Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has stimulated the digital transformation of antiquated healthcare system to a smart hospital, enabling the personalised and remote healthcare services. To augment the functionalities of these intelligent healthcare systems, 5G & B5G heterogeneous network has emerged as a robust and reliable solution. But the pivotal challenge for 5G & B5G connectivity solutions is to ensure flexible and agile service orchestration with acknowledged Quality of Experience (QoE). However, the existing radio access technology (RAT) selection strategies are incapacitated in terms of QoE provisioning and Quality of Service (QoS) maintenance. Therefore, an intelligent QoE aware RAT selection architecture based on software-defined wireless networking (SDWN) and edge computing has been proposed for 5G-enabled healthcare network. The proposed model leverages the principles of invalid action masking and multi-agent reinforcement learning to allow faster convergence to QoE optimised RAT selection policy. The analytical evaluation validates that the proposed scheme outperforms the other existing schemes in terms of enhancing personalised user-experience with efficient resource utilisation.

















Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.Availability of data and material
This manuscript has no associated data file.
References
Ahmad A, Floris A, Atzori L (2016) QoE-centric service delivery: a collaborative approach among OTTs and ISPs. Comput Netw 110:168–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2016.09.022
Al-Janabi S (2018) Smart system to create an optimal higher education environment using IDA and IOTs. Int J Comput Appl 42:244–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212X.2018.1512460
Al-Janabi S, Alkaim AF (2020) A nifty collaborative analysis to predicting a novel tool (DRFLLS) for missing values estimation. Soft Comput 24:555–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-019-03972-x
Al-Janabi S, Hussein NY (2020) The reality and future of the secure mobile cloud computing (SMCC): survey. In: Farhaoui Y (ed) Big data and networks technologies. BDNT 2019. Lecture notes in networks and systems. Springer, Cham, pp 231–261
Al-Janabi S, Al-Shourbaji I, Shojafar M, Abdelhag M (2017) Mobile cloud computing: challenges and future research directions. In: Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE), IEEE, Paris, pp 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1109/DeSE.2017.21
Arabi S, Hammouti HE, Sabir E, Elbiaze H, Sadik M (2019) RAT association for autonomic IoT systems. IEEE Network 33(6):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2019.1800513
Barmpounakis S, Kaloxylos A, Spapis P, Alonistioti (2017) Context-aware, user-driven, network-controlled RAT selection for 5G networks. Comput Netw 113:124–147
Bhatia M, Kumar K (2019) Network selection in cognitive radio enabled wireless body area networks. Digit Commun Netw 6:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2018.03.003
Bhattacharya R et al (2019) QFlow: a reinforcement learning approach to high QoE video streaming over wireless networks. In: Proceedings of the Twentieth ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. ACM, Catania, pp 251–260
Chen X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Long R, Yu H, Du X, Guizani M (2018) Reinforcement learning-based QoS/QoE-aware service function chaining in software-driven 5G slices. Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol e3477:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.3477
Chen M, Li W, Hao Y, Qian Y, Humar I (2018) Edge cognitive computing based smart healthcare system. Futur Gener Comput Syst 86:403–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.03.054
Cisotto G, Casarin E, Tomasin S (2020) Requirements and enablers of advanced healthcare services over future cellular systems. IEEE Commun Mag 58(3):76–81. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.001.1900349
Desogus C, Anedda M, Murroni M, Muntean GM (2019) A traffic type-based differentiated reputation algorithm for radio resource allocation during multi-service content delivery in 5G heterogeneous scenarios. IEEE Access 7:27720–27735
Ding H, Zhao F, Tian J, Li D, Zhang H (2019) A deep reinforcement learning for user association and power control in heterogeneous networks. Ad Hoc Netw 102:1–18
Du Z, Jiang B, Wu Q, Xu Y, Xu K (2020) Exploiting user demand diversity: QoE game and MARL based network selection. In: Du Z (ed) Towards user-centric intelligent network selection in 5G heterogeneous wireless networks. Springer, Singapore, pp 101–130
Efroni Y, Merlis N, Ghavamzadeh M, Mannor S (2019) Tight regret bounds for model-based reinforcement learning with greedy policies. In: Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vancouver, pp 12224–12234
El Helou M, Ibrahim M, Lahoud S, Khawam K, Mezher D, Cousin B (2015) A network-assisted approach for RAT selection in heterogeneous cellular networks. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 33(6):1055–1067
François-Lavet V, Henderson P, Islam R, Bellemare MG, Pineau J (2018) An introduction to deep reinforcement learning. Found Trends Mach Learn 11(3–4):219–354. https://doi.org/10.1561/2200000071
Goyal P, Lobiyal DK, Katti CP (2018) Game theory for vertical handoff decisions in heterogeneous wireless networks: a tutorial. In: Bhattacharyya S, Gandhi T, Sharma K, Dutta P (eds) Advanced computational and communication paradigms. Lecture notes in electrical engineering. Springer, Singapore, pp 422–430
Hadi MS, Lawey AQ, El-Gorashi TEH, Elmirghani JMH (2020) Patient-centric HetNets powered by machine learning and big data analytics for 6G networks. IEEE Access 1:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992555
Hao Y, Jiang Y, Hossain MS, Ghoneim A, Yang J, Humar I (2018) Data-driven resource management in a 5G wearable network using network slicing technology. IEEE Sens J 19(19):8379–8386. https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2018.2883976
Hasselt HV, Guez A, Silver D (2016) Deep reinforcement learning with double Q-learning. In: Proceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Phoneix, pp 2094–2100
Hemmati M, McCormick B, Shirmohammadi S (2017) QoE-aware bandwidth allocation for video traffic using sigmoidal programming. IEEE Multimedia 24(4):80–90. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMUL.2017.4031305
Imran MA, Abdulrahman Sambo Y, Abbasi QH, Soldani D, Innocenti M (2020) 5G Communication systems and connected healthcare. In: Imran MA, Abdulrahman Sambo Y and Abbasi QH (eds) Enabling 5G Communication systems to support vertical industries. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119515579.ch7
Johnson A, Pollard T, Mark R (2019) MIMIC-III clinical database demo (version 1.4). PhysioNet. https://doi.org/10.13026/C2HM2Q
Kim KS et al (2019) Ultrareliable and low-latency communication techniques for tactile internet services. Proc IEEE 107(2):376–393. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2018.2868995
Krishankumar R, Arun K, Kumar A et al (2021) Double-hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic information-based framework for green supplier selection with partial weight information. Neural Comput Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06123-2
Kumar B, Sharma L, Wu SL (2019) Online distributed user association for heterogeneous radio access network. Sensors 19(6):1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061412
Lloret J, Parra L, Taha M, Tomás J (2017) An architecture and protocol for smart continuous eHealth monitoring using 5G. Comput Netw 129:340–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2017.05.018
Malasinghe LP, Ramzan N, Dahal K (2017) Remote patient monitoring: a comprehensive study. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 10(1):57–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-017-0598-x
Manjeshwar AN, Roy A, Jha P & Karandikar (2019) A control and management of multiple RATs in wireless networks: an SDN approach. In: Proceedings of the 2nd 5G World Forum (5GWF). IEEE, Dresden, pp 596–601. https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF.2019.8911703
Mismar FB, Evans BL (2018) Deep Q-learning for self-organizing networks fault management and radio performance improvement. In: Proceedings of 52nd Asilomar conference on signals, systems, and computers - Pacific Grove, IEEE, CA, pp 1457–1461
Mollel MS, Abubakar AI, Ozturk M, Kaijage S, Kisangiri M, Zoha A, Abbasi QH (2020) Intelligent handover decision scheme using double deep reinforcement learning. Phys Commun 42(2020):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2020.101133
Mukherjee A, Ghosh S, Behere A, Ghosh SK, Buyya R (2021) Internet of Health Things (IoHT) for personalized health care using integrated edge-fog-cloud network. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 12:943–959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02113-9
Nasir YS, Guo D (2019) Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for dynamic power allocation in wireless networks. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 37(10):2239–2250. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2019.2933973
Nguyen DD, Nguyen HX, White LB (2017) Reinforcement learning with network-assisted feedback for heterogeneous RAT selection. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 16(9):6062–6076
Ning Z, Dong P, Wang X, Hu X, Guo L, Hu B, Guo Y, Qiu T, Kwok RYK (2020) Mobile edge computing enabled 5G health monitoring for internet of medical things: a decentralized game theoretic approach. IEEE J Select Area Commun 39(2):463–478
Patel A, Al-Janabi S, AlShourbaji I, Pedersen J (2015) A novel methodology towards a trusted environment in mashup web applications. Comput Secur 49:107–122
Pedregosa F et al. (2011) Neural network models (supervised). scikit-learn. https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/neural_networks_supervised.html. Accessed 15 Aug 2021
Priya B, Malhotra J (2020) 5GAuNetS: an autonomous 5G network selection framework for Industry 4.0. Soft Comput 24:9507–9523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-019-04460-y
Priya B, Malhotra J (2020) QAAs: QoS provisioned artificial intelligence framework for AP selection in next-generation wireless networks. Telecommun Syst. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-020-00710-9
Rahmani Amir M, Gia Tuan N, Negash B, Anzanpour A, Azimi I, Jiang M, Liljeberg P (2017) Exploiting smart e-health gateways at the edge of healthcare Internet-of-Things: a fog computing approach. Futur Gener Comput Syst 78:641–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.02.014
Rajesh L, Boopathybagan K, Ramesh B (2017) User demand wireless network selection using game theory. In: Nath V (ed) Proceedings of the international conference on nano-electronics, circuits and communication systems. Lecture notes in electrical engineering. Springer, Singapore, pp 39–53
Rustam F et al (2020) Sensor-based human activity recognition using deep stacked multilayered perceptron model. IEEE Access 8:218898–218910. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3041822
Salih YK, See OH, Ibrahim RW (2016) An intelligent selection method based on game theory in heterogeneous wireless networks. Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol 27(12):1641–1652. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.3102
Sandoval RM, Canovas-Carrasco S, Garcia-Sanchez A, Garcia-Haro J (2019) A reinforcement learning-based framework for the exploitation of multiple RATs in the IoT. IEEE Access 7:123341–123354. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2938084
Saraiva J, Braga IM, Monteiro VF, Lima FRM, Maciel T, Freitas W, Cavalcanti FRP (2020) Deep reinforcement learning for QoS-constrained resource allocation in multiservice networks. J Commun Inf Syst 35(1):66–76
Serpen G, Gao Z (2014) Complexity analysis of multilayer perceptron neural network embedded into a wireless sensor network. Procedia Comput Sci 36:192–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.09.078
Shantharama P, Thyagaturu A, Karakoc N, Ferrari L, Reisslein M, Scaglione A (2018) LayBack: SDN management of multi-access edge computing (MEC) for network access services and radio resource sharing. IEEE Access 6:57545–57561. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2873984
Simsek M, Aijaz A, Dohler M, Sachs J, Fettweis G (2016) 5G-Enabled tactile internet. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 34(3):460–473. https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2016.2525398
Skondras E, Michalas A, Vergados DD (2019) Mobility management on 5G vehicular cloud computing systems. Veh Commun 16(2019):15–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2019.01.001
Sun P, Guo Z, Wang G, Lan J, Hu Y (2020) MARVEL: enabling controller load balancing in software-defined networks with multi-agent reinforcement learning. Comput Netw 177:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107230
Tartarini L, Marotta MA, Cerqueira E, Rochol J, Both CB, Gerla M, Bellavista P (2017) Software-defined handover decision engine for heterogeneous cloud radio access networks. Comput Commun 115:21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2017.10.018
Thuemmler C, Paulin A, Lim AK (2016) Determinants of next generation e-health network and architecture specifications. In: Proceedings of IEEE 18th Int. Conf. on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom). IEEE, Munich, pp 1–6
Ugalmugale S, Swain R (2020) Telemedicine Market Size By Service (Tele-consulting, Tele-monitoring, Tele-education/training), By Type (Telehospital, Telehome), By Specialty (Cardiology, Gynecology, Neurology, Orthopedics, Dermatology, Mental Health), By Delivery Mode (Web/Mobile Telephonic, Visualized, Call Centers), Industry Analysis Report, Regional Outlook, Growth Potential, Price Trends, Competitive Market Share & Forecast, 2020–2026. Global Market Insights.https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/telemedicine-market. Accessed 26 Sep 2020
Van D, Ai Q, Liu Q (2017) Vertical handover algorithm for WBANs in ubiquitous healthcare with quality of service guarantees. Information 8(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/info8010034
Varga N, Piri E, Bokor L (2015) Network-assisted smart access point selection for pervasive real-time mHealth applications. Procedia Comput Sci 63:317–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.08.349
Vinayakumar R, Alazab M, Soman KP, Poornachandran P, Al-Nemrat A, Venkatraman S (2019) Deep learning approach for intelligent intrusion detection system. IEEE Access 7:41525–41550. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2895334
Wang Y et al (2017) A data-driven architecture for personalized QoE management in 5G wireless networks. IEEE Wirel Commun 24(1):102–110. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2016.1500184WC
Wang X, Li J, Wang L, Yang C, Han Z (2019) Intelligent user-centric network selection: a model-driven reinforcement learning framework. IEEE Access 7:21645–21661. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2898205
Wang X, Su X & Liu B (2019) A novel network selection approach in 5G heterogeneous networks using Q-learning. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT). IEEE, Hanoi, pp 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.2019.8798797
Xu F, Ye H, Yang F, Zhao C (2019) Software defined mission-critical wireless sensor network: architecture and edge offloading strategy. IEEE Access 7:10383–10391. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2890854
Yadav P, Agrawal R, Kashish K (2018) Heterogeneous network access for seamless data transmission in remote healthcare. Int J Grid Distrib Comput 11(8):69–86
Yamamoto H et al (2020) Forecasting crypto-asset price using influencer tweets. In: Barolli L, Takizawa M, Xhafa F, Enokido T (eds) Advanced information networking and applications. AINA 2019. Advances in intelligent systems and computing. Springer, Cham, pp 940–951
Zhang Q, Lin M, Yang LT, Chen Z, Khan SU, Li P (2018) A double deep Q-learning model for energy-efficient edge scheduling. IEEE Trans Serv Comput 12(5):739–749
Zhang Q, Liang Y-C, Poor HV (2020) Intelligent user association for symbiotic radio networks using deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 19(7):4535–4548. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2020.2984758
Zhang Q, Liu J & Zhao G (2018) Towards 5G enabled tactile robotic telesurgery. arXiv:1803.03586 [cs.NI]. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.03586.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2020
Zhang X, Sen S, Kurniawan D, Gunawi H, Jiang J (2019) E2E: embracing user heterogeneity to improve quality of experience on the web. In: Proceedings of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication - SIGCOMM ’19, ACM, Beijing, pp 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1145/3341302.3342089
Zhang K,Yang Z & Basar T (2019) Multi-agent reinforcement learning: a selective overview of theories and algorithms. arXiv:1911.10635. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.10635.pdf. Accessed 27 July 2020
Zhao N, Liang YC, Niyato D, Pei Y, Wu M, Jiang Y (2019) Deep reinforcement learning for user association and resource allocation in heterogeneous cellular networks. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 18(11):5141–5152
Zhong Y, Wang H, Lv H (2020) A cognitive wireless networks access selection algorithm based on MADM. Ad Hoc Netw 109(2020):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102286
Zhu A, Guo S, Liu B, Ma M, Feng H, Su X (2019) Adaptive multi-service heterogeneous network selection scheme in mobile edge computing. IEEE Internet Things J 6(4):6862–6875. https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2912155
Acknowledgements
Author would like to thank University Grant Commission, New Delhi for Junior Research Fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Priya, B., Malhotra, J. 5GhNet: an intelligent QoE aware RAT selection framework for 5G-enabled healthcare network. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 14, 8387–8408 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03606-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03606-x
Keywords
Profiles
- Bhanu Priya View author profile
- Jyoteesh Malhotra View author profile