diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_compile.h b/Include/internal/pycore_compile.h
index 499f55f3e276be..80a637e5bf9aed 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_compile.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_compile.h
@@ -105,7 +105,8 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) _PyCompile_CodeGen(
 
 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) _PyCompile_OptimizeCfg(
         PyObject *instructions,
-        PyObject *consts);
+        PyObject *consts,
+        int nlocals);
 
 PyAPI_FUNC(PyCodeObject*)
 _PyCompile_Assemble(_PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *umd, PyObject *filename,
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h b/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h
index 24a268ac8c43ec..eeaa2ad96c90d8 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h
@@ -1071,6 +1071,7 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(newline));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(newlines));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(next));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(nlocals));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(node_depth));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(node_offset));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(ns));
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h b/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h
index c1005d05155271..5cc790d126bea7 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h
@@ -559,6 +559,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings {
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(newline)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(newlines)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(next)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(nlocals)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(node_depth)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(node_offset)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(ns)
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h b/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h
index ff1dee6eacfe5d..0cb24a92dffa3e 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h
@@ -1065,6 +1065,7 @@ extern "C" {
     INIT_ID(newline), \
     INIT_ID(newlines), \
     INIT_ID(next), \
+    INIT_ID(nlocals), \
     INIT_ID(node_depth), \
     INIT_ID(node_offset), \
     INIT_ID(ns), \
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h b/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h
index ba6b37f1bf55b3..fe2479beb8a3e4 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h
@@ -1518,6 +1518,9 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     string = &_Py_ID(next);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     _PyUnicode_InternInPlace(interp, &string);
+    string = &_Py_ID(nlocals);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    _PyUnicode_InternInPlace(interp, &string);
     string = &_Py_ID(node_depth);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     _PyUnicode_InternInPlace(interp, &string);
diff --git a/Lib/test/support/bytecode_helper.py b/Lib/test/support/bytecode_helper.py
index 7b577f54b8adc4..388d1266773c8a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/support/bytecode_helper.py
+++ b/Lib/test/support/bytecode_helper.py
@@ -130,10 +130,10 @@ def generate_code(self, ast):
 
 class CfgOptimizationTestCase(CompilationStepTestCase):
 
-    def get_optimized(self, insts, consts):
+    def get_optimized(self, insts, consts, nlocals=0):
         insts = self.normalize_insts(insts)
         insts = self.complete_insts_info(insts)
-        insts = optimize_cfg(insts, consts)
+        insts = optimize_cfg(insts, consts, nlocals)
         return insts, consts
 
 class AssemblerTestCase(CompilationStepTestCase):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_compile.py b/Lib/test/test_compile.py
index c68b9ce388466e..784c0550cc09b1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_compile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_compile.py
@@ -1168,6 +1168,24 @@ def foo(param, lambda_exp):
         """)
         compile(code, "<test>", "exec")
 
+    def test_apply_static_swaps(self):
+        def f(x, y):
+            a, a = x, y
+            return a
+        self.assertEqual(f("x", "y"), "y")
+
+    def test_apply_static_swaps_2(self):
+        def f(x, y, z):
+            a, b, a = x, y, z
+            return a
+        self.assertEqual(f("x", "y", "z"), "z")
+
+    def test_apply_static_swaps_3(self):
+        def f(x, y, z):
+            a, a, b = x, y, z
+            return a
+        self.assertEqual(f("x", "y", "z"), "y")
+
 
 @requires_debug_ranges()
 class TestSourcePositions(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_listcomps.py b/Lib/test/test_listcomps.py
index 985274dfd6cb93..ae63f4a3539451 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_listcomps.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_listcomps.py
@@ -484,6 +484,12 @@ def test_nested_listcomp_in_lambda(self):
         """
         self._check_in_scopes(code, {"z": 1, "out": [(3, 2, 1)]})
 
+    def test_assign_to_comp_iter_var_in_outer_function(self):
+        code = """
+            a = [1 for a in [0]]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"a": [1]}, scopes=["function"])
+
 
 __test__ = {'doctests' : doctests}
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_peepholer.py b/Lib/test/test_peepholer.py
index bf7fc421a9df0a..255e9280421423 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_peepholer.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_peepholer.py
@@ -971,13 +971,14 @@ def trace(frame, event, arg):
         self.assertNotInBytecode(f, "LOAD_FAST_CHECK")
 
 
-class DirectiCfgOptimizerTests(CfgOptimizationTestCase):
+class DirectCfgOptimizerTests(CfgOptimizationTestCase):
 
     def cfg_optimization_test(self, insts, expected_insts,
-                              consts=None, expected_consts=None):
+                              consts=None, expected_consts=None,
+                              nlocals=0):
         if expected_consts is None:
             expected_consts = consts
-        opt_insts, opt_consts = self.get_optimized(insts, consts)
+        opt_insts, opt_consts = self.get_optimized(insts, consts, nlocals)
         expected_insts = self.normalize_insts(expected_insts)
         self.assertInstructionsMatch(opt_insts, expected_insts)
         self.assertEqual(opt_consts, expected_consts)
@@ -1058,6 +1059,19 @@ def test_conditional_jump_backward_const_condition(self):
         ]
         self.cfg_optimization_test(insts, expected_insts, consts=list(range(5)))
 
+    def test_no_unsafe_static_swap(self):
+        # We can't change order of two stores to the same location
+        insts = [
+            ('LOAD_CONST', 0, 1),
+            ('LOAD_CONST', 1, 2),
+            ('LOAD_CONST', 2, 3),
+            ('SWAP', 3, 4),
+            ('STORE_FAST', 1, 4),
+            ('STORE_FAST', 1, 4),
+            ('POP_TOP', 0, 4),
+            ('RETURN_VALUE', 5)
+        ]
+        self.cfg_optimization_test(insts, insts, consts=list(range(3)), nlocals=1)
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2023-05-18-13-00-21.gh-issue-104615.h_rtw2.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2023-05-18-13-00-21.gh-issue-104615.h_rtw2.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..447291a619dd67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2023-05-18-13-00-21.gh-issue-104615.h_rtw2.rst	
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Fix wrong ordering of assignments in code like ``a, a = x, y``. Contributed by
+Carl Meyer.
diff --git a/Modules/_testinternalcapi.c b/Modules/_testinternalcapi.c
index 5802f1d4ff5f50..3ee3323930836b 100644
--- a/Modules/_testinternalcapi.c
+++ b/Modules/_testinternalcapi.c
@@ -616,16 +616,17 @@ _testinternalcapi.optimize_cfg -> object
 
   instructions: object
   consts: object
+  nlocals: int
 
 Apply compiler optimizations to an instruction list.
 [clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
 _testinternalcapi_optimize_cfg_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *instructions,
-                                    PyObject *consts)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=5412aeafca683c8b input=7e8a3de86ebdd0f9]*/
+                                    PyObject *consts, int nlocals)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=57c53c3a3dfd1df0 input=6a96d1926d58d7e5]*/
 {
-    return _PyCompile_OptimizeCfg(instructions, consts);
+    return _PyCompile_OptimizeCfg(instructions, consts, nlocals);
 }
 
 static int
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/_testinternalcapi.c.h b/Modules/clinic/_testinternalcapi.c.h
index 41dd50437956c4..f5124125874503 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/_testinternalcapi.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/_testinternalcapi.c.h
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ _testinternalcapi_compiler_codegen(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_s
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(_testinternalcapi_optimize_cfg__doc__,
-"optimize_cfg($module, /, instructions, consts)\n"
+"optimize_cfg($module, /, instructions, consts, nlocals)\n"
 "--\n"
 "\n"
 "Apply compiler optimizations to an instruction list.");
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ PyDoc_STRVAR(_testinternalcapi_optimize_cfg__doc__,
 
 static PyObject *
 _testinternalcapi_optimize_cfg_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *instructions,
-                                    PyObject *consts);
+                                    PyObject *consts, int nlocals);
 
 static PyObject *
 _testinternalcapi_optimize_cfg(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
@@ -101,14 +101,14 @@ _testinternalcapi_optimize_cfg(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize
     PyObject *return_value = NULL;
     #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
 
-    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 2
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 3
     static struct {
         PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
         PyObject_VAR_HEAD
         PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
     } _kwtuple = {
         .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
-        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(instructions), &_Py_ID(consts), },
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(instructions), &_Py_ID(consts), &_Py_ID(nlocals), },
     };
     #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
     #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
@@ -117,24 +117,29 @@ _testinternalcapi_optimize_cfg(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize
     #  define KWTUPLE NULL
     #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
 
-    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"instructions", "consts", NULL};
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"instructions", "consts", "nlocals", NULL};
     static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
         .keywords = _keywords,
         .fname = "optimize_cfg",
         .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
     };
     #undef KWTUPLE
-    PyObject *argsbuf[2];
+    PyObject *argsbuf[3];
     PyObject *instructions;
     PyObject *consts;
+    int nlocals;
 
-    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser, 2, 2, 0, argsbuf);
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser, 3, 3, 0, argsbuf);
     if (!args) {
         goto exit;
     }
     instructions = args[0];
     consts = args[1];
-    return_value = _testinternalcapi_optimize_cfg_impl(module, instructions, consts);
+    nlocals = _PyLong_AsInt(args[2]);
+    if (nlocals == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    return_value = _testinternalcapi_optimize_cfg_impl(module, instructions, consts, nlocals);
 
 exit:
     return return_value;
@@ -201,4 +206,4 @@ _testinternalcapi_assemble_code_object(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args,
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=ab661d56a14b1a1c input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=2965f1578b986218 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Python/compile.c b/Python/compile.c
index 07f8d6684770a4..96cd6daa29fa07 100644
--- a/Python/compile.c
+++ b/Python/compile.c
@@ -7996,7 +7996,7 @@ _PyCompile_CodeGen(PyObject *ast, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *pflags,
 }
 
 PyObject *
-_PyCompile_OptimizeCfg(PyObject *instructions, PyObject *consts)
+_PyCompile_OptimizeCfg(PyObject *instructions, PyObject *consts, int nlocals)
 {
     PyObject *res = NULL;
     PyObject *const_cache = PyDict_New();
@@ -8008,7 +8008,7 @@ _PyCompile_OptimizeCfg(PyObject *instructions, PyObject *consts)
     if (instructions_to_cfg(instructions, &g) < 0) {
         goto error;
     }
-    int code_flags = 0, nlocals = 0, nparams = 0, firstlineno = 1;
+    int code_flags = 0, nparams = 0, firstlineno = 1;
     if (_PyCfg_OptimizeCodeUnit(&g, consts, const_cache, code_flags, nlocals,
                                 nparams, firstlineno) < 0) {
         goto error;
diff --git a/Python/flowgraph.c b/Python/flowgraph.c
index 7f790b79d2844f..f8039a4985d948 100644
--- a/Python/flowgraph.c
+++ b/Python/flowgraph.c
@@ -1293,6 +1293,11 @@ swaptimize(basicblock *block, int *ix)
      (opcode) == STORE_FAST_MAYBE_NULL || \
      (opcode) == POP_TOP)
 
+#define STORES_TO(instr) \
+    (((instr).i_opcode == STORE_FAST || \
+      (instr).i_opcode == STORE_FAST_MAYBE_NULL) \
+     ? (instr).i_oparg : -1)
+
 static int
 next_swappable_instruction(basicblock *block, int i, int lineno)
 {
@@ -1344,6 +1349,23 @@ apply_static_swaps(basicblock *block, int i)
                 return;
             }
         }
+        // The reordering is not safe if the two instructions to be swapped
+        // store to the same location, or if any intervening instruction stores
+        // to the same location as either of them.
+        int store_j = STORES_TO(block->b_instr[j]);
+        int store_k = STORES_TO(block->b_instr[k]);
+        if (store_j >= 0 || store_k >= 0) {
+            if (store_j == store_k) {
+                return;
+            }
+            for (int idx = j + 1; idx < k; idx++) {
+                int store_idx = STORES_TO(block->b_instr[idx]);
+                if (store_idx >= 0 && (store_idx == store_j || store_idx == store_k)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         // Success!
         INSTR_SET_OP0(swap, NOP);
         cfg_instr temp = block->b_instr[j];

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