From 3d21b065178cc7543e834c42d0bcf9a3936e1ee9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sebastian Castro <169091242+scastro-bdai@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Dec 2024 11:49:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 01/14] Fix string equality warnings in `SplineFit` class
 (#147)

---
 spatialmath/spline.py | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/spatialmath/spline.py b/spatialmath/spline.py
index 0a472ecc..8d30bd80 100644
--- a/spatialmath/spline.py
+++ b/spatialmath/spline.py
@@ -192,14 +192,14 @@ def stochastic_downsample_interpolation(
             )
 
             sample_time = self.time_data[candidate_removal_index]
-            if check_type is "local":
+            if check_type == "local":
                 angular_error = SO3(self.pose_data[candidate_removal_index]).angdist(
                     SO3(self.spline.spline_so3(sample_time).as_matrix())
                 )
                 euclidean_error = np.linalg.norm(
                     self.pose_data[candidate_removal_index].t - self.spline.spline_xyz(sample_time)
                 )
-            elif check_type is "global":
+            elif check_type == "global":
                 angular_error = self.max_angular_error()
                 euclidean_error = self.max_euclidean_error()
             else:

From 7fe17c9ade4b9620b5e0564094a58472c28d5530 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Axelrod <baxelrod@theaiinstitute.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jan 2025 10:14:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 02/14] [SW-1712] Pin ubuntu version in workflows (#148)

---
 .github/workflows/master.yml  | 4 ++--
 .github/workflows/publish.yml | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/sphinx.yml  | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/master.yml b/.github/workflows/master.yml
index 19e2f3fb..23deebe9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/master.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/master.yml
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [windows-latest, ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
+        os: [windows-latest, ubuntu-22.04, macos-latest]
         python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
         exclude:
           - os: windows-latest
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
     # If all tests pass:
     # Run coverage and upload to codecov
     needs: unittest
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v2
     - name: Set up Python 3.8
diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
index fc49c0ed..e2d439fd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       max-parallel: 2
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-22.04]
         python-version: [3.8]
 
     steps:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/sphinx.yml b/.github/workflows/sphinx.yml
index 7ce7d443..9b24d2b3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/sphinx.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/sphinx.yml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   sphinx:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v2

From 0ff5c8318d1e1c34c69f3a13db8ed8639348a492 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jbarnett-bdai <jbarnett@theaiinstitute.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jan 2025 10:30:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 03/14] Optional deps humble (#150)

---
 README.md      | 7 +++++++
 pyproject.toml | 9 +++++++--
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3efadf10..a2db78e4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -122,6 +122,13 @@ Install a snapshot from PyPI
 pip install spatialmath-python
 ```
 
+Note that if you are using ROS2, you may run into version conflicts when using `rosdep`, particularly
+concerning `matplotlib`. If this happens, you can enable optional version pinning with
+
+```
+pip install spatialmath-python[ros-humble]
+```
+
 ## From GitHub
 
 Install the current code base from GitHub and pip install a link to that cloned copy
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index cead2ac3..4295f2f3 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 
 dependencies = [
-    "numpy>=1.22,<2", # Cannot use 2.0 due to matplotlib version pinning.
+    "numpy>=1.22",
     "scipy",
-    "matplotlib==3.5.1", # Large user-base has apt-installed python3-matplotlib (ROS2) which is pinned to this version.
+    "matplotlib",
     "ansitable",
     "typing_extensions",
     "pre-commit",
@@ -70,6 +70,11 @@ docs = [
     "sphinx-autodoc-typehints",
 ]
 
+ros-humble = [
+    "matplotlib==3.5.1", # Large user-base has apt-installed python3-matplotlib (ROS2) which is pinned to this version.
+    "numpy<2", # Cannot use 2.0 due to matplotlib version pinning.
+]
+
 [build-system]
 
 requires = ["setuptools", "oldest-supported-numpy"]

From 12128c595223493297ef2a0dbd55232891b04493 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mark Yeatman <129521731+myeatman-bdai@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Jan 2025 08:02:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 04/14] Temporarily remove pre commit config. (#153)

---
 .pre-commit-config.yaml | 35 -----------------------------------
 1 file changed, 35 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .pre-commit-config.yaml

diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c28f075..00000000
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-repos:
-- repo: https://github.com/charliermarsh/ruff-pre-commit
-  # Ruff version.
-  rev: 'v0.1.0'
-  hooks:
-    - id: ruff
-      args: ['--fix', '--config', 'pyproject.toml']
-
-- repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-  rev: 23.10.0
-  hooks:
-    - id: black
-      language_version: python3.10
-      args: ['--config', 'pyproject.toml']
-      verbose: true
-
-- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v4.5.0
-  hooks:
-  -   id: end-of-file-fixer
-  -   id: debug-statements # Ensure we don't commit `import pdb; pdb.set_trace()`
-      exclude: |
-        (?x)^(
-          docker/ros/web/static/.*|
-        )$
-  -   id: trailing-whitespace
-      exclude: |
-        (?x)^(
-          docker/ros/web/static/.*|
-          (.*/).*\.patch|
-        )$
-# - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-#   rev: v1.6.1
-#   hooks:
-#   -   id: mypy

From 23066289d4e32b1b03ac99529fc44bd8a2427c2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jien Cao <135634522+jcao-bdai@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Jan 2025 08:12:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 05/14] Bug fixes [Issue-136], [Issue-137] (#138)

Co-authored-by: Mark Yeatman <129521731+myeatman-bdai@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .github/workflows/sphinx.yml | 4 ++--
 spatialmath/base/graphics.py | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/sphinx.yml b/.github/workflows/sphinx.yml
index 9b24d2b3..45105ee5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/sphinx.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/sphinx.yml
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ jobs:
     if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - name: Set up Python 3.7
+    - name: Set up Python 3.8
       uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
-        python-version: 3.7
+        python-version: 3.8
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/graphics.py b/spatialmath/base/graphics.py
index 2ce18dc8..c51d7f94 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/graphics.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/graphics.py
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ def plot_sphere(
         handles = []
         for c in centre.T:
             X, Y, Z = sphere(centre=c, radius=radius, resolution=resolution)
-            handles.append(_render3D(ax, X, Y, Z, **kwargs))
+            handles.append(_render3D(ax, X, Y, Z, pose=pose, **kwargs))
 
         return handles
 
@@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@ def plot_cylinder(
         )  # Pythagorean theorem
 
         handles = []
-        handles.append(_render3D(ax, X, Y, Z, filled=filled, **kwargs))
+        handles.append(_render3D(ax, X, Y, Z, filled=filled, pose=pose, **kwargs))
         handles.append(
             _render3D(ax, X, (2 * centre[1] - Y), Z, filled=filled, pose=pose, **kwargs)
         )
@@ -1298,9 +1298,9 @@ def plot_cone(
             Z = height - Z
 
         handles = []
-        handles.append(_render3D(ax, X, Y, Z, filled=filled, **kwargs))
+        handles.append(_render3D(ax, X, Y, Z, pose=pose, filled=filled, **kwargs))
         handles.append(
-            _render3D(ax, X, (2 * centre[1] - Y), Z, filled=filled, **kwargs)
+            _render3D(ax, X, (2 * centre[1] - Y), Z, pose=pose, filled=filled, **kwargs)
         )
 
         if ends and kwargs.get("filled", default=False):

From 59873f14c92e0c490de7bef523e10f5438d38263 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Corke <peter.i.corke@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 26 Jan 2025 17:00:08 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 06/14] compute mean of a set of rotations (#160)

---
 spatialmath/pose3d.py     |  43 ++++++++++++----
 spatialmath/quaternion.py |  78 +++++++++++++++++++++++------
 tests/test_pose3d.py      |  31 ++++++++++++
 tests/test_quaternion.py  | 100 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 4 files changed, 223 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/spatialmath/pose3d.py b/spatialmath/pose3d.py
index b4301d93..4e558512 100644
--- a/spatialmath/pose3d.py
+++ b/spatialmath/pose3d.py
@@ -843,22 +843,22 @@ def Exp(
 
     def UnitQuaternion(self) -> UnitQuaternion:
         """
-            SO3 as a unit quaternion instance
+        SO3 as a unit quaternion instance
 
-            :return: a unit quaternion representation
-            :rtype: UnitQuaternion instance
+        :return: a unit quaternion representation
+        :rtype: UnitQuaternion instance
 
-            ``R.UnitQuaternion()`` is an ``UnitQuaternion`` instance representing the same rotation
-            as the SO3 rotation ``R``.
+        ``R.UnitQuaternion()`` is an ``UnitQuaternion`` instance representing the same rotation
+        as the SO3 rotation ``R``.
 
-            Example:
+        Example:
 
-            .. runblock:: pycon
+        .. runblock:: pycon
 
-                >>> from spatialmath import SO3
-                >>> SO3.Rz(0.3).UnitQuaternion()
+            >>> from spatialmath import SO3
+            >>> SO3.Rz(0.3).UnitQuaternion()
 
-            """
+        """
         # Function level import to avoid circular dependencies
         from spatialmath import UnitQuaternion
 
@@ -931,6 +931,29 @@ def angdist(self, other: SO3, metric: int = 6) -> Union[float, ndarray]:
         else:
             return ad
 
+    def mean(self, tol: float = 20) -> SO3:
+        """Mean of a set of rotations
+
+        :param tol: iteration tolerance in units of eps, defaults to 20
+        :type tol: float, optional
+        :return: the mean rotation
+        :rtype: :class:`SO3` instance.
+
+        Computes the Karcher mean of the set of rotations within the SO(3) instance.
+
+        :references:
+            - `**Hartley, Trumpf** - "Rotation Averaging" - IJCV 2011 <https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~hartley/Papers/PDF/Hartley-Trumpf:Rotation-averaging:IJCV.pdf>`_, Algorithm 1, page 15.
+            - `Karcher mean <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcher_mean>`_
+        """
+
+        eta = tol * np.finfo(float).eps
+        R_mean = self[0]  # initial guess
+        while True:
+            r = np.dstack((R_mean.inv() * self).log()).mean(axis=2)
+            if np.linalg.norm(r) < eta:
+                return R_mean
+            R_mean = R_mean @ self.Exp(r)  # update estimate and normalize
+
 
 # ============================== SE3 =====================================#
 
diff --git a/spatialmath/quaternion.py b/spatialmath/quaternion.py
index 51561036..3633646b 100644
--- a/spatialmath/quaternion.py
+++ b/spatialmath/quaternion.py
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ def __init__(self, s: Any = None, v=None, check: Optional[bool] = True):
         r"""
         Construct a new quaternion
 
-        :param s: scalar
-        :type s: float
-        :param v: vector
-        :type v: 3-element array_like
+        :param s: scalar part
+        :type s: float or ndarray(N)
+        :param v: vector part
+        :type v: ndarray(3), ndarray(Nx3)
 
         - ``Quaternion()`` constructs a zero quaternion
         - ``Quaternion(s, v)`` construct a new quaternion from the scalar ``s``
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def __init__(self, s: Any = None, v=None, check: Optional[bool] = True):
         super().__init__()
 
         if s is None and smb.isvector(v, 4):
-            v,s = (s,v)
+            v, s = (s, v)
 
         if v is None:
             # single argument
@@ -92,6 +92,11 @@ def __init__(self, s: Any = None, v=None, check: Optional[bool] = True):
             # Quaternion(s, v)
             self.data = [np.r_[s, smb.getvector(v)]]
 
+        elif (
+            smb.isvector(s) and smb.ismatrix(v, (None, 3)) and s.shape[0] == v.shape[0]
+        ):
+            # Quaternion(s, v) where s and v are arrays
+            self.data = [np.r_[_s, _v] for _s, _v in zip(s, v)]
         else:
             raise ValueError("bad argument to Quaternion constructor")
 
@@ -395,9 +400,23 @@ def log(self) -> Quaternion:
         :seealso: :meth:`Quaternion.exp` :meth:`Quaternion.log` :meth:`UnitQuaternion.angvec`
         """
         norm = self.norm()
-        s = math.log(norm)
-        v = math.acos(np.clip(self.s / norm, -1, 1)) * smb.unitvec(self.v)
-        return Quaternion(s=s, v=v)
+        s = np.log(norm)
+        if len(self) == 1:
+            if smb.iszerovec(self._A[1:4]):
+                v = np.zeros((3,))
+            else:
+                v = math.acos(np.clip(self._A[0] / norm, -1, 1)) * smb.unitvec(
+                    self._A[1:4]
+                )
+            return Quaternion(s=s, v=v)
+        else:
+            v = [
+                np.zeros((3,))
+                if smb.iszerovec(A[1:4])
+                else math.acos(np.clip(A[0] / n, -1, 1)) * smb.unitvec(A[1:4])
+                for A, n in zip(self._A, norm)
+            ]
+            return Quaternion(s=s, v=np.array(v))
 
     def exp(self, tol: float = 20) -> Quaternion:
         r"""
@@ -437,7 +456,11 @@ def exp(self, tol: float = 20) -> Quaternion:
         exp_s = math.exp(self.s)
         norm_v = smb.norm(self.v)
         s = exp_s * math.cos(norm_v)
-        v = exp_s * self.v / norm_v * math.sin(norm_v)
+        if smb.iszerovec(self.v, tol * _eps):
+            # result will be a unit quaternion
+            v = np.zeros((3,))
+        else:
+            v = exp_s * self.v / norm_v * math.sin(norm_v)
         if abs(self.s) < tol * _eps:
             # result will be a unit quaternion
             return UnitQuaternion(s=s, v=v)
@@ -1260,7 +1283,7 @@ def Eul(cls, *angles: List[float], unit: Optional[str] = "rad") -> UnitQuaternio
         Construct a new unit quaternion from Euler angles
 
         :param 𝚪: 3-vector of Euler angles
-        :type 𝚪: array_like
+        :type 𝚪: 3 floats, array_like(3) or ndarray(N,3)
         :param unit: angular units: 'rad' [default], or 'deg'
         :type unit: str
         :return: unit-quaternion
@@ -1286,12 +1309,15 @@ def Eul(cls, *angles: List[float], unit: Optional[str] = "rad") -> UnitQuaternio
         if len(angles) == 1:
             angles = angles[0]
 
-        return cls(smb.r2q(smb.eul2r(angles, unit=unit)), check=False)
+        if smb.isvector(angles, 3):
+            return cls(smb.r2q(smb.eul2r(angles, unit=unit)), check=False)
+        else:
+            return cls([smb.r2q(smb.eul2r(a, unit=unit)) for a in angles], check=False)
 
     @classmethod
     def RPY(
         cls,
-        *angles: List[float],
+        *angles,
         order: Optional[str] = "zyx",
         unit: Optional[str] = "rad",
     ) -> UnitQuaternion:
@@ -1299,7 +1325,7 @@ def RPY(
         Construct a new unit quaternion from roll-pitch-yaw angles
 
         :param 𝚪: 3-vector of roll-pitch-yaw angles
-        :type 𝚪: array_like
+        :type 𝚪: 3 floats, array_like(3) or ndarray(N,3)
         :param unit: angular units: 'rad' [default], or 'deg'
         :type unit: str
         :param unit: rotation order: 'zyx' [default], 'xyz', or 'yxz'
@@ -1341,7 +1367,13 @@ def RPY(
         if len(angles) == 1:
             angles = angles[0]
 
-        return cls(smb.r2q(smb.rpy2r(angles, unit=unit, order=order)), check=False)
+        if smb.isvector(angles, 3):
+            return cls(smb.r2q(smb.rpy2r(angles, unit=unit, order=order)), check=False)
+        else:
+            return cls(
+                [smb.r2q(smb.rpy2r(a, unit=unit, order=order)) for a in angles],
+                check=False,
+            )
 
     @classmethod
     def OA(cls, o: ArrayLike3, a: ArrayLike3) -> UnitQuaternion:
@@ -1569,6 +1601,24 @@ def dotb(self, omega: ArrayLike3) -> R4:
         """
         return smb.qdotb(self._A, omega)
 
+    # def mean(self, tol: float = 20) -> SO3:
+    #     """Mean of a set of rotations
+
+    #     :param tol: iteration tolerance in units of eps, defaults to 20
+    #     :type tol: float, optional
+    #     :return: the mean rotation
+    #     :rtype: :class:`UnitQuaternion` instance.
+
+    #     Computes the Karcher mean of the set of rotations within the unit quaternion instance.
+
+    #     :references:
+    #         - `**Hartley, Trumpf** - "Rotation Averaging" - IJCV 2011 <https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~hartley/Papers/PDF/Hartley-Trumpf:Rotation-averaging:IJCV.pdf>`_
+    #         - `Karcher mean <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcher_mean`_
+    #     """
+
+    #     R_mean = self.SO3().mean(tol=tol)
+    #     return R_mean.UnitQuaternion()
+
     def __mul__(
         left, right: UnitQuaternion
     ) -> UnitQuaternion:  # lgtm[py/not-named-self] pylint: disable=no-self-argument
diff --git a/tests/test_pose3d.py b/tests/test_pose3d.py
index d6a941c3..ca03b70e 100755
--- a/tests/test_pose3d.py
+++ b/tests/test_pose3d.py
@@ -717,6 +717,37 @@ def test_functions_lie(self):
         nt.assert_equal(R, SO3.EulerVec(R.eulervec()))
         np.testing.assert_equal((R.inv() * R).eulervec(), np.zeros(3))
 
+        R = SO3()  # identity matrix case
+
+        # Check log and exponential map
+        nt.assert_equal(R, SO3.Exp(R.log()))
+        np.testing.assert_equal((R.inv() * R).log(), np.zeros([3, 3]))
+
+        # Check euler vector map
+        nt.assert_equal(R, SO3.EulerVec(R.eulervec()))
+        np.testing.assert_equal((R.inv() * R).eulervec(), np.zeros(3))
+
+    def test_mean(self):
+        rpy = np.ones((100, 1)) @ np.c_[0.1, 0.2, 0.3]
+        R = SO3.RPY(rpy)
+        self.assertEqual(len(R), 100)
+        m = R.mean()
+        self.assertIsInstance(m, SO3)
+        array_compare(m, R[0])
+
+        # range of angles, mean should be the middle one, index=25
+        R = SO3.Rz(np.linspace(start=0.3, stop=0.7, num=51))
+        m = R.mean()
+        self.assertIsInstance(m, SO3)
+        array_compare(m, R[25])
+
+        # now add noise
+        rng = np.random.default_rng(0)  # reproducible random numbers
+        rpy += rng.normal(scale=0.00001, size=(100, 3))
+        R = SO3.RPY(rpy)
+        m = R.mean()
+        array_compare(m, SO3.RPY(0.1, 0.2, 0.3))
+
 
 # ============================== SE3 =====================================#
 
diff --git a/tests/test_quaternion.py b/tests/test_quaternion.py
index 73c1b090..403b3c8d 100644
--- a/tests/test_quaternion.py
+++ b/tests/test_quaternion.py
@@ -257,18 +257,55 @@ def test_staticconstructors(self):
                 UnitQuaternion.Rz(theta, "deg").R, rotz(theta, "deg")
             )
 
+    def test_constructor_RPY(self):
         # 3 angle
+        q = UnitQuaternion.RPY([0.1, 0.2, 0.3])
+        self.assertIsInstance(q, UnitQuaternion)
+        self.assertEqual(len(q), 1)
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q.R, rpy2r(0.1, 0.2, 0.3))
+        q = UnitQuaternion.RPY(0.1, 0.2, 0.3)
+        self.assertIsInstance(q, UnitQuaternion)
+        self.assertEqual(len(q), 1)
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q.R, rpy2r(0.1, 0.2, 0.3))
+        q = UnitQuaternion.RPY(np.r_[0.1, 0.2, 0.3])
+        self.assertIsInstance(q, UnitQuaternion)
+        self.assertEqual(len(q), 1)
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q.R, rpy2r(0.1, 0.2, 0.3))
+
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
-            UnitQuaternion.RPY([0.1, 0.2, 0.3]).R, rpy2r(0.1, 0.2, 0.3)
+            UnitQuaternion.RPY([10, 20, 30], unit="deg").R,
+            rpy2r(10, 20, 30, unit="deg"),
         )
-
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
-            UnitQuaternion.Eul([0.1, 0.2, 0.3]).R, eul2r(0.1, 0.2, 0.3)
+            UnitQuaternion.RPY([0.1, 0.2, 0.3], order="xyz").R,
+            rpy2r(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, order="xyz"),
+        )
+
+        angles = np.array(
+            [[0.1, 0.2, 0.3], [0.2, 0.3, 0.4], [0.3, 0.4, 0.5], [0.4, 0.5, 0.6]]
         )
+        q = UnitQuaternion.RPY(angles)
+        self.assertIsInstance(q, UnitQuaternion)
+        self.assertEqual(len(q), 4)
+        for i in range(4):
+            nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q[i].R, rpy2r(angles[i, :]))
+
+        q = UnitQuaternion.RPY(angles, order="xyz")
+        self.assertIsInstance(q, UnitQuaternion)
+        self.assertEqual(len(q), 4)
+        for i in range(4):
+            nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q[i].R, rpy2r(angles[i, :], order="xyz"))
 
+        angles *= 10
+        q = UnitQuaternion.RPY(angles, unit="deg")
+        self.assertIsInstance(q, UnitQuaternion)
+        self.assertEqual(len(q), 4)
+        for i in range(4):
+            nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q[i].R, rpy2r(angles[i, :], unit="deg"))
+
+    def test_constructor_Eul(self):
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
-            UnitQuaternion.RPY([10, 20, 30], unit="deg").R,
-            rpy2r(10, 20, 30, unit="deg"),
+            UnitQuaternion.Eul([0.1, 0.2, 0.3]).R, eul2r(0.1, 0.2, 0.3)
         )
 
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
@@ -276,6 +313,23 @@ def test_staticconstructors(self):
             eul2r(10, 20, 30, unit="deg"),
         )
 
+        angles = np.array(
+            [[0.1, 0.2, 0.3], [0.2, 0.3, 0.4], [0.3, 0.4, 0.5], [0.4, 0.5, 0.6]]
+        )
+        q = UnitQuaternion.Eul(angles)
+        self.assertIsInstance(q, UnitQuaternion)
+        self.assertEqual(len(q), 4)
+        for i in range(4):
+            nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q[i].R, eul2r(angles[i, :]))
+
+        angles *= 10
+        q = UnitQuaternion.Eul(angles, unit="deg")
+        self.assertIsInstance(q, UnitQuaternion)
+        self.assertEqual(len(q), 4)
+        for i in range(4):
+            nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q[i].R, eul2r(angles[i, :], unit="deg"))
+
+    def test_constructor_AngVec(self):
         # (theta, v)
         th = 0.2
         v = unitvec([1, 2, 3])
@@ -286,6 +340,7 @@ def test_staticconstructors(self):
         )
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(UnitQuaternion.AngVec(th, -v).R, angvec2r(th, -v))
 
+    def test_constructor_EulerVec(self):
         # (theta, v)
         th = 0.2
         v = unitvec([1, 2, 3])
@@ -830,6 +885,20 @@ def test_log(self):
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q1.log().exp(), q1)
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q2.log().exp(), q2)
 
+        q = Quaternion([q1, q2, q1, q2])
+        qlog = q.log()
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(qlog[0].exp(), q1)
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(qlog[1].exp(), q2)
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(qlog[2].exp(), q1)
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(qlog[3].exp(), q2)
+
+        q = UnitQuaternion()  # identity
+        qlog = q.log()
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(qlog.vec, np.zeros(4))
+        qq = qlog.exp()
+        self.assertIsInstance(qq, UnitQuaternion)
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(qq.vec, np.r_[1, 0, 0, 0])
+
     def test_concat(self):
         u = Quaternion()
         uu = Quaternion([u, u, u, u])
@@ -1018,6 +1087,27 @@ def test_miscellany(self):
         nt.assert_equal(q.inner(q), q.norm() ** 2)
         nt.assert_equal(q.inner(u), np.dot(q.vec, u.vec))
 
+    # def test_mean(self):
+    #     rpy = np.ones((100, 1)) @ np.c_[0.1, 0.2, 0.3]
+    #     q = UnitQuaternion.RPY(rpy)
+    #     self.assertEqual(len(q), 100)
+    #     m = q.mean()
+    #     self.assertIsInstance(m, UnitQuaternion)
+    #     nt.assert_array_almost_equal(m.vec, q[0].vec)
+
+    #     # range of angles, mean should be the middle one, index=25
+    #     q = UnitQuaternion.Rz(np.linspace(start=0.3, stop=0.7, num=51))
+    #     m = q.mean()
+    #     self.assertIsInstance(m, UnitQuaternion)
+    #     nt.assert_array_almost_equal(m.vec, q[25].vec)
+
+    #     # now add noise
+    #     rng = np.random.default_rng(0)  # reproducible random numbers
+    #     rpy += rng.normal(scale=0.1, size=(100, 3))
+    #     q = UnitQuaternion.RPY(rpy)
+    #     m = q.mean()
+    #     nt.assert_array_almost_equal(m.vec, q.RPY(0.1, 0.2, 0.3).vec)
+
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
 if __name__ == "__main__":

From 8c6d42262941de10e453237cc39940f9042e27ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Corke <peter.i.corke@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 26 Jan 2025 17:00:26 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 07/14] Add methods to convert SE3 to/from the rvec, tvec
 format used by OpenCV (#157)

---
 spatialmath/pose3d.py | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/test_pose3d.py  | 11 ++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/spatialmath/pose3d.py b/spatialmath/pose3d.py
index 4e558512..b42d752c 100644
--- a/spatialmath/pose3d.py
+++ b/spatialmath/pose3d.py
@@ -1315,6 +1315,21 @@ def delta(self, X2: Optional[SE3] = None) -> R6:
         else:
             return smb.tr2delta(self.A, X2.A)
 
+    def rtvec(self) -> Tuple[R3, R3]:
+        """
+        Convert to OpenCV-style rotation and translation vectors
+
+        :return: rotation and translation vectors
+        :rtype: ndarray(3), ndarray(3)
+
+        Many OpenCV functions accept pose as two 3-vectors: a rotation vector using
+        exponential coordinates and a translation vector.  This method combines them
+        into an SE(3) instance.
+
+        :seealso: :meth:`rtvec`
+        """
+        return SO3(self).log(twist=True), self.t
+
     def Ad(self) -> R6x6:
         r"""
         Adjoint of SE(3)
@@ -1856,6 +1871,26 @@ def Exp(cls, S: Union[R6, R4x4], check: bool = True) -> SE3:
         else:
             return cls(smb.trexp(S), check=False)
 
+    @classmethod
+    def RTvec(cls, rvec: ArrayLike3, tvec: ArrayLike3) -> Self:
+        """
+        Construct a new SE(3) from OpenCV-style rotation and translation vectors
+
+        :param rvec: rotation as exponential coordinates
+        :type rvec: ArrayLike3
+        :param tvec: translation vector
+        :type tvec: ArrayLike3
+        :return: An SE(3) instance
+        :rtype: SE3 instance
+
+        Many OpenCV functions (such as pose estimation) return pose as two 3-vectors: a
+        rotation vector using exponential coordinates and a translation vector.  This
+        method combines them into an SE(3) instance.
+
+        :seealso: :meth:`rtvec`
+        """
+        return SE3.Rt(smb.trexp(rvec), tvec)
+
     @classmethod
     def Delta(cls, d: ArrayLike6) -> SE3:
         r"""
diff --git a/tests/test_pose3d.py b/tests/test_pose3d.py
index ca03b70e..86d4c414 100755
--- a/tests/test_pose3d.py
+++ b/tests/test_pose3d.py
@@ -254,7 +254,6 @@ def test_conversion(self):
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q.SO3(), R_from_q)
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(q.SO3().UnitQuaternion(), q)
 
-
     def test_shape(self):
         a = SO3()
         self.assertEqual(a._A.shape, a.shape)
@@ -1370,6 +1369,16 @@ def test_functions_vect(self):
         # .T
         pass
 
+    def test_rtvec(self):
+        # OpenCV compatibility functions
+        T = SE3.RTvec([0, 1, 0], [2, 3, 4])
+        nt.assert_equal(T.t, [2, 3, 4])
+        nt.assert_equal(T.R, SO3.Ry(1))
+
+        rvec, tvec = T.rtvec()
+        nt.assert_equal(rvec, [0, 1, 0])
+        nt.assert_equal(tvec, [2, 3, 4])
+
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
 if __name__ == "__main__":

From a08f25ed97d46db6bd5098d76797164e571f7702 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Corke <peter.i.corke@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 26 Jan 2025 17:02:17 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 08/14] Add `q2str` to convert quaternion to string (#158)

---
 spatialmath/base/__init__.py    |  1 +
 spatialmath/base/quaternions.py | 65 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 spatialmath/quaternion.py       |  2 +-
 tests/base/test_quaternions.py  | 36 ++++++++++++------
 4 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/spatialmath/base/__init__.py b/spatialmath/base/__init__.py
index 98ff87f0..9e9fbcbe 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/__init__.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/__init__.py
@@ -208,6 +208,7 @@
     "qdotb",
     "qangle",
     "qprint",
+    "q2str",
     # spatialmath.base.transforms2d
     "rot2",
     "trot2",
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/quaternions.py b/spatialmath/base/quaternions.py
index 8f33bc1c..d5652d4a 100755
--- a/spatialmath/base/quaternions.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/quaternions.py
@@ -19,9 +19,11 @@
 import scipy.interpolate as interpolate
 from typing import Optional
 from functools import lru_cache
+import warnings
 
 _eps = np.finfo(np.float64).eps
 
+
 def qeye() -> QuaternionArray:
     """
     Create an identity quaternion
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ def qpure(v: ArrayLike3) -> QuaternionArray:
 
     .. runblock:: pycon
 
-        >>> from spatialmath.base import pure, qprint
+        >>> from spatialmath.base import qpure, qprint
         >>> q = qpure([1, 2, 3])
         >>> qprint(q)
     """
@@ -1088,14 +1090,53 @@ def qangle(q1: ArrayLike4, q2: ArrayLike4) -> float:
     return 4.0 * math.atan2(smb.norm(q1 - q2), smb.norm(q1 + q2))
 
 
+def q2str(
+    q: Union[ArrayLike4, ArrayLike4],
+    delim: Optional[Tuple[str, str]] = ("<", ">"),
+    fmt: Optional[str] = "{: .4f}",
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Format a quaternion as a string
+
+    :arg q: unit-quaternion
+    :type q: array_like(4)
+    :arg delim: 2-list of delimeters [default ('<', '>')]
+    :type delim: list or tuple of strings
+    :arg fmt: printf-style format soecifier [default '{: .4f}']
+    :type fmt: str
+    :return: formatted string
+    :rtype: str
+
+    Format the quaternion in a human-readable form as::
+
+        S  D1  VX VY VZ D2
+
+    where S, VX, VY, VZ are the quaternion elements, and D1 and D2 are a pair
+    of delimeters given by `delim`.
+
+    .. runblock:: pycon
+
+        >>> from spatialmath.base import q2str, qrand
+        >>> q = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        >>> q2str(q)
+        >>> q = qrand()   # a unit quaternion
+        >>> q2str(q, delim=('<<', '>>'))
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`qprint`
+    """
+    q = smb.getvector(q, 4)
+    template = "# {} #, #, # {}".replace("#", fmt)
+    return template.format(q[0], delim[0], q[1], q[2], q[3], delim[1])
+
+
 def qprint(
     q: Union[ArrayLike4, ArrayLike4],
     delim: Optional[Tuple[str, str]] = ("<", ">"),
     fmt: Optional[str] = "{: .4f}",
     file: Optional[TextIO] = sys.stdout,
-) -> str:
+) -> None:
     """
-    Format a quaternion
+    Format a quaternion to a file
 
     :arg q: unit-quaternion
     :type q: array_like(4)
@@ -1105,8 +1146,6 @@ def qprint(
     :type fmt: str
     :arg file: destination for formatted string [default sys.stdout]
     :type file: file object
-    :return: formatted string
-    :rtype: str
 
     Format the quaternion in a human-readable form as::
 
@@ -1117,8 +1156,6 @@ def qprint(
 
     By default the string is written to `sys.stdout`.
 
-    If `file=None` then a string is returned.
-
     .. runblock:: pycon
 
         >>> from spatialmath.base import qprint, qrand
@@ -1126,14 +1163,16 @@ def qprint(
         >>> qprint(q)
         >>> q = qrand()   # a unit quaternion
         >>> qprint(q, delim=('<<', '>>'))
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`q2str`
     """
     q = smb.getvector(q, 4)
-    template = "# {} #, #, # {}".replace("#", fmt)
-    s = template.format(q[0], delim[0], q[1], q[2], q[3], delim[1])
-    if file:
-        file.write(s + "\n")
-    else:
-        return s
+    if file is None:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Usage: qprint(..., file=None) -> str is deprecated, use q2str() instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+    print(q2str(q, delim=delim, fmt=fmt), file=file)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
diff --git a/spatialmath/quaternion.py b/spatialmath/quaternion.py
index 3633646b..f9b73873 100644
--- a/spatialmath/quaternion.py
+++ b/spatialmath/quaternion.py
@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
             delim = ("<<", ">>")
         else:
             delim = ("<", ">")
-        return "\n".join([smb.qprint(q, file=None, delim=delim) for q in self.data])
+        return "\n".join([smb.q2str(q, delim=delim) for q in self.data])
 
 
 # ========================================================================= #
diff --git a/tests/base/test_quaternions.py b/tests/base/test_quaternions.py
index c512c6d2..f5859b54 100644
--- a/tests/base/test_quaternions.py
+++ b/tests/base/test_quaternions.py
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 import spatialmath.base as tr
 from spatialmath.base.quaternions import *
 import spatialmath as sm
+import io
 
 
 class TestQuaternion(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -96,19 +97,32 @@ def test_ops(self):
             ),
             True,
         )
+        nt.assert_equal(isunitvec(qrand()), True)
 
-        s = qprint(np.r_[1, 1, 0, 0], file=None)
-        nt.assert_equal(isinstance(s, str), True)
-        nt.assert_equal(len(s) > 2, True)
-        s = qprint([1, 1, 0, 0], file=None)
+    def test_display(self):
+        s = q2str(np.r_[1, 2, 3, 4])
         nt.assert_equal(isinstance(s, str), True)
-        nt.assert_equal(len(s) > 2, True)
+        nt.assert_equal(s, " 1.0000 <  2.0000,  3.0000,  4.0000 >")
+
+        s = q2str([1, 2, 3, 4])
+        nt.assert_equal(s, " 1.0000 <  2.0000,  3.0000,  4.0000 >")
 
+        s = q2str([1, 2, 3, 4], delim=("<<", ">>"))
+        nt.assert_equal(s, " 1.0000 <<  2.0000,  3.0000,  4.0000 >>")
+
+        s = q2str([1, 2, 3, 4], fmt="{:20.6f}")
         nt.assert_equal(
-            qprint([1, 2, 3, 4], file=None), " 1.0000 <  2.0000,  3.0000,  4.0000 >"
+            s,
+            "            1.000000 <             2.000000,             3.000000,             4.000000 >",
         )
 
-        nt.assert_equal(isunitvec(qrand()), True)
+        # would be nicer to do this with redirect_stdout() from contextlib but that
+        # fails because file=sys.stdout is maybe assigned at compile time, so when
+        # contextlib changes sys.stdout, qprint() doesn't see it
+
+        f = io.StringIO()
+        qprint(np.r_[1, 2, 3, 4], file=f)
+        nt.assert_equal(f.getvalue().rstrip(), " 1.0000 <  2.0000,  3.0000,  4.0000 >")
 
     def test_rotation(self):
         # rotation matrix to quaternion
@@ -227,12 +241,12 @@ def test_r2q(self):
 
     def test_qangle(self):
         # Test function that calculates angle between quaternions
-        q1 = [1., 0, 0, 0]
-        q2 = [1 / np.sqrt(2), 0, 1 / np.sqrt(2), 0]   # 90deg rotation about y-axis
+        q1 = [1.0, 0, 0, 0]
+        q2 = [1 / np.sqrt(2), 0, 1 / np.sqrt(2), 0]  # 90deg rotation about y-axis
         nt.assert_almost_equal(qangle(q1, q2), np.pi / 2)
 
-        q1 = [1., 0, 0, 0]
-        q2 = [1 / np.sqrt(2), 1 / np.sqrt(2), 0, 0]   # 90deg rotation about x-axis
+        q1 = [1.0, 0, 0, 0]
+        q2 = [1 / np.sqrt(2), 1 / np.sqrt(2), 0, 0]  # 90deg rotation about x-axis
         nt.assert_almost_equal(qangle(q1, q2), np.pi / 2)
 
 

From 659ba24a80cca2d330b983a80b7f62ca66a262ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Corke <peter.i.corke@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2025 04:26:47 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 09/14] new method to construct an SO3 object  (#159)

Co-authored-by: Mark Yeatman <129521731+myeatman-bdai@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 spatialmath/pose3d.py | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/test_pose3d.py  | 12 ++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 54 insertions(+)

diff --git a/spatialmath/pose3d.py b/spatialmath/pose3d.py
index b42d752c..3b4821e5 100644
--- a/spatialmath/pose3d.py
+++ b/spatialmath/pose3d.py
@@ -725,6 +725,48 @@ def vval(v):
 
         return cls(np.c_[x, y, z], check=True)
 
+    @classmethod
+    def RotatedVector(cls, v1: ArrayLike3, v2: ArrayLike3, tol=20) -> Self:
+        """
+        Construct a new SO(3) from a vector and its rotated image
+
+        :param v1: initial vector
+        :type v1: array_like(3)
+        :param v2: vector after rotation
+        :type v2: array_like(3)
+        :param tol: tolerance for singularity in units of eps, defaults to 20
+        :type tol: float
+        :return: SO(3) rotation
+        :rtype: :class:`SO3` instance
+
+        ``SO3.RotatedVector(v1, v2)`` is an SO(3) rotation defined in terms of
+        two vectors. The rotation takes vector ``v1`` to ``v2``.
+
+        .. runblock:: pycon
+
+            >>> from spatialmath import SO3
+            >>> v1 = [1, 2, 3]
+            >>> v2 = SO3.Eul(0.3, 0.4, 0.5) * v1
+            >>> print(v2)
+            >>> R = SO3.RotatedVector(v1, v2)
+            >>> print(R)
+            >>> print(R * v1)
+
+        .. note:: The vectors do not have to be unit-length.
+        """
+        # https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/180418/calculate-rotation-matrix-to-align-vector-a-to-vector-b-in-3d
+        v1 = smb.unitvec(v1)
+        v2 = smb.unitvec(v2)
+        v = smb.cross(v1, v2)
+        s = smb.norm(v)
+        if abs(s) < tol * np.finfo(float).eps:
+            return cls(np.eye(3), check=False)
+        else:
+            c = np.dot(v1, v2)
+            V = smb.skew(v)
+            R = np.eye(3) + V + V @ V * (1 - c) / (s**2)
+            return cls(R, check=False)
+
     @classmethod
     def AngleAxis(cls, theta: float, v: ArrayLike3, *, unit: str = "rad") -> Self:
         r"""
diff --git a/tests/test_pose3d.py b/tests/test_pose3d.py
index 86d4c414..58396441 100755
--- a/tests/test_pose3d.py
+++ b/tests/test_pose3d.py
@@ -716,6 +716,17 @@ def test_functions_lie(self):
         nt.assert_equal(R, SO3.EulerVec(R.eulervec()))
         np.testing.assert_equal((R.inv() * R).eulervec(), np.zeros(3))
 
+
+    def test_rotatedvector(self):
+        v1 = [1, 2, 3]
+        R = SO3.Eul(0.3, 0.4, 0.5)
+        v2 = R * v1
+        Re = SO3.RotatedVector(v1, v2)
+        np.testing.assert_almost_equal(v2, Re * v1)
+
+        Re = SO3.RotatedVector(v1, v1)
+        np.testing.assert_almost_equal(Re, np.eye(3))
+
         R = SO3()  # identity matrix case
 
         # Check log and exponential map
@@ -748,6 +759,7 @@ def test_mean(self):
         array_compare(m, SO3.RPY(0.1, 0.2, 0.3))
 
 
+
 # ============================== SE3 =====================================#
 
 

From 39d6127465432823a386deae2d7fa356de1125e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Corke <peter.i.corke@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2025 04:27:13 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 10/14] Fix for issue #144. (#155)

---
 spatialmath/base/argcheck.py     | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 spatialmath/base/transforms2d.py |  2 +-
 spatialmath/base/transforms3d.py | 35 +++++++++++++---------
 spatialmath/base/vectors.py      | 18 ++++++++----
 spatialmath/quaternion.py        |  2 +-
 tests/base/test_argcheck.py      | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 6 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/spatialmath/base/argcheck.py b/spatialmath/base/argcheck.py
index 40f94336..38b5eb1a 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/argcheck.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/argcheck.py
@@ -522,7 +522,9 @@ def isvector(v: Any, dim: Optional[int] = None) -> bool:
     return False
 
 
-def getunit(v: ArrayLike, unit: str = "rad", dim=None) -> Union[float, NDArray]:
+def getunit(
+    v: ArrayLike, unit: str = "rad", dim: Optional[int] = None, vector: bool = True
+) -> Union[float, NDArray]:
     """
     Convert values according to angular units
 
@@ -530,8 +532,10 @@ def getunit(v: ArrayLike, unit: str = "rad", dim=None) -> Union[float, NDArray]:
     :type v: array_like(m)
     :param unit: the angular unit, "rad" or "deg"
     :type unit: str
-    :param dim: expected dimension of input, defaults to None
+    :param dim: expected dimension of input, defaults to don't check (None)
     :type dim: int, optional
+    :param vector: return a scalar as a 1d vector, defaults to True
+    :type vector: bool, optional
     :return: the converted value in radians
     :rtype: ndarray(m) or float
     :raises ValueError: argument is not a valid angular unit
@@ -543,30 +547,44 @@ def getunit(v: ArrayLike, unit: str = "rad", dim=None) -> Union[float, NDArray]:
         >>> from spatialmath.base import getunit
         >>> import numpy as np
         >>> getunit(1.5, 'rad')
-        >>> getunit(1.5, 'rad', dim=0)
-        >>> # getunit([1.5], 'rad', dim=0)  --> ValueError
         >>> getunit(90, 'deg')
+        >>> getunit(90, 'deg', vector=False) # force a scalar output
+        >>> getunit(1.5, 'rad', dim=0) # check argument is scalar
+        >>> getunit(1.5, 'rad', dim=3) # check argument is a 3-vector
+        >>> getunit([1.5], 'rad', dim=1) # check argument is a 1-vector
+        >>> getunit([1.5], 'rad', dim=3) # check argument is a 3-vector
         >>> getunit([90, 180], 'deg')
-        >>> getunit(np.r_[0.5, 1], 'rad')
         >>> getunit(np.r_[90, 180], 'deg')
-        >>> getunit(np.r_[90, 180], 'deg', dim=2)
-        >>> # getunit([90, 180], 'deg', dim=3)  --> ValueError
+        >>> getunit(np.r_[90, 180], 'deg', dim=2) # check argument is a 2-vector
+        >>> getunit([90, 180], 'deg', dim=3) # check argument is a 3-vector
 
     :note:
         - the input value is processed by :func:`getvector` and the argument ``dim`` can
-          be used to check that ``v`` is the desired length.
-        - the output is always an ndarray except if the input is a scalar and ``dim=0``.
+          be used to check that ``v`` is the desired length.  Note that 0 means a scalar,
+          whereas 1 means a 1-element array.
+        - the output is always an ndarray except if the input is a scalar and ``vector=False``.
 
     :seealso: :func:`getvector`
     """
-    if not isinstance(v, Iterable) and dim == 0:
-        # scalar in, scalar out
-        if unit == "rad":
-            return v
-        elif unit == "deg":
-            return np.deg2rad(v)
+    if not isinstance(v, Iterable):
+        # scalar input
+        if dim is not None and dim != 0:
+            raise ValueError("for dim==0 input must be a scalar")
+        if vector:
+            # scalar in, vector out
+            if unit == "deg":
+                v = np.deg2rad(v)
+            elif unit != "rad":
+                raise ValueError("invalid angular units")
+            return np.array([v])
         else:
-            raise ValueError("invalid angular units")
+            # scalar in, scalar out
+            if unit == "rad":
+                return v
+            elif unit == "deg":
+                return np.deg2rad(v)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("invalid angular units")
 
     else:
         # scalar or iterable in, ndarray out
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/transforms2d.py b/spatialmath/base/transforms2d.py
index 682ea0ca..25265fff 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/transforms2d.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/transforms2d.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def rot2(theta: float, unit: str = "rad") -> SO2Array:
         >>> rot2(0.3)
         >>> rot2(45, 'deg')
     """
-    theta = smb.getunit(theta, unit, dim=0)
+    theta = smb.getunit(theta, unit, vector=False)
     ct = smb.sym.cos(theta)
     st = smb.sym.sin(theta)
     # fmt: off
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/transforms3d.py b/spatialmath/base/transforms3d.py
index 3617f965..350e1d14 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/transforms3d.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/transforms3d.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def rotx(theta: float, unit: str = "rad") -> SO3Array:
     :SymPy: supported
     """
 
-    theta = getunit(theta, unit, dim=0)
+    theta = getunit(theta, unit, vector=False)
     ct = sym.cos(theta)
     st = sym.sin(theta)
     # fmt: off
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def roty(theta: float, unit: str = "rad") -> SO3Array:
     :SymPy: supported
     """
 
-    theta = getunit(theta, unit, dim=0)
+    theta = getunit(theta, unit, vector=False)
     ct = sym.cos(theta)
     st = sym.sin(theta)
     # fmt: off
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def rotz(theta: float, unit: str = "rad") -> SO3Array:
     :seealso: :func:`~trotz`
     :SymPy: supported
     """
-    theta = getunit(theta, unit, dim=0)
+    theta = getunit(theta, unit, vector=False)
     ct = sym.cos(theta)
     st = sym.sin(theta)
     # fmt: off
@@ -2709,7 +2709,7 @@ def tr2adjoint(T):
 
     :Reference:
         - Robotics, Vision & Control for Python, Section 3, P. Corke, Springer 2023.
-        - `Lie groups for 2D and 3D Transformations <http://ethaneade.com/lie.pdf>_
+        - `Lie groups for 2D and 3D Transformations <http://ethaneade.com/lie.pdf>`_
 
     :SymPy: supported
     """
@@ -3002,29 +3002,36 @@ def trplot(
             - ``width`` of line
             - ``length`` of line
             - ``style`` which is one of:
+
                 - ``'arrow'`` [default], draw line with arrow head in ``color``
                 - ``'line'``, draw line with no arrow head in ``color``
                 - ``'rgb'``, frame axes are lines with no arrow head and red for X, green
-                for Y, blue for Z; no origin dot
+                  for Y, blue for Z; no origin dot
                 - ``'rviz'``, frame axes are thick lines with no arrow head and red for X,
-                green for Y, blue for Z; no origin dot
+                  green for Y, blue for Z; no origin dot
+
         - coordinate axis labels depend on:
+
             - ``axislabel`` if True [default] label the axis, default labels are X, Y, Z
             - ``labels`` 3-list of alternative axis labels
             - ``textcolor`` which defaults to ``color``
             - ``axissubscript`` if True [default] add the frame label ``frame`` as a subscript
-            for each axis label
+              for each axis label
+
         - coordinate frame label depends on:
+
             - `frame` the label placed inside {} near the origin of the frame
+
         - a dot at the origin
+
             - ``originsize`` size of the dot, if zero no dot
             - ``origincolor`` color of the dot, defaults to ``color``
 
         Examples::
 
-                trplot(T, frame='A')
-                trplot(T, frame='A', color='green')
-                trplot(T1, 'labels', 'UVW');
+            trplot(T, frame='A')
+            trplot(T, frame='A', color='green')
+            trplot(T1, 'labels', 'UVW');
 
         .. plot::
 
@@ -3383,12 +3390,12 @@ def tranimate(T: Union[SO3Array, SE3Array], **kwargs) -> str:
         :param **kwargs: arguments passed to ``trplot``
 
         - ``tranimate(T)`` where ``T`` is an SO(3) or SE(3) matrix, animates a 3D
-        coordinate frame moving from the world frame to the frame ``T`` in
-        ``nsteps``.
+          coordinate frame moving from the world frame to the frame ``T`` in
+          ``nsteps``.
 
         - ``tranimate(I)`` where ``I`` is an iterable or generator, animates a 3D
-        coordinate frame representing the pose of each element in the sequence of
-        SO(3) or SE(3) matrices.
+          coordinate frame representing the pose of each element in the sequence of
+          SO(3) or SE(3) matrices.
 
         Examples:
 
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/vectors.py b/spatialmath/base/vectors.py
index f29740a3..bf95283f 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/vectors.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/vectors.py
@@ -530,6 +530,7 @@ def wrap_0_pi(theta: ArrayLike) -> Union[float, NDArray]:
     :param theta: input angle
     :type theta: scalar or ndarray
     :return: angle wrapped into range :math:`[0, \pi)`
+    :rtype: scalar or ndarray
 
     This is used to fold angles of colatitude.  If zero is the angle of the
     north pole, colatitude increases to :math:`\pi` at the south pole then
@@ -537,7 +538,7 @@ def wrap_0_pi(theta: ArrayLike) -> Union[float, NDArray]:
 
     :seealso: :func:`wrap_mpi2_pi2` :func:`wrap_0_2pi` :func:`wrap_mpi_pi` :func:`angle_wrap`
     """
-    theta = np.abs(theta)
+    theta = np.abs(getvector(theta))
     n = theta / np.pi
     if isinstance(n, np.ndarray):
         n = n.astype(int)
@@ -546,7 +547,7 @@ def wrap_0_pi(theta: ArrayLike) -> Union[float, NDArray]:
 
     y = np.where(np.bitwise_and(n, 1) == 0, theta - n * np.pi, (n + 1) * np.pi - theta)
     if isinstance(y, np.ndarray) and y.size == 1:
-        return float(y)
+        return float(y[0])
     else:
         return y
 
@@ -558,6 +559,7 @@ def wrap_mpi2_pi2(theta: ArrayLike) -> Union[float, NDArray]:
     :param theta: input angle
     :type theta: scalar or ndarray
     :return: angle wrapped into range :math:`[-\pi/2, \pi/2]`
+    :rtype: scalar or ndarray
 
     This is used to fold angles of latitude.
 
@@ -573,7 +575,7 @@ def wrap_mpi2_pi2(theta: ArrayLike) -> Union[float, NDArray]:
 
     y = np.where(np.bitwise_and(n, 1) == 0, theta - n * np.pi, n * np.pi - theta)
     if isinstance(y, np.ndarray) and len(y) == 1:
-        return float(y)
+        return float(y[0])
     else:
         return y
 
@@ -585,13 +587,14 @@ def wrap_0_2pi(theta: ArrayLike) -> Union[float, NDArray]:
     :param theta: input angle
     :type theta: scalar or ndarray
     :return: angle wrapped into range :math:`[0, 2\pi)`
+    :rtype: scalar or ndarray
 
     :seealso: :func:`wrap_mpi_pi` :func:`wrap_0_pi` :func:`wrap_mpi2_pi2` :func:`angle_wrap`
     """
     theta = getvector(theta)
     y = theta - 2.0 * math.pi * np.floor(theta / 2.0 / np.pi)
     if isinstance(y, np.ndarray) and len(y) == 1:
-        return float(y)
+        return float(y[0])
     else:
         return y
 
@@ -603,13 +606,14 @@ def wrap_mpi_pi(theta: ArrayLike) -> Union[float, NDArray]:
     :param theta: input angle
     :type theta: scalar or ndarray
     :return: angle wrapped into range :math:`[-\pi, \pi)`
+    :rtype: scalar or ndarray
 
     :seealso: :func:`wrap_0_2pi` :func:`wrap_0_pi` :func:`wrap_mpi2_pi2` :func:`angle_wrap`
     """
     theta = getvector(theta)
     y = np.mod(theta + math.pi, 2 * math.pi) - np.pi
     if isinstance(y, np.ndarray) and len(y) == 1:
-        return float(y)
+        return float(y[0])
     else:
         return y
 
@@ -643,6 +647,7 @@ def angdiff(a, b=None):
     - ``angdiff(a, b)`` is the difference ``a - b`` wrapped to the range
       :math:`[-\pi, \pi)`.  This is the operator :math:`a \circleddash b` used
       in the RVC book
+
         - If ``a`` and ``b`` are both scalars, the result is scalar
         - If ``a`` is array_like, the result is a NumPy array ``a[i]-b``
         - If ``a`` is array_like, the result is a NumPy array ``a-b[i]``
@@ -651,6 +656,7 @@ def angdiff(a, b=None):
 
     - ``angdiff(a)`` is the angle or vector of angles ``a`` wrapped to the range
       :math:`[-\pi, \pi)`.
+
         - If ``a`` is a scalar, the result is scalar
         - If ``a`` is array_like, the result is a NumPy array
 
@@ -671,7 +677,7 @@ def angdiff(a, b=None):
 
     y = np.mod(a + math.pi, 2 * math.pi) - math.pi
     if isinstance(y, np.ndarray) and len(y) == 1:
-        return float(y)
+        return float(y[0])
     else:
         return y
 
diff --git a/spatialmath/quaternion.py b/spatialmath/quaternion.py
index f9b73873..79bdaf0c 100644
--- a/spatialmath/quaternion.py
+++ b/spatialmath/quaternion.py
@@ -1443,7 +1443,7 @@ def AngVec(
         :seealso: :meth:`UnitQuaternion.angvec` :meth:`UnitQuaternion.exp` :func:`~spatialmath.base.transforms3d.angvec2r`
         """
         v = smb.getvector(v, 3)
-        theta = smb.getunit(theta, unit, dim=0)
+        theta = smb.getunit(theta, unit, vector=False)
         return cls(
             s=math.cos(theta / 2), v=math.sin(theta / 2) * v, norm=False, check=False
         )
diff --git a/tests/base/test_argcheck.py b/tests/base/test_argcheck.py
index 685393b5..39c943d1 100755
--- a/tests/base/test_argcheck.py
+++ b/tests/base/test_argcheck.py
@@ -122,11 +122,49 @@ def test_verifymatrix(self):
             verifymatrix(a, (3, 4))
 
     def test_unit(self):
-        self.assertIsInstance(getunit(1), np.ndarray)
+        # scalar -> vector
+        self.assertEqual(getunit(1), np.array([1]))
+        self.assertEqual(getunit(1, dim=0), np.array([1]))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            self.assertEqual(getunit(1, dim=1), np.array([1]))
+
+        self.assertEqual(getunit(1, unit="deg"), np.array([1 * math.pi / 180.0]))
+        self.assertEqual(getunit(1, dim=0, unit="deg"), np.array([1 * math.pi / 180.0]))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                getunit(1, dim=1, unit="deg"), np.array([1 * math.pi / 180.0])
+            )
+
+        # scalar -> scalar
+        self.assertEqual(getunit(1, vector=False), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(getunit(1, dim=0, vector=False), 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            self.assertEqual(getunit(1, dim=1, vector=False), 1)
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(getunit(1.0, vector=False), float)
+        self.assertIsInstance(getunit(1, vector=False), int)
+
+        self.assertEqual(getunit(1, vector=False, unit="deg"), 1 * math.pi / 180.0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            getunit(1, dim=0, vector=False, unit="deg"), 1 * math.pi / 180.0
+        )
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                getunit(1, dim=1, vector=False, unit="deg"), 1 * math.pi / 180.0
+            )
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(getunit(1.0, vector=False, unit="deg"), float)
+        self.assertIsInstance(getunit(1, vector=False, unit="deg"), float)
+
+        # vector -> vector
+        self.assertEqual(getunit([1]), np.array([1]))
+        self.assertEqual(getunit([1], dim=1), np.array([1]))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            getunit([1], dim=0)
+
         self.assertIsInstance(getunit([1, 2]), np.ndarray)
         self.assertIsInstance(getunit((1, 2)), np.ndarray)
         self.assertIsInstance(getunit(np.r_[1, 2]), np.ndarray)
-        self.assertIsInstance(getunit(1.0, dim=0), float)
 
         nt.assert_equal(getunit(5, "rad"), 5)
         nt.assert_equal(getunit(5, "deg"), 5 * math.pi / 180.0)

From d1057e56109ef37a1987b0031e593fd0428f8af6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Corke <peter.i.corke@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2025 04:27:37 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 11/14] Fix the intersphinx source for matplotlib. (#156)

---
 docs/source/conf.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/docs/source/conf.py b/docs/source/conf.py
index 369c185b..b039bc85 100644
--- a/docs/source/conf.py
+++ b/docs/source/conf.py
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
 intersphinx_mapping = {
     "numpy": ("http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/", None),
     "scipy": ("http://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/", None),
-    "matplotlib": ("http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/", None),
+    "matplotlib": ("https://matplotlib.org/stable/", None),
 }
 
 # -------- Options favicon -------------------------------------------------------#

From c04abc701d79d738826643938421d883f94a3e64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mark Yeatman <129521731+myeatman-bdai@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Jan 2025 13:12:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 12/14] Format everything with black. (#161)

---
 .pre-commit-config.yaml          |  35 ++++
 docs/source/conf.py              |  10 +-
 pyproject.toml                   |   9 +-
 spatialmath/DualQuaternion.py    |   1 -
 spatialmath/__init__.py          |   4 +-
 spatialmath/base/animate.py      |  19 ++-
 spatialmath/base/quaternions.py  |  75 ++++++---
 spatialmath/base/transforms2d.py |  12 +-
 spatialmath/base/transforms3d.py |  25 +--
 spatialmath/baseposelist.py      |   5 +-
 spatialmath/baseposematrix.py    |  19 ++-
 spatialmath/pose3d.py            |  33 ++--
 spatialmath/quaternion.py        |  15 +-
 spatialmath/spline.py            |  22 +--
 spatialmath/twist.py             |   2 +-
 tests/base/test_numeric.py       |   9 -
 tests/base/test_symbolic.py      |   5 +-
 tests/base/test_transforms.py    |   9 -
 tests/base/test_transforms2d.py  |  19 +--
 tests/base/test_transforms3d.py  |   6 +-
 tests/base/test_transformsNd.py  |   5 +-
 tests/base/test_vectors.py       |  49 +++---
 tests/test_baseposelist.py       |  22 +--
 tests/test_dualquaternion.py     |  59 +++----
 tests/test_pose3d.py             |   8 +-
 tests/test_quaternion.py         |  12 +-
 tests/test_spline.py             |  45 +++--
 tests/test_twist.py              | 274 ++++++++++++++++---------------
 28 files changed, 437 insertions(+), 371 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .pre-commit-config.yaml

diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36085fe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+repos:
+# - repo: https://github.com/charliermarsh/ruff-pre-commit
+#   # Ruff version.
+#   rev: 'v0.1.0'
+#   hooks:
+#     - id: ruff
+#       args: ['--fix', '--config', 'pyproject.toml']
+
+- repo: https://github.com/psf/black
+  rev: 'refs/tags/23.10.0:refs/tags/23.10.0'
+  hooks:
+    - id: black
+      language_version: python3.10
+      args: ['--config', 'pyproject.toml']
+      verbose: true
+
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+  rev: v4.5.0
+  hooks:
+  -   id: end-of-file-fixer
+  -   id: debug-statements # Ensure we don't commit `import pdb; pdb.set_trace()`
+      exclude: |
+        (?x)^(
+          docker/ros/web/static/.*|
+        )$
+  -   id: trailing-whitespace
+      exclude: |
+        (?x)^(
+          docker/ros/web/static/.*|
+          (.*/).*\.patch|
+        )$
+# - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
+#   rev: v1.6.1
+#   hooks:
+#   -   id: mypy
diff --git a/docs/source/conf.py b/docs/source/conf.py
index b039bc85..b5fcf84a 100644
--- a/docs/source/conf.py
+++ b/docs/source/conf.py
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@
 # add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
 # documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
 #
-import os
-import sys
 
 # sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
 # sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('..'))
@@ -67,9 +65,11 @@
 #  choose UTF-8 encoding to allow for Unicode characters, eg. ansitable
 #  Python session setup, turn off color printing for SE3, set NumPy precision
 autorun_languages = {}
-autorun_languages['pycon_output_encoding'] = 'UTF-8'
-autorun_languages['pycon_input_encoding'] = 'UTF-8'
-autorun_languages['pycon_runfirst'] = """
+autorun_languages["pycon_output_encoding"] = "UTF-8"
+autorun_languages["pycon_input_encoding"] = "UTF-8"
+autorun_languages[
+    "pycon_runfirst"
+] = """
 from spatialmath import SE3
 SE3._color = False
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 4295f2f3..452bf290 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ keywords = [
     "SO(2)", "SE(2)", "SO(3)", "SE(3)",
     "twist", "product of exponential", "translation", "orientation",
     "angle-axis", "Lie group", "skew symmetric matrix",
-    "pose", "translation", "rotation matrix", 
+    "pose", "translation", "rotation matrix",
     "rigid body transform", "homogeneous transformation",
     "Euler angles", "roll-pitch-yaw angles",
     "quaternion", "unit-quaternion",
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ dev = [
 
 docs = [
     "sphinx",
-    "sphinx-rtd-theme", 
-    "sphinx-autorun", 
-    "sphinxcontrib-jsmath", 
+    "sphinx-rtd-theme",
+    "sphinx-autorun",
+    "sphinxcontrib-jsmath",
     "sphinx-favicon",
     "sphinx-autodoc-typehints",
 ]
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ packages = [
 ]
 
 [tool.black]
+required-version = "23.10.0"
 line-length = 88
 target-version = ['py38']
 exclude = "camera_derivatives.py"
diff --git a/spatialmath/DualQuaternion.py b/spatialmath/DualQuaternion.py
index 3b945d7c..f8ee0f7d 100644
--- a/spatialmath/DualQuaternion.py
+++ b/spatialmath/DualQuaternion.py
@@ -357,7 +357,6 @@ def SE3(self) -> SE3:
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
-
     from spatialmath import SE3, UnitDualQuaternion
 
     print(UnitDualQuaternion(SE3()))
diff --git a/spatialmath/__init__.py b/spatialmath/__init__.py
index 18cb74b4..551481e1 100644
--- a/spatialmath/__init__.py
+++ b/spatialmath/__init__.py
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 from spatialmath.DualQuaternion import DualQuaternion, UnitDualQuaternion
 from spatialmath.spline import BSplineSE3, InterpSplineSE3, SplineFit
 
-# from spatialmath.Plucker import *
-# from spatialmath import base as smb
 
 __all__ = [
     # pose
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@
     "Ellipse",
     "BSplineSE3",
     "InterpSplineSE3",
-    "SplineFit"
+    "SplineFit",
 ]
 
 try:
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/animate.py b/spatialmath/base/animate.py
index a2e31f72..1ca8baec 100755
--- a/spatialmath/base/animate.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/animate.py
@@ -109,7 +109,9 @@ def __init__(
             if len(dim) == 2:
                 dim = dim * 3
             elif len(dim) != 6:
-                raise ValueError(f"dim must have 2 or 6 elements, got {dim}. See docstring for details.")
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"dim must have 2 or 6 elements, got {dim}. See docstring for details."
+                )
             ax.set_xlim(dim[0:2])
             ax.set_ylim(dim[2:4])
             ax.set_zlim(dim[4:])
@@ -223,7 +225,7 @@ def update(frame, animation):
             else:
                 # [unlikely] other types are converted to np array
                 T = np.array(frame)
-            
+
             if T.shape == (3, 3):
                 T = smb.r2t(T)
 
@@ -606,14 +608,14 @@ def trplot2(
         smb.trplot2(self.start, ax=self, block=False, **kwargs)
 
     def run(
-        self, 
+        self,
         movie: Optional[str] = None,
         axes: Optional[plt.Axes] = None,
         repeat: bool = False,
         interval: int = 50,
         nframes: int = 100,
-        wait: bool = False, 
-        **kwargs
+        wait: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
     ):
         """
         Run the animation
@@ -663,7 +665,6 @@ def update(frame, animation):
             animation._draw(T)
             self.count += 1  # say we're still running
 
-
         if movie is not None:
             repeat = False
 
@@ -698,7 +699,9 @@ def update(frame, animation):
                 print("overwriting movie", movie)
             else:
                 print("creating movie", movie)
-            FFwriter = animation.FFMpegWriter(fps=1000 / interval, extra_args=["-vcodec", "libx264"])
+            FFwriter = animation.FFMpegWriter(
+                fps=1000 / interval, extra_args=["-vcodec", "libx264"]
+            )
             _ani.save(movie, writer=FFwriter)
 
         if wait:
@@ -902,8 +905,6 @@ def set_ylabel(self, *args, **kwargs):
     # plotvol3(2)
     # tranimate(attitude())
 
-    from spatialmath import base
-
     # T = smb.rpy2r(0.3, 0.4, 0.5)
     # # smb.tranimate(T, wait=True)
     # s = smb.tranimate(T, movie=True)
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/quaternions.py b/spatialmath/base/quaternions.py
index d5652d4a..364a5ea8 100755
--- a/spatialmath/base/quaternions.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/quaternions.py
@@ -851,39 +851,49 @@ def qslerp(
 def _compute_cdf_sin_squared(theta: float):
     """
     Computes the CDF for the distribution of angular magnitude for uniformly sampled rotations.
-    
+
     :arg theta: angular magnitude
     :rtype: float
     :return: cdf of a given angular magnitude
     :rtype: float
 
-    Helper function for uniform sampling of rotations with constrained angular magnitude. 
+    Helper function for uniform sampling of rotations with constrained angular magnitude.
     This function returns the integral of the pdf of angular magnitudes (2/pi * sin^2(theta/2)).
     """
     return (theta - np.sin(theta)) / np.pi
 
+
 @lru_cache(maxsize=1)
-def _generate_inv_cdf_sin_squared_interp(num_interpolation_points: int = 256) -> interpolate.interp1d:
+def _generate_inv_cdf_sin_squared_interp(
+    num_interpolation_points: int = 256,
+) -> interpolate.interp1d:
     """
     Computes an interpolation function for the inverse CDF of the distribution of angular magnitude.
-    
+
     :arg num_interpolation_points: number of points to use in the interpolation function
     :rtype: int
     :return: interpolation function for the inverse cdf of a given angular magnitude
     :rtype: interpolate.interp1d
 
-    Helper function for uniform sampling of rotations with constrained angular magnitude. 
-    This function returns interpolation function for the inverse of the integral of the 
+    Helper function for uniform sampling of rotations with constrained angular magnitude.
+    This function returns interpolation function for the inverse of the integral of the
     pdf of angular magnitudes (2/pi * sin^2(theta/2)), which is not analytically defined.
     """
     cdf_sin_squared_interp_angles = np.linspace(0, np.pi, num_interpolation_points)
-    cdf_sin_squared_interp_values = _compute_cdf_sin_squared(cdf_sin_squared_interp_angles)
-    return interpolate.interp1d(cdf_sin_squared_interp_values, cdf_sin_squared_interp_angles)
+    cdf_sin_squared_interp_values = _compute_cdf_sin_squared(
+        cdf_sin_squared_interp_angles
+    )
+    return interpolate.interp1d(
+        cdf_sin_squared_interp_values, cdf_sin_squared_interp_angles
+    )
+
 
-def _compute_inv_cdf_sin_squared(x: ArrayLike, num_interpolation_points: int = 256) -> ArrayLike:
+def _compute_inv_cdf_sin_squared(
+    x: ArrayLike, num_interpolation_points: int = 256
+) -> ArrayLike:
     """
     Computes the inverse CDF of the distribution of angular magnitude.
-    
+
     :arg x: value for cdf of angular magnitudes
     :rtype: ArrayLike
     :arg num_interpolation_points: number of points to use in the interpolation function
@@ -891,17 +901,24 @@ def _compute_inv_cdf_sin_squared(x: ArrayLike, num_interpolation_points: int = 2
     :return: angular magnitude associate with cdf value
     :rtype: ArrayLike
 
-    Helper function for uniform sampling of rotations with constrained angular magnitude. 
-    This function returns the angle associated with the cdf value derived form integral of 
+    Helper function for uniform sampling of rotations with constrained angular magnitude.
+    This function returns the angle associated with the cdf value derived form integral of
     the pdf of angular magnitudes (2/pi * sin^2(theta/2)), which is not analytically defined.
     """
-    inv_cdf_sin_squared_interp = _generate_inv_cdf_sin_squared_interp(num_interpolation_points)
+    inv_cdf_sin_squared_interp = _generate_inv_cdf_sin_squared_interp(
+        num_interpolation_points
+    )
     return inv_cdf_sin_squared_interp(x)
 
-def qrand(theta_range:Optional[ArrayLike2] = None, unit: str = "rad", num_interpolation_points: int = 256) -> UnitQuaternionArray:
+
+def qrand(
+    theta_range: Optional[ArrayLike2] = None,
+    unit: str = "rad",
+    num_interpolation_points: int = 256,
+) -> UnitQuaternionArray:
     """
     Random unit-quaternion
-    
+
     :arg theta_range: angular magnitude range [min,max], defaults to None.
     :type xrange: 2-element sequence, optional
     :arg unit: angular units: 'rad' [default], or 'deg'
@@ -913,7 +930,7 @@ def qrand(theta_range:Optional[ArrayLike2] = None, unit: str = "rad", num_interp
     :return: random unit-quaternion
     :rtype: ndarray(4)
 
-    Computes a uniformly distributed random unit-quaternion, with in a maximum 
+    Computes a uniformly distributed random unit-quaternion, with in a maximum
     angular magnitude, which can be considered equivalent to a random SO(3) rotation.
 
     .. runblock:: pycon
@@ -924,24 +941,30 @@ def qrand(theta_range:Optional[ArrayLike2] = None, unit: str = "rad", num_interp
     if theta_range is not None:
         theta_range = getunit(theta_range, unit)
 
-        if(theta_range[0] < 0 or theta_range[1] > np.pi or theta_range[0] > theta_range[1]):
-            ValueError('Invalid angular range. Must be within the range[0, pi].'
-            + f' Recieved {theta_range}.')
+        if (
+            theta_range[0] < 0
+            or theta_range[1] > np.pi
+            or theta_range[0] > theta_range[1]
+        ):
+            ValueError(
+                "Invalid angular range. Must be within the range[0, pi]."
+                + f" Recieved {theta_range}."
+            )
+
+        # Sample axis and angle independently, respecting the CDF of the
+        # angular magnitude under uniform sampling.
 
-        # Sample axis and angle independently, respecting the CDF of the 
-        # angular magnitude under uniform sampling. 
-        
-        # Sample angle using inverse transform sampling based on CDF 
+        # Sample angle using inverse transform sampling based on CDF
         # of the angular distribution (2/pi * sin^2(theta/2))
         theta = _compute_inv_cdf_sin_squared(
             np.random.uniform(
-                low=_compute_cdf_sin_squared(theta_range[0]), 
+                low=_compute_cdf_sin_squared(theta_range[0]),
                 high=_compute_cdf_sin_squared(theta_range[1]),
             ),
             num_interpolation_points=num_interpolation_points,
         )
         # Sample axis uniformly using 3D normal distributed
-        v = np.random.randn(3) 
+        v = np.random.randn(3)
         v /= np.linalg.norm(v)
 
         return np.r_[math.cos(theta / 2), (math.sin(theta / 2) * v)]
@@ -953,7 +976,7 @@ def qrand(theta_range:Optional[ArrayLike2] = None, unit: str = "rad", num_interp
             math.sqrt(u[0]) * math.sin(2 * math.pi * u[2]),
             math.sqrt(u[0]) * math.cos(2 * math.pi * u[2]),
         ]
-    
+
 
 def qmatrix(q: ArrayLike4) -> R4x4:
     """
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/transforms2d.py b/spatialmath/base/transforms2d.py
index 25265fff..ac0696cd 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/transforms2d.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/transforms2d.py
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ def trnorm2(T: SE2Array) -> SE2Array:
     b = unitvec(b)
     # fmt: off
     R = np.array([
-        [ b[1], b[0]], 
+        [ b[1], b[0]],
         [-b[0], b[1]]
     ])
     # fmt: on
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ def tradjoint2(T):
         (R, t) = smb.tr2rt(cast(SE3Array, T))
         # fmt: off
         return np.block([
-                [R, np.c_[t[1], -t[0]].T], 
+                [R, np.c_[t[1], -t[0]].T],
                 [0, 0,           1]
                 ])  # type: ignore
         # fmt: on
@@ -853,12 +853,16 @@ def tr2jac2(T: SE2Array) -> R3x3:
 
 
 @overload
-def trinterp2(start: Optional[SO2Array], end: SO2Array, s: float, shortest: bool = True) -> SO2Array:
+def trinterp2(
+    start: Optional[SO2Array], end: SO2Array, s: float, shortest: bool = True
+) -> SO2Array:
     ...
 
 
 @overload
-def trinterp2(start: Optional[SE2Array], end: SE2Array, s: float, shortest: bool = True) -> SE2Array:
+def trinterp2(
+    start: Optional[SE2Array], end: SE2Array, s: float, shortest: bool = True
+) -> SE2Array:
     ...
 
 
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/transforms3d.py b/spatialmath/base/transforms3d.py
index 350e1d14..bc2ceb05 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/transforms3d.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/transforms3d.py
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
     isskew,
     isskewa,
     isR,
-    iseye,
     tr2rt,
     Ab2M,
 )
@@ -1605,12 +1604,16 @@ def trnorm(T: SE3Array) -> SE3Array:
 
 
 @overload
-def trinterp(start: Optional[SO3Array], end: SO3Array, s: float, shortest: bool = True) -> SO3Array:
+def trinterp(
+    start: Optional[SO3Array], end: SO3Array, s: float, shortest: bool = True
+) -> SO3Array:
     ...
 
 
 @overload
-def trinterp(start: Optional[SE3Array], end: SE3Array, s: float, shortest: bool = True) -> SE3Array:
+def trinterp(
+    start: Optional[SE3Array], end: SE3Array, s: float, shortest: bool = True
+) -> SE3Array:
     ...
 
 
@@ -1954,15 +1957,15 @@ def rpy2jac(angles: ArrayLike3, order: str = "zyx") -> R3x3:
 
     if order == "xyz":
         # fmt: off
-        J = np.array([	
-            [ sp,       0,   1], 
+        J = np.array([
+            [ sp,       0,   1],
             [-cp * sy,  cy,  0],
             [ cp * cy,  sy,  0]
         ])  # type: ignore
         # fmt: on
     elif order == "zyx":
         # fmt: off
-        J = np.array([	 
+        J = np.array([
                 [ cp * cy, -sy, 0],
                 [ cp * sy,  cy, 0],
                 [-sp,       0,  1],
@@ -1970,7 +1973,7 @@ def rpy2jac(angles: ArrayLike3, order: str = "zyx") -> R3x3:
         # fmt: on
     elif order == "yxz":
         # fmt: off
-        J = np.array([	
+        J = np.array([
                 [ cp * sy,  cy, 0],
                 [-sp,       0,  1],
                 [ cp * cy, -sy, 0]
@@ -2350,7 +2353,7 @@ def rotvelxform(
             # analytical rates -> angular velocity
             # fmt: off
             A = np.array([
-                [ S(beta),          0,        1], 
+                [ S(beta),          0,        1],
                 [-S(gamma)*C(beta), C(gamma), 0], # type: ignore
                 [ C(beta)*C(gamma), S(gamma), 0]  # type: ignore
                 ])
@@ -2360,7 +2363,7 @@ def rotvelxform(
             # fmt: off
             A = np.array([
                 [0, -S(gamma)/C(beta),  C(gamma)/C(beta)], # type: ignore
-                [0,  C(gamma),          S(gamma)], 
+                [0,  C(gamma),          S(gamma)],
                 [1,  S(gamma)*T(beta), -C(gamma)*T(beta)]  # type: ignore
                 ])
             # fmt: on
@@ -2724,7 +2727,7 @@ def tr2adjoint(T):
         (R, t) = tr2rt(T)
         # fmt: off
         return np.block([
-                    [R, skew(t) @ R], 
+                    [R, skew(t) @ R],
                     [Z, R]
                 ])
         # fmt: on
@@ -3432,8 +3435,6 @@ def tranimate(T: Union[SO3Array, SE3Array], **kwargs) -> str:
 
     # print(angvelxform([p, q, r], representation='eul'))
 
-    import pathlib
-
     # exec(
     #     open(
     #         pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.absolute()
diff --git a/spatialmath/baseposelist.py b/spatialmath/baseposelist.py
index d729b902..b102b4bb 100644
--- a/spatialmath/baseposelist.py
+++ b/spatialmath/baseposelist.py
@@ -667,11 +667,12 @@ def unop(
         else:
             return [op(x) for x in self.data]
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     from spatialmath import SO3, SO2
 
-    R = SO3([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]])
+    R = SO3([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
     print(R.eulervec())
 
     R = SO2([0.3, 0.4, 0.5])
-    pass
\ No newline at end of file
+    pass
diff --git a/spatialmath/baseposematrix.py b/spatialmath/baseposematrix.py
index 1a850600..87071df3 100644
--- a/spatialmath/baseposematrix.py
+++ b/spatialmath/baseposematrix.py
@@ -377,7 +377,12 @@ def log(self, twist: Optional[bool] = False) -> Union[NDArray, List[NDArray]]:
         else:
             return log
 
-    def interp(self, end: Optional[bool] = None, s: Union[int, float] = None, shortest: bool = True) -> Self:
+    def interp(
+        self,
+        end: Optional[bool] = None,
+        s: Union[int, float] = None,
+        shortest: bool = True,
+    ) -> Self:
         """
         Interpolate between poses (superclass method)
 
@@ -434,13 +439,19 @@ def interp(self, end: Optional[bool] = None, s: Union[int, float] = None, shorte
         if self.N == 2:
             # SO(2) or SE(2)
             return self.__class__(
-                [smb.trinterp2(start=self.A, end=end, s=_s, shortest=shortest) for _s in s]
+                [
+                    smb.trinterp2(start=self.A, end=end, s=_s, shortest=shortest)
+                    for _s in s
+                ]
             )
 
         elif self.N == 3:
             # SO(3) or SE(3)
             return self.__class__(
-                [smb.trinterp(start=self.A, end=end, s=_s, shortest=shortest) for _s in s]
+                [
+                    smb.trinterp(start=self.A, end=end, s=_s, shortest=shortest)
+                    for _s in s
+                ]
             )
 
     def interp1(self, s: float = None) -> Self:
@@ -1692,7 +1703,7 @@ def _op2(left, right: Self, op: Callable):  # pylint: disable=no-self-argument
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    from spatialmath import SE3, SE2, SO2
+    from spatialmath import SO2
 
     C = SO2(0.5)
     A = np.array([[10, 0], [0, 1]])
diff --git a/spatialmath/pose3d.py b/spatialmath/pose3d.py
index 3b4821e5..9324eda1 100644
--- a/spatialmath/pose3d.py
+++ b/spatialmath/pose3d.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
  .. inheritance-diagram:: spatialmath.pose3d
     :top-classes: collections.UserList
     :parts: 1
-    
+
 .. image:: ../figs/pose-values.png
 """
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 from spatialmath.twist import Twist3
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from spatialmath.quaternion import UnitQuaternion
 
@@ -341,7 +342,7 @@ def eulervec(self) -> R3:
         """
         theta, v = smb.tr2angvec(self.R)
         return theta * v
-    
+
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -455,7 +456,9 @@ def Rz(cls, theta, unit: str = "rad") -> Self:
         return cls([smb.rotz(x, unit=unit) for x in smb.getvector(theta)], check=False)
 
     @classmethod
-    def Rand(cls, N: int = 1, *, theta_range:Optional[ArrayLike2] = None, unit: str = "rad") -> Self:
+    def Rand(
+        cls, N: int = 1, *, theta_range: Optional[ArrayLike2] = None, unit: str = "rad"
+    ) -> Self:
         """
         Construct a new SO(3) from random rotation
 
@@ -481,7 +484,13 @@ def Rand(cls, N: int = 1, *, theta_range:Optional[ArrayLike2] = None, unit: str
 
         :seealso: :func:`spatialmath.quaternion.UnitQuaternion.Rand`
         """
-        return cls([smb.q2r(smb.qrand(theta_range=theta_range, unit=unit)) for _ in range(0, N)], check=False)
+        return cls(
+            [
+                smb.q2r(smb.qrand(theta_range=theta_range, unit=unit))
+                for _ in range(0, N)
+            ],
+            check=False,
+        )
 
     @overload
     @classmethod
@@ -1311,11 +1320,11 @@ def yaw_SE2(self, order: str = "zyx") -> SE2:
         """
         if len(self) == 1:
             if order == "zyx":
-                return SE2(self.x, self.y, self.rpy(order = order)[2])
+                return SE2(self.x, self.y, self.rpy(order=order)[2])
             elif order == "xyz":
-                return SE2(self.z, self.y, self.rpy(order = order)[2])
+                return SE2(self.z, self.y, self.rpy(order=order)[2])
             elif order == "yxz":
-                return SE2(self.z, self.x, self.rpy(order = order)[2])
+                return SE2(self.z, self.x, self.rpy(order=order)[2])
         else:
             return SE2([e.yaw_SE2() for e in self])
 
@@ -1601,7 +1610,7 @@ def Rand(
         xrange: Optional[ArrayLike2] = (-1, 1),
         yrange: Optional[ArrayLike2] = (-1, 1),
         zrange: Optional[ArrayLike2] = (-1, 1),
-        theta_range:Optional[ArrayLike2] = None,
+        theta_range: Optional[ArrayLike2] = None,
         unit: str = "rad",
     ) -> SE3:  # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
         """
@@ -1825,7 +1834,7 @@ def AngleAxis(
         a rotation of ``θ`` about the vector ``v``.
 
         .. math::
-        
+
             \mbox{if}\,\, \theta \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
                 = 0 & \mbox{return identity matrix}\\
                 \ne 0 & \mbox{v must have a finite length}
@@ -2100,11 +2109,7 @@ def Rt(
         return cls(smb.rt2tr(R, t, check=check), check=check)
 
     @classmethod
-    def CopyFrom(
-        cls,
-        T: SE3Array,
-        check: bool = True
-    ) -> SE3:
+    def CopyFrom(cls, T: SE3Array, check: bool = True) -> SE3:
         """
         Create an SE(3) from a 4x4 numpy array that is passed by value.
 
diff --git a/spatialmath/quaternion.py b/spatialmath/quaternion.py
index 79bdaf0c..2994b6e6 100644
--- a/spatialmath/quaternion.py
+++ b/spatialmath/quaternion.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 import math
 import numpy as np
-from typing import Any, Type
+from typing import Any
 import spatialmath.base as smb
 from spatialmath.pose3d import SO3, SE3
 from spatialmath.baseposelist import BasePoseList
@@ -1005,10 +1005,10 @@ def __init__(
         """
         super().__init__()
 
-        # handle: UnitQuaternion(v)`` constructs a unit quaternion with specified elements 
+        # handle: UnitQuaternion(v)`` constructs a unit quaternion with specified elements
         # from ``v`` which is a 4-vector given as a list, tuple, or ndarray(4)
         if s is None and smb.isvector(v, 4):
-            v,s = (s,v)
+            v, s = (s, v)
 
         if v is None:
             # single argument
@@ -1248,7 +1248,9 @@ def Rz(cls, angles: ArrayLike, unit: Optional[str] = "rad") -> UnitQuaternion:
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def Rand(cls, N: int = 1, *, theta_range:Optional[ArrayLike2] = None, unit: str = "rad") -> UnitQuaternion:
+    def Rand(
+        cls, N: int = 1, *, theta_range: Optional[ArrayLike2] = None, unit: str = "rad"
+    ) -> UnitQuaternion:
         """
         Construct a new random unit quaternion
 
@@ -1275,7 +1277,10 @@ def Rand(cls, N: int = 1, *, theta_range:Optional[ArrayLike2] = None, unit: str
 
         :seealso: :meth:`UnitQuaternion.Rand`
         """
-        return cls([smb.qrand(theta_range=theta_range, unit=unit) for i in range(0, N)], check=False)
+        return cls(
+            [smb.qrand(theta_range=theta_range, unit=unit) for i in range(0, N)],
+            check=False,
+        )
 
     @classmethod
     def Eul(cls, *angles: List[float], unit: Optional[str] = "rad") -> UnitQuaternion:
diff --git a/spatialmath/spline.py b/spatialmath/spline.py
index 8d30bd80..7f849442 100644
--- a/spatialmath/spline.py
+++ b/spatialmath/spline.py
@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@
 # MIT Licence, see details in top-level file: LICENCE
 
 """
-Classes for parameterizing a trajectory in SE3 with splines. 
+Classes for parameterizing a trajectory in SE3 with splines.
 """
 
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from functools import cached_property
-from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Set
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
@@ -160,11 +159,11 @@ def stochastic_downsample_interpolation(
         epsilon_angle: float = 1e-1,
         normalize_time: bool = True,
         bc_type: str = "not-a-knot",
-        check_type: str = "local"
+        check_type: str = "local",
     ) -> Tuple[InterpSplineSE3, List[int]]:
         """
-        Uses a random dropout to downsample a trajectory with an interpolated spline. Keeps the start and 
-        end points of the trajectory. Takes a random order of the remaining indices, and then checks the error bound 
+        Uses a random dropout to downsample a trajectory with an interpolated spline. Keeps the start and
+        end points of the trajectory. Takes a random order of the remaining indices, and then checks the error bound
         of just that point if check_type=="local", checks the error of the whole trajectory is check_type=="global".
         Local is **much** faster.
 
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ def stochastic_downsample_interpolation(
 
         interpolation_indices = list(range(len(self.pose_data)))
 
-        # randomly attempt to remove poses from the trajectory 
+        # randomly attempt to remove poses from the trajectory
         # always keep the start and end
         removal_choices = interpolation_indices.copy()
         removal_choices.remove(0)
@@ -197,14 +196,17 @@ def stochastic_downsample_interpolation(
                     SO3(self.spline.spline_so3(sample_time).as_matrix())
                 )
                 euclidean_error = np.linalg.norm(
-                    self.pose_data[candidate_removal_index].t - self.spline.spline_xyz(sample_time)
+                    self.pose_data[candidate_removal_index].t
+                    - self.spline.spline_xyz(sample_time)
                 )
             elif check_type == "global":
                 angular_error = self.max_angular_error()
                 euclidean_error = self.max_euclidean_error()
             else:
-                raise ValueError(f"check_type must be 'local' of 'global', is {check_type}.")
-            
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"check_type must be 'local' of 'global', is {check_type}."
+                )
+
             if (angular_error > epsilon_angle) or (euclidean_error > epsilon_xyz):
                 interpolation_indices.append(candidate_removal_index)
                 interpolation_indices.sort()
diff --git a/spatialmath/twist.py b/spatialmath/twist.py
index f84a0f1b..dcefa840 100644
--- a/spatialmath/twist.py
+++ b/spatialmath/twist.py
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ def RPY(cls, *pos, **kwargs):
           scalars.
 
         Foo bar!
-        
+
         Example:
 
         .. runblock:: pycon
diff --git a/tests/base/test_numeric.py b/tests/base/test_numeric.py
index e6b9de50..256a3cb1 100755
--- a/tests/base/test_numeric.py
+++ b/tests/base/test_numeric.py
@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@
 """
 
 import numpy as np
-import numpy.testing as nt
 import unittest
-import math
 
 
 from spatialmath.base.numeric import *
@@ -18,11 +16,9 @@
 
 class TestNumeric(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_numjac(self):
-
         pass
 
     def test_array2str(self):
-
         x = [1.2345678]
         s = array2str(x)
 
@@ -52,7 +48,6 @@ def test_array2str(self):
         self.assertEqual(s, "[ 1, 2, 3 | 4, 5, 6 ]")
 
     def test_bresenham(self):
-
         x, y = bresenham((-10, -10), (20, 10))
         self.assertIsInstance(x, np.ndarray)
         self.assertEqual(x.ndim, 1)
@@ -91,7 +86,6 @@ def test_bresenham(self):
         self.assertTrue(all(d <= np.sqrt(2)))
 
     def test_mpq(self):
-
         data = np.array([[-1, 1, 1, -1], [-1, -1, 1, 1]])
 
         self.assertEqual(mpq_point(data, 0, 0), 4)
@@ -99,7 +93,6 @@ def test_mpq(self):
         self.assertEqual(mpq_point(data, 0, 1), 0)
 
     def test_gauss1d(self):
-
         x = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.02)
         y = gauss1d(2, 1, x)
 
@@ -109,7 +102,6 @@ def test_gauss1d(self):
         self.assertAlmostEqual(x[m], 2)
 
     def test_gauss2d(self):
-
         r = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.02)
         X, Y = np.meshgrid(r, r)
         Z = gauss2d([2, 3], np.eye(2), X, Y)
@@ -121,5 +113,4 @@ def test_gauss2d(self):
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/base/test_symbolic.py b/tests/base/test_symbolic.py
index 7a503b5b..cc441cc5 100644
--- a/tests/base/test_symbolic.py
+++ b/tests/base/test_symbolic.py
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ def test_issymbol(self):
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(_symbolics, "sympy required")
     def test_functions(self):
-
         theta = symbol("theta")
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(sin(theta), sp.Expr))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(sin(1.0), float))
@@ -57,12 +56,11 @@ def test_functions(self):
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(sqrt(theta), sp.Expr))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(sqrt(1.0), float))
 
-        x = (theta - 1) * (theta + 1) - theta ** 2
+        x = (theta - 1) * (theta + 1) - theta**2
         self.assertTrue(math.isclose(simplify(x).evalf(), -1))
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(_symbolics, "sympy required")
     def test_constants(self):
-
         x = zero()
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(x, sp.Expr))
         self.assertTrue(math.isclose(x.evalf(), 0))
@@ -82,5 +80,4 @@ def test_constants(self):
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
 if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
-
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/base/test_transforms.py b/tests/base/test_transforms.py
index 71b01bb3..67f3e776 100755
--- a/tests/base/test_transforms.py
+++ b/tests/base/test_transforms.py
@@ -12,13 +12,9 @@
 import numpy.testing as nt
 import unittest
 from math import pi
-import math
 from scipy.linalg import logm, expm
 
 from spatialmath.base import *
-from spatialmath.base import sym
-
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 
 class TestLie(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -49,7 +45,6 @@ def test_skew(self):
         )  # check contents, vex already verified
 
     def test_vexa(self):
-
         S = np.array([[0, -3, 1], [3, 0, 2], [0, 0, 0]])
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(vexa(S), np.array([1, 2, 3]))
 
@@ -80,7 +75,6 @@ def test_skewa(self):
         )  # check contents, vexa already verified
 
     def test_trlog(self):
-
         # %%% SO(3) tests
         # zero rotation case
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(trlog(np.eye(3)), skew([0, 0, 0]))
@@ -189,7 +183,6 @@ def test_trlog(self):
     # TODO
 
     def test_trexp(self):
-
         # %% SO(3) tests
 
         # % so(3)
@@ -271,7 +264,6 @@ def test_trexp(self):
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(trexp(trlog(T)), T)
 
     def test_trexp2(self):
-
         # % so(2)
 
         # zero rotation case
@@ -323,5 +315,4 @@ def test_trnorm(self):
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/base/test_transforms2d.py b/tests/base/test_transforms2d.py
index ff099930..f78e38e3 100755
--- a/tests/base/test_transforms2d.py
+++ b/tests/base/test_transforms2d.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 import unittest
 from math import pi
 import math
-from scipy.linalg import logm, expm
+from scipy.linalg import logm
 import pytest
 import sys
 
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
     skewa,
     homtrans,
 )
-from spatialmath.base.numeric import numjac
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
@@ -125,22 +124,14 @@ def test_pos2tr2(self):
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
             transl2([1, 2]), np.array([[1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 2], [0, 0, 1]])
         )
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
-            tr2pos2(pos2tr2(1, 2)), np.array([1, 2])
-        )
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(tr2pos2(pos2tr2(1, 2)), np.array([1, 2]))
 
     def test_tr2jac2(self):
         T = trot2(0.3, t=[4, 5])
         jac2 = tr2jac2(T)
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
-            jac2[:2, :2], smb.t2r(T)
-        )
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
-            jac2[:3, 2], np.array([0, 0, 1])
-        )
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
-            jac2[2, :3], np.array([0, 0, 1])
-        )
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(jac2[:2, :2], smb.t2r(T))
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(jac2[:3, 2], np.array([0, 0, 1]))
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(jac2[2, :3], np.array([0, 0, 1]))
 
     def test_xyt2tr(self):
         T = xyt2tr([1, 2, 0])
diff --git a/tests/base/test_transforms3d.py b/tests/base/test_transforms3d.py
index 2f1e6049..8b2fb080 100755
--- a/tests/base/test_transforms3d.py
+++ b/tests/base/test_transforms3d.py
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@
 import numpy.testing as nt
 import unittest
 from math import pi
-import math
-from scipy.linalg import logm, expm
+from scipy.linalg import logm
 
 from spatialmath.base.transforms3d import *
 from spatialmath.base.transformsNd import isR, t2r, r2t, rt2tr, skew
@@ -518,7 +517,7 @@ def test_tr2angvec(self):
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(v, np.r_[0, 1, 0])
 
         true_ang = 1.51
-        true_vec = np.array([0., 1., 0.])
+        true_vec = np.array([0.0, 1.0, 0.0])
         eps = 1e-08
 
         # show that tr2angvec works on true rotation matrix
@@ -806,6 +805,7 @@ def test_x2tr(self):
             x2tr(x, representation="exp"), transl(t) @ r2t(trexp(gamma))
         )
 
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/base/test_transformsNd.py b/tests/base/test_transformsNd.py
index 92d9e2a3..14c7fd42 100755
--- a/tests/base/test_transformsNd.py
+++ b/tests/base/test_transformsNd.py
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@
 import numpy.testing as nt
 import unittest
 from math import pi
-import math
-from scipy.linalg import logm, expm
 
 from spatialmath.base.transformsNd import *
 from spatialmath.base.transforms3d import trotx, transl, rotx, isrot, ishom
@@ -25,7 +23,6 @@
     from spatialmath.base.symbolic import symbol
 except ImportError:
     _symbolics = False
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 
 class TestND(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -58,7 +55,7 @@ def test_r2t(self):
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             r2t(np.eye(3, 4))
-        
+
         _ = r2t(np.ones((3, 3)), check=False)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             r2t(np.ones((3, 3)), check=True)
diff --git a/tests/base/test_vectors.py b/tests/base/test_vectors.py
index 592c2d16..15c6a451 100755
--- a/tests/base/test_vectors.py
+++ b/tests/base/test_vectors.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 import unittest
 from math import pi
 import math
-from scipy.linalg import logm, expm
 
 from spatialmath.base.vectors import *
 
@@ -218,18 +217,10 @@ def test_unittwist_norm(self):
         self.assertIsNone(a[1])
 
     def test_unittwist2(self):
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
-            unittwist2([1, 0, 0]), np.r_[1, 0, 0]
-        )
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
-            unittwist2([0, 2, 0]), np.r_[0, 1, 0]
-        )
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
-            unittwist2([0, 0, -3]), np.r_[0, 0, -1]
-        )
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
-            unittwist2([2, 0, -2]), np.r_[1, 0, -1]
-        )
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(unittwist2([1, 0, 0]), np.r_[1, 0, 0])
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(unittwist2([0, 2, 0]), np.r_[0, 1, 0])
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(unittwist2([0, 0, -3]), np.r_[0, 0, -1])
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(unittwist2([2, 0, -2]), np.r_[1, 0, -1])
 
         self.assertIsNone(unittwist2([0, 0, 0]))
 
@@ -329,14 +320,30 @@ def test_wrap(self):
             theta = angle_factor * pi
             self.assertAlmostEqual(angle_wrap(theta), wrap_mpi_pi(theta))
             self.assertAlmostEqual(angle_wrap(-theta), wrap_mpi_pi(-theta))
-            self.assertAlmostEqual(angle_wrap(theta=theta, mode="-pi:pi"), wrap_mpi_pi(theta))
-            self.assertAlmostEqual(angle_wrap(theta=-theta, mode="-pi:pi"), wrap_mpi_pi(-theta))
-            self.assertAlmostEqual(angle_wrap(theta=theta, mode="0:2pi"), wrap_0_2pi(theta))
-            self.assertAlmostEqual(angle_wrap(theta=-theta, mode="0:2pi"), wrap_0_2pi(-theta))
-            self.assertAlmostEqual(angle_wrap(theta=theta, mode="0:pi"), wrap_0_pi(theta))
-            self.assertAlmostEqual(angle_wrap(theta=-theta, mode="0:pi"), wrap_0_pi(-theta))
-            self.assertAlmostEqual(angle_wrap(theta=theta, mode="-pi/2:pi/2"), wrap_mpi2_pi2(theta))
-            self.assertAlmostEqual(angle_wrap(theta=-theta, mode="-pi/2:pi/2"), wrap_mpi2_pi2(-theta))
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                angle_wrap(theta=theta, mode="-pi:pi"), wrap_mpi_pi(theta)
+            )
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                angle_wrap(theta=-theta, mode="-pi:pi"), wrap_mpi_pi(-theta)
+            )
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                angle_wrap(theta=theta, mode="0:2pi"), wrap_0_2pi(theta)
+            )
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                angle_wrap(theta=-theta, mode="0:2pi"), wrap_0_2pi(-theta)
+            )
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                angle_wrap(theta=theta, mode="0:pi"), wrap_0_pi(theta)
+            )
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                angle_wrap(theta=-theta, mode="0:pi"), wrap_0_pi(-theta)
+            )
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                angle_wrap(theta=theta, mode="-pi/2:pi/2"), wrap_mpi2_pi2(theta)
+            )
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                angle_wrap(theta=-theta, mode="-pi/2:pi/2"), wrap_mpi2_pi2(-theta)
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 angle_wrap(theta=theta, mode="foo")
 
diff --git a/tests/test_baseposelist.py b/tests/test_baseposelist.py
index 30da5681..c3f9b311 100644
--- a/tests/test_baseposelist.py
+++ b/tests/test_baseposelist.py
@@ -2,28 +2,28 @@
 import numpy as np
 from spatialmath.baseposelist import BasePoseList
 
+
 # create a subclass to test with, its value is a scalar
 class X(BasePoseList):
     def __init__(self, value=0, check=False):
         super().__init__()
         self.data = [value]
-        
+
     @staticmethod
     def _identity():
         return 0
 
     @property
     def shape(self):
-        return (1,1)
+        return (1, 1)
 
     @staticmethod
     def isvalid(x):
         return True
 
-class TestBasePoseList(unittest.TestCase):
 
+class TestBasePoseList(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_constructor(self):
-
         x = X()
         self.assertIsInstance(x, X)
         self.assertEqual(len(x), 1)
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ def test_setget(self):
         for i in range(0, 10):
             x[i] = X(2 * i)
 
-        for i,v in enumerate(x):
+        for i, v in enumerate(x):
             self.assertEqual(v.A, 2 * i)
 
     def test_append(self):
         x = X.Empty()
         for i in range(0, 10):
-            x.append(X(i+1))
+            x.append(X(i + 1))
         self.assertEqual(len(x), 10)
         self.assertEqual([xx.A for xx in x], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def test_extend(self):
         x.extend(y)
         self.assertEqual(len(x), 10)
         self.assertEqual([xx.A for xx in x], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14])
-        
+
     def test_insert(self):
         x = X.Alloc(10)
         for i in range(0, 10):
@@ -134,13 +134,13 @@ def test_unop(self):
 
         self.assertEqual(x.unop(f), [2, 4, 6, 8, 10])
         y = x.unop(f, matrix=True)
-        self.assertEqual(y.shape, (5,1))
+        self.assertEqual(y.shape, (5, 1))
         self.assertTrue(np.all(y - np.c_[2, 4, 6, 8, 10].T == 0))
 
     def test_arghandler(self):
         pass
 
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    
-    unittest.main()
\ No newline at end of file
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_dualquaternion.py b/tests/test_dualquaternion.py
index 39c5fc03..ed785313 100644
--- a/tests/test_dualquaternion.py
+++ b/tests/test_dualquaternion.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import math
 from math import pi
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -6,7 +5,6 @@
 import unittest
 
 from spatialmath import DualQuaternion, UnitDualQuaternion, Quaternion, SE3
-from spatialmath import base
 
 
 def qcompare(x, y):
@@ -20,32 +18,29 @@ def qcompare(x, y):
         y = y.A
     nt.assert_array_almost_equal(x, y)
 
-class TestDualQuaternion(unittest.TestCase):
 
+class TestDualQuaternion(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_init(self):
+        dq = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.0, 2, 3, 4]), Quaternion([5.0, 6, 7, 8]))
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.vec, np.r_[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
 
-        dq = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.,2,3,4]), Quaternion([5.,6,7,8]))
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.vec, np.r_[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])
-
-        dq = DualQuaternion([1.,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.vec, np.r_[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])
-        dq = DualQuaternion(np.r_[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.vec, np.r_[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])
+        dq = DualQuaternion([1.0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.vec, np.r_[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
+        dq = DualQuaternion(np.r_[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.vec, np.r_[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
 
     def test_pure(self):
-
-        dq = DualQuaternion.Pure([1.,2,3])
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.vec, np.r_[1,0,0,0,  0,1,2,3])
+        dq = DualQuaternion.Pure([1.0, 2, 3])
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.vec, np.r_[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3])
 
     def test_strings(self):
-
-        dq = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.,2,3,4]), Quaternion([5.,6,7,8]))
+        dq = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.0, 2, 3, 4]), Quaternion([5.0, 6, 7, 8]))
         self.assertIsInstance(str(dq), str)
         self.assertIsInstance(repr(dq), str)
 
     def test_conj(self):
-        dq = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.,2,3,4]), Quaternion([5.,6,7,8]))
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.conj().vec, np.r_[1,-2,-3,-4, 5,-6,-7,-8])
+        dq = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.0, 2, 3, 4]), Quaternion([5.0, 6, 7, 8]))
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.conj().vec, np.r_[1, -2, -3, -4, 5, -6, -7, -8])
 
     # def test_norm(self):
     #     q1 = Quaternion([1.,2,3,4])
@@ -55,26 +50,25 @@ def test_conj(self):
     #     nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.norm(), (q1.norm(), q2.norm()))
 
     def test_plus(self):
-        dq = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.,2,3,4]), Quaternion([5.,6,7,8]))
+        dq = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.0, 2, 3, 4]), Quaternion([5.0, 6, 7, 8]))
         s = dq + dq
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(s.vec, 2*np.r_[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(s.vec, 2 * np.r_[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
 
     def test_minus(self):
-        dq = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.,2,3,4]), Quaternion([5.,6,7,8]))
+        dq = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.0, 2, 3, 4]), Quaternion([5.0, 6, 7, 8]))
         s = dq - dq
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(s.vec, np.zeros((8,)))
 
     def test_matrix(self):
-
-        dq1 = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.,2,3,4]), Quaternion([5.,6,7,8]))
+        dq1 = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.0, 2, 3, 4]), Quaternion([5.0, 6, 7, 8]))
 
         M = dq1.matrix()
         self.assertIsInstance(M, np.ndarray)
-        self.assertEqual(M.shape, (8,8))
+        self.assertEqual(M.shape, (8, 8))
 
     def test_multiply(self):
-        dq1 = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.,2,3,4]), Quaternion([5.,6,7,8]))
-        dq2 = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([4,3,2,1]), Quaternion([5,6,7,8]))
+        dq1 = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([1.0, 2, 3, 4]), Quaternion([5.0, 6, 7, 8]))
+        dq2 = DualQuaternion(Quaternion([4, 3, 2, 1]), Quaternion([5, 6, 7, 8]))
 
         M = dq1.matrix()
         v = dq2.vec
@@ -85,21 +79,19 @@ def test_unit(self):
 
 
 class TestUnitDualQuaternion(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_init(self):
-
-        T = SE3.Rx(pi/4)
+        T = SE3.Rx(pi / 4)
         dq = UnitDualQuaternion(T)
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.SE3().A, T.A)
 
     def test_norm(self):
-        T = SE3.Rx(pi/4)
+        T = SE3.Rx(pi / 4)
         dq = UnitDualQuaternion(T)
-        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.norm(), (1,0))
+        nt.assert_array_almost_equal(dq.norm(), (1, 0))
 
     def test_multiply(self):
-        T1 = SE3.Rx(pi/4)
-        T2 = SE3.Rz(-pi/3)
+        T1 = SE3.Rx(pi / 4)
+        T2 = SE3.Rz(-pi / 3)
 
         T = T1 * T2
 
@@ -111,6 +103,5 @@ def test_multiply(self):
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
-if __name__ == '__main__':  # pragma: no cover
-
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_pose3d.py b/tests/test_pose3d.py
index 58396441..70b33ce0 100755
--- a/tests/test_pose3d.py
+++ b/tests/test_pose3d.py
@@ -242,8 +242,8 @@ def test_constructor_TwoVec(self):
         nt.assert_almost_equal(R.R[:, 0], v3 / np.linalg.norm(v3), 5)
 
     def test_conversion(self):
-        R = SO3.AngleAxis(0.7, [1,2,3])
-        q = UnitQuaternion([11,7,3,-6])
+        R = SO3.AngleAxis(0.7, [1, 2, 3])
+        q = UnitQuaternion([11, 7, 3, -6])
 
         R_from_q = SO3(q.R)
         q_from_R = UnitQuaternion(R)
@@ -716,7 +716,6 @@ def test_functions_lie(self):
         nt.assert_equal(R, SO3.EulerVec(R.eulervec()))
         np.testing.assert_equal((R.inv() * R).eulervec(), np.zeros(3))
 
-
     def test_rotatedvector(self):
         v1 = [1, 2, 3]
         R = SO3.Eul(0.3, 0.4, 0.5)
@@ -759,7 +758,6 @@ def test_mean(self):
         array_compare(m, SO3.RPY(0.1, 0.2, 0.3))
 
 
-
 # ============================== SE3 =====================================#
 
 
@@ -872,7 +870,7 @@ def test_constructor(self):
         nt.assert_equal(len(R), 1)
         self.assertIsInstance(R, SE3)
 
-        # random 
+        # random
         T = SE3.Rand()
         R = T.R
         t = T.t
diff --git a/tests/test_quaternion.py b/tests/test_quaternion.py
index 403b3c8d..75d31b7c 100644
--- a/tests/test_quaternion.py
+++ b/tests/test_quaternion.py
@@ -48,20 +48,18 @@ def test_constructor_variants(self):
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(
             UnitQuaternion.Rz(-90, "deg").vec, np.r_[1, 0, 0, -1] / math.sqrt(2)
         )
-        
+
         np.random.seed(73)
         q = UnitQuaternion.Rand(theta_range=(0.1, 0.7))
         self.assertIsInstance(q, UnitQuaternion)
         self.assertLessEqual(q.angvec()[0], 0.7)
         self.assertGreaterEqual(q.angvec()[0], 0.1)
 
-
         q = UnitQuaternion.Rand(theta_range=(0.1, 0.7))
         self.assertIsInstance(q, UnitQuaternion)
         self.assertLessEqual(q.angvec()[0], 0.7)
         self.assertGreaterEqual(q.angvec()[0], 0.1)
 
-
     def test_constructor(self):
         qcompare(UnitQuaternion(), [1, 0, 0, 0])
 
@@ -83,8 +81,8 @@ def test_constructor(self):
         qcompare(UnitQuaternion(2, [0, 0, 0]), np.r_[1, 0, 0, 0])
         qcompare(UnitQuaternion(-2, [0, 0, 0]), np.r_[1, 0, 0, 0])
 
-        qcompare(UnitQuaternion([1, 2, 3, 4]), UnitQuaternion(v = [1, 2, 3, 4]))
-        qcompare(UnitQuaternion(s = 1, v = [2, 3, 4]), UnitQuaternion(v = [1, 2, 3, 4]))
+        qcompare(UnitQuaternion([1, 2, 3, 4]), UnitQuaternion(v=[1, 2, 3, 4]))
+        qcompare(UnitQuaternion(s=1, v=[2, 3, 4]), UnitQuaternion(v=[1, 2, 3, 4]))
 
         # from R
 
@@ -824,8 +822,8 @@ def test_constructor(self):
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(Quaternion(2, [0, 0, 0]).vec, [2, 0, 0, 0])
         nt.assert_array_almost_equal(Quaternion(-2, [0, 0, 0]).vec, [-2, 0, 0, 0])
 
-        qcompare(Quaternion([1, 2, 3, 4]), Quaternion(v = [1, 2, 3, 4]))
-        qcompare(Quaternion(s = 1, v = [2, 3, 4]), Quaternion(v = [1, 2, 3, 4]))
+        qcompare(Quaternion([1, 2, 3, 4]), Quaternion(v=[1, 2, 3, 4]))
+        qcompare(Quaternion(s=1, v=[2, 3, 4]), Quaternion(v=[1, 2, 3, 4]))
 
         # pure
         v = [5, 6, 7]
diff --git a/tests/test_spline.py b/tests/test_spline.py
index 361bc28f..9f27c608 100644
--- a/tests/test_spline.py
+++ b/tests/test_spline.py
@@ -27,7 +27,10 @@ def test_evaluation(self):
 
     def test_visualize(self):
         spline = BSplineSE3(self.control_poses)
-        spline.visualize(sample_times= np.linspace(0, 1.0, 100), animate=True, repeat=False)
+        spline.visualize(
+            sample_times=np.linspace(0, 1.0, 100), animate=True, repeat=False
+        )
+
 
 class TestInterpSplineSE3:
     waypoints = [
@@ -56,14 +59,20 @@ def test_evaluation(self):
         for time, pose in zip(norm_time, self.waypoints):
             nt.assert_almost_equal(spline(time).angdist(pose), 0.0)
             nt.assert_almost_equal(np.linalg.norm(spline(time).t - pose.t), 0.0)
-  
+
     def test_small_delta_t(self):
-        InterpSplineSE3(np.linspace(0, InterpSplineSE3._e, len(self.waypoints)), self.waypoints)
+        InterpSplineSE3(
+            np.linspace(0, InterpSplineSE3._e, len(self.waypoints)), self.waypoints
+        )
 
     def test_visualize(self):
         spline = InterpSplineSE3(self.times, self.waypoints)
-        spline.visualize(sample_times= np.linspace(0, self.time_horizon, 100), animate=True, repeat=False)
-        
+        spline.visualize(
+            sample_times=np.linspace(0, self.time_horizon, 100),
+            animate=True,
+            repeat=False,
+        )
+
 
 class TestSplineFit:
     num_data_points = 300
@@ -74,7 +83,11 @@ class TestSplineFit:
     timestamps = np.linspace(0, 1, num_data_points)
     trajectory = [
         SE3.Rt(
-            t=[t * 0.4, 0.4 * np.sin(t * 2 * np.pi * 0.5), 0.4 * np.cos(t * 2 * np.pi * 0.5)],
+            t=[
+                t * 0.4,
+                0.4 * np.sin(t * 2 * np.pi * 0.5),
+                0.4 * np.cos(t * 2 * np.pi * 0.5),
+            ],
             R=SO3.Rx(t * 2 * np.pi * 0.5),
         )
         for t in timestamps * time_horizon
@@ -85,11 +98,15 @@ def test_spline_fit(self):
         spline, kept_indices = fit.stochastic_downsample_interpolation()
 
         fraction_points_removed = 1.0 - len(kept_indices) / self.num_data_points
-        
-        assert(fraction_points_removed > 0.2)
-        assert(len(spline.control_poses)==len(kept_indices))
-        assert(len(spline.timepoints)==len(kept_indices))
-        
-        assert( fit.max_angular_error() < np.deg2rad(5.0) )
-        assert( fit.max_angular_error() < 0.1 )
-        spline.visualize(sample_times= np.linspace(0, self.time_horizon, 100), animate=True, repeat=False)
\ No newline at end of file
+
+        assert fraction_points_removed > 0.2
+        assert len(spline.control_poses) == len(kept_indices)
+        assert len(spline.timepoints) == len(kept_indices)
+
+        assert fit.max_angular_error() < np.deg2rad(5.0)
+        assert fit.max_angular_error() < 0.1
+        spline.visualize(
+            sample_times=np.linspace(0, self.time_horizon, 100),
+            animate=True,
+            repeat=False,
+        )
diff --git a/tests/test_twist.py b/tests/test_twist.py
index 12660c7d..70f237a8 100755
--- a/tests/test_twist.py
+++ b/tests/test_twist.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import numpy.testing as nt
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import unittest
 
 """
@@ -7,12 +6,14 @@
 """
 from math import pi
 from spatialmath.twist import *
+
 # from spatialmath import super_pose # as sp
 from spatialmath.base import *
 from spatialmath.baseposematrix import BasePoseMatrix
 from spatialmath import SE2, SE3
 from spatialmath.twist import BaseTwist
 
+
 def array_compare(x, y):
     if isinstance(x, BasePoseMatrix):
         x = x.A
@@ -26,9 +27,7 @@ def array_compare(x, y):
 
 
 class Twist3dTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    
     def test_constructor(self):
-        
         s = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
         x = Twist3(s)
         self.assertIsInstance(x, Twist3)
@@ -36,29 +35,28 @@ def test_constructor(self):
         array_compare(x.v, [1, 2, 3])
         array_compare(x.w, [4, 5, 6])
         array_compare(x.S, s)
-        
-        x = Twist3([1,2,3], [4,5,6])
+
+        x = Twist3([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
         array_compare(x.v, [1, 2, 3])
         array_compare(x.w, [4, 5, 6])
         array_compare(x.S, s)
 
         y = Twist3(x)
         array_compare(x, y)
-        
+
         x = Twist3(SE3())
-        array_compare(x, [0,0,0,0,0,0])
-        
-        
+        array_compare(x, [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+
     def test_list(self):
         x = Twist3([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
         y = Twist3([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
-                   
+
         a = Twist3(x)
         a.append(y)
         self.assertEqual(len(a), 2)
         array_compare(a[0], x)
         array_compare(a[1], y)
-        
+
     def test_conversion_SE3(self):
         T = SE3.Rx(0)
         tw = Twist3(T)
@@ -68,134 +66,145 @@ def test_conversion_SE3(self):
 
         T = SE3.Rx(0) * SE3(1, 2, 3)
         array_compare(Twist3(T).SE3(), T)
-        
+
     def test_conversion_se3(self):
         s = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
         x = Twist3(s)
-        
-        array_compare(x.skewa(), np.array([[ 0., -6.,  5.,  1.],
-                    [ 6.,  0., -4.,  2.],
-                    [-5.,  4.,  0.,  3.],
-                    [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.]]))
-        
+
+        array_compare(
+            x.skewa(),
+            np.array(
+                [
+                    [0.0, -6.0, 5.0, 1.0],
+                    [6.0, 0.0, -4.0, 2.0],
+                    [-5.0, 4.0, 0.0, 3.0],
+                    [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+
     def test_conversion_Plucker(self):
         pass
-        
+
     def test_list_constuctor(self):
         x = Twist3([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
-        
-        a = Twist3([x,x,x,x])
+
+        a = Twist3([x, x, x, x])
         self.assertIsInstance(a, Twist3)
         self.assertEqual(len(a), 4)
-        
+
         a = Twist3([x.skewa(), x.skewa(), x.skewa(), x.skewa()])
         self.assertIsInstance(a, Twist3)
         self.assertEqual(len(a), 4)
-        
+
         a = Twist3([x.S, x.S, x.S, x.S])
         self.assertIsInstance(a, Twist3)
         self.assertEqual(len(a), 4)
-        
+
         s = np.r_[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
         a = Twist3([s, s, s, s])
         self.assertIsInstance(a, Twist3)
         self.assertEqual(len(a), 4)
-        
+
     def test_predicate(self):
         x = Twist3.UnitRevolute([1, 2, 3], [0, 0, 0])
         self.assertFalse(x.isprismatic)
-        
+
         # check prismatic twist
         x = Twist3.UnitPrismatic([1, 2, 3])
         self.assertTrue(x.isprismatic)
-        
+
         self.assertTrue(Twist3.isvalid(x.skewa()))
         self.assertTrue(Twist3.isvalid(x.S))
-        
+
         self.assertFalse(Twist3.isvalid(2))
         self.assertFalse(Twist3.isvalid(np.eye(4)))
-        
+
     def test_str(self):
         x = Twist3([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
         s = str(x)
         self.assertIsInstance(s, str)
         self.assertEqual(len(s), 14)
-        self.assertEqual(s.count('\n'), 0)
-        
+        self.assertEqual(s.count("\n"), 0)
+
         x.append(x)
         s = str(x)
         self.assertIsInstance(s, str)
         self.assertEqual(len(s), 29)
-        self.assertEqual(s.count('\n'), 1)
-        
+        self.assertEqual(s.count("\n"), 1)
+
     def test_variant_constructors(self):
-        
         # check rotational twist
         x = Twist3.UnitRevolute([1, 2, 3], [0, 0, 0])
         array_compare(x, np.r_[0, 0, 0, unitvec([1, 2, 3])])
-        
+
         # check prismatic twist
         x = Twist3.UnitPrismatic([1, 2, 3])
-        array_compare(x, np.r_[unitvec([1, 2, 3]), 0, 0, 0, ])
-    
+        array_compare(
+            x,
+            np.r_[
+                unitvec([1, 2, 3]),
+                0,
+                0,
+                0,
+            ],
+        )
+
     def test_SE3_twists(self):
-        tw = Twist3( SE3.Rx(0) )
-        array_compare(tw, np.r_[0, 0, 0,  0, 0, 0])
-                      
-        tw = Twist3( SE3.Rx(pi / 2) )
-        array_compare(tw, np.r_[0, 0, 0,  pi / 2, 0, 0])
-                      
-        tw = Twist3( SE3.Ry(pi / 2) )
-        array_compare(tw, np.r_[0, 0, 0,  0, pi / 2, 0])
-                      
-        tw = Twist3( SE3.Rz(pi / 2) )
-        array_compare(tw, np.r_[0, 0, 0,  0, 0, pi / 2])
-        
-        tw = Twist3( SE3([1, 2, 3]) )
-        array_compare(tw, [1, 2, 3,  0, 0, 0])
-                      
-        tw = Twist3( SE3([1, 2, 3]) * SE3.Ry(pi / 2))
-        array_compare(tw, np.r_[-pi / 2, 2, pi,  0, pi / 2, 0])
-        
+        tw = Twist3(SE3.Rx(0))
+        array_compare(tw, np.r_[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+
+        tw = Twist3(SE3.Rx(pi / 2))
+        array_compare(tw, np.r_[0, 0, 0, pi / 2, 0, 0])
+
+        tw = Twist3(SE3.Ry(pi / 2))
+        array_compare(tw, np.r_[0, 0, 0, 0, pi / 2, 0])
+
+        tw = Twist3(SE3.Rz(pi / 2))
+        array_compare(tw, np.r_[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, pi / 2])
+
+        tw = Twist3(SE3([1, 2, 3]))
+        array_compare(tw, [1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0])
+
+        tw = Twist3(SE3([1, 2, 3]) * SE3.Ry(pi / 2))
+        array_compare(tw, np.r_[-pi / 2, 2, pi, 0, pi / 2, 0])
+
     def test_exp(self):
         tw = Twist3.UnitRevolute([1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0])
-        array_compare(tw.exp(pi/2), SE3.Rx(pi/2))
-        
+        array_compare(tw.exp(pi / 2), SE3.Rx(pi / 2))
+
         tw = Twist3.UnitRevolute([0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0])
-        array_compare(tw.exp(pi/2), SE3.Ry(pi/2))
-        
+        array_compare(tw.exp(pi / 2), SE3.Ry(pi / 2))
+
         tw = Twist3.UnitRevolute([0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0])
-        array_compare(tw.exp(pi/2), SE3.Rz(pi / 2))
-    
+        array_compare(tw.exp(pi / 2), SE3.Rz(pi / 2))
+
     def test_arith(self):
-        
         # check overloaded *
 
         T1 = SE3(1, 2, 3) * SE3.Rx(pi / 2)
         T2 = SE3(4, 5, -6) * SE3.Ry(-pi / 2)
-        
+
         x1 = Twist3(T1)
         x2 = Twist3(T2)
 
-        array_compare( (x1 * x2).exp(), T1 * T2)
-        array_compare( (x2 * x1).exp(), T2 * T1)
-        
+        array_compare((x1 * x2).exp(), T1 * T2)
+        array_compare((x2 * x1).exp(), T2 * T1)
+
     def test_prod(self):
         # check prod
         T1 = SE3(1, 2, 3) * SE3.Rx(pi / 2)
         T2 = SE3(4, 5, -6) * SE3.Ry(-pi / 2)
-        
+
         x1 = Twist3(T1)
         x2 = Twist3(T2)
-        
+
         x = Twist3([x1, x2])
-        array_compare( x.prod().SE3(), T1 * T2)
-        
+        array_compare(x.prod().SE3(), T1 * T2)
+
 
 class Twist2dTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    
     def test_constructor(self):
-        
         s = [1, 2, 3]
         x = Twist2(s)
         self.assertIsInstance(x, Twist2)
@@ -203,33 +212,32 @@ def test_constructor(self):
         array_compare(x.v, [1, 2])
         array_compare(x.w, [3])
         array_compare(x.S, s)
-        
-        x = Twist2([1,2], 3)
+
+        x = Twist2([1, 2], 3)
         array_compare(x.v, [1, 2])
         array_compare(x.w, [3])
         array_compare(x.S, s)
 
         y = Twist2(x)
         array_compare(x, y)
-        
+
         # construct from SE2
         x = Twist2(SE2())
-        array_compare(x, [0,0,0])
-        
-        x = Twist2( SE2(0, 0, pi / 2))
+        array_compare(x, [0, 0, 0])
+
+        x = Twist2(SE2(0, 0, pi / 2))
         array_compare(x, np.r_[0, 0, pi / 2])
-        
-        x = Twist2( SE2(1, 2,0 ))
+
+        x = Twist2(SE2(1, 2, 0))
         array_compare(x, np.r_[1, 2, 0])
-        
-        x = Twist2( SE2(1, 2, pi / 2))
+
+        x = Twist2(SE2(1, 2, pi / 2))
         array_compare(x, np.r_[3 * pi / 4, pi / 4, pi / 2])
-        
-        
+
     def test_list(self):
         x = Twist2([1, 0, 0])
         y = Twist2([1, 0, 0])
-                   
+
         a = Twist2(x)
         a.append(y)
         self.assertEqual(len(a), 2)
@@ -237,132 +245,126 @@ def test_list(self):
         array_compare(a[1], y)
 
     def test_variant_constructors(self):
-        
         # check rotational twist
         x = Twist2.UnitRevolute([1, 2])
         array_compare(x, np.r_[2, -1, 1])
-        
+
         # check prismatic twist
         x = Twist2.UnitPrismatic([1, 2])
         array_compare(x, np.r_[unitvec([1, 2]), 0])
-        
+
     def test_conversion_SE2(self):
         T = SE2(1, 2, 0.3)
         tw = Twist2(T)
         array_compare(tw.SE2(), T)
         self.assertIsInstance(tw.SE2(), SE2)
         self.assertEqual(len(tw.SE2()), 1)
-        
+
     def test_conversion_se2(self):
         s = [1, 2, 3]
         x = Twist2(s)
-        
-        array_compare(x.skewa(), np.array([[ 0., -3.,  1.],
-                                       [ 3.,  0.,  2.],
-                                       [ 0.,  0.,  0.]]))
+
+        array_compare(
+            x.skewa(), np.array([[0.0, -3.0, 1.0], [3.0, 0.0, 2.0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]])
+        )
 
     def test_list_constuctor(self):
         x = Twist2([1, 0, 0])
-        
-        a = Twist2([x,x,x,x])
+
+        a = Twist2([x, x, x, x])
         self.assertIsInstance(a, Twist2)
         self.assertEqual(len(a), 4)
-        
+
         a = Twist2([x.skewa(), x.skewa(), x.skewa(), x.skewa()])
         self.assertIsInstance(a, Twist2)
         self.assertEqual(len(a), 4)
-        
+
         a = Twist2([x.S, x.S, x.S, x.S])
         self.assertIsInstance(a, Twist2)
         self.assertEqual(len(a), 4)
-        
+
         s = np.r_[1, 2, 3]
         a = Twist2([s, s, s, s])
         self.assertIsInstance(a, Twist2)
         self.assertEqual(len(a), 4)
-        
+
     def test_predicate(self):
         x = Twist2.UnitRevolute([1, 2])
         self.assertFalse(x.isprismatic)
-        
+
         # check prismatic twist
         x = Twist2.UnitPrismatic([1, 2])
         self.assertTrue(x.isprismatic)
-        
+
         self.assertTrue(Twist2.isvalid(x.skewa()))
         self.assertTrue(Twist2.isvalid(x.S))
-        
+
         self.assertFalse(Twist2.isvalid(2))
         self.assertFalse(Twist2.isvalid(np.eye(3)))
-        
+
     def test_str(self):
         x = Twist2([1, 2, 3])
         s = str(x)
         self.assertIsInstance(s, str)
         self.assertEqual(len(s), 8)
-        self.assertEqual(s.count('\n'), 0)
-        
+        self.assertEqual(s.count("\n"), 0)
+
         x.append(x)
         s = str(x)
         self.assertIsInstance(s, str)
         self.assertEqual(len(s), 17)
-        self.assertEqual(s.count('\n'), 1)
-        
+        self.assertEqual(s.count("\n"), 1)
 
     def test_SE2_twists(self):
-        tw = Twist2( SE2() )
+        tw = Twist2(SE2())
         array_compare(tw, np.r_[0, 0, 0])
-                      
-        tw = Twist2( SE2(0, 0, pi / 2) )
+
+        tw = Twist2(SE2(0, 0, pi / 2))
         array_compare(tw, np.r_[0, 0, pi / 2])
-                      
-        
-        tw = Twist2( SE2([1, 2, 0]) )
+
+        tw = Twist2(SE2([1, 2, 0]))
         array_compare(tw, [1, 2, 0])
-                      
-        tw = Twist2( SE2([1, 2, pi / 2]))
-        array_compare(tw, np.r_[ 3 * pi / 4, pi / 4, pi / 2])
-        
+
+        tw = Twist2(SE2([1, 2, pi / 2]))
+        array_compare(tw, np.r_[3 * pi / 4, pi / 4, pi / 2])
+
     def test_exp(self):
         x = Twist2.UnitRevolute([0, 0])
-        array_compare(x.exp(pi/2), SE2(0, 0, pi/2))
-        
+        array_compare(x.exp(pi / 2), SE2(0, 0, pi / 2))
+
         x = Twist2.UnitRevolute([1, 0])
-        array_compare(x.exp(pi/2), SE2(1, -1, pi/2))
-        
+        array_compare(x.exp(pi / 2), SE2(1, -1, pi / 2))
+
         x = Twist2.UnitRevolute([1, 2])
-        array_compare(x.exp(pi/2), SE2(3, 1, pi/2))
+        array_compare(x.exp(pi / 2), SE2(3, 1, pi / 2))
 
-    
     def test_arith(self):
-        
         # check overloaded *
 
         T1 = SE2(1, 2, pi / 2)
         T2 = SE2(4, 5, -pi / 4)
-        
+
         x1 = Twist2(T1)
         x2 = Twist2(T2)
 
-        array_compare( (x1 * x2).exp(), (T1 * T2).A)
-        array_compare( (x2 * x1).exp(), (T2 * T1).A)
+        array_compare((x1 * x2).exp(), (T1 * T2).A)
+        array_compare((x2 * x1).exp(), (T2 * T1).A)
+
+        array_compare((x1 * x2).SE2(), (T1 * T2).A)
+        array_compare((x2 * x1).SE2(), (T2 * T1))
 
-        array_compare( (x1 * x2).SE2(), (T1 * T2).A)
-        array_compare( (x2 * x1).SE2(), (T2 * T1))
-        
     def test_prod(self):
         # check prod
         T1 = SE2(1, 2, pi / 2)
         T2 = SE2(4, 5, -pi / 4)
-        
+
         x1 = Twist2(T1)
         x2 = Twist2(T2)
-        
-        x = Twist2([x1, x2])
-        array_compare( x.prod().SE2(), T1 * T2)
 
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+        x = Twist2([x1, x2])
+        array_compare(x.prod().SE2(), T1 * T2)
 
 
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()

From 9c4a77bdc3b9f224da697911e271ca4e029b64cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mark Yeatman <129521731+myeatman-bdai@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2025 10:11:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 13/14] Fix trailing whitespace and end of file lines.  (#164)

---
 .github/CONTRIBUTORS.md          |  2 +-
 .pre-commit-config.yaml          | 15 +++++-----
 Makefile                         |  1 -
 README.md                        | 50 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 spatialmath/base/README.md       | 27 +++++++----------
 spatialmath/base/argcheck.py     |  2 +-
 spatialmath/base/symbolic.py     |  2 +-
 spatialmath/base/transformsNd.py |  2 +-
 spatialmath/geom3d.py            |  4 +--
 spatialmath/spatialvector.py     |  2 +-
 10 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/CONTRIBUTORS.md b/.github/CONTRIBUTORS.md
index 30162fb8..80467523 100644
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTORS.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTORS.md
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ A number of people have contributed to this, and earlier, versions of this Toolb
 * Jesse Haviland, 2020 (part of the ropy project)
 * Luis Fernando Lara Tobar, 2008
 * Josh Carrigg Hodson, Aditya Dua, Chee Ho Chan, 2017 (part of the robopy project)
-* Peter Corke
\ No newline at end of file
+* Peter Corke
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 36085fe2..4dc48cd6 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -18,17 +18,16 @@ repos:
   rev: v4.5.0
   hooks:
   -   id: end-of-file-fixer
-  -   id: debug-statements # Ensure we don't commit `import pdb; pdb.set_trace()`
       exclude: |
-        (?x)^(
-          docker/ros/web/static/.*|
-        )$
+        (?x)(
+          ^docs/
+        )
+  -   id: debug-statements # Ensure we don't commit `import pdb; pdb.set_trace()`
   -   id: trailing-whitespace
       exclude: |
-        (?x)^(
-          docker/ros/web/static/.*|
-          (.*/).*\.patch|
-        )$
+        (?x)(
+          ^docs/
+        )
 # - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
 #   rev: v1.6.1
 #   hooks:
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index c129744d..ad24ab91 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -39,4 +39,3 @@ clean: .FORCE
 	(cd docs; make clean)
 	-rm -r *.egg-info
 	-rm -r dist build
-
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a2db78e4..738395e7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ space:
 | ------------ | ---------------- | -------- |
 | pose         | ``SE3`` ``Twist3`` ``UnitDualQuaternion``   |   ``SE2`` ``Twist2`` |
 | orientation  | ``SO3`` ``UnitQuaternion`` |            ``SO2``  |
-                
-                
+
+
 More specifically:
 
  * `SE3` matrices belonging to the group $\mathbf{SE}(3)$ for position and orientation (pose) in 3-dimensions
@@ -160,26 +160,26 @@ For example, to create an object representing a rotation of 0.3 radians about th
 >>> from spatialmath import SO3, SE3
 >>> R1 = SO3.Rx(0.3)
 >>> R1
-   1         0         0          
-   0         0.955336 -0.29552    
-   0         0.29552   0.955336         
+   1         0         0
+   0         0.955336 -0.29552
+   0         0.29552   0.955336
 ```
 while a rotation of 30 deg about the z-axis is
 
 ```python
 >>> R2 = SO3.Rz(30, 'deg')
 >>> R2
-   0.866025 -0.5       0          
-   0.5       0.866025  0          
-   0         0         1    
+   0.866025 -0.5       0
+   0.5       0.866025  0
+   0         0         1
 ```
-and the composition of these two rotations is 
+and the composition of these two rotations is
 
 ```python
 >>> R = R1 * R2
-   0.866025 -0.5       0          
-   0.433013  0.75     -0.5        
-   0.25      0.433013  0.866025 
+   0.866025 -0.5       0
+   0.433013  0.75     -0.5
+   0.25      0.433013  0.866025
 ```
 
 We can find the corresponding Euler angles (in radians)
@@ -198,16 +198,16 @@ Frequently in robotics we want a sequence, a trajectory, of rotation matrices or
 >>> len(R)
  3
 >>> R[1]
-   1         0         0          
-   0         0.955336 -0.29552    
-   0         0.29552   0.955336             
+   1         0         0
+   0         0.955336 -0.29552
+   0         0.29552   0.955336
 ```
 and this can be used in `for` loops and list comprehensions.
 
 An alternative way of constructing this would be (`R1`, `R2` defined above)
 
 ```python
->>> R = SO3( [ SO3(), R1, R2 ] )       
+>>> R = SO3( [ SO3(), R1, R2 ] )
 >>> len(R)
  3
 ```
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ will produce a result where each element is the product of each element of the l
 Similarly
 
 ```python
->>> A = SO3.Ry(0.5) * R 
+>>> A = SO3.Ry(0.5) * R
 >>> len(R)
  32
 ```
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ will produce a result where each element is the product of the left-hand side wi
 Finally
 
 ```python
->>> A = R * R 
+>>> A = R * R
 >>> len(R)
  32
 ```
@@ -267,10 +267,10 @@ We can print and plot these objects as well
 ```
 >>> T = SE3(1,2,3) * SE3.Rx(30, 'deg')
 >>> T.print()
-   1         0         0         1          
-   0         0.866025 -0.5       2          
-   0         0.5       0.866025  3          
-   0         0         0         1          
+   1         0         0         1
+   0         0.866025 -0.5       2
+   0         0.5       0.866025  3
+   0         0         0         1
 
 >>> T.printline()
 t =        1,        2,        3; rpy/zyx =       30,        0,        0 deg
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ array([[1., 0., 1.],
        [0., 0., 1.]])
 
 transl2( (1,2) )
-Out[444]: 
+Out[444]:
 array([[1., 0., 1.],
        [0., 1., 2.],
        [0., 0., 1.]])
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ array([[1., 0., 1.],
 
 ```
 transl2( np.array([1,2]) )
-Out[445]: 
+Out[445]:
 array([[1., 0., 1.],
        [0., 1., 2.],
        [0., 0., 1.]])
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ Out[259]: int
 
 a = T[1,1]
 a
-Out[256]: 
+Out[256]:
 cos(theta)
 type(a)
 Out[255]: cos
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/README.md b/spatialmath/base/README.md
index a4003ffc..baa3595a 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/README.md
+++ b/spatialmath/base/README.md
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ import spatialmath as sm
 
 R = sm.SO3.Rx(30, 'deg')
 print(R)
-   1         0         0          
-   0         0.866025 -0.5        
-   0         0.5       0.866025   
+   1         0         0
+   0         0.866025 -0.5
+   0         0.5       0.866025
 ```
 which constructs a rotation about the x-axis by 30 degrees.
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ array([[ 1.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ],
        [ 0.        ,  0.29552021,  0.95533649]])
 
 >>> rotx(30, unit='deg')
-Out[438]: 
+Out[438]:
 array([[ 1.       ,  0.       ,  0.       ],
        [ 0.       ,  0.8660254, -0.5      ],
        [ 0.       ,  0.5      ,  0.8660254]])
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ We also support multiple ways of passing vector information to functions that re
 
 ```
 transl2(1, 2)
-Out[442]: 
+Out[442]:
 array([[1., 0., 1.],
        [0., 1., 2.],
        [0., 0., 1.]])
@@ -74,13 +74,13 @@ array([[1., 0., 1.],
 
 ```
 transl2( [1,2] )
-Out[443]: 
+Out[443]:
 array([[1., 0., 1.],
        [0., 1., 2.],
        [0., 0., 1.]])
 
 transl2( (1,2) )
-Out[444]: 
+Out[444]:
 array([[1., 0., 1.],
        [0., 1., 2.],
        [0., 0., 1.]])
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ array([[1., 0., 1.],
 
 ```
 transl2( np.array([1,2]) )
-Out[445]: 
+Out[445]:
 array([[1., 0., 1.],
        [0., 1., 2.],
        [0., 0., 1.]])
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ Using classes ensures type safety, for example it stops us mixing a 2D homogeneo
 These classes are all derived from two parent classes:
 
 * `RTBPose` which provides common functionality for all
-* `UserList` which provdides the ability to act like a list 
+* `UserList` which provdides the ability to act like a list
 
 The latter is important because frequnetly in robotics we want a sequence, a trajectory, of rotation matrices or poses.  However a list of these items has the type `list` and the elements are not enforced to be homogeneous, ie. a list could contain a mixture of classes.
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Out[259]: int
 
 a = T[1,1]
 a
-Out[256]: 
+Out[256]:
 cos(theta)
 type(a)
 Out[255]: cos
@@ -226,10 +226,3 @@ TypeError: can't convert expression to float
 | t2r | yes |
 | rotx | yes |
 | rotx | yes |
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/argcheck.py b/spatialmath/base/argcheck.py
index 38b5eb1a..9db91817 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/argcheck.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/argcheck.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 """
 Utility functions for testing and converting passed arguments.  Used in all
-spatialmath functions and classes to provides for flexibility in argument types 
+spatialmath functions and classes to provides for flexibility in argument types
 that can be passed.
 """
 
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/symbolic.py b/spatialmath/base/symbolic.py
index 2d92f4d4..a95aec4a 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/symbolic.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/symbolic.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 Symbolic arguments.
 
 If SymPy is not installed then only the standard numeric operations are
-supported. 
+supported.
 """
 
 import math
diff --git a/spatialmath/base/transformsNd.py b/spatialmath/base/transformsNd.py
index c04e5d8b..611c89a3 100644
--- a/spatialmath/base/transformsNd.py
+++ b/spatialmath/base/transformsNd.py
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ def skew(v):
     if len(v) == 1:
         # fmt: off
         return np.array([
-            [0.0,  -v[0]], 
+            [0.0,  -v[0]],
             [v[0],  0.0]
         ])  # type: ignore
         # fmt: on
diff --git a/spatialmath/geom3d.py b/spatialmath/geom3d.py
index 8b191ebd..896192dc 100755
--- a/spatialmath/geom3d.py
+++ b/spatialmath/geom3d.py
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ def vec(self) -> R6:
     def skew(self) -> R4x4:
         r"""
         Line as a Plucker skew-symmetric matrix
-        
+
         :return: Skew-symmetric matrix form of Plucker coordinates
         :rtype: ndarray(4,4)
 
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ def skew(self) -> R4x4:
                 -\omega_x & -\omega_y & -\omega_z & 0 \end{bmatrix}
 
         .. note::
-            
+
             - For two homogeneous points P and Q on the line, :math:`PQ^T-QP^T` is
             also skew symmetric.
             - The projection of Plucker line by a perspective camera is a
diff --git a/spatialmath/spatialvector.py b/spatialmath/spatialvector.py
index f839e359..0f996bee 100644
--- a/spatialmath/spatialvector.py
+++ b/spatialmath/spatialvector.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
    :top-classes: collections.UserList
    :parts: 1
 
-.. note:: Compared to Featherstone's papers these spatial vectors have the 
+.. note:: Compared to Featherstone's papers these spatial vectors have the
     translational components first, followed by rotational components.
 """
 

From 4c68fa923bc90047a0d79a2eab5c5a84b6cee7b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mark Yeatman <129521731+myeatman-bdai@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2025 10:11:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 14/14] Bump version to 1.1.14. (#163)

---
 pyproject.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 452bf290..54fc237c 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "spatialmath-python"
-version = "1.1.13"
+version = "1.1.14"
 authors = [
   { name="Peter Corke", email="rvc@petercorke.com" },
 ]

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