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Different glassmaking technologies in the production of Iron Age black glass from Italy and Slovakia

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Abstract

This study presents the results of an archaeometrical investigation performed on 75 black glass beads dated to the ninth–fifth century BC coming from Bologna, Cumae, and Pozzuoli (Italy), and Chotin (Slovakia). The analyses of the major, minor, and trace elements—as well as that of Sr and Nd isotopes performed on a selection of samples coming from Bologna—provided evidence for two different production technologies in Iron Age black glass found in Italy (natron glass, probably produced in Egypt) and Slovakia (wood ash glass, probably produced in Europe). In both cases, the glasses derive their black colouration from the high presence of iron (around 12 % FeO), introduced into the glass batches through the intentional choice of dark sands. The production model appears to be small-scale and experimental, characterised by the use of non-sorted raw materials and poorly defined formulae, producing glass with a high chemical variability. The wood ash technology appears to have dropped out of use in Europe until the Medieval period, while natron production spread quickly, becoming predominant throughout the Mediterranean.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to Simona Bigi (Unimore) for the electron microprobe analyses and to Daniela Manzini (Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti-Unimore) for help with the LA-ICPMS analyses. The Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Modena is acknowledged. JH is grateful to Dt Robert Brill, formerly of the Corning Museum of Glass, for giving him the Chotin beads and the associated file of information.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125, Torino, Italy

    Sonia Conte & Rossella Arletti

  2. Department of Archaeology, School of Humanities, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK

    Julian Henderson

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences – Geology, Centre for Archaeological Sciences, Celestijnenlaan 200E, BE-3001, Leuven, Belgium

    Patrick Degryse & Annelore Blomme

Authors
  1. Sonia Conte
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  2. Rossella Arletti
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  3. Julian Henderson
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  4. Patrick Degryse
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  5. Annelore Blomme
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sonia Conte.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1.

Precision and accuracy calculated on the Standard Reference Material NIST612 at the Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti of Modena and Reggio Emilia. The accuracy was reported as percentage of deviation average of own analysis compared to the standard. Standard deviations are 28 reported in absolute numbers. The standard deviation is the measure taken for precision on the one sigma level. (PDF 106 kb)

ESM 2.

Pictures of Bologna glass beads. (PDF 118 kb)

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Conte, S., Arletti, R., Henderson, J. et al. Different glassmaking technologies in the production of Iron Age black glass from Italy and Slovakia. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 10, 503–521 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-016-0366-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-016-0366-4

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