form is supposed to sound like a schwa (/ə/).
• The use of the diaeresis to represent the central vowel schwa is possibly inspired by the use of the diaeresis in the IPA to represent centralization.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) titik; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, Ng ng, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Welsh

Pronunciation

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /ˈeː/, /ˌɛ/

Letter

ë (upper case Ë)

1. The letter E, marked for its syllabic pronunciation distinct from adjacent vowels.