diff --git a/commands/instances.go b/commands/instances.go
index 5b5fe09fcdb..a3a0d3eecf3 100644
--- a/commands/instances.go
+++ b/commands/instances.go
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ func (s *arduinoCoreServerImpl) Init(req *rpc.InitRequest, stream rpc.ArduinoCor
 	// Load libraries
 	for _, pack := range pme.GetPackages() {
 		for _, platform := range pack.Platforms {
-			if platformRelease := pme.GetInstalledPlatformRelease(platform); platformRelease != nil {
+			if platformRelease := pme.GetBestInstalledPlatformRelease(platform); platformRelease != nil {
 				lmb.AddLibrariesDir(librariesmanager.LibrariesDir{
 					PlatformRelease: platformRelease,
 					Path:            platformRelease.GetLibrariesDir(),
diff --git a/commands/service_board_listall.go b/commands/service_board_listall.go
index 93df1f4e338..4ec82ea2700 100644
--- a/commands/service_board_listall.go
+++ b/commands/service_board_listall.go
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func (s *arduinoCoreServerImpl) BoardListAll(ctx context.Context, req *rpc.Board
 	list := &rpc.BoardListAllResponse{Boards: []*rpc.BoardListItem{}}
 	for _, targetPackage := range toSortedPackageArray(pme.GetPackages()) {
 		for _, platform := range toSortedPlatformArray(targetPackage.Platforms) {
-			installedPlatformRelease := pme.GetInstalledPlatformRelease(platform)
+			installedPlatformRelease := pme.GetBestInstalledPlatformRelease(platform)
 			// We only want to list boards for installed platforms
 			if installedPlatformRelease == nil {
 				continue
diff --git a/commands/service_board_search.go b/commands/service_board_search.go
index bbe4ca22529..0b3f7049822 100644
--- a/commands/service_board_search.go
+++ b/commands/service_board_search.go
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func (s *arduinoCoreServerImpl) BoardSearch(ctx context.Context, req *rpc.BoardS
 	for _, targetPackage := range pme.GetPackages() {
 		for _, platform := range targetPackage.Platforms {
 			latestPlatformRelease := platform.GetLatestCompatibleRelease()
-			installedPlatformRelease := pme.GetInstalledPlatformRelease(platform)
+			installedPlatformRelease := pme.GetBestInstalledPlatformRelease(platform)
 
 			if latestPlatformRelease == nil && installedPlatformRelease == nil {
 				continue
diff --git a/commands/service_debug_test.go b/commands/service_debug_test.go
index f389d1486dc..ad869fbe154 100644
--- a/commands/service_debug_test.go
+++ b/commands/service_debug_test.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func TestGetCommandLine(t *testing.T) {
 	sketchPath := paths.New("testdata", "debug", sketch)
 	require.NoError(t, sketchPath.ToAbs())
 
-	pmb := packagemanager.NewBuilder(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
+	pmb := packagemanager.NewBuilder(nil, nil, customHardware, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
 	pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(customHardware)
 	pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(dataDir)
 
diff --git a/commands/service_platform_install.go b/commands/service_platform_install.go
index 9e268339bc8..873e73d2d0c 100644
--- a/commands/service_platform_install.go
+++ b/commands/service_platform_install.go
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ func (s *arduinoCoreServerImpl) PlatformInstall(req *rpc.PlatformInstallRequest,
 			PlatformArchitecture: req.GetArchitecture(),
 			PlatformVersion:      version,
 		}
+		fmt.Println(ref)
 		platformRelease, tools, err := pme.FindPlatformReleaseDependencies(ref)
 		if err != nil {
 			return &cmderrors.PlatformNotFoundError{Platform: ref.String(), Cause: err}
diff --git a/commands/service_platform_search.go b/commands/service_platform_search.go
index 4117bf7be18..d5f71ec7190 100644
--- a/commands/service_platform_search.go
+++ b/commands/service_platform_search.go
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ func (s *arduinoCoreServerImpl) PlatformSearch(_ context.Context, req *rpc.Platf
 		res = pme.FindPlatformReleaseProvidingBoardsWithVidPid(vid, pid)
 	} else {
 		searchArgs := utils.SearchTermsFromQueryString(req.GetSearchArgs())
-		for _, targetPackage := range pme.GetPackages() {
+		for _, targetPackage := range pme.AllPackages() {
 			for _, platform := range targetPackage.Platforms {
 				if platform == nil {
 					continue
@@ -91,6 +91,9 @@ func (s *arduinoCoreServerImpl) PlatformSearch(_ context.Context, req *rpc.Platf
 		if latestCompatible := platform.GetLatestCompatibleRelease(); latestCompatible != nil {
 			rpcPlatformSummary.LatestVersion = latestCompatible.Version.String()
 		}
+		if _, has := platform.GetManuallyInstalledRelease(); has {
+			rpcPlatformSummary.HasManuallyInstalledRelease = true
+		}
 		for _, platformRelease := range platform.GetAllReleases() {
 			rpcPlatformRelease := platformReleaseToRPC(platformRelease)
 			rpcPlatformSummary.Releases[rpcPlatformRelease.GetVersion()] = rpcPlatformRelease
diff --git a/commands/service_platform_uninstall.go b/commands/service_platform_uninstall.go
index cf21d91a8ad..3407127d16a 100644
--- a/commands/service_platform_uninstall.go
+++ b/commands/service_platform_uninstall.go
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func platformUninstall(_ context.Context, req *rpc.PlatformUninstallRequest, tas
 		if platform == nil {
 			return &cmderrors.PlatformNotFoundError{Platform: ref.String()}
 		}
-		platformRelease := pme.GetInstalledPlatformRelease(platform)
+		platformRelease := pme.GetBestInstalledPlatformRelease(platform)
 		if platformRelease == nil {
 			return &cmderrors.PlatformNotFoundError{Platform: ref.String()}
 		}
diff --git a/commands/service_upload.go b/commands/service_upload.go
index 2e5e9272d51..803149eb9c0 100644
--- a/commands/service_upload.go
+++ b/commands/service_upload.go
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ func (s *arduinoCoreServerImpl) runProgramAction(ctx context.Context, pme *packa
 			return nil, &cmderrors.PlatformNotFoundError{Platform: split[0] + ":" + boardPlatform.Platform.Architecture}
 		}
 		uploadToolID = split[1]
-		uploadToolPlatform = pme.GetInstalledPlatformRelease(p)
+		uploadToolPlatform = pme.GetBestInstalledPlatformRelease(p)
 		if uploadToolPlatform == nil {
 			return nil, &cmderrors.PlatformNotFoundError{Platform: split[0] + ":" + boardPlatform.Platform.Architecture}
 		}
diff --git a/commands/service_upload_test.go b/commands/service_upload_test.go
index 4a86a0f274b..e0f7ada23c4 100644
--- a/commands/service_upload_test.go
+++ b/commands/service_upload_test.go
@@ -132,10 +132,12 @@ func TestDetermineBuildPathAndSketchName(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestUploadPropertiesComposition(t *testing.T) {
-	pmb := packagemanager.NewBuilder(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
-	errs := pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(paths.New("testdata", "upload", "hardware"))
+	userdir := paths.New("testdata", "upload")
+	hwdir := userdir.Join("hardware")
+	pmb := packagemanager.NewBuilder(nil, nil, hwdir, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
+	errs := pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(hwdir)
 	require.Len(t, errs, 0)
-	buildPath1 := paths.New("testdata", "upload", "build_path_1")
+	buildPath1 := userdir.Join("build_path_1")
 	logrus.SetLevel(logrus.TraceLevel)
 	type test struct {
 		importDir       *paths.Path
diff --git a/internal/arduino/cores/cores.go b/internal/arduino/cores/cores.go
index 25c73508b76..75f7881dbf4 100644
--- a/internal/arduino/cores/cores.go
+++ b/internal/arduino/cores/cores.go
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ type Platform struct {
 	Architecture      string                                       // The name of the architecture of this package.
 	Releases          map[semver.NormalizedString]*PlatformRelease // The Releases of this platform, labeled by version.
 	Package           *Package                                     `json:"-"`
-	ManuallyInstalled bool                                         // true if the Platform has been installed without the CLI
+	ManuallyInstalled bool                                         // true if the Platform exists due to a manually installed release
 	Deprecated        bool                                         // true if the latest PlatformRelease of this Platform has been deprecated
 	Indexed           bool                                         // true if the Platform has been indexed from additional-urls
 	Latest            *semver.Version                              `json:"-"`
@@ -117,6 +117,11 @@ func (t *TimestampsStore) Dirty() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+// IsManaged returns true if the platform release is managed by the package manager.
+func (release *PlatformRelease) IsManaged() bool {
+	return release.Version.String() != ""
+}
+
 // Dirty returns true if one of the files of this PlatformRelease has been changed
 // (it means that the PlatformRelease should be rebuilt to be used correctly).
 func (release *PlatformRelease) Dirty() bool {
@@ -238,10 +243,10 @@ func (d *MonitorDependency) String() string {
 // GetOrCreateRelease returns the specified release corresponding the provided version,
 // or creates a new one if not found.
 func (platform *Platform) GetOrCreateRelease(version *semver.Version) *PlatformRelease {
-	var tag semver.NormalizedString
-	if version != nil {
-		tag = version.NormalizedString()
+	if version == nil {
+		version = semver.MustParse("")
 	}
+	tag := version.NormalizedString()
 	if release, ok := platform.Releases[tag]; ok {
 		return release
 	}
@@ -257,6 +262,13 @@ func (platform *Platform) GetOrCreateRelease(version *semver.Version) *PlatformR
 	return release
 }
 
+// GetManuallyInstalledRelease returns (*PlatformRelease, true) if the Platform has
+// a manually installed release or (nil, false) otherwise.
+func (platform *Platform) GetManuallyInstalledRelease() (*PlatformRelease, bool) {
+	res, ok := platform.Releases[semver.MustParse("").NormalizedString()]
+	return res, ok
+}
+
 // FindReleaseWithVersion returns the specified release corresponding the provided version,
 // or nil if not found.
 func (platform *Platform) FindReleaseWithVersion(version *semver.Version) *PlatformRelease {
diff --git a/internal/arduino/cores/packageindex/index.go b/internal/arduino/cores/packageindex/index.go
index c2c601c500b..d5f84ec2f7b 100644
--- a/internal/arduino/cores/packageindex/index.go
+++ b/internal/arduino/cores/packageindex/index.go
@@ -263,7 +263,10 @@ func (inPlatformRelease indexPlatformRelease) extractPlatformIn(outPackage *core
 	outPlatform := outPackage.GetOrCreatePlatform(inPlatformRelease.Architecture)
 	// If the variable `isInstallJSON` is false it means that the index we're reading is coming from the additional-urls.
 	// Therefore, the `outPlatform.Indexed` will be set at `true`.
-	outPlatform.Indexed = outPlatform.Indexed || !isInstallJSON
+	if !isInstallJSON {
+		outPlatform.Indexed = true
+		outPlatform.ManuallyInstalled = false
+	}
 
 	// If the latest platform release is deprecated, then deprecate the whole platform.
 	if outPlatform.Latest == nil || outPlatform.Latest.LessThan(inPlatformRelease.Version) {
diff --git a/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/install_uninstall.go b/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/install_uninstall.go
index 977e03d8bb0..b969487cdf6 100644
--- a/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/install_uninstall.go
+++ b/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/install_uninstall.go
@@ -257,23 +257,6 @@ func (pme *Explorer) RunPreOrPostScript(installDir *paths.Path, prefix string) (
 	return []byte{}, []byte{}, nil
 }
 
-// IsManagedPlatformRelease returns true if the PlatforRelease is managed by the PackageManager
-func (pme *Explorer) IsManagedPlatformRelease(platformRelease *cores.PlatformRelease) bool {
-	if pme.PackagesDir == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	installDir := platformRelease.InstallDir.Clone()
-	if installDir.FollowSymLink() != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	packagesDir := pme.PackagesDir.Clone()
-	if packagesDir.FollowSymLink() != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	managed, _ := installDir.IsInsideDir(packagesDir)
-	return managed
-}
-
 // UninstallPlatform remove a PlatformRelease.
 func (pme *Explorer) UninstallPlatform(platformRelease *cores.PlatformRelease, taskCB rpc.TaskProgressCB, skipPreUninstall bool) error {
 	log := pme.log.WithField("platform", platformRelease)
@@ -288,7 +271,7 @@ func (pme *Explorer) UninstallPlatform(platformRelease *cores.PlatformRelease, t
 	}
 
 	// Safety measure
-	if !pme.IsManagedPlatformRelease(platformRelease) {
+	if !platformRelease.IsManaged() {
 		err := errors.New(i18n.Tr("%s is not managed by package manager", platformRelease))
 		log.WithError(err).Error("Error uninstalling")
 		return &cmderrors.FailedUninstallError{Message: err.Error()}
@@ -441,7 +424,7 @@ func (pme *Explorer) IsToolRequired(toolRelease *cores.ToolRelease) bool {
 	// Search in all installed platforms
 	for _, targetPackage := range pme.packages {
 		for _, platform := range targetPackage.Platforms {
-			if platformRelease := pme.GetInstalledPlatformRelease(platform); platformRelease != nil {
+			if platformRelease := pme.GetBestInstalledPlatformRelease(platform); platformRelease != nil {
 				if platformRelease.RequiresToolRelease(toolRelease) {
 					return true
 				}
diff --git a/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/loader.go b/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/loader.go
index 14e1d6df912..ae02d4901fc 100644
--- a/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/loader.go
+++ b/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/loader.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/arduino/arduino-cli/commands/cmderrors"
 	"github.com/arduino/arduino-cli/internal/arduino/cores"
 	"github.com/arduino/arduino-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/arduino/go-paths-helper"
@@ -63,6 +62,17 @@ func (pm *Builder) LoadHardwareFromDirectory(path *paths.Path) []error {
 		return append(merr, errors.New(i18n.Tr("%s is not a directory", path)))
 	}
 
+	// If the hardware directory is inside, or equals, the sketchbook/hardware directory
+	// it's not a managed package, otherwise it is.
+	managed := true
+	if pm.userPackagesDir != nil {
+		if path.EquivalentTo(pm.userPackagesDir) {
+			managed = false
+		} else if userInstalled, err := path.IsInsideDir(pm.userPackagesDir); err == nil && userInstalled {
+			managed = false
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Scan subdirs
 	packagersPaths, err := path.ReadDir()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -85,43 +95,39 @@ func (pm *Builder) LoadHardwareFromDirectory(path *paths.Path) []error {
 
 	for _, packagerPath := range packagersPaths {
 		packager := packagerPath.Base()
-
 		// Skip tools, they're not packages and don't contain Platforms
 		if packager == "tools" {
 			pm.log.Infof("Excluding directory: %s", packagerPath)
 			continue
 		}
+		targetPackage := pm.packages.GetOrCreatePackage(packager)
 
 		// Follow symlinks
-		err := packagerPath.FollowSymLink() // ex: .arduino15/packages/arduino/
-		if err != nil {
+		// (for example: .arduino15/packages/arduino/ could point to a dev directory)
+		if err := packagerPath.FollowSymLink(); err != nil {
 			merr = append(merr, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", i18n.Tr("following symlink %s", path), err))
 			continue
 		}
 
 		// There are two possible package directory structures:
-		// - PACKAGER/ARCHITECTURE-1/boards.txt...                   (ex: arduino/avr/...)
-		//   PACKAGER/ARCHITECTURE-2/boards.txt...                   (ex: arduino/sam/...)
-		//   PACKAGER/ARCHITECTURE-3/boards.txt...                   (ex: arduino/samd/...)
-		// or
-		// - PACKAGER/hardware/ARCHITECTURE-1/VERSION/boards.txt...  (ex: arduino/hardware/avr/1.6.15/...)
-		//   PACKAGER/hardware/ARCHITECTURE-2/VERSION/boards.txt...  (ex: arduino/hardware/sam/1.6.6/...)
-		//   PACKAGER/hardware/ARCHITECTURE-3/VERSION/boards.txt...  (ex: arduino/hardware/samd/1.6.12/...)
-		//   PACKAGER/tools/...                                      (ex: arduino/tools/...)
-		// in the latter case we just move into "hardware" directory and continue
-		var architectureParentPath *paths.Path
-		hardwareSubdirPath := packagerPath.Join("hardware") // ex: .arduino15/packages/arduino/hardware
-		if hardwareSubdirPath.IsDir() {
-			// we found the "hardware" directory move down into that
-			architectureParentPath = hardwareSubdirPath // ex: .arduino15/packages/arduino/
+		if managed {
+			// 1. Inside the Boards Manager .arduino15/packages directory:
+			//    PACKAGER/hardware/ARCHITECTURE-1/VERSION/boards.txt...  (ex: arduino/hardware/avr/1.6.15/...)
+			//    PACKAGER/hardware/ARCHITECTURE-2/VERSION/boards.txt...  (ex: arduino/hardware/sam/1.6.6/...)
+			//    PACKAGER/hardware/ARCHITECTURE-3/VERSION/boards.txt...  (ex: arduino/hardware/samd/1.6.12/...)
+			//    PACKAGER/tools/...                                      (ex: arduino/tools/...)
+			if p := packagerPath.Join("hardware"); p.IsDir() {
+				merr = append(merr, pm.loadPlatforms(targetPackage, p, managed)...)
+			}
 		} else {
-			// we are already at the correct level
-			architectureParentPath = packagerPath
+			// 2. Inside the sketchbook/hardware directory:
+			//    PACKAGER/ARCHITECTURE-1/boards.txt...                   (ex: arduino/avr/...)
+			//    PACKAGER/ARCHITECTURE-2/boards.txt...                   (ex: arduino/sam/...)
+			//    PACKAGER/ARCHITECTURE-3/boards.txt...                   (ex: arduino/samd/...)
+			// ex: .arduino15/packages/arduino/hardware/...
+			merr = append(merr, pm.loadPlatforms(targetPackage, packagerPath, managed)...)
 		}
 
-		targetPackage := pm.packages.GetOrCreatePackage(packager)
-		merr = append(merr, pm.loadPlatforms(targetPackage, architectureParentPath)...)
-
 		// Check if we have tools to load, the directory structure is as follows:
 		// - PACKAGER/tools/TOOL-NAME/TOOL-VERSION/... (ex: arduino/tools/bossac/1.7.0/...)
 		toolsSubdirPath := packagerPath.Join("tools")
@@ -141,8 +147,8 @@ func (pm *Builder) LoadHardwareFromDirectory(path *paths.Path) []error {
 // loadPlatforms load plaftorms from the specified directory assuming that they belongs
 // to the targetPackage object passed as parameter.
 // A list of gRPC Status error is returned for each Platform failed to load.
-func (pm *Builder) loadPlatforms(targetPackage *cores.Package, packageDir *paths.Path) []error {
-	pm.log.Infof("Loading package %s from: %s", targetPackage.Name, packageDir)
+func (pm *Builder) loadPlatforms(targetPackage *cores.Package, packageDir *paths.Path, managed bool) []error {
+	pm.log.Infof("Loading package %s from: %s (managed=%v)", targetPackage.Name, packageDir, managed)
 
 	var merr []error
 
@@ -162,7 +168,7 @@ func (pm *Builder) loadPlatforms(targetPackage *cores.Package, packageDir *paths
 		if targetArchitecture == "tools" {
 			continue
 		}
-		if err := pm.loadPlatform(targetPackage, targetArchitecture, platformPath); err != nil {
+		if err := pm.loadPlatform(targetPackage, targetArchitecture, platformPath, managed); err != nil {
 			merr = append(merr, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -173,46 +179,18 @@ func (pm *Builder) loadPlatforms(targetPackage *cores.Package, packageDir *paths
 // loadPlatform loads a single platform and all its installed releases given a platformPath.
 // platformPath must be a directory.
 // Returns a gRPC Status error in case of failures.
-func (pm *Builder) loadPlatform(targetPackage *cores.Package, architecture string, platformPath *paths.Path) error {
+func (pm *Builder) loadPlatform(targetPackage *cores.Package, architecture string, platformPath *paths.Path, managed bool) error {
 	// This is not a platform
 	if platformPath.IsNotDir() {
 		return errors.New(i18n.Tr("path is not a platform directory: %s", platformPath))
 	}
 
 	// There are two possible platform directory structures:
-	// - ARCHITECTURE/boards.txt
-	// - ARCHITECTURE/VERSION/boards.txt
-	// We identify them by checking where is the bords.txt file
-	possibleBoardTxtPath := platformPath.Join("boards.txt")
-	if exist, err := possibleBoardTxtPath.ExistCheck(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", i18n.Tr("looking for boards.txt in %s", possibleBoardTxtPath), err)
-	} else if exist {
-		// case: ARCHITECTURE/boards.txt
-
-		platformTxtPath := platformPath.Join("platform.txt")
-		platformProperties, err := properties.SafeLoad(platformTxtPath.String())
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", i18n.Tr("loading platform.txt"), err)
-		}
-
-		versionString := platformProperties.ExpandPropsInString(platformProperties.Get("version"))
-		version, err := semver.Parse(versionString)
-		if err != nil {
-			return &cmderrors.InvalidVersionError{Cause: fmt.Errorf("%s: %s", platformTxtPath, err)}
-		}
+	if managed {
+		// 1. Inside the Boards Manager .arduino15/packages/PACKAGER/hardware/ARCHITECTURE directory:
+		// - ARCHITECTURE/VERSION/boards.txt
 
-		platform := targetPackage.GetOrCreatePlatform(architecture)
-		platform.ManuallyInstalled = true
-		release := platform.GetOrCreateRelease(version)
-		if err := pm.loadPlatformRelease(release, platformPath); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", i18n.Tr("loading platform release %s", release), err)
-		}
-		pm.log.WithField("platform", release).Infof("Loaded platform")
-
-	} else {
-		// case: ARCHITECTURE/VERSION/boards.txt
 		// let's dive into VERSION directories
-
 		versionDirs, err := platformPath.ReadDir()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", i18n.Tr("reading directory %s", platformPath), err)
@@ -237,106 +215,117 @@ func (pm *Builder) loadPlatform(targetPackage *cores.Package, architecture strin
 			}
 			pm.log.WithField("platform", release).Infof("Loaded platform")
 		}
+	} else {
+		// 2. Inside the sketchbook/hardware/PACKAGER/ARCHITECTURE directory:
+		// - ARCHITECTURE/boards.txt
+
+		platform := targetPackage.GetOrCreatePlatform(architecture)
+		if !platform.Indexed {
+			platform.ManuallyInstalled = true
+		}
+		release := platform.GetOrCreateRelease(nil)
+		if err := pm.loadPlatformRelease(release, platformPath); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", i18n.Tr("loading platform release %s", release), err)
+		}
+		pm.log.WithField("platform", release).Infof("Loaded platform")
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (pm *Builder) loadPlatformRelease(platform *cores.PlatformRelease, path *paths.Path) error {
-	platform.InstallDir = path
-
+func (pm *Builder) loadPlatformRelease(platformRelease *cores.PlatformRelease, platformPath *paths.Path) error {
 	// If the installed.json file is found load it, this is done to handle the
 	// case in which the platform's index and its url have been deleted locally,
 	// if we don't load it some information about the platform is lost
-	installedJSONPath := path.Join("installed.json")
-	platform.Timestamps.AddFile(installedJSONPath)
+	installedJSONPath := platformPath.Join("installed.json")
 	if installedJSONPath.Exist() {
 		if _, err := pm.LoadPackageIndexFromFile(installedJSONPath); err != nil {
 			return errors.New(i18n.Tr("loading %[1]s: %[2]s", installedJSONPath, err))
 		}
 	}
 
-	// TODO: why CLONE?
-	platform.Properties = platform.Properties.Clone()
+	platformRelease.InstallDir = platformPath
+	platformRelease.Timestamps.AddFile(installedJSONPath)
+	platformRelease.Properties = platformRelease.Properties.Clone() // TODO: why CLONE?
 
 	// Create platform properties
-	platformTxtPath := path.Join("platform.txt")
-	platform.Timestamps.AddFile(platformTxtPath)
+	platformTxtPath := platformPath.Join("platform.txt")
+	platformRelease.Timestamps.AddFile(platformTxtPath)
 	if p, err := properties.SafeLoadFromPath(platformTxtPath); err == nil {
-		platform.Properties.Merge(p)
+		platformRelease.Properties.Merge(p)
 	} else {
 		return errors.New(i18n.Tr("loading %[1]s: %[2]s", platformTxtPath, err))
 	}
 
-	platformTxtLocalPath := path.Join("platform.local.txt")
-	platform.Timestamps.AddFile(platformTxtLocalPath)
+	platformTxtLocalPath := platformPath.Join("platform.local.txt")
+	platformRelease.Timestamps.AddFile(platformTxtLocalPath)
 	if p, err := properties.SafeLoadFromPath(platformTxtLocalPath); err == nil {
-		platform.Properties.Merge(p)
+		platformRelease.Properties.Merge(p)
 	} else {
 		return errors.New(i18n.Tr("loading %[1]s: %[2]s", platformTxtLocalPath, err))
 	}
 
-	if platform.Properties.SubTree("pluggable_discovery").Size() > 0 || platform.Properties.SubTree("pluggable_monitor").Size() > 0 {
-		platform.PluggableDiscoveryAware = true
+	if platformRelease.Properties.SubTree("pluggable_discovery").Size() > 0 || platformRelease.Properties.SubTree("pluggable_monitor").Size() > 0 {
+		platformRelease.PluggableDiscoveryAware = true
 	} else {
-		platform.Properties.Set("pluggable_discovery.required.0", "builtin:serial-discovery")
-		platform.Properties.Set("pluggable_discovery.required.1", "builtin:mdns-discovery")
-		platform.Properties.Set("pluggable_monitor.required.serial", "builtin:serial-monitor")
+		platformRelease.Properties.Set("pluggable_discovery.required.0", "builtin:serial-discovery")
+		platformRelease.Properties.Set("pluggable_discovery.required.1", "builtin:mdns-discovery")
+		platformRelease.Properties.Set("pluggable_monitor.required.serial", "builtin:serial-monitor")
 	}
 
-	if platform.Name == "" {
-		if name, ok := platform.Properties.GetOk("name"); ok {
-			platform.Name = name
+	if platformRelease.Name == "" {
+		if name, ok := platformRelease.Properties.GetOk("name"); ok {
+			platformRelease.Name = name
 		} else {
 			// If the platform.txt file doesn't exist for this platform and it's not in any
 			// package index there is no way of retrieving its name, so we build one using
 			// the available information, that is the packager name and the architecture.
-			platform.Name = fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", platform.Platform.Package.Name, platform.Platform.Architecture)
+			platformRelease.Name = fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", platformRelease.Platform.Package.Name, platformRelease.Platform.Architecture)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Create programmers properties
-	programmersTxtPath := path.Join("programmers.txt")
-	platform.Timestamps.AddFile(programmersTxtPath)
+	programmersTxtPath := platformPath.Join("programmers.txt")
+	platformRelease.Timestamps.AddFile(programmersTxtPath)
 	if programmersProperties, err := properties.SafeLoadFromPath(programmersTxtPath); err == nil {
 		for programmerID, programmerProps := range programmersProperties.FirstLevelOf() {
-			if !platform.PluggableDiscoveryAware {
+			if !platformRelease.PluggableDiscoveryAware {
 				convertUploadToolsToPluggableDiscovery(programmerProps)
 			}
-			platform.Programmers[programmerID] = pm.loadProgrammer(programmerProps)
-			platform.Programmers[programmerID].PlatformRelease = platform
+			platformRelease.Programmers[programmerID] = pm.loadProgrammer(programmerProps)
+			platformRelease.Programmers[programmerID].PlatformRelease = platformRelease
 		}
 	} else {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := pm.loadBoards(platform); err != nil {
+	if err := pm.loadBoards(platformRelease); err != nil {
 		return errors.New(i18n.Tr("loading boards: %s", err))
 	}
 
-	if !platform.PluggableDiscoveryAware {
-		convertLegacyPlatformToPluggableDiscovery(platform)
+	if !platformRelease.PluggableDiscoveryAware {
+		convertLegacyPlatformToPluggableDiscovery(platformRelease)
 	}
 
 	// Build pluggable monitor references
-	platform.Monitors = map[string]*cores.MonitorDependency{}
-	for protocol, ref := range platform.Properties.SubTree("pluggable_monitor.required").AsMap() {
+	platformRelease.Monitors = map[string]*cores.MonitorDependency{}
+	for protocol, ref := range platformRelease.Properties.SubTree("pluggable_monitor.required").AsMap() {
 		split := strings.Split(ref, ":")
 		if len(split) != 2 {
 			return errors.New(i18n.Tr("invalid pluggable monitor reference: %s", ref))
 		}
 		pm.log.WithField("protocol", protocol).WithField("tool", ref).Info("Adding monitor tool")
-		platform.Monitors[protocol] = &cores.MonitorDependency{
+		platformRelease.Monitors[protocol] = &cores.MonitorDependency{
 			Packager: split[0],
 			Name:     split[1],
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Support for pluggable monitors in debugging/development environments
-	platform.MonitorsDevRecipes = map[string]string{}
-	for protocol, recipe := range platform.Properties.SubTree("pluggable_monitor.pattern").AsMap() {
+	platformRelease.MonitorsDevRecipes = map[string]string{}
+	for protocol, recipe := range platformRelease.Properties.SubTree("pluggable_monitor.pattern").AsMap() {
 		pm.log.WithField("protocol", protocol).WithField("recipe", recipe).Info("Adding monitor recipe")
-		platform.MonitorsDevRecipes[protocol] = recipe
+		platformRelease.MonitorsDevRecipes[protocol] = recipe
 	}
 
 	return nil
diff --git a/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/package_manager.go b/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/package_manager.go
index 3281a3ad9e9..ec6fd15724c 100644
--- a/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/package_manager.go
+++ b/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/package_manager.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 package packagemanager
 
 import (
+	"cmp"
 	"errors"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
@@ -229,6 +230,17 @@ func (pme *Explorer) GetPackages() cores.Packages {
 	return pme.packages
 }
 
+func (pme *Explorer) AllPackages() []*cores.Package {
+	packages := make([]*cores.Package, 0, len(pme.packages))
+	for _, p := range pme.packages {
+		packages = append(packages, p)
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(packages, func(i, j *cores.Package) int {
+		return cmp.Compare(i.String(), j.String())
+	})
+	return packages
+}
+
 // GetCustomGlobalProperties returns the user defined custom global
 // properties for installed platforms.
 func (pme *Explorer) GetCustomGlobalProperties() *properties.Map {
@@ -302,7 +314,7 @@ func (pme *Explorer) ResolveFQBN(fqbn *fqbn.FQBN) (
 		return targetPackage, nil, nil, nil, nil,
 			errors.New(i18n.Tr("unknown platform %s:%s", targetPackage, fqbn.Architecture))
 	}
-	boardPlatformRelease := pme.GetInstalledPlatformRelease(platform)
+	boardPlatformRelease := pme.GetBestInstalledPlatformRelease(platform)
 	if boardPlatformRelease == nil {
 		return targetPackage, nil, nil, nil, nil,
 			errors.New(i18n.Tr("platform %s is not installed", platform))
@@ -433,7 +445,7 @@ func (pme *Explorer) determineReferencedPlatformRelease(boardBuildProperties *pr
 			return "", nil, "", nil,
 				errors.New(i18n.Tr("missing platform %[1]s:%[2]s referenced by board %[3]s", referredPackageName, fqbn.Architecture, fqbn))
 		}
-		referredPlatformRelease = pme.GetInstalledPlatformRelease(referredPlatform)
+		referredPlatformRelease = pme.GetBestInstalledPlatformRelease(referredPlatform)
 		if referredPlatformRelease == nil {
 			return "", nil, "", nil,
 				errors.New(i18n.Tr("missing platform release %[1]s:%[2]s referenced by board %[3]s", referredPackageName, fqbn.Architecture, fqbn))
@@ -592,8 +604,20 @@ func (tr *ToolReleaseActions) Get() (*cores.ToolRelease, error) {
 	return tr.release, nil
 }
 
-// GetInstalledPlatformRelease returns the PlatformRelease installed (it is chosen)
+// GetInstalledPlatformRelease return the PlatformRelease installed through the package manager
+// or nil if the PlatformRelease is not installed. Platforms installed manually are ignored.
 func (pme *Explorer) GetInstalledPlatformRelease(platform *cores.Platform) *cores.PlatformRelease {
+	for _, release := range platform.GetAllInstalled() {
+		if release.IsInstalled() && release.IsManaged() {
+			return release
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetBestInstalledPlatformRelease returns the PlatformRelease installed (it is chosen between
+// the platform installed through the package manager and the one installed manually)
+func (pme *Explorer) GetBestInstalledPlatformRelease(platform *cores.Platform) *cores.PlatformRelease {
 	releases := platform.GetAllInstalled()
 	if len(releases) == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -601,33 +625,24 @@ func (pme *Explorer) GetInstalledPlatformRelease(platform *cores.Platform) *core
 
 	debug := func(msg string, pl *cores.PlatformRelease) {
 		pme.log.WithField("version", pl.Version).
-			WithField("managed", pme.IsManagedPlatformRelease(pl)).
+			WithField("managed", pl.IsManaged()).
 			Debugf("%s: %s", msg, pl)
 	}
 
 	best := releases[0]
-	bestIsManaged := pme.IsManagedPlatformRelease(best)
-	debug("current best", best)
-
 	for _, candidate := range releases[1:] {
-		candidateIsManaged := pme.IsManagedPlatformRelease(candidate)
+		debug("current best", best)
 		debug("candidate", candidate)
-		if !candidateIsManaged && !bestIsManaged {
-			if candidate.Version.GreaterThan(best.Version) {
-				best = candidate
-			}
+		if candidate.IsManaged() && !best.IsManaged() {
 			continue
 		}
-		if !candidateIsManaged {
+		if !candidate.IsManaged() && best.IsManaged() {
+			best = candidate
 			continue
 		}
-		if !bestIsManaged {
-			best = candidate
-			bestIsManaged = true
-		} else if candidate.Version.GreaterThan(best.Version) {
+		if candidate.Version.GreaterThan(best.Version) {
 			best = candidate
 		}
-		debug("current best", best)
 	}
 	return best
 }
diff --git a/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/package_manager_test.go b/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/package_manager_test.go
index 92530af6dc3..292abdd7219 100644
--- a/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/package_manager_test.go
+++ b/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/package_manager_test.go
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ var dataDir1 = paths.New("testdata", "data_dir_1")
 var extraHardware = paths.New("testdata", "extra_hardware")
 
 func TestFindBoardWithFQBN(t *testing.T) {
-	pmb := NewBuilder(customHardware, customHardware, nil, customHardware, customHardware, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
+	pmb := NewBuilder(nil, nil, customHardware, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
 	pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(customHardware)
 	pm := pmb.Build()
 	pme, release := pm.NewExplorer()
@@ -55,15 +55,118 @@ func TestFindBoardWithFQBN(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Arduino/Genuino Mega or Mega 2560")
 }
 
+func TestResolveFQBNWithRefCores(t *testing.T) {
+	// Pass nil, since these paths are only used for installing
+	pmb := NewBuilder(nil, nil, extraHardware, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
+	// Hardware from main packages directory
+	pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(dataDir1.Join("packages"))
+	// This contains the referenced:avr core
+	pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(extraHardware)
+	pm := pmb.Build()
+	pme, release := pm.NewExplorer()
+	defer release()
+
+	t.Run("BoardAndBuildPropertiesForReferencedArduinoUno", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Test a board referenced from the main AVR arduino platform
+		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("referenced:avr:uno")
+		require.Nil(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, fqbn)
+		pkg, platformRelease, board, props, buildPlatformRelease, err := pme.ResolveFQBN(fqbn)
+		require.Nil(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, pkg, platformRelease.Platform.Package)
+		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease)
+		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
+		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "referenced:avr")
+		require.NotNil(t, board)
+		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Referenced Uno")
+		require.NotNil(t, props)
+		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease)
+		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform)
+		require.Equal(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform.String(), "arduino:avr")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("BoardAndBuildPropertiesForReferencedFeatherM0", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Test a board referenced from the Adafruit SAMD core (this tests
+		// deriving where the package and core name are different)
+		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("referenced:samd:feather_m0")
+		require.Nil(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, fqbn)
+		pkg, platformRelease, board, props, buildPlatformRelease, err := pme.ResolveFQBN(fqbn)
+		require.Nil(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, pkg, platformRelease.Platform.Package)
+		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease)
+		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
+		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "referenced:samd")
+		require.NotNil(t, board)
+		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Referenced Feather M0")
+		require.NotNil(t, props)
+		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease)
+		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform)
+		require.Equal(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform.String(), "adafruit:samd")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("BoardAndBuildPropertiesForNonExistentPackage", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Test a board referenced from a non-existent package
+		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("referenced:avr:dummy_invalid_package")
+		require.Nil(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, fqbn)
+		pkg, platformRelease, board, props, buildPlatformRelease, err := pme.ResolveFQBN(fqbn)
+		require.NotNil(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, pkg, platformRelease.Platform.Package)
+		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease)
+		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
+		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "referenced:avr")
+		require.NotNil(t, board)
+		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Referenced dummy with invalid package")
+		require.Nil(t, props)
+		require.Nil(t, buildPlatformRelease)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("BoardAndBuildPropertiesForNonExistentArchitecture", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Test a board referenced from a non-existent platform/architecture
+		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("referenced:avr:dummy_invalid_platform")
+		require.Nil(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, fqbn)
+		pkg, platformRelease, board, props, buildPlatformRelease, err := pme.ResolveFQBN(fqbn)
+		require.NotNil(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, pkg, platformRelease.Platform.Package)
+		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease)
+		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
+		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "referenced:avr")
+		require.NotNil(t, board)
+		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Referenced dummy with invalid platform")
+		require.Nil(t, props)
+		require.Nil(t, buildPlatformRelease)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("BoardAndBuildPropertiesForNonExistentCore", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Test a board referenced from a non-existent core
+		// Note that ResolveFQBN does not actually check this currently
+		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("referenced:avr:dummy_invalid_core")
+		require.Nil(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, fqbn)
+		pkg, platformRelease, board, props, buildPlatformRelease, err := pme.ResolveFQBN(fqbn)
+		require.Nil(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, pkg, platformRelease.Platform.Package)
+		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease)
+		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
+		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "referenced:avr")
+		require.NotNil(t, board)
+		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Referenced dummy with invalid core")
+		require.NotNil(t, props)
+		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease)
+		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform)
+		require.Equal(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform.String(), "arduino:avr")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestResolveFQBN(t *testing.T) {
 	// Pass nil, since these paths are only used for installing
-	pmb := NewBuilder(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
+	pmb := NewBuilder(nil, nil, customHardware, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
 	// Hardware from main packages directory
 	pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(dataDir1.Join("packages"))
 	// This contains the arduino:avr core
 	pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(customHardware)
-	// This contains the referenced:avr core
-	pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(extraHardware)
 	pm := pmb.Build()
 	pme, release := pm.NewExplorer()
 	defer release()
@@ -86,8 +189,8 @@ func TestResolveFQBN(t *testing.T) {
 		testNormalization("arduino:avr:mega", "arduino:avr:mega")
 		testNormalization("arduino:avr:mega:cpu=atmega2560", "arduino:avr:mega")
 		testNormalization("arduino:avr:mega:cpu=atmega1280", "arduino:avr:mega:cpu=atmega1280")
-		testNormalization("esp8266:esp8266:generic:baud=57600,wipe=sdk", "esp8266:esp8266:generic:baud=57600,wipe=sdk")
-		testNormalization("esp8266:esp8266:generic:baud=115200,wipe=sdk", "esp8266:esp8266:generic:wipe=sdk")
+		testNormalization("esp8266:esp8266:generic:CpuFrequency=80", "esp8266:esp8266:generic")
+		testNormalization("esp8266:esp8266:generic:CpuFrequency=160", "esp8266:esp8266:generic:CpuFrequency=160")
 		testNormalization("arduino:avr:mega:cpu=nonexistent", "ERROR")
 		testNormalization("arduino:avr:mega:nonexistent=blah", "ERROR")
 	})
@@ -103,7 +206,7 @@ func TestResolveFQBN(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
 		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "arduino:avr")
 		require.NotNil(t, board)
-		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Arduino Uno")
+		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Arduino/Genuino Uno")
 		require.NotNil(t, props)
 		require.Equal(t, platformRelease, buildPlatformRelease)
 
@@ -124,7 +227,7 @@ func TestResolveFQBN(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
 		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "arduino:avr")
 		require.NotNil(t, board)
-		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Arduino Mega or Mega 2560")
+		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Arduino/Genuino Mega or Mega 2560")
 		require.NotNil(t, props)
 		require.Equal(t, platformRelease, buildPlatformRelease)
 	})
@@ -166,25 +269,6 @@ func TestResolveFQBN(t *testing.T) {
 
 	})
 
-	t.Run("BoardAndBuildPropertiesForReferencedArduinoUno", func(t *testing.T) {
-		// Test a board referenced from the main AVR arduino platform
-		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("referenced:avr:uno")
-		require.Nil(t, err)
-		require.NotNil(t, fqbn)
-		pkg, platformRelease, board, props, buildPlatformRelease, err := pme.ResolveFQBN(fqbn)
-		require.Nil(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, pkg, platformRelease.Platform.Package)
-		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease)
-		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
-		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "referenced:avr")
-		require.NotNil(t, board)
-		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Referenced Uno")
-		require.NotNil(t, props)
-		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease)
-		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform)
-		require.Equal(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform.String(), "arduino:avr")
-	})
-
 	t.Run("BoardAndBuildPropertiesForArduinoDue", func(t *testing.T) {
 		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("arduino:sam:arduino_due_x")
 		require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -232,80 +316,6 @@ func TestResolveFQBN(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Equal(t, "tiny14", props.Get("build.variant"))
 	})
 
-	t.Run("BoardAndBuildPropertiesForReferencedFeatherM0", func(t *testing.T) {
-		// Test a board referenced from the Adafruit SAMD core (this tests
-		// deriving where the package and core name are different)
-		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("referenced:samd:feather_m0")
-		require.Nil(t, err)
-		require.NotNil(t, fqbn)
-		pkg, platformRelease, board, props, buildPlatformRelease, err := pme.ResolveFQBN(fqbn)
-		require.Nil(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, pkg, platformRelease.Platform.Package)
-		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease)
-		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
-		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "referenced:samd")
-		require.NotNil(t, board)
-		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Referenced Feather M0")
-		require.NotNil(t, props)
-		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease)
-		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform)
-		require.Equal(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform.String(), "adafruit:samd")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("BoardAndBuildPropertiesForNonExistentPackage", func(t *testing.T) {
-		// Test a board referenced from a non-existent package
-		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("referenced:avr:dummy_invalid_package")
-		require.Nil(t, err)
-		require.NotNil(t, fqbn)
-		pkg, platformRelease, board, props, buildPlatformRelease, err := pme.ResolveFQBN(fqbn)
-		require.NotNil(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, pkg, platformRelease.Platform.Package)
-		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease)
-		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
-		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "referenced:avr")
-		require.NotNil(t, board)
-		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Referenced dummy with invalid package")
-		require.Nil(t, props)
-		require.Nil(t, buildPlatformRelease)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("BoardAndBuildPropertiesForNonExistentArchitecture", func(t *testing.T) {
-		// Test a board referenced from a non-existent platform/architecture
-		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("referenced:avr:dummy_invalid_platform")
-		require.Nil(t, err)
-		require.NotNil(t, fqbn)
-		pkg, platformRelease, board, props, buildPlatformRelease, err := pme.ResolveFQBN(fqbn)
-		require.NotNil(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, pkg, platformRelease.Platform.Package)
-		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease)
-		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
-		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "referenced:avr")
-		require.NotNil(t, board)
-		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Referenced dummy with invalid platform")
-		require.Nil(t, props)
-		require.Nil(t, buildPlatformRelease)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("BoardAndBuildPropertiesForNonExistentCore", func(t *testing.T) {
-		// Test a board referenced from a non-existent core
-		// Note that ResolveFQBN does not actually check this currently
-		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("referenced:avr:dummy_invalid_core")
-		require.Nil(t, err)
-		require.NotNil(t, fqbn)
-		pkg, platformRelease, board, props, buildPlatformRelease, err := pme.ResolveFQBN(fqbn)
-		require.Nil(t, err)
-		require.Equal(t, pkg, platformRelease.Platform.Package)
-		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease)
-		require.NotNil(t, platformRelease.Platform)
-		require.Equal(t, platformRelease.Platform.String(), "referenced:avr")
-		require.NotNil(t, board)
-		require.Equal(t, board.Name(), "Referenced dummy with invalid core")
-		require.NotNil(t, props)
-		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease)
-		require.NotNil(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform)
-		require.Equal(t, buildPlatformRelease.Platform.String(), "arduino:avr")
-	})
-
 	t.Run("AddBuildBoardPropertyIfMissing", func(t *testing.T) {
 		fqbn, err := fqbn.Parse("my_avr_platform:avr:mymega")
 		require.Nil(t, err)
@@ -342,7 +352,7 @@ func TestResolveFQBN(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBoardOptionsFunctions(t *testing.T) {
-	pmb := NewBuilder(customHardware, customHardware, nil, customHardware, customHardware, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
+	pmb := NewBuilder(nil, nil, customHardware, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
 	pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(customHardware)
 	pm := pmb.Build()
 	pme, release := pm.NewExplorer()
@@ -615,7 +625,7 @@ func TestIndexMerger(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIdentifyBoard(t *testing.T) {
-	pmb := NewBuilder(customHardware, customHardware, nil, customHardware, customHardware, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
+	pmb := NewBuilder(nil, nil, customHardware, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
 	pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(customHardware)
 	pm := pmb.Build()
 	pme, release := pm.NewExplorer()
@@ -642,12 +652,12 @@ func TestIdentifyBoard(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestPackageManagerClear(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a PackageManager and load the harware
-	pmb := NewBuilder(customHardware, customHardware, nil, customHardware, customHardware, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
+	pmb := NewBuilder(nil, nil, customHardware, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
 	pmb.LoadHardwareFromDirectory(customHardware)
 	pm := pmb.Build()
 
 	// Creates another PackageManager but don't load the hardware
-	emptyPmb := NewBuilder(customHardware, customHardware, nil, customHardware, customHardware, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
+	emptyPmb := NewBuilder(nil, nil, customHardware, nil, nil, "test", downloader.GetDefaultConfig())
 	emptyPm := emptyPmb.Build()
 
 	// Verifies they're not equal
diff --git a/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/profiles.go b/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/profiles.go
index d11682b32c0..035fe9f6e43 100644
--- a/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/profiles.go
+++ b/internal/arduino/cores/packagemanager/profiles.go
@@ -72,10 +72,6 @@ func (pmb *Builder) LoadHardwareForProfile(ctx context.Context, p *sketch.Profil
 }
 
 func (pmb *Builder) loadProfilePlatform(ctx context.Context, platformRef *sketch.ProfilePlatformReference, installMissing bool, downloadCB rpc.DownloadProgressCB, taskCB rpc.TaskProgressCB, settings *configuration.Settings) (*cores.PlatformRelease, error) {
-	targetPackage := pmb.packages.GetOrCreatePackage(platformRef.Packager)
-	platform := targetPackage.GetOrCreatePlatform(platformRef.Architecture)
-	release := platform.GetOrCreateRelease(platformRef.Version)
-
 	uid := platformRef.InternalUniqueIdentifier()
 	destDir := settings.ProfilesCacheDir().Join(uid)
 	if !destDir.IsDir() && installMissing {
@@ -84,6 +80,10 @@ func (pmb *Builder) loadProfilePlatform(ctx context.Context, platformRef *sketch
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
+
+	targetPackage := pmb.packages.GetOrCreatePackage(platformRef.Packager)
+	platform := targetPackage.GetOrCreatePlatform(platformRef.Architecture)
+	release := platform.GetOrCreateRelease(platformRef.Version)
 	return release, pmb.loadPlatformRelease(release, destDir)
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/cli/arguments/completion.go b/internal/cli/arguments/completion.go
index 9b6678fe9ac..446df574ee2 100644
--- a/internal/cli/arguments/completion.go
+++ b/internal/cli/arguments/completion.go
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func GetUninstallableCores(ctx context.Context, srv rpc.ArduinoCoreServiceServer
 
 	platforms, _ := srv.PlatformSearch(ctx, &rpc.PlatformSearchRequest{
 		Instance:          inst,
-		ManuallyInstalled: true,
+		ManuallyInstalled: false,
 	})
 
 	var res []string
diff --git a/internal/cli/core/list.go b/internal/cli/core/list.go
index 4fe1661b0e5..5551ee86b0b 100644
--- a/internal/cli/core/list.go
+++ b/internal/cli/core/list.go
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func GetList(ctx context.Context, srv rpc.ArduinoCoreServiceServer, inst *rpc.In
 
 	result := []*rpc.PlatformSummary{}
 	for _, platform := range platforms.GetSearchOutput() {
-		if platform.GetInstalledVersion() == "" && !platform.GetMetadata().GetManuallyInstalled() {
+		if platform.GetInstalledVersion() == "" && !platform.GetHasManuallyInstalledRelease() {
 			continue
 		}
 		if updatableOnly && platform.GetInstalledVersion() == platform.GetLatestVersion() {
@@ -117,10 +117,12 @@ func (ir coreListResult) String() string {
 	t.SetHeader(i18n.Tr("ID"), i18n.Tr("Installed"), i18n.Tr("Latest"), i18n.Tr("Name"))
 	for _, platform := range ir.Platforms {
 		latestVersion := platform.LatestVersion.String()
-		if latestVersion == "" {
-			latestVersion = "n/a"
+		if platform.HasManuallyInstalledRelease {
+			t.AddRow(platform.Id, i18n.Tr("(in sketchbook)"), "", platform.GetPlatformName())
+		}
+		if !platform.HasManuallyInstalledRelease || platform.InstalledVersion.String() != "" {
+			t.AddRow(platform.Id, platform.InstalledVersion, latestVersion, platform.GetPlatformName())
 		}
-		t.AddRow(platform.Id, platform.InstalledVersion, latestVersion, platform.GetPlatformName())
 	}
 
 	return t.Render()
diff --git a/internal/cli/feedback/result/rpc.go b/internal/cli/feedback/result/rpc.go
index 9798e59584a..2e18ac803e2 100644
--- a/internal/cli/feedback/result/rpc.go
+++ b/internal/cli/feedback/result/rpc.go
@@ -40,16 +40,17 @@ func NewPlatformSummary(in *rpc.PlatformSummary) *PlatformSummary {
 	releases.SortKeys((*semver.Version).CompareTo)
 
 	return &PlatformSummary{
-		Id:                in.GetMetadata().GetId(),
-		Maintainer:        in.GetMetadata().GetMaintainer(),
-		Website:           in.GetMetadata().GetWebsite(),
-		Email:             in.GetMetadata().GetEmail(),
-		ManuallyInstalled: in.GetMetadata().GetManuallyInstalled(),
-		Deprecated:        in.GetMetadata().GetDeprecated(),
-		Indexed:           in.GetMetadata().GetIndexed(),
-		Releases:          releases,
-		InstalledVersion:  semver.MustParse(in.GetInstalledVersion()),
-		LatestVersion:     semver.MustParse(in.GetLatestVersion()),
+		Id:                          in.GetMetadata().GetId(),
+		Maintainer:                  in.GetMetadata().GetMaintainer(),
+		Website:                     in.GetMetadata().GetWebsite(),
+		Email:                       in.GetMetadata().GetEmail(),
+		ManuallyInstalled:           in.GetMetadata().GetManuallyInstalled(),
+		Deprecated:                  in.GetMetadata().GetDeprecated(),
+		Indexed:                     in.GetMetadata().GetIndexed(),
+		Releases:                    releases,
+		InstalledVersion:            semver.MustParse(in.GetInstalledVersion()),
+		LatestVersion:               semver.MustParse(in.GetLatestVersion()),
+		HasManuallyInstalledRelease: in.GetHasManuallyInstalledRelease(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -65,8 +66,9 @@ type PlatformSummary struct {
 
 	Releases orderedmap.Map[*semver.Version, *PlatformRelease] `json:"releases,omitempty"`
 
-	InstalledVersion *semver.Version `json:"installed_version,omitempty"`
-	LatestVersion    *semver.Version `json:"latest_version,omitempty"`
+	InstalledVersion            *semver.Version `json:"installed_version,omitempty"`
+	LatestVersion               *semver.Version `json:"latest_version,omitempty"`
+	HasManuallyInstalledRelease bool            `json:"has_manually_installed_release,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // GetLatestRelease returns the latest relase of this platform or nil if none available.
diff --git a/internal/integrationtest/board/board_test.go b/internal/integrationtest/board/board_test.go
index db5a7ff200b..0fd486b09a0 100644
--- a/internal/integrationtest/board/board_test.go
+++ b/internal/integrationtest/board/board_test.go
@@ -237,10 +237,10 @@ func TestBoardListallWithManuallyInstalledPlatform(t *testing.T) {
 				"platform": {
 					"metadata": {
 					  "id": "arduino-beta-development:samd",
+					  "manually_installed": true
 					},
 					"release": {
 						"installed": true,
-						"version": "1.8.11",
 						"name": "Arduino SAMD (32-bits ARM Cortex-M0+) Boards"
 					},
 				}
@@ -251,10 +251,10 @@ func TestBoardListallWithManuallyInstalledPlatform(t *testing.T) {
       			"platform": {
 					"metadata": {
 					  "id": "arduino-beta-development:samd",
+					  "manually_installed": true
 					},
 					"release": {
 						"installed": true,
-						"version": "1.8.11",
 						"name": "Arduino SAMD (32-bits ARM Cortex-M0+) Boards"
 					},
 				}
diff --git a/internal/integrationtest/board/hardware_loading_test.go b/internal/integrationtest/board/hardware_loading_test.go
index 758ce6a40d2..231abd73a3e 100644
--- a/internal/integrationtest/board/hardware_loading_test.go
+++ b/internal/integrationtest/board/hardware_loading_test.go
@@ -182,9 +182,9 @@ func TestHardwareLoading(t *testing.T) {
 				"platforms": [
 					{
 						"id": "my_avr_platform:avr",
-						"installed_version": "9.9.9",
+						"installed_version": "",
 						"releases": {
-							"9.9.9": {
+							"": {
 								"name": "My AVR Boards",
 								"boards": [
 									{
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ func TestHardwareLoading(t *testing.T) {
 							"id": "my_symlinked_avr_platform:avr",
 							"manually_installed": true,
 							"releases": {
-								"9.9.9": {
+								"": {
 								}
 							}
 						}
diff --git a/internal/integrationtest/compile_4/compile_test.go b/internal/integrationtest/compile_4/compile_test.go
index f0916138246..8cfacd9a0fd 100644
--- a/internal/integrationtest/compile_4/compile_test.go
+++ b/internal/integrationtest/compile_4/compile_test.go
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ type buildOptions struct {
 	Verbose         bool
 }
 
-func tryBuild(t *testing.T, env *integrationtest.Environment, cli *integrationtest.ArduinoCLI, fqbn string, optionsArg ...*buildOptions) (*builderOutput, error) {
+func tryBuild(t *testing.T, _ *integrationtest.Environment, cli *integrationtest.ArduinoCLI, fqbn string, optionsArg ...*buildOptions) (*builderOutput, error) {
 	var options *buildOptions
 	if len(optionsArg) == 0 {
 		options = &buildOptions{}
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ func tryBuild(t *testing.T, env *integrationtest.Environment, cli *integrationte
 	return &out, err
 }
 
-func tryPreprocess(t *testing.T, env *integrationtest.Environment, cli *integrationtest.ArduinoCLI, fqbn string) (*paths.Path, []byte, error) {
+func tryPreprocess(t *testing.T, _ *integrationtest.Environment, cli *integrationtest.ArduinoCLI, fqbn string) (*paths.Path, []byte, error) {
 	subTestName := strings.Split(t.Name(), "/")[1]
 	sketchPath, err := paths.New("testdata", subTestName).Abs()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
diff --git a/internal/integrationtest/core/core_test.go b/internal/integrationtest/core/core_test.go
index a27b5f6d15a..70dbf6a321a 100644
--- a/internal/integrationtest/core/core_test.go
+++ b/internal/integrationtest/core/core_test.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
@@ -52,12 +51,16 @@ func TestCorrectHandlingOfPlatformVersionProperty(t *testing.T) {
 		"platforms": [
 			{
 				"id":"DxCore-dev:megaavr",
+				"manually_installed": true,
 				"installed_version":"1.4.10",
 				"releases": {
-					"1.4.10": {
+					"": {
 						"name":"DxCore"
 					}
-				}
+				},
+				"installed_version": "",
+				"latest_version": "",
+				"has_manually_installed_release": true
 			}
 		]
 	}`)
@@ -512,63 +515,9 @@ func TestCoreListAllManuallyInstalledCore(t *testing.T) {
 	requirejson.Contains(t, stdout, `{"platforms":[
 		{
 			"id": "arduino-beta-development:avr",
-			"latest_version": "1.8.3",
+			"latest_version": "",
 			"releases": {
-				"1.8.3": {
-					"name": "Arduino AVR Boards"
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	]}`)
-}
-
-func TestCoreListShowsLatestVersionWhenMultipleReleasesOfAManuallyInstalledCoreArePresent(t *testing.T) {
-	env, cli := integrationtest.CreateArduinoCLIWithEnvironment(t)
-	defer env.CleanUp()
-
-	_, _, err := cli.Run("core", "update-index")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Verifies only cores in board manager are shown
-	stdout, _, err := cli.Run("core", "list", "--all", "--json")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	requirejson.Query(t, stdout, `.platforms | length > 0`, `true`)
-	length, err := strconv.Atoi(requirejson.Parse(t, stdout).Query(".platforms | length").String())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Manually installs a core in sketchbooks hardware folder
-	gitUrl := "https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-avr.git"
-	repoDir := cli.SketchbookDir().Join("hardware", "arduino-beta-development", "avr")
-	_, err = git.PlainClone(filepath.Join(repoDir.String(), "1.8.3"), false, &git.CloneOptions{
-		URL:           gitUrl,
-		ReferenceName: plumbing.NewTagReferenceName("1.8.3"),
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	tmp := paths.New(t.TempDir(), "1.8.4")
-	_, err = git.PlainClone(tmp.String(), false, &git.CloneOptions{
-		URL:           gitUrl,
-		ReferenceName: plumbing.NewTagReferenceName("1.8.4"),
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	err = tmp.Rename(repoDir.Join("1.8.4"))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// When manually installing 2 releases of the same core, the newest one takes precedence
-	stdout, _, err = cli.Run("core", "list", "--all", "--json")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	requirejson.Query(t, stdout, `.platforms | length`, fmt.Sprint(length+1))
-	requirejson.Contains(t, stdout, `{"platforms":[
-		{
-			"id": "arduino-beta-development:avr",
-			"latest_version": "1.8.4",
-			"installed_version": "1.8.4",
-			"releases": {
-				"1.8.3": {
-					"name": "Arduino AVR Boards"
-				},
-				"1.8.3": {
+				"": {
 					"name": "Arduino AVR Boards"
 				}
 			}
@@ -606,12 +555,15 @@ func TestCoreListUpdatableAllFlags(t *testing.T) {
 	requirejson.Contains(t, stdout, `{"platforms":[
 		{
 			"id": "arduino-beta-development:avr",
-			"latest_version": "1.8.3",
+			"manually_installed": true,
+			"installed_version": "",
+			"latest_version": "",
 			"releases": {
-				"1.8.3": {
+				"": {
 					"name": "Arduino AVR Boards"
 				}
-			}
+			},
+			"has_manually_installed_release": true
 		}
 	]}`)
 }
@@ -1009,7 +961,7 @@ func TestCoreWithMissingCustomBoardOptionsIsLoaded(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			"id": "arduino-beta-dev:platform_with_missing_custom_board_options",
 			"releases": {
-				"4.2.0": {
+				"": {
 					"boards": [
 						{
 							"fqbn": "arduino-beta-dev:platform_with_missing_custom_board_options:nessuno"
@@ -1383,3 +1335,50 @@ func TestCoreInstallWithMissingOrInvalidChecksumAndUnsafeInstallEnabled(t *testi
 		"--additional-urls", "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/keyboardio/ArduinoCore-GD32-Keyboardio/refs/heads/main/package_gd32_index.json", "core", "install", "GD32Community:gd32")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
+
+func TestCoreOverrideIfInstalledInSketchbook(t *testing.T) {
+	env, cli := integrationtest.CreateArduinoCLIWithEnvironment(t)
+	defer env.CleanUp()
+
+	_, _, err := cli.Run("core", "update-index")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Install avr@1.8.5
+	_, _, err = cli.Run("core", "install", "arduino:avr@1.8.5")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Copy it in the sketchbook hardware folder (simulate a user installed core)
+	avrCore := cli.DataDir().Join("packages", "arduino", "hardware", "avr", "1.8.5")
+	avrCoreCopy := cli.SketchbookDir().Join("hardware", "arduino", "avr")
+	require.NoError(t, avrCoreCopy.Parent().MkdirAll())
+	require.NoError(t, avrCore.CopyDirTo(avrCoreCopy))
+
+	// Install avr@1.8.6
+	_, _, err = cli.Run("core", "install", "arduino:avr@1.8.6")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// List cores and check that version 1.8.5 is listed
+	stdout, _, err := cli.Run("core", "list", "--json")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	requirejson.Contains(t, stdout, `{
+		"platforms": [
+			{
+				"id": "arduino:avr",
+				"indexed": true,
+				"releases" : {
+					"": {
+						"name": "Arduino AVR Boards",
+						"installed": true
+					},
+					"1.8.6": {
+						"name": "Arduino AVR Boards",
+						"installed": true
+					}
+				},
+				"installed_version": "1.8.6",
+				"latest_version": "1.8.6",
+				"has_manually_installed_release": true
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+}
diff --git a/internal/integrationtest/testdata/user_hardware/arduino/avr/.gitkeep b/internal/integrationtest/testdata/user_hardware/arduino/avr/.gitkeep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2d..00000000000
diff --git a/rpc/cc/arduino/cli/commands/v1/common.pb.go b/rpc/cc/arduino/cli/commands/v1/common.pb.go
index 1d8d47f0af0..65e3fcfe86e 100644
--- a/rpc/cc/arduino/cli/commands/v1/common.pb.go
+++ b/rpc/cc/arduino/cli/commands/v1/common.pb.go
@@ -603,13 +603,17 @@ type PlatformSummary struct {
 
 	// Generic information about a platform.
 	Metadata *PlatformMetadata `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=metadata,proto3" json:"metadata,omitempty"`
-	// Maps version to the corresponding PlatformRelease.
+	// Maps version to the corresponding PlatformRelease. The platforms that are
+	// manually installed by the user have an empty version string.
 	Releases map[string]*PlatformRelease `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=releases,proto3" json:"releases,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
 	// The installed version of the platform, or empty string if none installed.
 	InstalledVersion string `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=installed_version,json=installedVersion,proto3" json:"installed_version,omitempty"`
 	// The latest available version of the platform that can be installable, or
 	// empty if none available.
 	LatestVersion string `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=latest_version,json=latestVersion,proto3" json:"latest_version,omitempty"`
+	// If true this Platform has a manually installed release in the sketchbook
+	// hardware folder.
+	HasManuallyInstalledRelease bool `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=has_manually_installed_release,json=hasManuallyInstalledRelease,proto3" json:"has_manually_installed_release,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func (x *PlatformSummary) Reset() {
@@ -672,6 +676,13 @@ func (x *PlatformSummary) GetLatestVersion() string {
 	return ""
 }
 
+func (x *PlatformSummary) GetHasManuallyInstalledRelease() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.HasManuallyInstalledRelease
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 // PlatformMetadata contains generic information about a platform (not
 // correlated to a specific release).
 type PlatformMetadata struct {
@@ -688,7 +699,7 @@ type PlatformMetadata struct {
 	Website string `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=website,proto3" json:"website,omitempty"`
 	// Email of the maintainer of the platform's package.
 	Email string `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=email,proto3" json:"email,omitempty"`
-	// If true this Platform has been installed manually in the user' sketchbook
+	// If true this Platform has a manually installed release in the sketchbook
 	// hardware folder.
 	ManuallyInstalled bool `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=manually_installed,json=manuallyInstalled,proto3" json:"manually_installed,omitempty"`
 	// True if the latest release of this Platform has been deprecated.
@@ -1500,7 +1511,7 @@ var file_cc_arduino_cli_commands_v1_common_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
 	0x61, 0x72, 0x64, 0x75, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d,
 	0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x76, 0x31, 0x2e, 0x50, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x74, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x6d,
 	0x52, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x61, 0x73, 0x65, 0x52, 0x07, 0x72, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x61, 0x73, 0x65,
-	0x22, 0xf0, 0x02, 0x0a, 0x0f, 0x50, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x74, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x6d, 0x53, 0x75, 0x6d,
+	0x22, 0xb5, 0x03, 0x0a, 0x0f, 0x50, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x74, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x6d, 0x53, 0x75, 0x6d,
 	0x6d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x79, 0x12, 0x48, 0x0a, 0x08, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x61, 0x64, 0x61, 0x74, 0x61,
 	0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x2c, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x63, 0x2e, 0x61, 0x72, 0x64, 0x75,
 	0x69, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x73,
@@ -1516,133 +1527,137 @@ var file_cc_arduino_cli_commands_v1_common_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
 	0x52, 0x10, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x64, 0x56, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x69,
 	0x6f, 0x6e, 0x12, 0x25, 0x0a, 0x0e, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x5f, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72,
 	0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x04, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x0d, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65,
-	0x73, 0x74, 0x56, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x1a, 0x68, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x52, 0x65, 0x6c,
-	0x65, 0x61, 0x73, 0x65, 0x73, 0x45, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x72, 0x79, 0x12, 0x10, 0x0a, 0x03, 0x6b, 0x65,
-	0x79, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x03, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x12, 0x41, 0x0a, 0x05,
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 }
 
 var (
diff --git a/rpc/cc/arduino/cli/commands/v1/common.proto b/rpc/cc/arduino/cli/commands/v1/common.proto
index bc8ed2e7263..5050d7aaf54 100644
--- a/rpc/cc/arduino/cli/commands/v1/common.proto
+++ b/rpc/cc/arduino/cli/commands/v1/common.proto
@@ -96,13 +96,17 @@ message Platform {
 message PlatformSummary {
   // Generic information about a platform.
   PlatformMetadata metadata = 1;
-  // Maps version to the corresponding PlatformRelease.
+  // Maps version to the corresponding PlatformRelease. The platforms that are
+  // manually installed by the user have an empty version string.
   map<string, PlatformRelease> releases = 2;
   // The installed version of the platform, or empty string if none installed.
   string installed_version = 3;
   // The latest available version of the platform that can be installable, or
   // empty if none available.
   string latest_version = 4;
+  // If true this Platform has a manually installed release in the sketchbook
+  // hardware folder.
+  bool has_manually_installed_release = 5;
 }
 
 // PlatformMetadata contains generic information about a platform (not
@@ -117,7 +121,7 @@ message PlatformMetadata {
   string website = 3;
   // Email of the maintainer of the platform's package.
   string email = 4;
-  // If true this Platform has been installed manually in the user' sketchbook
+  // If true this Platform has a manually installed release in the sketchbook
   // hardware folder.
   bool manually_installed = 5;
   // True if the latest release of this Platform has been deprecated.

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