Minimalizam

Primer minimalizma u arhitekturi, Muzej umetnosti u Bregenzu u Austriji, arhitekte Petera Cumthora

Minimalizam ili minimalistička umetnost (1960—1975) je umetnički pokret koji odbacuje komentarisanje društva, lični izraz umetnika, narativne elemente ili aluzije na istoriju, politiku ili religiju. Bazira se na stvaranju predmeta, slika, skulptura i muzike čija je vrednost isključivo estetskog karaktera. Minimalisti su ograničili svoje delovanje na manipulaciju elementima kao što su boja, tonovi, oblici, linije i tekstura. Prvi koji je koristio termin minimalizam bio je kritičar David Burljuk u izložbenom katalogu umetnika Džona Grahama na izložbi slika koja je održana u galeriji Dadensajng u Njujorku, 1929. godine. Kasnije, šezdesetih godina dvadestog veka, to ime je dobio celi jedan pokret. Još neki nazivi za minimalizam su: ABC umetnost i reduktivizam. Ovaj pokret je rezultat reakcije na pretencioznost apstraktnog ekspresionizma i prima uticaje od pop umetnosti, kubizma i konceptualne umetnosti, sa glavnom inspiracijom u ruskoj avangardi, konkretnije u suprematizmu Kazimira Maljeviča.

Pokret je nastao u SAD, a među glavnim pokretačima ističe se umetnik Frank Stela. Njegova izložba „Crne slike“ (Black Paintings), priređena 1959. godine u Muzeju moderne umetnosti u Njujorku (engl. Museum of Modern Art, skr. MoMA), ubrzo je postala inspiracija mnogim umetnicima, koji su počeli da napuštaju „ekspresiju“. Glavni istorijski događaj pokreta bila je izložba, održana 1966. godine u Njujorku, pod imenom „Osnovne strukture“ (Primary Structures).

Preciznost ujedno sa geometrijom i ponavljajućim dekorativnim šemama, ravnim i jednolično obojenim površinama sa čistim i nemešanim bojama, glavne su odlike minimalizma. Baza su geometrijske, racionalne šeme, a industijski materijali se koriste za eliminisanje tragova „ručnog rada“ umetnika. Spoljašnji izgled predmeta je glavni estetski kvalitet minimalizma.

Minimalizam želi da posmatrač uživa umetničko delo bez distrakcija kompozicije, tema i ostalih elemenata iz tradicionalne umetnosti. Materijali i način na koji je delo predstavnjeno su ujedno i sama njegova stvarnost ili tematika, ali takođe i razlog samog „postojanja“. Minimalizam ne pretenduje nikakvu drugu simboliku osim onoga što se može videti u samom delu. Boja se ne koristi za izražavanje osećanja nego za ograničavanje prostora. Apstraktni odnosi između različitih elemenata treba da navedu posmatrača na razmišljanje i ujedno su i sama srž tematike. Odbacuje se ideja iz tradicionalne umetnosti, po kojoj umetnost treba da bude lični izraz umetnika. Iako postoji dosta toga emotivnog i podsvesnog u minimalizmu, umetnik minimalista odbacuje osećanja kao princip stvaralaštva umetničkog dela i smatra da je reakcija na delo od strane posmatrača od primarne i suštinske važnosti.

Minimalizam ispituje prirodu umetnosti i njeno mesto u društvu. Iako su neki kritičari smatrali da je minimalizam umetnost koja će slabo uticati na dalji razvoj savremene umetnosti, ne mogu se negirati posledice i uticaji koje je ostavila na teoriju i praksu „postmoderne“.

Umetnici minimalisti

• Karl Andre (Carl Andre)
• Donald Džud (Donald Judd)
• Keli Elsvort (Kelly Ellsworth)
• Robert Moris (Robert Morris)
• Ad Reinhart (Ad Reinhardt)
• Robert Smitson (Robert Smithson)
• Frank Stela (Frank Stella)
• Sol Levit (Sol Lewitt)
• Valter de Marija (Walter De Maria)

Povezano

• Postminimalizam

Literatura

• H.W. Janson, Istorija umetnosti, Beograd 1962.
• Đina Piskel, Opšta istorija umetnosti, Beograd 1972.
• Markus Steigman/ René Zey- Lexikon der Modernen Kunst Tehniken und Stile Hamburg 2002.
• Bertoni, Franco (2002). Minimalist Architecture, edited by Franco Cantini, translated from the Italian by Lucinda Byatt and from the Spanish by Paul Hammond. Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser. ISBN 3-7643-6642-7.
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• Anderson, Virginia. 2013. "Systems and Other Minimalism in Britain". In The Ashgate Research Companion to Minimalist and Postminimalist Music, edited by Keith Potter, Kyle Gann, and Pwyll ap Siôn, 80–106. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-3549-5.
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• Gann, Kyle. 1998. "A Forest from the Seeds of Minimalism: An Essay on Postminimal and Totalist Music". KyleGann.com.
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• Schönberger, Elmer. 2001. "Andriessen: (4) Louis Andriessen". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
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• Sitsky, Larry. 2002. Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313017239
• Strickland, Edward. 1993. Minimalism: Origins. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-35499-4 (cloth); ISBN 0-253-21388-6 (pbk, corrected and somewhat revised printing, 2000). Chapter T, pp. 241–56, reprinted as Strickland 1997.
• Strickland, Edward. 1997. "Minimalism: T (1992)". In Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism, edited by Richard Kostelanetz and Robert Flemming, 113–130. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-520-21491-9. Reprint of a chapter from Strickland 1993.
• Sweeney-Turner, Steve. 1995. "Weariness and Slackening in the Miserably Proliferating Field of Posts." Musical Times 136, no. 1833 (November): 599–601. . JSTOR 1003498. 
• Warburton, Dan. 1988. "A Working Terminology for Minimal Music." Intégral 2:135–59. . JSTOR 40213909. 

Vanjske veze

Minimalizam na Wikimedijinoj ostavi

• Muzej savremene umetnosti u Beogradu
• Agence Photographique de la Réunion des musées nationaux et du Grand Palais des Champs-Elysées
• "A Short History of Minimalism—Donald Judd, Richard Wollheim, and the origins of what we now describe as minimalist" By Kyle Chayka January 14, 2020 The NationArhivirano 2020-01-17 na Wayback Machine-u
• Art of the States: minimalist minimalist works by American composers, including audio samples.
• Art and Music Since 1945: Introduction to Minimal Music, from Ohio State University's Department of Art Education.
• Minimal Music, Maximal ImpactArhivirano 2011-08-04 na Wayback Machine-u, by Kyle Gann, with a more comprehensive list of early minimalists.