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Groundwater vulnerability assessment and evaluation of human activity impact (HAI) within the Dead Sea groundwater basin, Jordan

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Abstract

Groundwater vulnerability to contamination was determined within the Dead Sea groundwater basin, Jordan, using the DRASTIC model and evaluation of human activity impact (HAI). DRASTIC is an index model composed of several hydrogeological parameters and, in this study, the recharge parameter component was calculated as a function of rainfall, soil permeability, slope percentage, fault system, and the intersection locations between the fault system and the drainage system, based on the hydrogeologic characteristics of hard-rock terrain in an arid region. To evaluate the HAI index, a land use/cover map was produced using an ASTER VNIR image, acquired for September 2004, and combined with the resultant DRASTIC model. By comparing the DRASTIC and HAI indices, it is found that human activity is affecting the groundwater quality and increasing its pollution risk. The land use/cover map was verified using the average nitrate concentrations in groundwater associated with land in each class. A sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to study the model sensitivity. The analyses showed that the depth to water table and hydraulic conductivity parameters have no significant impact on the model, whereas the impact of vadose zone, aquifer media, and recharge parameters have a significant impact on the DRASTIC model.

Résumé

La vulnérabilité des eaux souterraines envers les contaminations a été étudiée sur le bassin hydrogéologique de la Mer Morte en Jordanie, en utilisant le modèle DRASTIC et l’évaluation de l’impact des activités humaines (HAI). DRASTIC est un modèle indexé composé de plusieurs paramètres hydrogéologiques ; dans la présente étude, le paramètre “alimentation” a été calculé comme une fonction des précipitations, de la perméabilité du sol, de la pente, de la fracturation et des positions des intersections entre système de drainage et fracturation, sur la base des caractéristiques hydrogéologiques des roches dures en région aride. Afin d’évaluer l’indice HAI, une carte d’occupation des sols a été construite à partir d’une image ASTER VNIR datant de septembre 2004, puis combinée avec le modèle DRASTIC résultant. La comparaison des indices DRASTIC et HAI fait apparaître que l’activité humaine affecte la qualité des eaux souterraines et augmente les risques de pollution. La carte d’occupation des sols a été validée par les concentrations en nitrates dans les eaux souterraines associées au terrain dans chaque classe. Une analyse de sensibilité a été effectuée dans le but d’étudier la sensibilité du modèle. Les analyses ont montré que la profondeur de la surface piézométrique et la perméabilité n’ont pas d’impact notable sur le modèle, tandis que l’impact de la zone non-saturée, la matrice de l’aquifère et les paramètres d’alimentation ont une influence significative sur le modèle DRASTIC.

Resumen

La vulnerabilidad a contaminación de agua subterránea en la cuenca del Mar Muerto, Jordania, fue determinada usando el modelo DRASTIC y la evaluación de impacto de actividad humana (HAI). DRASTIC es un método index compuesto de varios parámetros hidrogeológicos y, en este estudio, el parámetro de descarga fue calculado como una función de la precipitación, permeabilidad del suelo, porcentaje de pendiente, sistema de fallas, y las áreas de intersección entre sistema de fallas y sistema de drenaje, considerando las características de terreno de roca dura en una región árida. Para evaluar el index HAI, un mapa de uso de suelo/cubierta fue producido usando una imagen ASTER VNIR, obtenida en Septiembre 2004, y que fue combinada con el modelo DRASTIC resultante. Por medio de una comparación entre los resultados de DRASTIC y HAI, se encontró que la actividad humana está afectando la calidad del agua subterránea e incrementando el riesgo de contaminación. El mapa de uso de suelo/cubierta fue verificado usando las concentraciones promedio de nitrato en agua subterránea asociadas con cada tipo de suelo. Un análisis de sensibilidad fue realizado para estudiar la sensibilidad del modelo. El análisis mostró que los parámetros profundidad al nivel del agua y conductividad hidráulica no tienen impacto significativo en el modelo, mientras que el impacto de los parámetros zona vadosa, tipo de acuífero, y recarga tienen un impacto significativo en el modelo DRASTIC.

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Acknowledgements

We express our deep gratitude to the Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) and the Jordanian Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MOI) for providing the necessary data for this research. Further thanks go to Dr. T. Ngigi for his cooperation. The authors are also grateful for the careful revision and suggestions of Prof. P. Renard, the reviewers, and Sue Duncan.

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Correspondence to Ahmad Al-Hanbali.

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Al-Hanbali, A., Kondoh, A. Groundwater vulnerability assessment and evaluation of human activity impact (HAI) within the Dead Sea groundwater basin, Jordan. Hydrogeol J 16, 499–510 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0280-7

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