Nobel Prize

Har saal Nobel Prizes dher area me dewa jjawe hae.Ii area hae Literature, Science aur Peace. Nobel Prize ke Alfred Nobel ke baad naam deewa gais hae. Iske dunia me sab se uppar waala proze maana jaawe hae.

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences bhi Alfred Nobel ke yaad me dewa jjawe hae, aur kabhi kabhi iske Nobel Prize in Economics bola jaawe hae, lekin ii Nobel ke will ke hissa nai hae. Iske 1969 me Bank of Sweden suruu karis rahaa. Ii proize ke aur Nobel Prize ke ssathe dewa jjawe hae.

Prize categories and winners

Physics me nobel prize jiite waala (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

Year	Name
1901	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
1902	Hendrik A. Lorentz + Pieter Zeeman
1903	Henri Becquerel + Pierre Curie + Marie Curie
1904	Lord Rayleigh
1905	Philipp Lenard
1906	J.J. Thomson
1907	Albert A. Michelson
1908	Gabriel Lippmann
1909	Guglielmo Marconi + Ferdinand Braun
1910	Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1911	Wilhelm Wien
1912	Gustaf Dalén
1913	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1914	Max von Laue
1915	William Bragg + Lawrence Bragg
1916	No prize awarded
1917	Charles Glover Barkla
1918	Max Planck
1919	Johannes Stark
1920	Charles Edouard Guillaume
1921	Albert Einstein
1922	Niels Bohr
1923	Robert A. Millikan
1924	Manne Siegbahn
1925	James Franck + Gustav Hertz
1926	Jean Baptiste Perrin
1927	Arthur H. Compton + C.T.R. Wilson
1928	Owen Willans Richardson
1929	Louis de Broglie
1930	Venkata Raman
1931	No prize awarded
1932	Werner Heisenberg
1933	Erwin Schrödinger + Paul A.M. Dirac
1934	No prize awarded
1935	James Chadwick
1936	Victor F. Hess + Carl D. Anderson
1937	Clinton Davisson + George Paget Thomson
1938	Enrico Fermi
1939	Ernest Lawrence
1940	No prize awarded
1941	No prize awarded
1942	No prize awarded
1943	Otto Stern
1944	Isidor Isaac Rabi
1945	Wolfgang Pauli
1946	Percy W. Bridgman
1947	Edward V. Appleton
1948	Patrick M.S. Blackett
1949	Hideki Yukawa
1950	Cecil Powell
1951	John Cockcroft + Ernest T.S. Walton
1952	Felix Bloch + E. M. Purcell
1953	Frits Zernike
1954	Max Born + Walther Bothe
1955	Willis E. Lamb + Polykarp Kusch
1956	William B. Shockley + John Bardeen + Walter H. Brattain
1957	Chen Ning Yang + Tsung-Dao Lee
1958	Pavel A. Cherenkov + Il´ja M. Frank + Igor Y. Tamm
1959	Emilio Segrè + Owen Chamberlain
1960	Donald A. Glaser
1961	Robert Hofstadter + Rudolf Mössbauer
1962	Lev Landau
1963	Eugene Wigner + Maria Goeppert-Mayer + J. Hans D. Jensen
1964	Charles H. Townes + Nicolay G. Basov + Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
1965	Sin-Itiro Tomonaga + Julian Schwinger + Richard P. Feynman
1966	Alfred Kastler
1967	Hans Bethe
1968	Luis Alvarez
1969	Murray Gell-Mann
1970	Hannes Alfvén + Louis Néel
1971	Dennis Gabor
1972	John Bardeen + Leon N. Cooper + Robert Schrieffer
1973	Leo Esaki + Ivar Giaever + Brian D. Josephson
1974	Martin Ryle + Antony Hewish
1975	Aage N. Bohr + Ben R. Mottelson + James Rainwater
1976	Burton Richter + Samuel C.C. Ting
1977	Philip W. Anderson + Sir Nevill F. Mott + John H. van Vleck
1978	Pyotr Kapitsa + Arno Penzias + Robert Woodrow Wilson
1979	Sheldon Glashow + Abdus Salam + Steven Weinberg
1980	James Cronin + Val Fitch
1981	Nicolaas Bloembergen + Arthur L. Schawlow + Kai M. Siegbahn
1982	Kenneth G. Wilson
1983	Subramanyan Chandrasekhar + William A. Fowler
1984	Carlo Rubbia + Simon van der Meer
1985	Klaus von Klitzing
1986	Ernst Ruska + Gerd Binnig + Heinrich Rohrer
1987	J. Georg Bednorz + K. Alex Müller
1988	Leon M. Lederman + Melvin Schwartz + Jack Steinberger
1989	Norman F. Ramsey + Hans G. Dehmelt + Wolfgang Paul
1990	Jerome I. Friedman + Henry W. Kendall + Richard E. Taylor
1991	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1992	Georges Charpak
1993	Russell A. Hulse + Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1994	Bertram N. Brockhouse + Clifford G. Shull
1995	Martin L. Perl + Frederick Reines
1996	David M. Lee + Douglas D. Osheroff + Robert C. Richardson
1997	Steven Chu + Claude Cohen-Tannoudji + William D. Phillips
1998	Robert B. Laughlin + Horst L. Störmer + Daniel C. Tsui
1999	Gerardus 't Hooft + Martinus J.G. Veltman
2000	Zhores I. Alferov + Herbert Kroemer + Jack S. Kilby
2001	Eric A. Cornell + Wolfgang Ketterle + Carl E. Wieman
2002	Raymond Davis Jr. + Masatoshi Koshiba + Riccardo Giacconi
2003	Alexei A. Abrikosov + Vitaly L. Ginzburg + Anthony J. Leggett
2004	David J. Gross + H. David Politzer + Frank Wilczek
2005	Roy J. Glauber + John L. Hall + Theodor W. Hänsch
2006	John C. Mather + George F. Smoot

Chemistry me Nobel prize jiite waala log(decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1901		Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff	the Netherlands	"[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"
1902		Hermann Emil Fischer	Germany	"[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"
1903		Svante August Arrhenius	Sweden	"[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"
1904		Sir William Ramsay	United Kingdom	"[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"
1905		Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer	Germany	"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
1906		Henri Moissan	France	"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"
1907		Eduard Buchner	Germany	"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"
1908		Ernest Rutherford	United Kingdom New Zealand	"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"
1909		Wilhelm Ostwald	Germany	"[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"
1910		Otto Wallach	Germany	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
1911		Marie Curie, née Sklodowska	Poland	"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"
1912		Victor Grignard	France	"for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"
		Paul Sabatier	France	"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"
1913		Alfred Werner	Switzerland	"[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"
1914		Theodore William Richards	United States	"[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
1915		Richard Martin Willstätter	Germany	"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
1916	Not awarded
1917	Not awarded
1918		Fritz Haber	Germany	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
1919	Not awarded
1920		Walther Hermann Nernst	Germany	"[for] his work in thermochemistry"
1921		Frederick Soddy	United Kingdom	"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"
1922		Francis William Aston	United Kingdom	"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"
1923		Fritz Pregl	Austria	"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"
1924	Not awarded
1925		Richard Adolf Zsigmondy	Germany	"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"
1926		The (Theodor) Svedberg	Sweden	"for his work on disperse systems"
1927		Heinrich Otto Wieland	Germany	"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"
1928		Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus	Germany	"[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"
1929		Arthur Harden	United Kingdom	"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"
		Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin	Germany
1930		Hans Fischer	Germany	"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"
1931		Carl Bosch	Germany	"[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"
		Friedrich Bergius	Germany
1932		Irving Langmuir	United States	"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
1933	Not awarded
1934		Harold Clayton Urey	United States	"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
1935		Frédéric Joliot	France	"[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"
		Irene Joliot-Curie	France
1936		Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye	the Netherlands	"[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"
1937		Walter Norman Haworth	United Kingdom	"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"
		Paul Karrer	Switzerland	"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938		Richard Kuhn	Germany	"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"
1939		Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt	Germany	"for his work on sex hormones"
		Leopold Ruzicka	Switzerland	"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
1940	Not awarded
1941	Not awarded
1942	Not awarded
1943		George de Hevesy	Hungary	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
1944		Otto Hahn	Germany	"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"
1945		Artturi Ilmari Virtanen	Finland	"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"
1946		James Batcheller Sumner	United States	"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
		John Howard Northrop	United States	"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
		Wendell Meredith Stanley	United States
1947		Sir Robert Robinson	United Kingdom	"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"
1948		Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius	Sweden	"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"
1949		William Francis Giauque	United States	"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
1950		Otto Paul Hermann Diels	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"
		Kurt Alder	Federal Republic of Germany
1951		Edwin Mattison McMillan	United States	"for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"
		Glenn Theodore Seaborg	United States
1952		Archer John Porter Martin	United Kingdom	"for their invention of partition chromatography"
		Richard Laurence Millington Synge	United Kingdom
1953		Hermann Staudinger	Federal Republic of Germany	"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"
1954		Linus Carl Pauling	United States	"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
1955		Vincent du Vigneaud	United States	"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
1956		Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood	United Kingdom	"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
		Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov	USSR
1957		Lord (Alexander R.) Todd	United Kingdom	"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"
1958		Frederick Sanger	United Kingdom	"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"
1959		Jaroslav Heyrovský	Czechoslovakia	"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"
1960		Willard Frank Libby	United States	"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
1961		Melvin Calvin	United States	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1962		Max Ferdinand Perutz	United Kingdom	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
		John Cowdery Kendrew	United Kingdom
1963		Karl Ziegler	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
		Giulio Natta	Italy
1964		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	United Kingdom	"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"
1965		Robert Burns Woodward	United States	"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
1966		Robert S. Mulliken	United States	"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
1967		Manfred Eigen	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
		Ronald George Wreyford Norrish	United Kingdom
		George Porter	United Kingdom
1968		Lars Onsager	United States	"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
1969		Derek H. R. Barton	United Kingdom	"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
		Odd Hassel	Norway
1970		Luis F. Leloir	Argentina	"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"
1971		Gerhard Herzberg	Canada	"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"
1972		Christian B. Anfinsen	United States	"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
		Stanford Moore	United States	"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
		William H. Stein	United States
1973		Ernst Otto Fischer	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"
		Geoffrey Wilkinson	United Kingdom
1974		Paul J. Flory	United States	"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"
1975		John Warcup Cornforth	Australia United Kingdom	"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"
		Vladimir Prelog	Switzerland	"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
1976		William N. Lipscomb	United States	"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
1977		Ilya Prigogine	Belgium	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
1978		Peter D. Mitchell	United Kingdom	"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"
1979		Herbert C. Brown	United States	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
		Georg Wittig	Federal Republic of Germany
1980		Paul Berg	United States	"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
		Walter Gilbert	United States	"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
		Frederick Sanger	United Kingdom
1981		Kenichi Fukui	Japan	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
		Roald Hoffmann	United States
1982		Aaron Klug	United Kingdom	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
1983		Henry Taube	United States	"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
1984	file:Robert B. Merrifield.jpg	Robert Bruce Merrifield	United States	"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
1985		Herbert A. Hauptman	United States	"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
		Jerome Karle	United States
1986		Dudley R. Herschbach	United States	"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
		Yuan T. Lee	United States
		John C. Polanyi	Canada
1987		Donald J. Cram	United States	"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
		Jean-Marie Lehn	France
		Charles J. Pedersen	United States
1988		Johann Deisenhofer	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"
		Robert Huber	Federal Republic of Germany
		Hartmut Michel	Federal Republic of Germany
1989		Sidney Altman	Canada United States	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
		Thomas R. Cech	United States
1990		Elias James Corey	United States	"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
1991		Richard R. Ernst	Switzerland	"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"
1992		Rudolph A. Marcus	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1993		Kary B. Mullis	United States	"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
		Michael Smith	Canada	"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"
1994		George A. Olah	United States	"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1995		Paul J. Crutzen	the Netherlands	"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
	Mario J. Molina	Mario J. Molina	United States
		F. Sherwood Rowland	United States
1996		Robert F. Curl Jr.	United States	"for their discovery of fullerenes"
		Sir Harold W. Kroto	United Kingdom
		Richard E. Smalley	United States
1997		Paul D. Boyer	United States	"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
		John E. Walker	United Kingdom
		Jens C. Skou	Denmark	"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"
1998		Walter Kohn	United States	"for his development of the density-functional theory"
		John A. Pople	United Kingdom	"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"
1999		Ahmed H. Zewail	Egypt United States	"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
2000		Alan J. Heeger	United States	"for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"
		Alan G MacDiarmid	United States New Zealand
		Hideki Shirakawa	Japan
2001		William S. Knowles	United States	"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
		Ryoji Noyori	Japan
		K. Barry Sharpless	United States	"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2002		John B. Fenn	United States	"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
		Koichi Tanaka	Japan
		Kurt Wüthrich	Switzerland	"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"
2003		Peter Agre	United States	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"
	Roderick MacKinnon	Roderick MacKinnon	United States	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
2004		Aaron Ciechanover	Israel	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
		Avram Hershko	Israel
		Irwin Rose	United States
2005		Yves Chauvin	France	"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
		Robert H. Grubbs	United States
		Richard R. Schrock	United States
2006		Roger D. Kornberg	United States	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
2007		Gerhard Ertl	Germany	"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
2008		Osamu Shimomura	United States	"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
		Martin Chalfie	United States
		Roger Y. Tsien	United States

Medicine me Nobel prize jiite waala log (decided by Karolinska Institutet)

1901-1910

Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1906

• 1901 - Emil Adolf von Behring, Germany, for making a serum to stop people getting the disease diphtheria
• 1902 - Ronald Ross, United Kingdom, for work on malaria
• 1903 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Denmark, for treating lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin), with light radiation.
• 1904 - Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Russia, for his work on the way digestion works.
• 1905 - Robert Koch, Germany, for studying tuberculosis
• 1906 - Camillo Golgi, Italy and Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spain for their work on the parts of the nervous system
• 1907 - Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, France, for his work on the way protozoa can cause disease
• 1908 - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russia, and Paul Ehrlich, Germany, for finding out how immunity fights disease
• 1909 - Emil Theodor Kocher, Switzerland, for his work on the thyroid gland
• 1910, Albrecht Kossel, Germany, for his work on proteins and nucleic substances

1911-1919

Allvar Gullstrand, 1911

• 1911 - Allvar Gullstrand, Sweden, for his work on light refraction and the eye
• 1912 - Alexis Carrel, France, for his work on joining blood vessels and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs
• 1913 - Charles Robert Richet, France, for his work on anaphylaxis
• 1914 - Robert Bárány, Austria, for his work on the ear and balance
• 1915 - Not awarded
• 1916 - Not awarded
• 1917 - Not awarded
• 1918 - Not awarded
• 1919 - Jules Bordet, Belgium, for his discoveries about immunity

1920-1929

Frederick Banting, 1923

• 1920 - Schack August Steenberg Krogh, Denmark, for his discoveries about capillaries
• 1921 - Not awarded
• 1922 - Archibald Vivian Hill, United Kingdom, for finding out how muscles make heat
• 1922 - Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germany, for finding out how oxygen makes chemical changes in lactic acid in muscles
• 1923 - Frederick Grant Banting, Canada and John James Richard Macleod, Canada, for the discovery of insulin"
• 1924 - Willem Einthoven, The Netherlands, for inventing the electrocardiogram"
• 1925 - Not awarded
• 1926 - Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Denmark, for his discovery that an infection could lead to cancer
• 1927 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austria, for his discovery that malaria inoculation helps the treatment of paralysis
• 1928 - Charles Jules Henri Nicolle, France, for his work on typhus
• 1929, Christiaan Eijkman, The Netherlands, for finding out how to use a vitamin to stop nerve pain"
• 1929 - Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the vitamins that help growth

1930-1939

file:1000 Schilling Karl Landsteiner obverse.jpg

Karl Landsteiner, on an Austrian banknote

• 1930 - Karl Landsteiner, for discovery of human blood types
• 1931 - Otto Heinrich Warburg, Germany, for his discovery of the respiratory enzyme
• 1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, United Kingdom, and Edgar Douglas Adrian, United Kingdom, for discoveries about neurons (nerve cells)
• 1933 - Thomas Hunt Morgan, United States, for his work on chromosomes and heredity"
• 1934 - George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, and William Parry Murphy, United States, for their work on treating the liver to help with anaemia
• 1935 - Hans Spemann, Germany, for finding the organizer effect in embryonic development
• 1936 - Sir Henry Hallett Dale, United Kingdom, and Otto Loewi, Austria for their discoveries about neurotransmitters and nerve impulses
• 1937 - Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt, Hungary, for his discoveries about cells, vitamin C and chemical changes of fumaric acid
• 1938 - Corneille Jean François Heymans, Belgium, for work on the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the control of breathing
• 1939 - Gerhard Domagk, Germany, for finding the antibacterial effects of prontosil

1940-1949

Alexander Fleming, 1945

• 1940 - Not awarded
• 1941 - Not awarded
• 1942 - Not awarded
• 1943 - Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Denmark, for his discovery of vitamin K
• 1943 - Edward Adelbert Doisy, United States, for work on vitamin K"
• 1944 - Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser, United States, for their discoveries about single nerve fibres
• 1945 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, United Kingdom and Howard Walter Florey, Australia, for the discovery of penicillin and making it into an antibiotic to cure infectious diseases
• 1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller, United States, for the discovery of mutations caused by X-ray irradiation
• 1947 - Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, United States, for their work on catalytic conversion of glycogen
• 1947 - Bernardo Alberto Houssay, Argentina, for finding out how the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe works in the metabolism of sugar
• 1948 - Paul Hermann Müller, Switzerland, for his work on DDT as a poison against several insects
• 1949 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Switzerland, for his discovery of the way the brain controls the internal organs
• 1949 - Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, Portugal, for using leucotomy (brain surgery) to cure some mental illnesses.

1950-1959

Selman Waksman, 1952

• 1950 - Philip Showalter Hench, Edward Calvin Kendall, United States, and Tadeusz Reichstein, Switzerland, for finding out about the hormones of the adrenal cortex.
• 1951 - Max Theiler, Union of South Africa, for his discoveries about yellow fever.
• 1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman, United States, for finding streptomycin, the first antibiotic to work against tuberculosis
• 1953 - Hans Adolf Krebs, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the citric acid cycle
• 1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann, United States, for his discovery of co-enzyme A
• 1954 - John Franklin Enders, Frederick Chapman Robbins, and Thomas Huckle Weller, United States, for finding the poliomyelitis virus and growing it in a laboratory
• 1955 - Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell, Sweden, for his discoveries about enzymes changing with oxygen
• 1956 - André Frédéric Cournand, Dickinson W. Richards, United States, and Werner Forssmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for their discoveries about heart catheterization and changes in the circulatory system
• 1957 - Daniel Bovet, Italy for his work on antihistamine and what they do to parts of the body
• 1958 - George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum, United States, for finding out how genes work
• 1958 - Joshua Lederberg, United States, for finding out how genes can work together and the organization of the genes in bacteria
• 1959 - Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa, United States, for their discovery of how living things join ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

1960-1969

file:JamesDWatson.jpg

James D.Watson, 1962

• 1960 - Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australia, and Peter Brian Medawar, United Kingdom, for finding out how the body's immunity to things can change.
• 1961 - Georg von Békésy, United States, for his discoveries about the cochlea"
• 1962 - Francis Harry Compton Crick, United Kingdom, James Dewey Watson, United States, and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, New Zealand, for finding the structure of nucleic acids and its importance in moving information in living things
• 1963 - Sir John Carew Eccles, Australia, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, United Kingdom, and Andrew Fielding Huxley, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about nerve cell membrane
• 1964 - Konrad Bloch, United States, and Feodor Lynen, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding out how cholesterol and fatty acid work in the body
• 1965 - François Jacob, André Lwoff, and Jacques Monod, France, for finding out how genes control control viruses
• 1966 - Peyton Rous, United States, for his discovery that viruses can cause tumours
• 1966 - Charles Brenton Huggins, United States, for using hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
• 1967 - Ragnar Granit, Sweden, Haldan Keffer Hartline, and George Wald, United States, for their discoveries about how the eye works
• 1968 - Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall W. Nirenberg, United States, for their understanding of the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis
• 1969 - Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, and Salvador E. Luria, United States, for finding how viruses reproduce

1970-1979

David Baltimore, 1975

• 1970 - Julius Axelrod, Ulf von Euler, Sweden, and Sir Bernard Katz, United Kingdom, for finding out about transmittors in the nerve terminals and how they work
• 1971 - Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., United States, for his discoveries about hormones
• 1972 - Gerald M. Edelman, United States, and Rodney R. Porter, United Kingdom, for finding out the chemical structure of antibodies
• 1973 - Karl von Frisch, Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Lorenz, Austria, and Nikolaas Tinbergen, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about individual and social behaviour patterns
• 1974 - Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, Belgium, and George E. Palade, United States, for their discoveries about cells
• 1975 - David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, and Howard Martin Temin, United States, for finding what happens when tumour causing viruses infect normal cells.
• 1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek, United States, for their discoveries about the beginnings and spreading of infectious diseases
• 1977 - Roger Guillemin, Andrew W. Schally, United States, for their discoveries about how the brain makes peptide hormone
• 1977 - Rosalyn Yalow, United States, for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
• 1978 - Werner Arber, Switzerland, Daniel Nathans, United States, and Hamilton O. Smith, United States for finding restriction enzymes and their use in molecular genetics"
• 1979 - Allan M. Cormack, United States, and Godfrey N. Hounsfield, United Kingdom, for the development of computer assisted tomography

1980-1989

file:Rita Levi-Montalcini in 1965.jpg

Rita Levi-Montalcini, 1986

• 1980 - Baruj Benacerraf, United States, Jean Dausset, France, and George D. Snell, United States, for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that control immunological reactions
• 1981 - Roger W. Sperry, United States, for finding out the role of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain
• 1981 - David H. Hubel, United States, and Torsten N. Wiesel, Sweden, for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system"
• 1982 - Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Sweden, and John R. Vane, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about prostaglandins.
• 1983 - Barbara McClintock, United States, for her discovery of mobile genetic elements
• 1984 - Niels K. Jerne, Denmark, Georges J.F. Köhler, Federal Republic of Germany, César Milstein, Argentina and the United Kingdom, for theories about the development and control of the immune system and the discovery of monoclonal antibodies are made
• 1985 - Michael S. Brown, and Joseph L. Goldstein, United States, for finding out how cholesterol is controlled
• 1986 - Stanley Cohen, United States, and Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italy and the United States, for their discoveries of growth factors
• 1987 - Susumu Tonegawa, Japan, for his discovery how the genes make different antibodies
• 1988 - Sir James W. Black, United Kingdom, Gertrude B. Elion, and George H. Hitchings, United States, for finding important rules for drug treatment
• 1989 - J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus, United States, found how disturbing a large family of genes that control the normal growth and division of cells, can cause normal cells to change into cancer cells.

1990-1999

Ferid Murad, 1998

• 1990 - Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas, United States, for their discoveries about organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of disease"
• 1991 - Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding what single ion channels do in cells
• 1992 - Edmond H. Fischer, Switzerland and the United States, and Edwin G. Krebs, United States, for finding reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological control mechanism
• 1993 - Richard J. Roberts, United Kingdom, and Phillip A. Sharp, United States, for their discoveries of split genes
• 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman, and Martin Rodbell, United States, for finding G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
• 1995 - Edward B. Lewis, United States, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Federal Republic of Germany, and Eric F. Wieschaus, United States, for finding how embryonic development is changed by genes
• 1996 - Peter C. Doherty, Australia, and Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Switzerland, for finding how the immune system knows which cells are virus-infected
• 1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner, United States, for his discovery of Prions, proteins that make people sick
• 1998 - Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad, United States, for finding how nitric oxide works as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
• 1999 - Günter Blobel, United States, for the discovery that proteins have built-in signals that control their transport and localization in the cell

2000-2009

Luc Montagnier, 2008

• 2000 - Arvid Carlsson, Sweden, Paul Greengard, United States, and Eric R. Kandel, United States, for their discoveries about signal transduction in the nervous system"
• 2001 - Leland H. Hartwell, United States, Tim Hunt, United Kingdom, and Sir Paul M. Nurse, United Kingdom, for finding the main controls in the cell cycle
• 2002 - Sydney Brenner, United Kingdom, H. Robert Horvitz, United States, and John E. Sulston, United Kingdom, for their finding the genetic controls of organ development and programmed cell death
• 2003 - Paul Lauterbur, United States, and Sir Peter Mansfield, United Kingdom, for inventing magnetic resonance imaging"
• 2004 - Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck, United States, for finding odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system, (how we smell things)
• 2005 - Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren, Australia, for finding the bacterium Helicobacter pylori that causes gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
• 2006 - Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello, United States, for finding how RNA interference can switch genes "on" or "off"
• 2007 - Mario R. Capecchi, United States, Sir Martin J. Evans, United Kingdom, Oliver Smithies, United States, for finding how to change genes in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
• 2008 - Harald zur Hausen, Germany, for finding the human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer
  
• 2008 - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, France, for finding the human immunodeficiency virus

• Winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature (decided by the Swedish Academy)
• Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize (decided by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, appointed by the Norwegian Parliament, Stortinget)
• Winners of the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)