人民

Chinese

		man; person; people	the people; nationality; citizen
simp. and trad. (人民)		人	民
anagram		民人

Etymology

Attestable in pre-Qin texts as a term meaning "common people". Modern sense first attested in An English and Chinese dictionary published in 1884 by W. Lobscheid.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): rénmín

(Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ren² min²

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): жынмин (řɨnmin, I-I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jan⁴ man⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngin³ min³
Gan (Wiktionary): liin⁴ min⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngìn-mìn

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngin² min²
Jin (Wiktionary): zeng¹ ming¹
Northern Min (KCR): nêng-měng
Eastern Min (BUC): ìng-mìng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zing² ming²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lîn-bîn / jîn-bîn

(Teochew, Peng'im): ring⁵ ming⁵ / nang⁵ ming⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶zen-min₆
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ren² min²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: rénmín
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: rénmín
  - Wade–Giles: jên²-min²
  - Yale: rén-mín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renmin
  - Palladius: жэньминь (žɛnʹminʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐən³⁵ min³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ren² min²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhenmin
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /zən²¹ min²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: жынмин (řɨnmin, I-I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jan⁴ man⁴
  - Yale: yàhn màhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jan⁴ man⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yen⁴ men⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    人文
    人民
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngin³ min³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡin²² ᵐbin²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: liin⁴ min⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɨn³⁵ min³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngìn-mìn
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngin^ˇ min^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngin² min²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ min¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngin² min²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ min¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zeng¹ ming¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡səŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nêng-měng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /neiŋ³³ meiŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ìng-mìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: zing² ming² [Phonetic: zing⁵ ming²]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Jinjiang, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-bîn
  - Tâi-lô: lîn-bîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: linbiin
  - IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn-bîn
  - Tâi-lô: jîn-bîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jinbiin
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin²³⁻³³ bin²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin¹³⁻²² bin¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ring⁵ ming⁵ / nang⁵ ming⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jîng mîng / nâng mîng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵/, /naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶zen-min₆
  - MiniDict: zen^去 min^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zen-min₃
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²² min⁴⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ren² min²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐən¹³ min¹³/

Middle Chinese: nyin mjin

Rime
Character	人	民
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	如鄰切	彌鄰切
Baxter	nyin	mjin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵiɪn/	/miɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵin/	/min/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑjen/	/mjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵin/	/min/
Li Rong	/ȵiĕn/	/miĕn/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭĕn/	/mĭĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ĕn/	/mi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rén	mín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jan⁴	man⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ni[ŋ] mi[ŋ]/

(Zhengzhang): /*njin min/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	人	民
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rén	mín
Middle Chinese	‹ nyin ›	‹ mjin ›
Old Chinese	/*ni[ŋ]/	/*mi[ŋ]/
English	(other) person	people
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	人	民
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	10800	9130
Phonetic component	人	民
Rime group	眞	眞
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	仁	民
Old Chinese	/*njin/	/*min/

Noun

人民

people (collectively, as members of society)
熱愛人民／热爱人民 ― rè'ài rénmín ― to love the people

人民民主專政／人民民主专政 ― rénmín mínzhǔ zhuānzhèng ― people's democratic dictatorship

全過程人民民主／全过程人民民主 ― quán guòchéng rénmín mínzhǔ ― whole-process people's democracy

人民生活步步高 ― rénmín shēnghuó bùbùgāo ― the lives of the people improve step by step

科技應為人民利益服務。 [MSC, trad.]
科技应为人民利益服务。 [MSC, simp.]
Kējì yīng wèi rénmín lìyì fúwù. [Pinyin]
Science and technology should work for the good of the people.

中國人民政治協商會議 [MSC, trad.]
中国人民政治协商会议 [MSC, simp.]
Zhōngguó rénmín zhèngzhì xiéshāng huìyì [Pinyin]
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
- 孟子曰：「諸侯之寶三：土地、人民、政事。寶珠玉者，殃必及身。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  孟子曰：「诸侯之宝三：土地、人民、政事。宝珠玉者，殃必及身。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Mèngzǐ yuē: “Zhūhóu zhī bǎo sān: tǔdì, rénmín, zhèngshì. Bǎo zhūyù zhě, yāng bì jíshēn.” [Pinyin]
  Mencius said, 'The precious things of a prince are three: the territory, the people, the government and its business. If one value as most precious pearls and jade, calamity is sure to befall him.'
humanity; humans (as a collective); humankind; the human race

Usage notes

人民 (rénmín) can only refer to people collectively, as a unit. To refer to people as individually countable persons, use 人 (rén). To refer to people in an otherwise general sense, use 人們／人们 (rénmen).

Synonyms

(people):

edit

一般人 (yībānrén)
世人 (shìrén)
世間人 / 世间人 (Hokkien)
人士 (rénshì) (literary)
人群 (rénqún)
人萌 (rénméng) (literary)
俗人 (súrén)
俗子 (súzǐ) (literary)
𫣆人 (Hakka)
兆民 (zhàomín) (archaic)
公眾 / 公众 (gōngzhòng)
凡人 (fánrén)
凡夫 (fánfū) (literary)
匹夫 (pǐfū) (literary)
四眾人 / 四众人 (si³ zing³ nang⁵) (Teochew)
士人 (shìrén) (archaic)
大眾 / 大众 (dàzhòng)
子民 (zǐmín) (historical)
家人 (jiārén) (archaic)
布衣 (bùyī) (historical)
常人 (chángrén)
平人 (píngrén) (literary)
平常人 (píngchángrén)
平民 (píngmín)
庶人 (shùrén) (literary)
庶民 (shùmín) (literary)
斯人 (sīrén) (Classical Chinese)
普通人 (pǔtōngrén)
民人 (mínrén) (literary)
民眾 / 民众 (mínzhòng)
烝民 (zhēngmín) (literary)
烝黎 (zhēnglí) (Classical Chinese)
白衣 (báiyī) (historical)
白衣人 (báiyīrén) (historical)
白身 (báishēn) (archaic)
白身人 (báishēnrén) (archaic)
百姓
眾人 / 众人 (zhòngrén) (literary)
萬姓 / 万姓 (wànxìng) (archaic)
群眾 / 群众 (qúnzhòng)
老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng)
良人 (liángrén) (literary)
草民 (cǎomín) (the worthless ordinary people)
草菅 (cǎojiān) (Classical Chinese, figurative)
草野 (cǎoyě) (literary, figurative)
萌 (literary)
野人 (yěrén) (archaic)
黎庶 (líshù) (literary)
黎民 (límín) (literary)
黎首 (líshǒu) (archaic)
黔首 (qiánshǒu) (archaic)
黔黎 (archaic)

(humanity): 人類／人类 (rénlèi)

Derived terms

中國人民解放軍 / 中国人民解放军 (Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn)
人民代表 (rénmín dàibiǎo)
人民內部矛盾 / 人民内部矛盾 (rénmín nèibù máodùn)
人民公社 (rénmín gōngshè)
人民共和國 / 人民共和国 (rénmín gònghéguó)
人民團體 / 人民团体 (rénmín tuántǐ)
人民幣 / 人民币 (rénmínbì)
人民性 (rénmínxìng)
人民戰爭 / 人民战争 (rénmín zhànzhēng)
人民政府 (rénmín zhèngfǔ)
人民檢察院 / 人民检察院 (rénmín jiǎncháyuàn)
人民警察 (rénmín jǐngchá)
傷害14億人民感情 / 伤害14亿人民感情 (shānghài shísì yì rénmín gǎnqíng)
傷害中國人民的感情 / 伤害中国人民的感情 (shānghài Zhōngguó rénmín de gǎnqíng)
勞動人民 / 劳动人民 (láodòng rénmín)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (人民):

→ Japanese: 人民(じんみん) (jinmin)
→ Korean: 인민(人民) (inmin)
→ Vietnamese: nhân dân (人民)

Others:

→ Manchu: ᠨᡳᠶ᠋ᠠᠯᠮᠠ
ᡳᡵᡤᡝᠨ (niyalma irgen) (calque)
→ Zhuang: yinzminz

Japanese

Kanji in this term
人	民
じん Grade: 1	みん Grade: 4
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 人民 (MC nyin mjin). Compare modern Mandarin 人民 (rénmín), Wu 人民 (⁶zen-min₆), Min Nan 人民 (jîn-bîn).

Formerly pronounced with a consistent 呉音 (goon) reading of ninmin, later changing to a mixed 漢音 (kan'on) / 呉音 (goon) reading of jinmin.^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) じんみん [jìńmíꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])^[2]
IPA^(key): [d͡ʑĩmʲːĩɴ]

Noun

人(じん)民(みん) • (jinmin)

the people, the general public, the citizens

Synonyms

(people of a nation): 国民(こくみん) (kokumin)

Derived terms

人民委員(じんみんいいん) (jinmin iin): commissar (of the former Soviet Union)
人民委員会(じんみんいいんかい) (jinmin iinkai): commissariat (of the former Soviet Union)
人民解放軍(じんみんかいほうぐん) (Jinmin Kaihō Gun): the People's Liberation Army (PLA) (of China)
人民憲章(じんみんけんしょう) (Jinmin Kenshō): the People's Charter (as established in 1838 in the UK)
人民公社(じんみんこうしゃ) (jinmin kōsha): a people's commune (in China)
人民裁判(じんみんさいばん) (jinmin saiban): a people's court
人民主義(じんみんしゅぎ) (jinmin shugi): populism
人民主権(じんみんしゅけん) (jinmin shuken): popular sovereignty, the idea that sovereignty resides in the people
人民戦線(じんみんせんせん) (jinmin sensen): a popular front (as in the name of a group or organization)
人民大会堂(じんみんだいかいどう) (Jinmin Dai Kaidō): the Great Hall of the People (in Beijing)
人民投票(じんみんとうひょう) (jinmin tōhyō): a national referendum, a vote by the people of a nation
人民日報(じんみんにっぽう) (Jinmin Nippō): the People's Daily, the state media of Beijing
人民服(じんみんふく) (jinmin fuku): the “people's clothes” → a Mao suit
人民民主主義(じんみんみんしゅしゅぎ) (jinmin minshushugi): people's democracy

References

^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
人	民

Noun

人民 • (inmin) (hangeul 인민)

hanja form^? of 인민 (“the people (of a country), citizens”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
人	民

Noun

人民

chữ Hán form of nhân dân (“people”).

[KDJ-1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

人民

Chinese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Usage notes

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

See also

Japanese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Synonyms

Derived terms

References

Korean

Noun

Vietnamese

Noun

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