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A sparse kernel relevance model for automatic image annotation

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Abstract

In this paper, we introduce a new form of the continuous relevance model (CRM), dubbed the SKL-CRM, that adaptively selects the best performing kernel per feature type for automatic image annotation. Previous image annotation models apply a standard selection of kernels to model the distribution of image features. Popular examples include a Gaussian kernel for modelling GIST features or a Laplacian kernel for global colour histograms. In this work, we demonstrate that this standard assignment of kernels to feature types is sub-optimal and a substantially higher image annotation accuracy can be attained by adapting the kernel-feature assignment. We formulate an efficient greedy algorithm to find the best kernel-feature alignment and show that it is able to rapidly find a sparse subset of features that maximises annotation \(F_{1}\) score. In a second contribution, we introduce two data-adaptive kernels for image annotation—the generalised Gaussian and multinomial kernels—which we demonstrate can better model the distribution of image features as compared to standard kernels. Evaluation is conducted on three standard image datasets across a selection of different feature representations. The proposed SKL-CRM model is found to attain performance that is competitive to a suite of state-of-the-art image annotation models.

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Notes

  1. Users are known to find it particularly difficult to represent their image needs via abstract image features [23].

  2. In preliminary experiments, we also found that z-score normalisation has a similar effect, but for simplicity we report the max–min normalisation results in this paper.

  3. We use Minkowski kernel and generalised Gaussian interchangeably to refer to the same kernel in this work.

  4. Features computed in a spatial arrangement are denoted with a V3H1 suffix in this paper.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments.

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  1. University of Edinburgh, Informatics Forum, 10 Crichton Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, Scotland, UK

    Sean Moran & Victor Lavrenko

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Correspondence to Sean Moran.

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Moran, S., Lavrenko, V. A sparse kernel relevance model for automatic image annotation. Int J Multimed Info Retr 3, 209–229 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13735-014-0063-y

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