From 99176c26b986dc7cd6094d45994c077887bc774e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sri Hari <kataresrihari@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Feb 2025 22:54:38 +0530
Subject: [PATCH] Batch-5/Neetcode-ALL/Added-articles

---
 articles/design-a-food-rating-system.md       | 457 +++++++++++++++
 articles/design-parking-system.md             | 167 ++++++
 articles/design-underground-system.md         | 357 ++++++++++++
 articles/naming-a-company.md                  | 495 ++++++++++++++++
 ...umber-of-submatrices-that-sum-to-target.md | 549 ++++++++++++++++++
 articles/text-justification.md                | 181 ++++++
 6 files changed, 2206 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 articles/design-a-food-rating-system.md
 create mode 100644 articles/design-parking-system.md
 create mode 100644 articles/design-underground-system.md
 create mode 100644 articles/naming-a-company.md
 create mode 100644 articles/number-of-submatrices-that-sum-to-target.md
 create mode 100644 articles/text-justification.md

diff --git a/articles/design-a-food-rating-system.md b/articles/design-a-food-rating-system.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7be2642c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles/design-a-food-rating-system.md
@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+## 1. Brute Force
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class FoodRatings:
+
+    def __init__(self, foods: List[str], cuisines: List[str], ratings: List[int]):
+        self.foodToRating = {} # food -> rating
+        self.cuisineToFood = defaultdict(list) # cuisine -> [food]
+        for i in range(len(foods)):
+            self.foodToRating[foods[i]] = ratings[i]
+            self.cuisineToFood[cuisines[i]].append(foods[i])
+
+    def changeRating(self, food: str, newRating: int) -> None:
+        self.foodToRating[food] = newRating
+
+    def highestRated(self, cuisine: str) -> str:
+        maxR, res = 0, ""
+        for food in self.cuisineToFood[cuisine]:
+            r = self.foodToRating[food]
+            if r > maxR or (r == maxR and food < res):
+                res = food
+                maxR = r
+        return res
+```
+
+```java
+public class FoodRatings {
+    private Map<String, Integer> foodToRating;
+    private Map<String, List<String>> cuisineToFood;
+
+    public FoodRatings(String[] foods, String[] cuisines, int[] ratings) {
+        foodToRating = new HashMap<>();
+        cuisineToFood = new HashMap<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < foods.length; i++) {
+            foodToRating.put(foods[i], ratings[i]);
+            cuisineToFood.computeIfAbsent(cuisines[i], k -> new ArrayList<>()).add(foods[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void changeRating(String food, int newRating) {
+        foodToRating.put(food, newRating);
+    }
+
+    public String highestRated(String cuisine) {
+        int maxR = 0;
+        String res = "";
+        for (String food : cuisineToFood.get(cuisine)) {
+            int r = foodToRating.get(food);
+            if (r > maxR || (r == maxR && food.compareTo(res) < 0)) {
+                res = food;
+                maxR = r;
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class FoodRatings {
+private:
+    unordered_map<string, int> foodToRating;
+    unordered_map<string, vector<string>> cuisineToFood;
+
+public:
+    FoodRatings(vector<string>& foods, vector<string>& cuisines, vector<int>& ratings) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < foods.size(); i++) {
+            foodToRating[foods[i]] = ratings[i];
+            cuisineToFood[cuisines[i]].push_back(foods[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void changeRating(string food, int newRating) {
+        foodToRating[food] = newRating;
+    }
+
+    string highestRated(string cuisine) {
+        int maxR = 0;
+        string res = "";
+        for (const string& food : cuisineToFood[cuisine]) {
+            int r = foodToRating[food];
+            if (r > maxR || (r == maxR && food < res)) {
+                res = food;
+                maxR = r;
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class FoodRatings {
+    /**
+     * @param {string[]} foods
+     * @param {string[]} cuisines
+     * @param {number[]} ratings
+     */
+    constructor(foods, cuisines, ratings) {
+        this.foodToRating = new Map();
+        this.cuisineToFood = new Map();
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < foods.length; i++) {
+            this.foodToRating.set(foods[i], ratings[i]);
+            if (!this.cuisineToFood.has(cuisines[i])) {
+                this.cuisineToFood.set(cuisines[i], []);
+            }
+            this.cuisineToFood.get(cuisines[i]).push(foods[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param {string} food
+     * @param {number} newRating
+     * @return {void}
+     */
+    changeRating(food, newRating) {
+        this.foodToRating.set(food, newRating);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param {string} cuisine
+     * @return {string}
+     */
+    highestRated(cuisine) {
+        let maxR = 0, res = "";
+        for (let food of this.cuisineToFood.get(cuisine)) {
+            let r = this.foodToRating.get(food);
+            if (r > maxR || (r === maxR && food < res)) {
+                res = food;
+                maxR = r;
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity:
+    * $O(n)$ time for initialization.
+    * $O(1)$ time for each $changeRating()$ function call.
+    * $O(n)$ time for each $highestRated()$ function call.
+* Space complexity: $O(n)$
+
+---
+
+## 2. Heap
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class FoodRatings:
+
+    def __init__(self, foods: List[str], cuisines: List[str], ratings: List[int]):
+        self.foodToRating = {}  # food -> rating
+        self.foodToCuisine = {}  # food -> cuisine
+        self.cuisineToHeap = defaultdict(list)  # cuisine -> max_heap
+
+        for i in range(len(foods)):
+            self.foodToRating[foods[i]] = ratings[i]
+            self.foodToCuisine[foods[i]] = cuisines[i]
+            heappush(self.cuisineToHeap[cuisines[i]], (-ratings[i], foods[i]))
+
+    def changeRating(self, food: str, newRating: int) -> None:
+        cuisine = self.foodToCuisine[food]
+        self.foodToRating[food] = newRating
+        heappush(self.cuisineToHeap[cuisine], (-newRating, food))
+
+    def highestRated(self, cuisine: str) -> str:
+        heap = self.cuisineToHeap[cuisine]
+        while heap:
+            rating, food = heap[0]
+            if -rating == self.foodToRating[food]:
+                return food
+            heappop(heap)
+```
+
+```java
+public class FoodRatings {
+    private Map<String, Integer> foodToRating;
+    private Map<String, String> foodToCuisine;
+    private Map<String, PriorityQueue<Food>> cuisineToHeap;
+
+    private static class Food {
+        int rating;
+        String name;
+
+        Food(int rating, String name) {
+            this.rating = rating;
+            this.name = name;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public FoodRatings(String[] foods, String[] cuisines, int[] ratings) {
+        foodToRating = new HashMap<>();
+        foodToCuisine = new HashMap<>();
+        cuisineToHeap = new HashMap<>();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < foods.length; i++) {
+            foodToRating.put(foods[i], ratings[i]);
+            foodToCuisine.put(foods[i], cuisines[i]);
+            cuisineToHeap
+                .computeIfAbsent(cuisines[i], k -> new PriorityQueue<>(
+                    (a, b) -> a.rating == b.rating ? a.name.compareTo(b.name) : b.rating - a.rating))
+                .offer(new Food(ratings[i], foods[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void changeRating(String food, int newRating) {
+        String cuisine = foodToCuisine.get(food);
+        foodToRating.put(food, newRating);
+        cuisineToHeap.get(cuisine).offer(new Food(newRating, food));
+    }
+
+    public String highestRated(String cuisine) {
+        PriorityQueue<Food> heap = cuisineToHeap.get(cuisine);
+        while (!heap.isEmpty()) {
+            Food top = heap.peek();
+            if (foodToRating.get(top.name) == top.rating) {
+                return top.name;
+            }
+            heap.poll();
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class FoodRatings {
+    unordered_map<string, int> foodToRating;
+    unordered_map<string, string> foodToCuisine;
+    struct cmp {
+        bool operator()(const pair<int, string>& a, const pair<int, string>& b) {
+            if (a.first == b.first) return a.second > b.second;
+            return a.first < b.first;
+        }
+    };
+    unordered_map<string, priority_queue<pair<int, string>,
+                    vector<pair<int, string>>, cmp>> cuisineToHeap;
+
+public:
+    FoodRatings(vector<string>& foods, vector<string>& cuisines, vector<int>& ratings) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < foods.size(); i++) {
+            foodToRating[foods[i]] = ratings[i];
+            foodToCuisine[foods[i]] = cuisines[i];
+            cuisineToHeap[cuisines[i]].push({ratings[i], foods[i]});
+        }
+    }
+
+    void changeRating(string food, int newRating) {
+        string cuisine = foodToCuisine[food];
+        foodToRating[food] = newRating;
+        cuisineToHeap[cuisine].push({newRating, food});
+    }
+
+    string highestRated(string cuisine) {
+        auto &heap = cuisineToHeap[cuisine];
+        while (!heap.empty()) {
+            auto [rating, food] = heap.top();
+            if (foodToRating[food] == rating) return food;
+            heap.pop();
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class FoodRatings {
+    /**
+     * @param {string[]} foods
+     * @param {string[]} cuisines
+     * @param {number[]} ratings
+     */
+    constructor(foods, cuisines, ratings) {
+        this.foodToRating = new Map();
+        this.foodToCuisine = new Map();
+        this.cuisineToHeap = new Map();
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < foods.length; i++) {
+            this.foodToRating.set(foods[i], ratings[i]);
+            this.foodToCuisine.set(foods[i], cuisines[i]);
+            if (!this.cuisineToHeap.has(cuisines[i])) {
+                this.cuisineToHeap.set(cuisines[i], new PriorityQueue(
+                    (a, b) => b.rating - a.rating || a.name.localeCompare(b.name)
+                ));
+            }
+            this.cuisineToHeap.get(cuisines[i]).enqueue(
+                { rating: ratings[i], name: foods[i] }
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param {string} food
+     * @param {number} newRating
+     * @return {void}
+     */
+    changeRating(food, newRating) {
+        let cuisine = this.foodToCuisine.get(food);
+        this.foodToRating.set(food, newRating);
+        this.cuisineToHeap.get(cuisine).enqueue(
+            { rating: newRating, name: food }
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param {string} cuisine
+     * @return {string}
+     */
+    highestRated(cuisine) {
+        let heap = this.cuisineToHeap.get(cuisine);
+        while (!heap.isEmpty()) {
+            let top = heap.front();
+            if (this.foodToRating.get(top.name) === top.rating) {
+                return top.name;
+            }
+            heap.dequeue();
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity:
+    * $O(n \log n)$ time for initialization.
+    * $O(\log n)$ time for each $changeRating()$ function call.
+    * $O(\log n)$ time for each $highestRated()$ function call.
+* Space complexity: $O(n)$
+
+---
+
+## 3. Sorted Set
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class FoodRatings:
+
+    def __init__(self, foods: List[str], cuisines: List[str], ratings: List[int]):
+        self.foodToRating = {} # food -> rating
+        self.foodToCuisine = {} # food -> cuisine
+        self.cuisineToSortedSet = defaultdict(SortedSet) # cuisine -> SortedSet[(rating, food)]
+
+        for i in range(len(foods)):
+            self.foodToRating[foods[i]] = ratings[i]
+            self.foodToCuisine[foods[i]] = cuisines[i]
+            self.cuisineToSortedSet[cuisines[i]].add((-ratings[i], foods[i]))
+
+    def changeRating(self, food: str, newRating: int) -> None:
+        cuisine = self.foodToCuisine[food]
+        oldRating = self.foodToRating[food]
+
+        self.cuisineToSortedSet[cuisine].remove((-oldRating, food))
+        self.foodToRating[food] = newRating
+        self.cuisineToSortedSet[cuisine].add((-newRating, food))
+
+    def highestRated(self, cuisine: str) -> str:
+        return self.cuisineToSortedSet[cuisine][0][1]
+```
+
+```java
+public class FoodRatings {
+    private Map<String, Integer> foodToRating;
+    private Map<String, String> foodToCuisine;
+    private Map<String, TreeSet<FoodPair>> cuisineToSortedSet;
+
+    private static class FoodPair {
+        int rating;
+        String food;
+
+        FoodPair(int rating, String food) {
+            this.rating = rating;
+            this.food = food;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public FoodRatings(String[] foods, String[] cuisines, int[] ratings) {
+        foodToRating = new HashMap<>();
+        foodToCuisine = new HashMap<>();
+        cuisineToSortedSet = new HashMap<>();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < foods.length; i++) {
+            foodToRating.put(foods[i], ratings[i]);
+            foodToCuisine.put(foods[i], cuisines[i]);
+            cuisineToSortedSet.computeIfAbsent(cuisines[i], k -> new TreeSet<>((a, b) -> {
+                if (a.rating != b.rating) return b.rating - a.rating;
+                return a.food.compareTo(b.food);
+            })).add(new FoodPair(ratings[i], foods[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void changeRating(String food, int newRating) {
+        String cuisine = foodToCuisine.get(food);
+        int oldRating = foodToRating.get(food);
+        TreeSet<FoodPair> set = cuisineToSortedSet.get(cuisine);
+        set.remove(new FoodPair(oldRating, food));
+        foodToRating.put(food, newRating);
+        set.add(new FoodPair(newRating, food));
+    }
+
+    public String highestRated(String cuisine) {
+        return cuisineToSortedSet.get(cuisine).first().food;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class FoodRatings {
+    unordered_map<string, int> foodToRating;
+    unordered_map<string, string> foodToCuisine;
+    unordered_map<string, set<pair<int, string>>> cuisineToSet;
+
+public:
+    FoodRatings(vector<string>& foods, vector<string>& cuisines, vector<int>& ratings) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < foods.size(); i++) {
+            foodToRating[foods[i]] = ratings[i];
+            foodToCuisine[foods[i]] = cuisines[i];
+            cuisineToSet[cuisines[i]].insert({-ratings[i], foods[i]});
+        }
+    }
+
+    void changeRating(string food, int newRating) {
+        string cuisine = foodToCuisine[food];
+        auto& s = cuisineToSet[cuisine];
+
+        s.erase({-foodToRating[food], food});
+        foodToRating[food] = newRating;
+        s.insert({-newRating, food});
+    }
+
+    string highestRated(string cuisine) {
+        return begin(cuisineToSet[cuisine])->second;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity:
+    * $O(n \log n)$ time for initialization.
+    * $O(\log n)$ time for each $changeRating()$ function call.
+    * $O(1)$ in Python and $O(\log n)$ in other languages for each $highestRated()$ function call.
+* Space complexity: $O(n)$
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/articles/design-parking-system.md b/articles/design-parking-system.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4abdb9aa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles/design-parking-system.md
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+## 1. Array - I
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class ParkingSystem:
+
+    def __init__(self, big: int, medium: int, small: int):
+        self.spaces = [big, medium, small]
+
+    def addCar(self, carType: int) -> bool:
+        if self.spaces[carType - 1] > 0:
+            self.spaces[carType - 1] -= 1
+            return True
+        return False
+```
+
+```java
+public class ParkingSystem {
+    private int[] spaces;
+
+    public ParkingSystem(int big, int medium, int small) {
+        spaces = new int[]{big, medium, small};
+    }
+
+    public boolean addCar(int carType) {
+        if (spaces[carType - 1] > 0) {
+            spaces[carType - 1]--;
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class ParkingSystem {
+    int spaces[3];
+
+public:
+    ParkingSystem(int big, int medium, int small) {
+        spaces[0] = big;
+        spaces[1] = medium;
+        spaces[2] = small;
+    }
+
+    bool addCar(int carType) {
+        if (spaces[carType - 1] > 0) {
+            spaces[carType - 1]--;
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class ParkingSystem {
+    /**
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {number} big
+     * @param {number} medium
+     * @param {number} small
+     */
+    constructor(big, medium, small) {
+        this.spaces = [big, medium, small];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param {number} carType
+     * @return {boolean}
+     */
+    addCar(carType) {
+        if (this.spaces[carType - 1] > 0) {
+            this.spaces[carType - 1]--;
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity:
+    * $O(1)$ time for initialization.
+    * $O(1)$ time for each $addCar()$ function call.
+* Space complexity: $O(1)$
+
+---
+
+## 2. Array - II
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class ParkingSystem:
+
+    def __init__(self, big: int, medium: int, small: int):
+        self.spaces = [big, medium, small]
+
+    def addCar(self, carType: int) -> bool:
+        self.spaces[carType - 1] -= 1
+        return self.spaces[carType - 1] >= 0
+```
+
+```java
+public class ParkingSystem {
+    int[] spaces;
+
+    public ParkingSystem(int big, int medium, int small) {
+        spaces = new int[]{big, medium, small};
+    }
+
+    public boolean addCar(int carType) {
+        return spaces[carType - 1]-- > 0;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class ParkingSystem {
+    int spaces[3];
+
+public:
+    ParkingSystem(int big, int medium, int small) {
+        spaces[0] = big, spaces[1] = medium, spaces[2] = small;
+    }
+
+    bool addCar(int carType) {
+        return spaces[carType - 1]-- > 0;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class ParkingSystem {
+    /**
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {number} big
+     * @param {number} medium
+     * @param {number} small
+     */
+    constructor(big, medium, small) {
+        this.spaces = [big, medium, small];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param {number} carType
+     * @return {boolean}
+     */
+    addCar(carType) {
+        return this.spaces[carType - 1]-- > 0;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity:
+    * $O(1)$ time for initialization.
+    * $O(1)$ time for each $addCar()$ function call.
+* Space complexity: $O(1)$
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/articles/design-underground-system.md b/articles/design-underground-system.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d03c0c9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles/design-underground-system.md
@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+## 1. Two HashMaps
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class UndergroundSystem:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.checkInMap = {} # id -> (startStation, time)
+        self.routeMap = {} # (start, end) -> [totalTime, count]
+
+    def checkIn(self, id: int, startStation: str, t: int) -> None:
+        self.checkInMap[id] = (startStation, t)
+
+    def checkOut(self, id: int, endStation: str, t: int) -> None:
+        startStation, time = self.checkInMap[id]
+        route = (startStation, endStation)
+        if route not in self.routeMap:
+            self.routeMap[route] = [0, 0]
+        self.routeMap[route][0] += t - time
+        self.routeMap[route][1] += 1
+
+    def getAverageTime(self, startStation: str, endStation: str) -> float:
+        totalTime, count = self.routeMap[(startStation, endStation)]
+        return totalTime / count
+```
+
+```java
+public class UndergroundSystem {
+    private Map<Integer, Pair<String, Integer>> checkInMap;
+    private Map<String, int[]> routeMap;
+
+    public UndergroundSystem() {
+        checkInMap = new HashMap<>();
+        routeMap = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    public void checkIn(int id, String startStation, int t) {
+        checkInMap.put(id, new Pair<>(startStation, t));
+    }
+
+    public void checkOut(int id, String endStation, int t) {
+        Pair<String, Integer> entry = checkInMap.get(id);
+        String route = entry.getKey() + "," + endStation;
+        routeMap.putIfAbsent(route, new int[]{0, 0});
+        routeMap.get(route)[0] += t - entry.getValue();
+        routeMap.get(route)[1] += 1;
+    }
+
+    public double getAverageTime(String startStation, String endStation) {
+        int[] data = routeMap.get(startStation + "," + endStation);
+        return (double) data[0] / data[1];
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class UndergroundSystem {
+    unordered_map<int, pair<string, int>> checkInMap;
+    unordered_map<string, pair<int, int>> routeMap;
+
+public:
+    UndergroundSystem() {}
+
+    void checkIn(int id, string startStation, int t) {
+        checkInMap[id] = {startStation, t};
+    }
+
+    void checkOut(int id, string endStation, int t) {
+        auto [startStation, time] = checkInMap[id];
+        string route = startStation + "," + endStation;
+        if (!routeMap.count(route))
+            routeMap[route] = {0, 0};
+        routeMap[route].first += t - time;
+        routeMap[route].second += 1;
+    }
+
+    double getAverageTime(string startStation, string endStation) {
+        string route = startStation + "," + endStation;
+        auto [totalTime, count] = routeMap[route];
+        return (double) totalTime / count;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class UndergroundSystem {
+    /** 
+     * @constructor
+     */
+    constructor() {
+        this.checkInMap = new Map();
+        this.routeMap = new Map();
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * @param {number} id 
+     * @param {string} startStation 
+     * @param {number} t
+     * @return {void}
+     */
+    checkIn(id, startStation, t) {
+        this.checkInMap.set(id, [startStation, t]);
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * @param {number} id 
+     * @param {string} endStation 
+     * @param {number} t
+     * @return {void}
+     */
+    checkOut(id, endStation, t) {
+        const [startStation, time] = this.checkInMap.get(id);
+        const route = `${startStation},${endStation}`;
+        if (!this.routeMap.has(route)) this.routeMap.set(route, [0, 0]);
+        this.routeMap.get(route)[0] += t - time;
+        this.routeMap.get(route)[1] += 1;
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * @param {string} startStation 
+     * @param {string} endStation
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    getAverageTime(startStation, endStation) {
+        const [totalTime, count] = this.routeMap.get(`${startStation},${endStation}`);
+        return totalTime / count;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity:
+    * $O(1)$ time for initialization.
+    * $O(1)$ time for each $checkIn()$ function call.
+    * $O(m)$ time for each $checkOut()$ and $getAverageTime()$ function calls.
+* Space complexity: $O(n + N ^ 2)$
+
+> Where $n$ is the number of passengers, $N$ is the total number of stations, and $m$ is the average length of station name.
+
+---
+
+## 2. Two HashMaps + Hashing
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class UndergroundSystem:
+    MOD1, MOD2 = 768258391, 685683731
+    BASE1, BASE2 = 37, 31
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.checkInMap = {}  # id -> (startStation, time)
+        self.routeMap = {}  # hash(route) -> (totalTime, count)
+
+    def getHash(self, s1: str, s2: str) -> int:
+        h1, h2, p1, p2 = 0, 0, 1, 1
+        for c in s1 + ',' + s2:
+            h1 = (h1 + (ord(c) - 96) * p1) % self.MOD1
+            h2 = (h2 + (ord(c) - 96) * p2) % self.MOD2
+            p1 = (p1 * self.BASE1) % self.MOD1
+            p2 = (p2 * self.BASE2) % self.MOD2
+        return (h1 << 32) | h2
+
+    def checkIn(self, id: int, startStation: str, t: int) -> None:
+        self.checkInMap[id] = (startStation, t)
+
+    def checkOut(self, id: int, endStation: str, t: int) -> None:
+        startStation, time = self.checkInMap[id]
+        routeHash = self.getHash(startStation, endStation)
+        if routeHash not in self.routeMap:
+            self.routeMap[routeHash] = [0, 0]
+        self.routeMap[routeHash][0] += t - time
+        self.routeMap[routeHash][1] += 1
+
+    def getAverageTime(self, startStation: str, endStation: str) -> float:
+        routeHash = self.getHash(startStation, endStation)
+        totalTime, count = self.routeMap[routeHash]
+        return totalTime / count
+```
+
+```java
+public class UndergroundSystem {
+    private static final int MOD1 = 768258391, MOD2 = 685683731;
+    private static final int BASE1 = 37, BASE2 = 31;
+    private Map<Integer, Pair<String, Integer>> checkInMap;
+    private Map<Long, int[]> routeMap;
+
+    public UndergroundSystem() {
+        checkInMap = new HashMap<>();
+        routeMap = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    private long getHash(String s1, String s2) {
+        long h1 = 0, h2 = 0, p1 = 1, p2 = 1;
+        String combined = s1 + "," + s2;
+
+        for (char c : combined.toCharArray()) {
+            h1 = (h1 + (c - 96) * p1) % MOD1;
+            h2 = (h2 + (c - 96) * p2) % MOD2;
+            p1 = (p1 * BASE1) % MOD1;
+            p2 = (p2 * BASE2) % MOD2;
+        }
+        return (h1 << 32) | h2;
+    }
+
+    public void checkIn(int id, String startStation, int t) {
+        checkInMap.put(id, new Pair<>(startStation, t));
+    }
+
+    public void checkOut(int id, String endStation, int t) {
+        Pair<String, Integer> checkInData = checkInMap.get(id);
+        long routeHash = getHash(checkInData.getKey(), endStation);
+        routeMap.putIfAbsent(routeHash, new int[]{0, 0});
+        int[] data = routeMap.get(routeHash);
+        data[0] += (t - checkInData.getValue());
+        data[1]++;
+    }
+
+    public double getAverageTime(String startStation, String endStation) {
+        long routeHash = getHash(startStation, endStation);
+        int[] data = routeMap.get(routeHash);
+        return (double) data[0] / data[1];
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class UndergroundSystem {
+private:
+    static constexpr int MOD1 = 768258391, MOD2 = 685683731;
+    static constexpr int BASE1 = 37, BASE2 = 31;
+    unordered_map<int, pair<string, int>> checkInMap;
+    unordered_map<unsigned long long, pair<int, int>> routeMap;
+
+    unsigned long long getHash(const string& s1, const string& s2) {
+        long long h1 = 0, h2 = 0, p1 = 1, p2 = 1;
+        string combined = s1 + "," + s2;
+
+        for (char c : combined) {
+            h1 = (h1 + (c - 96) * p1) % MOD1;
+            h2 = (h2 + (c - 96) * p2) % MOD2;
+            p1 = (p1 * BASE1) % MOD1;
+            p2 = (p2 * BASE2) % MOD2;
+        }
+        return (h1 << 32) | h2;
+    }
+
+public:
+    UndergroundSystem() {}
+
+    void checkIn(int id, string startStation, int t) {
+        checkInMap[id] = {startStation, t};
+    }
+
+    void checkOut(int id, string endStation, int t) {
+        auto [startStation, time] = checkInMap[id];
+        unsigned long long routeHash = getHash(startStation, endStation);
+        routeMap[routeHash].first += (t - time);
+        routeMap[routeHash].second++;
+    }
+
+    double getAverageTime(string startStation, string endStation) {
+        unsigned long long routeHash = getHash(startStation, endStation);
+        auto [totalTime, count] = routeMap[routeHash];
+        return (double) totalTime / count;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class UndergroundSystem {
+    /** 
+     * @constructor
+     */
+    constructor() {
+        this.MOD1 = 768258391;
+        this.MOD2 = 685683731;
+        this.BASE1 = 37;
+        this.BASE2 = 31;
+        this.checkInMap = new Map();
+        this.routeMap = new Map();
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * @param {string} s1 
+     * @param {string} s2
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    getHash(s1, s2) {
+        let h1 = 0, h2 = 0, p1 = 1, p2 = 1;
+        let combined = s1 + "," + s2;
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < combined.length; i++) {
+            let c = combined.charCodeAt(i) - 96;
+            h1 = (h1 + c * p1) % this.MOD1;
+            h2 = (h2 + c * p2) % this.MOD2;
+            p1 = (p1 * this.BASE1) % this.MOD1;
+            p2 = (p2 * this.BASE2) % this.MOD2;
+        }
+        return BigInt(h1) << BigInt(32) | BigInt(h2);
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * @param {number} id 
+     * @param {string} startStation 
+     * @param {number} t
+     * @return {void}
+     */
+    checkIn(id, startStation, t) {
+        this.checkInMap.set(id, [startStation, t]);
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * @param {number} id 
+     * @param {string} endStation 
+     * @param {number} t
+     * @return {void}
+     */
+    checkOut(id, endStation, t) {
+        let [startStation, time] = this.checkInMap.get(id);
+        let routeHash = this.getHash(startStation, endStation);
+        if (!this.routeMap.has(routeHash)) {
+            this.routeMap.set(routeHash, [0, 0]);
+        }
+        let data = this.routeMap.get(routeHash);
+        data[0] += t - time;
+        data[1]++;
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * @param {string} startStation 
+     * @param {string} endStation
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    getAverageTime(startStation, endStation) {
+        let routeHash = this.getHash(startStation, endStation);
+        let [totalTime, count] = this.routeMap.get(routeHash);
+        return totalTime / count;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity:
+    * $O(1)$ time for initialization.
+    * $O(1)$ time for each $checkIn()$ function call.
+    * $O(m)$ time for each $checkOut()$ and $getAverageTime()$ function calls.
+* Space complexity: $O(n + N ^ 2)$
+
+> Where $n$ is the number of passengers, $N$ is the total number of stations, and $m$ is the average length of station name.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/articles/naming-a-company.md b/articles/naming-a-company.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbd85775d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles/naming-a-company.md
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+## 1. Brute Force
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def distinctNames(self, ideas: List[str]) -> int:
+        n = len(ideas)
+        res = set()
+        ideasSet = set(ideas)
+
+        for i in range(n):
+            for j in range(i + 1, n):
+                A, B = ideas[j][0] + ideas[i][1:], ideas[i][0] + ideas[j][1:]
+                if A not in ideasSet and B not in ideasSet:
+                    res.add(A + ' ' + B)
+                    res.add(B + ' ' + A)
+
+        return len(res)
+```
+
+```java
+public class Solution {
+    public long distinctNames(String[] ideas) {
+        int n = ideas.length;
+        Set<String> res = new HashSet<>();
+        Set<String> ideasSet = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(ideas));
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
+                String A = ideas[j].charAt(0) + ideas[i].substring(1);
+                String B = ideas[i].charAt(0) + ideas[j].substring(1);
+                
+                if (!ideasSet.contains(A) && !ideasSet.contains(B)) {
+                    res.add(A + " " + B);
+                    res.add(B + " " + A);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return res.size();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class Solution {
+public:
+    long long distinctNames(vector<string>& ideas) {
+        int n = ideas.size();
+        unordered_set<string> res;
+        unordered_set<string> ideasSet(ideas.begin(), ideas.end());
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
+                string A = ideas[j][0] + ideas[i].substr(1);
+                string B = ideas[i][0] + ideas[j].substr(1);
+
+                if (!ideasSet.count(A) && !ideasSet.count(B)) {
+                    res.insert(A + " " + B);
+                    res.insert(B + " " + A);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return res.size();
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class Solution {
+    /**
+     * @param {string[]} ideas
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    distinctNames(ideas) {
+        let n = ideas.length;
+        let res = new Set();
+        let ideasSet = new Set(ideas);
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            for (let j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
+                let A = ideas[j][0] + ideas[i].slice(1);
+                let B = ideas[i][0] + ideas[j].slice(1);
+
+                if (!ideasSet.has(A) && !ideasSet.has(B)) {
+                    res.add(A + " " + B);
+                    res.add(B + " " + A);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return res.size;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity: $O(m * n ^ 2)$
+* Space complexity: $O(m * n ^ 2)$
+
+> Where $n$ is the size of the array $ideas$ and $m$ is the average length of the strings.
+
+---
+
+## 2. Group By First Letter (Hash Map)
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def distinctNames(self, ideas: List[str]) -> int:
+        wordMap = collections.defaultdict(set)
+        for w in ideas:
+            wordMap[w[0]].add(w[1:])
+
+        res = 0
+        for char1 in wordMap:
+            for char2 in wordMap:
+                if char1 == char2:
+                    continue
+
+                intersect = sum(1 for w in wordMap[char1] if w in wordMap[char2])
+                distinct1 = len(wordMap[char1]) - intersect
+                distinct2 = len(wordMap[char2]) - intersect
+                res += distinct1 * distinct2
+
+        return res
+```
+
+```java
+public class Solution {
+    public long distinctNames(String[] ideas) {
+        Map<Character, Set<String>> wordMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (String word : ideas) {
+            wordMap.computeIfAbsent(
+                word.charAt(0), k -> new HashSet<>()).add(word.substring(1)
+            );
+        }
+
+        long res = 0;
+        for (char char1 : wordMap.keySet()) {
+            for (char char2 : wordMap.keySet()) {
+                if (char1 == char2) continue;
+
+                int intersect = 0;
+                for (String w : wordMap.get(char1)) {
+                    if (wordMap.get(char2).contains(w)) {
+                        intersect++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                int distinct1 = wordMap.get(char1).size() - intersect;
+                int distinct2 = wordMap.get(char2).size() - intersect;
+                res += distinct1 * 1L * distinct2;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class Solution {
+public:
+    long long distinctNames(vector<string>& ideas) {
+        unordered_map<char, unordered_set<string>> wordMap;
+        for (const string& word : ideas) {
+            wordMap[word[0]].insert(word.substr(1));
+        }
+
+        long long res = 0;
+        for (auto& [char1, set1] : wordMap) {
+            for (auto& [char2, set2] : wordMap) {
+                if (char1 == char2) continue;
+
+                int intersect = 0;
+                for (const string& w : set1) {
+                    if (set2.count(w)) {
+                        intersect++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                int distinct1 = set1.size() - intersect;
+                int distinct2 = set2.size() - intersect;
+                res += distinct1 * 1LL * distinct2;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class Solution {
+    /**
+     * @param {string[]} ideas
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    distinctNames(ideas) {
+        const wordMap = new Map();
+        for (let word of ideas) {
+            let key = word[0];
+            if (!wordMap.has(key)) {
+                wordMap.set(key, new Set());
+            }
+            wordMap.get(key).add(word.slice(1));
+        }
+
+        let res = 0;
+        for (let [char1, set1] of wordMap) {
+            for (let [char2, set2] of wordMap) {
+                if (char1 === char2) continue;
+
+                let intersect = 0;
+                for (let w of set1) {
+                    if (set2.has(w)) {
+                        intersect++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                let distinct1 = set1.size - intersect;
+                let distinct2 = set2.size - intersect;
+                res += distinct1 * distinct2;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity: $O(m * n)$
+* Space complexity: $O(m * n)$
+
+> Where $n$ is the size of the array $ideas$ and $m$ is the average length of the strings.
+
+---
+
+## 3. Group By First Letter (Array)
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def distinctNames(self, ideas: List[str]) -> int:
+        suffixes = [set() for _ in range(26)]
+        for w in ideas:
+            suffixes[ord(w[0]) - ord('a')].add(w[1:])
+
+        res = 0
+        for i in range(26):
+            for j in range(i + 1, 26):
+                intersect = len(suffixes[i] & suffixes[j])
+                res += 2 * (len(suffixes[i]) - intersect) * (len(suffixes[j]) - intersect)
+
+        return res
+```
+
+```java
+public class Solution {
+    public long distinctNames(String[] ideas) {
+        Set<String>[] suffixes = new HashSet[26];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
+            suffixes[i] = new HashSet<>();
+        }
+        for (String w : ideas) {
+            suffixes[w.charAt(0) - 'a'].add(w.substring(1));
+        }
+
+        long res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
+            for (int j = i + 1; j < 26; j++) {
+                int intersect = 0;
+                for (String s : suffixes[i]) {
+                    if (suffixes[j].contains(s)) {
+                        intersect++;
+                    }
+                }
+                res += 2L * (suffixes[i].size() - intersect) * (suffixes[j].size() - intersect);
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class Solution {
+public:
+    long long distinctNames(vector<string>& ideas) {
+        unordered_set<string> suffixes[26];
+        for (const string& w : ideas) {
+            suffixes[w[0] - 'a'].insert(w.substr(1));
+        }
+
+        long long res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
+            for (int j = i + 1; j < 26; j++) {
+                int intersect = 0;
+                for (const string& s : suffixes[i]) {
+                    if (suffixes[j].count(s)) {
+                        intersect++;
+                    }
+                }
+                res += 2LL * (suffixes[i].size() - intersect) * (suffixes[j].size() - intersect);
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class Solution {
+    /**
+     * @param {string[]} ideas
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    distinctNames(ideas) {
+        const suffixes = Array.from({ length: 26 }, () => new Set());
+        for (let w of ideas) {
+            suffixes[w.charCodeAt(0) - 97].add(w.slice(1));
+        }
+
+        let res = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
+            for (let j = i + 1; j < 26; j++) {
+                let intersect = 0;
+                for (let s of suffixes[i]) {
+                    if (suffixes[j].has(s)) {
+                        intersect++;
+                    }
+                }
+                res += 2 * (suffixes[i].size - intersect) * (suffixes[j].size - intersect);
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity: $O(m * n)$
+* Space complexity: $O(m * n)$
+
+> Where $n$ is the size of the array $ideas$ and $m$ is the average length of the strings.
+
+---
+
+## 4. Counting
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def distinctNames(self, ideas: List[str]) -> int:
+        mp = defaultdict(lambda: [False] * 26)
+        count = [[0] * 26 for _ in range(26)]
+        res = 0
+
+        for s in ideas:
+            first_char = ord(s[0]) - ord('a')
+            suffix = s[1:]
+            mp[suffix][first_char] = True
+
+        for suffix, arr in mp.items():
+            for i in range(26):
+                if arr[i]:
+                    for j in range(26):
+                        if not arr[j]:
+                            count[i][j] += 1
+                            res += count[j][i]
+
+        return 2 * res
+```
+
+```java
+public class Solution {
+    public long distinctNames(String[] ideas) {
+        Map<String, boolean[]> mp = new HashMap<>();
+        int[][] count = new int[26][26];
+        long res = 0;
+
+        for (String s : ideas) {
+            int firstChar = s.charAt(0) - 'a';
+            String suffix = s.substring(1);
+            mp.putIfAbsent(suffix, new boolean[26]);
+            mp.get(suffix)[firstChar] = true;
+        }
+
+        for (boolean[] arr : mp.values()) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
+                if (arr[i]) {
+                    for (int j = 0; j < 26; j++) {
+                        if (!arr[j]) {
+                            count[i][j]++;
+                            res += count[j][i];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return 2 * res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class Solution {
+public:
+    long long distinctNames(vector<string>& ideas) {
+        unordered_map<string, array<bool, 26>> mp;
+        long long count[26][26] = {};
+        long long res = 0;
+
+        for (const string& s : ideas) {
+            int firstChar = s[0] - 'a';
+            string suffix = s.substr(1);
+            mp[suffix][firstChar] = true;
+        }
+
+        for (auto& [suffix, arr] : mp) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
+                if (arr[i]) {
+                    for (int j = 0; j < 26; j++) {
+                        if (!arr[j]) {
+                            count[i][j]++;
+                            res += count[j][i];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return 2 * res;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class Solution {
+    /**
+     * @param {string[]} ideas
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    distinctNames(ideas) {
+        const mp = new Map();
+        const count = Array.from({ length: 26 }, () => Array(26).fill(0));
+        let res = 0;
+
+        for (const s of ideas) {
+            const firstChar = s.charCodeAt(0) - 97;
+            const suffix = s.slice(1);
+            if (!mp.has(suffix)) mp.set(suffix, new Array(26).fill(false));
+            mp.get(suffix)[firstChar] = true;
+        }
+
+        for (const arr of mp.values()) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
+                if (arr[i]) {
+                    for (let j = 0; j < 26; j++) {
+                        if (!arr[j]) {
+                            count[i][j]++;
+                            res += count[j][i];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return 2 * res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity: $O(m * n)$
+* Space complexity: $O(m * n)$
+
+> Where $n$ is the size of the array $ideas$ and $m$ is the average length of the strings.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/articles/number-of-submatrices-that-sum-to-target.md b/articles/number-of-submatrices-that-sum-to-target.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fe84feca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles/number-of-submatrices-that-sum-to-target.md
@@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+## 1. Brute Force
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def numSubmatrixSumTarget(self, matrix: List[List[int]], target: int) -> int:
+        ROWS, COLS = len(matrix), len(matrix[0])
+        res = 0
+
+        for r1 in range(ROWS):
+            for r2 in range(r1, ROWS):
+                for c1 in range(COLS):
+                    for c2 in range(c1, COLS):
+                        subSum = 0
+                        for r in range(r1, r2 + 1):
+                            for c in range(c1, c2 + 1):
+                                subSum += matrix[r][c]
+
+                        if subSum == target:
+                            res += 1
+
+        return res
+```
+
+```java
+public class Solution {
+    public int numSubmatrixSumTarget(int[][] matrix, int target) {
+        int ROWS = matrix.length, COLS = matrix[0].length;
+        int res = 0;
+
+        for (int r1 = 0; r1 < ROWS; r1++) {
+            for (int r2 = r1; r2 < ROWS; r2++) {
+                for (int c1 = 0; c1 < COLS; c1++) {
+                    for (int c2 = c1; c2 < COLS; c2++) {
+                        int subSum = 0;
+                        for (int r = r1; r <= r2; r++) {
+                            for (int c = c1; c <= c2; c++) {
+                                subSum += matrix[r][c];
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (subSum == target) {
+                            res++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class Solution {
+public:
+    int numSubmatrixSumTarget(vector<vector<int>>& matrix, int target) {
+        int ROWS = matrix.size(), COLS = matrix[0].size();
+        int res = 0;
+
+        for (int r1 = 0; r1 < ROWS; r1++) {
+            for (int r2 = r1; r2 < ROWS; r2++) {
+                for (int c1 = 0; c1 < COLS; c1++) {
+                    for (int c2 = c1; c2 < COLS; c2++) {
+                        int subSum = 0;
+                        for (int r = r1; r <= r2; r++) {
+                            for (int c = c1; c <= c2; c++) {
+                                subSum += matrix[r][c];
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (subSum == target) {
+                            res++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class Solution {
+    /**
+     * @param {number[][]} matrix
+     * @param {number} target
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    numSubmatrixSumTarget(matrix, target) {
+        const ROWS = matrix.length, COLS = matrix[0].length;
+        let res = 0;
+
+        for (let r1 = 0; r1 < ROWS; r1++) {
+            for (let r2 = r1; r2 < ROWS; r2++) {
+                for (let c1 = 0; c1 < COLS; c1++) {
+                    for (let c2 = c1; c2 < COLS; c2++) {
+                        let subSum = 0;
+                        for (let r = r1; r <= r2; r++) {
+                            for (let c = c1; c <= c2; c++) {
+                                subSum += matrix[r][c];
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (subSum === target) {
+                            res++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity: $O(m ^ 3 * n ^ 3)$
+* Space complexity: $O(1)$ extra space.
+
+> Where $m$ is the number of rows and $n$ is the number of columns of the given matrix.
+
+---
+
+## 2. Two Dimensional Prefix Sum
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def numSubmatrixSumTarget(self, matrix: List[List[int]], target: int) -> int:
+        ROWS, COLS = len(matrix), len(matrix[0])
+        sub_sum = [[0] * COLS for _ in range(ROWS)]
+
+        for r in range(ROWS):
+            for c in range(COLS):
+                top = sub_sum[r - 1][c] if r > 0 else 0
+                left = sub_sum[r][c - 1] if c > 0 else 0
+                top_left = sub_sum[r - 1][c - 1] if min(r, c) > 0 else 0
+                sub_sum[r][c] = matrix[r][c] + top + left - top_left
+
+        res = 0
+        for r1 in range(ROWS):
+            for r2 in range(r1, ROWS):
+                for c1 in range(COLS):
+                    for c2 in range(c1, COLS):
+                        top = sub_sum[r1 - 1][c2] if r1 > 0 else 0
+                        left = sub_sum[r2][c1 - 1] if c1 > 0 else 0
+                        top_left = sub_sum[r1 - 1][c1 - 1] if min(r1, c1) > 0 else 0
+                        cur_sum = sub_sum[r2][c2] - top - left + top_left
+                        if cur_sum == target:
+                            res += 1
+        return res
+```
+
+```java
+public class Solution {
+    public int numSubmatrixSumTarget(int[][] matrix, int target) {
+        int ROWS = matrix.length, COLS = matrix[0].length;
+        int[][] subSum = new int[ROWS][COLS];
+
+        for (int r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+            for (int c = 0; c < COLS; c++) {
+                int top = (r > 0) ? subSum[r - 1][c] : 0;
+                int left = (c > 0) ? subSum[r][c - 1] : 0;
+                int topLeft = (Math.min(r, c) > 0) ? subSum[r - 1][c - 1] : 0;
+                subSum[r][c] = matrix[r][c] + top + left - topLeft;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int r1 = 0; r1 < ROWS; r1++) {
+            for (int r2 = r1; r2 < ROWS; r2++) {
+                for (int c1 = 0; c1 < COLS; c1++) {
+                    for (int c2 = c1; c2 < COLS; c2++) {
+                        int top = (r1 > 0) ? subSum[r1 - 1][c2] : 0;
+                        int left = (c1 > 0) ? subSum[r2][c1 - 1] : 0;
+                        int topLeft = (Math.min(r1, c1) > 0) ? subSum[r1 - 1][c1 - 1] : 0;
+                        int curSum = subSum[r2][c2] - top - left + topLeft;
+                        if (curSum == target) {
+                            res++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class Solution {
+public:
+    int numSubmatrixSumTarget(vector<vector<int>>& matrix, int target) {
+        int ROWS = matrix.size(), COLS = matrix[0].size();
+        vector<vector<int>> subSum(ROWS, vector<int>(COLS, 0));
+
+        for (int r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+            for (int c = 0; c < COLS; c++) {
+                int top = (r > 0) ? subSum[r - 1][c] : 0;
+                int left = (c > 0) ? subSum[r][c - 1] : 0;
+                int topLeft = (min(r, c) > 0) ? subSum[r - 1][c - 1] : 0;
+                subSum[r][c] = matrix[r][c] + top + left - topLeft;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int r1 = 0; r1 < ROWS; r1++) {
+            for (int r2 = r1; r2 < ROWS; r2++) {
+                for (int c1 = 0; c1 < COLS; c1++) {
+                    for (int c2 = c1; c2 < COLS; c2++) {
+                        int top = (r1 > 0) ? subSum[r1 - 1][c2] : 0;
+                        int left = (c1 > 0) ? subSum[r2][c1 - 1] : 0;
+                        int topLeft = (min(r1, c1) > 0) ? subSum[r1 - 1][c1 - 1] : 0;
+                        int curSum = subSum[r2][c2] - top - left + topLeft;
+                        if (curSum == target) {
+                            res++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class Solution {
+    /**
+     * @param {number[][]} matrix
+     * @param {number} target
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    numSubmatrixSumTarget(matrix, target) {
+        const ROWS = matrix.length, COLS = matrix[0].length;
+        const subSum = Array.from({ length: ROWS }, () => Array(COLS).fill(0));
+
+        for (let r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+            for (let c = 0; c < COLS; c++) {
+                let top = r > 0 ? subSum[r - 1][c] : 0;
+                let left = c > 0 ? subSum[r][c - 1] : 0;
+                let topLeft = Math.min(r, c) > 0 ? subSum[r - 1][c - 1] : 0;
+                subSum[r][c] = matrix[r][c] + top + left - topLeft;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let res = 0;
+        for (let r1 = 0; r1 < ROWS; r1++) {
+            for (let r2 = r1; r2 < ROWS; r2++) {
+                for (let c1 = 0; c1 < COLS; c1++) {
+                    for (let c2 = c1; c2 < COLS; c2++) {
+                        let top = r1 > 0 ? subSum[r1 - 1][c2] : 0;
+                        let left = c1 > 0 ? subSum[r2][c1 - 1] : 0;
+                        let topLeft = Math.min(r1, c1) > 0 ? subSum[r1 - 1][c1 - 1] : 0;
+                        let curSum = subSum[r2][c2] - top - left + topLeft;
+                        if (curSum === target) {
+                            res++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity: $O(m ^ 2 * n ^ 2)$
+* Space complexity: $O(m * n)$
+
+> Where $m$ is the number of rows and $n$ is the number of columns of the given matrix.
+
+---
+
+## 3. Horizontal 1D Prefix Sum
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def numSubmatrixSumTarget(self, matrix: List[List[int]], target: int) -> int:
+        ROWS, COLS = len(matrix), len(matrix[0])
+        sub_sum = [[0] * COLS for _ in range(ROWS)]
+
+        for r in range(ROWS):
+            for c in range(COLS):
+                top = sub_sum[r - 1][c] if r > 0 else 0
+                left = sub_sum[r][c - 1] if c > 0 else 0
+                top_left = sub_sum[r - 1][c - 1] if min(r, c) > 0 else 0
+                sub_sum[r][c] = matrix[r][c] + top + left - top_left
+
+        res = 0
+        for r1 in range(ROWS):
+            for r2 in range(r1, ROWS):
+                count = defaultdict(int)
+                count[0] = 1
+                for c in range(COLS):
+                    cur_sum = sub_sum[r2][c] - (sub_sum[r1 - 1][c] if r1 > 0 else 0)
+                    res += count[cur_sum - target]
+                    count[cur_sum] += 1
+
+        return res
+```
+
+```java
+public class Solution {
+    public int numSubmatrixSumTarget(int[][] matrix, int target) {
+        int ROWS = matrix.length, COLS = matrix[0].length;
+        int[][] subSum = new int[ROWS][COLS];
+
+        for (int r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+            for (int c = 0; c < COLS; c++) {
+                int top = (r > 0) ? subSum[r - 1][c] : 0;
+                int left = (c > 0) ? subSum[r][c - 1] : 0;
+                int topLeft = (Math.min(r, c) > 0) ? subSum[r - 1][c - 1] : 0;
+                subSum[r][c] = matrix[r][c] + top + left - topLeft;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int r1 = 0; r1 < ROWS; r1++) {
+            for (int r2 = r1; r2 < ROWS; r2++) {
+                Map<Integer, Integer> count = new HashMap<>();
+                count.put(0, 1);
+                for (int c = 0; c < COLS; c++) {
+                    int curSum = subSum[r2][c] - (r1 > 0 ? subSum[r1 - 1][c] : 0);
+                    res += count.getOrDefault(curSum - target, 0);
+                    count.put(curSum, count.getOrDefault(curSum, 0) + 1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class Solution {
+public:
+    int numSubmatrixSumTarget(vector<vector<int>>& matrix, int target) {
+        int ROWS = matrix.size(), COLS = matrix[0].size();
+        vector<vector<int>> subSum(ROWS, vector<int>(COLS, 0));
+
+        for (int r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+            for (int c = 0; c < COLS; c++) {
+                int top = (r > 0) ? subSum[r - 1][c] : 0;
+                int left = (c > 0) ? subSum[r][c - 1] : 0;
+                int topLeft = (min(r, c) > 0) ? subSum[r - 1][c - 1] : 0;
+                subSum[r][c] = matrix[r][c] + top + left - topLeft;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int r1 = 0; r1 < ROWS; r1++) {
+            for (int r2 = r1; r2 < ROWS; r2++) {
+                unordered_map<int, int> count;
+                count[0] = 1;
+                for (int c = 0; c < COLS; c++) {
+                    int curSum = subSum[r2][c] - (r1 > 0 ? subSum[r1 - 1][c] : 0);
+                    res += count[curSum - target];
+                    count[curSum]++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class Solution {
+    /**
+     * @param {number[][]} matrix
+     * @param {number} target
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    numSubmatrixSumTarget(matrix, target) {
+        let ROWS = matrix.length, COLS = matrix[0].length;
+        let subSum = Array.from({ length: ROWS }, () => Array(COLS).fill(0));
+
+        for (let r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+            for (let c = 0; c < COLS; c++) {
+                let top = r > 0 ? subSum[r - 1][c] : 0;
+                let left = c > 0 ? subSum[r][c - 1] : 0;
+                let topLeft = Math.min(r, c) > 0 ? subSum[r - 1][c - 1] : 0;
+                subSum[r][c] = matrix[r][c] + top + left - topLeft;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let res = 0;
+        for (let r1 = 0; r1 < ROWS; r1++) {
+            for (let r2 = r1; r2 < ROWS; r2++) {
+                let count = new Map();
+                count.set(0, 1);
+                for (let c = 0; c < COLS; c++) {
+                    let curSum = subSum[r2][c] - (r1 > 0 ? subSum[r1 - 1][c] : 0);
+                    res += count.get(curSum - target) || 0;
+                    count.set(curSum, (count.get(curSum) || 0) + 1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity: $O(m ^ 2 * n)$
+* Space complexity: $O(m * n)$
+
+> Where $m$ is the number of rows and $n$ is the number of columns of the given matrix.
+
+---
+
+## 4. Vertical 1D Prefix Sum
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def numSubmatrixSumTarget(self, matrix: List[List[int]], target: int) -> int:
+        ROWS, COLS = len(matrix), len(matrix[0])
+        res = 0
+
+        for c1 in range(COLS):
+            row_prefix = [0] * ROWS
+            for c2 in range(c1, COLS):
+                for r in range(ROWS):
+                    row_prefix[r] += matrix[r][c2]
+
+                count = defaultdict(int)
+                count[0] = 1
+                cur_sum = 0
+                for r in range(ROWS):
+                    cur_sum += row_prefix[r]
+                    res += count[cur_sum - target]
+                    count[cur_sum] += 1
+
+        return res
+```
+
+```java
+public class Solution {
+    public int numSubmatrixSumTarget(int[][] matrix, int target) {
+        int ROWS = matrix.length, COLS = matrix[0].length, res = 0;
+
+        for (int c1 = 0; c1 < COLS; c1++) {
+            int[] rowPrefix = new int[ROWS];
+            for (int c2 = c1; c2 < COLS; c2++) {
+                for (int r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+                    rowPrefix[r] += matrix[r][c2];
+                }
+
+                Map<Integer, Integer> count = new HashMap<>();
+                count.put(0, 1);
+                int curSum = 0;
+
+                for (int r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+                    curSum += rowPrefix[r];
+                    res += count.getOrDefault(curSum - target, 0);
+                    count.put(curSum, count.getOrDefault(curSum, 0) + 1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class Solution {
+public:
+    int numSubmatrixSumTarget(vector<vector<int>>& matrix, int target) {
+        int ROWS = matrix.size(), COLS = matrix[0].size(), res = 0;
+
+        for (int c1 = 0; c1 < COLS; c1++) {
+            vector<int> rowPrefix(ROWS, 0);
+            for (int c2 = c1; c2 < COLS; c2++) {
+                for (int r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+                    rowPrefix[r] += matrix[r][c2];
+                }
+
+                unordered_map<int, int> count;
+                count[0] = 1;
+                int curSum = 0;
+                for (int r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+                    curSum += rowPrefix[r];
+                    res += count[curSum - target];
+                    count[curSum]++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class Solution {
+    /**
+     * @param {number[][]} matrix
+     * @param {number} target
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    numSubmatrixSumTarget(matrix, target) {
+        let ROWS = matrix.length, COLS = matrix[0].length, res = 0;
+
+        for (let c1 = 0; c1 < COLS; c1++) {
+            let rowPrefix = new Array(ROWS).fill(0);
+            for (let c2 = c1; c2 < COLS; c2++) {
+                for (let r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+                    rowPrefix[r] += matrix[r][c2];
+                }
+
+                let count = new Map();
+                count.set(0, 1);
+                let curSum = 0;
+
+                for (let r = 0; r < ROWS; r++) {
+                    curSum += rowPrefix[r];
+                    res += count.get(curSum - target) || 0;
+                    count.set(curSum, (count.get(curSum) || 0) + 1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity: $O(m * n ^ 2)$
+* Space complexity: $O(m)$
+
+> Where $m$ is the number of rows and $n$ is the number of columns of the given matrix.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/articles/text-justification.md b/articles/text-justification.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb48dcabe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles/text-justification.md
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+## 1. Iteration
+
+::tabs-start
+
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def fullJustify(self, words: List[str], maxWidth: int) -> List[str]:
+        res = []
+        line, length = [], 0
+        i = 0
+
+        while i < len(words):
+            if length + len(words[i]) + len(line) <= maxWidth:
+                line.append(words[i])
+                length += len(words[i])
+                i += 1
+            else:
+                # Line complete
+                extra_space = maxWidth - length
+                remainder = extra_space % max(1, (len(line) - 1))
+                space = extra_space // max(1, (len(line) - 1))
+                for j in range(max(1, len(line) - 1)):
+                    line[j] += " " * space
+                    if remainder:
+                        line[j] += " "
+                        remainder -= 1
+                res.append("".join(line))
+                line, length = [], 0
+
+        # Handling last line
+        last_line = " ".join(line)
+        trail_space = maxWidth - len(last_line)
+        res.append(last_line + " " * trail_space)
+        return res
+```
+
+```java
+public class Solution {
+    public List<String> fullJustify(String[] words, int maxWidth) {
+        List<String> res = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> line = new ArrayList<>();
+        int length = 0, i = 0;
+
+        while (i < words.length) {
+            // If the current word can fit in the line
+            if (length + words[i].length() + line.size() <= maxWidth) {
+                line.add(words[i]);
+                length += words[i].length();
+                i++;
+            } else {
+                // Line complete
+                int extra_space = maxWidth - length;
+                int remainder = extra_space % Math.max(1, (line.size() - 1));
+                int space = extra_space / Math.max(1, (line.size() - 1));
+
+                for (int j = 0; j < Math.max(1, line.size() - 1); j++) {
+                    line.set(j, line.get(j) + " ".repeat(space));
+                    if (remainder > 0) {
+                        line.set(j, line.get(j) + " ");
+                        remainder--;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                res.add(String.join("", line));
+                line.clear();
+                length = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Handling last line
+        String last_line = String.join(" ", line);
+        int trail_space = maxWidth - last_line.length();
+        res.add(last_line + " ".repeat(trail_space));
+
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```cpp
+class Solution {
+public:
+    vector<string> fullJustify(vector<string>& words, int maxWidth) {
+        vector<string> res;
+        vector<string> line;
+        int length = 0, i = 0;
+
+        while (i < words.size()) {
+            if (length + words[i].size() + line.size() <= maxWidth) {
+                line.push_back(words[i]);
+                length += words[i].size();
+                i++;
+            } else {
+                // Line complete
+                int extra_space = maxWidth - length;
+                int remainder = extra_space % max(1, (int)(line.size() - 1));
+                int space = extra_space / max(1, (int)(line.size() - 1));
+
+                for (int j = 0; j < max(1, (int)line.size() - 1); j++) {
+                    line[j] += string(space, ' ');
+                    if (remainder > 0) {
+                        line[j] += " ";
+                        remainder--;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                string justified_line = accumulate(line.begin(), line.end(), string());
+                res.push_back(justified_line);
+                line.clear();
+                length = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Handling last line
+        string last_line = accumulate(line.begin(), line.end(), string(), 
+                                      [](string a, string b) { 
+                                            return a.empty() ? b : a + " " + b;
+                                        });
+        int trail_space = maxWidth - last_line.size();
+        last_line += string(trail_space, ' ');
+        res.push_back(last_line);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+```javascript
+class Solution {
+    /**
+     * @param {string[]} words
+     * @param {number} maxWidth
+     * @return {string[]}
+     */
+    fullJustify(words, maxWidth) {
+        let res = [];
+        let line = [], length = 0, i = 0;
+
+        while (i < words.length) {
+            if (length + words[i].length + line.length <= maxWidth) {
+                line.push(words[i]);
+                length += words[i].length;
+                i++;
+            } else {
+                // Line complete
+                let extra_space = maxWidth - length;
+                let remainder = extra_space % Math.max(1, line.length - 1);
+                let space = Math.floor(extra_space / Math.max(1, line.length - 1));
+
+                for (let j = 0; j < Math.max(1, line.length - 1); j++) {
+                    line[j] += " ".repeat(space);
+                    if (remainder > 0) {
+                        line[j] += " ";
+                        remainder--;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                res.push(line.join(""));
+                line = [];
+                length = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Handling last line
+        let last_line = line.join(" ");
+        let trail_space = maxWidth - last_line.length;
+        res.push(last_line + " ".repeat(trail_space));
+
+        return res;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+::tabs-end
+
+### Time & Space Complexity
+
+* Time complexity: $O(n * m)$
+* Space complexity: $O(n * m)$
+
+> Where $n$ is the number of words and $m$ is the average length of the words.
\ No newline at end of file

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