research-article

Exploring the Relative Effects of Body Position and Locomotion Method on Presence and Cybersickness when Navigating a Virtual Environment

Authors:

Kyoung-Min LeeAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, Volume 21, Issue 1

Article No.: 3, Pages 1 - 25

https://doi.org/10.1145/3627706

Published: 09 December 2023 Publication History

Abstract

The primary goals of this research are to strengthen the understanding of the mechanisms underlying presence and cybersickness in relation to the body position and locomotion method when navigating a virtual environment (VE). In this regard, we compared two body positions (standing and sitting) and four locomotion methods (steering + embodied control [EC], steering + instrumental control [IC], teleportation + EC, and teleportation + IC) to examine the association between body position, locomotion method, presence, and cybersickness in VR. The results of a two-way ANOVA revealed a main effect of locomotion method on presence, with the sense of presence significantly lower for the steering + IC condition. However, there was no main effect of body position on presence, nor was there an interaction between body position and locomotion method. For cybersickness, nonparametric tests were used due to non-normality. The results of Mann-Whitney U tests indicated a statistically significant effect of body position on cybersickness. In particular, the level of cybersickness was significantly higher for a standing position than for a sitting position. In addition, the results of Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed that the locomotion method had a meaningful effect on cybersickness, with participants in the steering conditions feeling stronger symptoms of cybersickness than those in the teleportation conditions. Overall, this study confirmed the relationship between body position, locomotion method, presence, and cybersickness when navigating a VE.

References

[1]

Majed Al Zayer, Paul MacNeilage, and Eelke Folmer. 2020. Virtual locomotion: A survey. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 26, 6 (2020), 2315–2334. DOI:

[2]

Benjamin Arcioni, Stephen Palmisano, Deborah Apthorp, and Juno Kim. 2018. Postural stability predicts the likelihood of cybersickness in active HMD-based virtual reality. Displays 58 (2018), 3–11. DOI:

[3]

Niels H. Bakker, Peter J. Werkhoven, and Peter O. Passenier. 1999. The effects of proprioceptive and visual feedback on geographical orientation in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 8, 1 (1999), 36–53. DOI:

Digital Library

[4]

Emily Balcetis and David Dunning. 2007. Cognitive dissonance and the perception of natural environments. Psychological Science 18, 10 (2007), 917–921. DOI:

[5]

Benoît G. Bardy, Ludovic Marin, Thomas A. Stoffregen, and Reinoud J. Bootsma. 1999. Postural coordination modes considered as emergent phenomena. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25, 5 (1999), 1284–1301. DOI:

[6]

Rosa María Baños, Cristina Botella, Azucena García-Palacios, Helena Villa Martín, Concepción Perpiñá, and Mariano Luis Alcañiz Raya. 2000. Presence and reality judgment in virtual environments: A unitary construct? CyberPsychology and Behavior 3, 3 (2000), 327–335. DOI:

[7]

Jiwan Bhandari, Paul MacNeilage, and Eelke Folmer. 2018. Teleportation without spatial disorientation using optical flow dues. In Proceedings of the Graphics Interface 2018. 162–167. DOI:

Digital Library

[8]

Costas Boletsis and Jarl Erik Cedergren. 2019. VR Locomotion in the new era of virtual reality: An empirical comparison of prevalent techniques. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2019 (2019). DOI:

Digital Library

[9]

Jelte E. Bos, Willem Bles, and Eric L. Groen. 2008. A theory on visually induced motion sickness. Displays 29, 2 (2008), 47–57. DOI:

[10]

Doug A. Bowman, David Koller, and Larry F. Hodges. 1997. Travel in immersive virtual environments: An evaluation of viewpoint motion control techniques. In Proceedings of IEEE 1997 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS). 45–52. DOI:

[11]

Doug A. Bowman, Ernst Kruijff, Joseph J. LaViola, and Ivan Poupyrev. 2004. 3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice. Addison-Wesley.

Digital Library

[12]

Evren Bozgeyikli, Andrew Raij, Srinivas Katkoori, and Rajiv V. Dubey. 2016. Point and teleport locomotion technique for virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Symposium on Computer–Human Interaction in Play (CHI PLAY’ 16). 205–216. DOI:

Digital Library

[13]

Gerd Bruder, Paul Lubos, and Frank Steinicke. 2015. Cognitive resource demands of redirected walking. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 21, 4 (2015), 539–544. DOI:

Digital Library

[14]

Karl-Erik Bystrom, Woodrow Barfield, and Claudia M. Hendrix. 1999. A conceptual model of the sense of presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 8, 2 (1999), 241–244. DOI:

Digital Library

[15]

Jennifer L. Campos, Joshua H. Siegle, Betty J. Mohler, Heinrich H. Bülthoff, and Jack M. Loomis. 2009. Imagined self-motion differs from perceived self-motion: Evidence from a novel continuous pointing method. PLoS ONE 4, 11 (2009), e7793. DOI:

[16]

Antonella Carassa, Francesca Morganti, and Maurizio Tirassa. 2004. Movement, action, and situation: Presence in virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Workshop on Presence (Presence 2004). 7–12.

[17]

Sarah S. Chance, Florence Gaunet, Andrew C. Beall, and Jack M. Loomis. 1998. Locomotion mode affects the updating of objects encountered during travel: The contribution of vestibular and proprioceptive inputs to path integration. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 7, 2 (1998), 168–178. DOI:

Digital Library

[18]

Yi-Chou Chen, Xiao Dong, Fu-Chen Chen, and Thomas A. Stoffregen. 2012. Control of a virtual avatar influences postural activity and motion sickness, Ecological Psychology 24, 4 (2012), 279–299. DOI:

[19]

Lucia A. Cherep, Alex F. Lim, Jonathan W. Kelly, Devi Acharya, Alfredo Velasco, Emanuel Bustamante, Alec G. Ostrander, and Stephen B Gilbert. 2020. Spatial cognitive implications of teleporting through virtual environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 26, 3 (2020), 480–492. DOI:

[20]

Heni Cherni, Natacha Métayer, and Nicolas Souliman. 2020. Literature review of locomotion techniques in virtual reality. International Journal of Virtual Reality 20, 1 (2020), 1–20. DOI:

[21]

Chris G. Christou and Poppy Aristidou. 2017. Steering versus teleport locomotion for head mounted displays. In Proceedings of the Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Computer Graphics (AVR 2017). Lucio Tommaso De Paolis, Patrick Bourdot, and Antonio Mongelli (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 10325, 431–446. DOI:

[22]

Jeremy Clifton and Stephen A. Palmisano. 2019. Effects of steering locomotion and teleporting on cybersickness and presence in HMD-based virtual reality. Virtual Reality 24 (2019), 453–468. DOI:

Digital Library

[23]

Jeremy Clifton and Stephen A. Palmisano. 2019. Comfortable locomotion in VR: Teleportation is not a complete solution. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST’19). 1–2. DOI:

Digital Library

[24]

Jessica Conradi and Thomas Alexander. 2012. On the effect of free vs. Restricted interaction during the exploration of virtual environments. Work 41, 1 (2012), 2201–2207. DOI:

[25]

Chris Curry, Nicolette Peterson, Ruixuan Li, and Thomas A. Stoffregen. 2020. Postural activity during use of a head-mounted display: Sex differences in the “Driver–Passenger” effect. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 1 (2020), 1-11. DOI:

[26]

Simon Davis, Keith Nesbitt, and Eugene Nalivaiko. 2014. A systematic review of cybersickness. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Interactive Entertainment (IE 2014). 1–9. DOI:

Digital Library

[27]

Simon Davis, Keith Nesbitt, and Eugene Nalivaiko. 2015. Comparing the onset of cybersickness using the Oculus Rift and two virtual roller coasters. In Proceedings of the 11th Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment (IE 2015). 3–14.

[28]

Mark S. Dennison and Michael D'Zmura. 2017. Cybersickness without the wobble: Experimental results speak against postural instability theory. Applied Ergonomics 58 (2017), 215–223. DOI:

[29]

Mark S. Dennison and Michael D'Zmura. 2018. Effects of unexpected visual motion on postural sway and motion sickness. Applied Ergonomics 71 (2018), 9–16. DOI:

[30]

Alexandre C. Dimian, Costin S. Bildea, and Anton A. Kiss. 2014. Dynamic simulation. In Proceedings of the Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. Alexandre C. Dimian, Costin S. Bildea, Anton A. Kiss (Eds.), 127–156. DOI:

[31]

Xiao Dong, Ken Yoshida, and Thomas A. Stoffregen. 2011. Control of a virtual vehicle influences postural activity and motion sickness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 17, 2 (2011), 128–138. DOI:

[32]

José L. Dorado and Pablo A. Figueroa. 2014. Ramps are better than stairs to reduce cybersickness in applications based on a HMD and a Gamepad. In Proceedings of 2014 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI). 47–50. DOI:

[33]

Russell A. Epstein, Eva Zita Patai, Joshua B. Julian, and Hugo J. Spiers. 2017. The cognitive map in humans: Spatial navigation and beyond. Nature Neuroscience 20, 11 (2017), 1504–1513. DOI:

[34]

Yasin Farmani and Robert J. Teather. 2018. Viewpoint snapping to reduce cybersickness in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 44th Graphics Interface Conference (GI’18). 168–175. DOI:

Digital Library

[35]

Yasin Farmani and Robert J. Teather. 2020. Evaluating discrete viewpoint control to reduce cybersickness in virtual reality. Virtual Reality 24 (2020), 645–664. DOI:

Digital Library

[36]

Ajoy S. Fernandes and Steven K. Feiner. 2016. Combating VR sickness through subtle dynamic field-of-view modification. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI). 201–210. DOI:

[37]

Andrea Ferracani, Daniele Pezzatini, Jacopo Bianchini, Gianmarco Biscini, and A. Bimbo. 2016. Locomotion by natural gestures for immersive virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Multimedia Alternate Realities (AltMM’16). 21–24. DOI:

Digital Library

[38]

John M. Flach and John G. Holden. 1998. The reality of experience: Gibson's way. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 7, 1 (1998), 90–95. DOI:

Digital Library

[39]

Julian Frommel, Sven Sonntag, and Michael Weber. 2017. Effects of controller-based locomotion on player experience in a virtual reality exploration game. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG '17). 1–6. DOI:

Digital Library

[40]

M. P. Jacob Habgood, David Moore, David Wilson, and Sergio Alapont. 2018. Rapid, continuous movement between nodes as an accessible virtual reality locomotion technique. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). 371–378. DOI:

[41]

Jake Harrington, Benjamin Williams, and Christopher James Headleand. 2019. A somatic approach to combating cybersickness utilising airflow feedback. In Proceedings of the Computer Graphics and Visual Computing (CGVC 2019). 35–43. DOI:

[42]

Alyssa Harris, Kevin Nguyen, Preston Tunnell Wilson, Matthew Jackoski, and Betsy Williams Sanders. 2014. Human joystick: Wii-leaning to translate in large virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry (VRCAI’14). 231–234. DOI:

Digital Library

[43]

Laurence R. Harris, Michael R. M. Jenkin, Daniel C. Zikovitz, Fara Redlick, P. M. Jaekl, Urszula Jasiobedzka, Heather Jenkin, and Robert S. Allison. 2002. Simulating self-motion I: Cues for the perception of motion. Virtual Reality 6 (2002), 75–85. DOI:

[44]

Abraham M. Hashemian and Bernhard E. Riecke. 2017. Leaning-based 360° interfaces: Investigating virtual reality navigation interfaces with leaning-based-translation and full-rotation. In Proceedings of the Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality, VAMR 201., Stephanie Lackey and Jessie Chen (Eds), Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 10280, Springer, Cham, 15–32. DOI:

[45]

Fay B. Horak. 2006. Postural orientation and equilibrium: What do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls? Age and Ageing 35, suppl_2 (2006), ii7–ii11. DOI:

[46]

Fay B. Horak and J. Michael Macpherson. 1996. Postural orientation and equilibrium. In Proceedings of the Handbook of Physiology: Exercise Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems. L. B. Rowell and J. T. Shepard (Eds.), Oxford University Press, 255–292. DOI:

[47]

Marc Immanuel G. Isip. 2014. Effect of a standing body position during college students'exam: Implications on cognitive test performance. Industrial Engineering and Management Systems 13, 2 (2014), 185–192. DOI:

[48]

Victoria Interrante, Brian Ries, and Lee Anderson. 2007. Seven league boots: A new metaphor for augmented locomotion through moderately large scale immersive virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces. 167–170. DOI:

[49]

Muireann Irish and Siddharth Ramanan. 2019. Spatial navigation: A question of scale. eLife 8 (2019), e50890. DOI:

[50]

David M. Johnson. 2005. Introduction to and Review of Simulator Sickness Research. Research Report. United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

[51]

Charlene Ianthe Jennett, Anna Louise Cox, Paul A. Cairns, Samira Dhoparee, Andrew Epps, Tim J. W. Tijs, and Alison Walton. 2008. Measuring and defining the experience of immersion in games. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 66, 9 (2008), 641–661. DOI:

Digital Library

[52]

Robert S. Kennedy, Norman E. Lane, Kevin S. Berbaum, and Michael G. Lilienthal. 1993. Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology 3, 3 (1993), 203–220. DOI:

[53]

Beth Kerr, Shawn Michael Condon, and L. A. McDonald. 1985. Cognitive spatial processing and the regulation of posture. Journal of Experimental Psychology 11, 5 (1985), 617–622. DOI:

[54]

Aelee Kim, Min Woo Kim, Hayoung Bae, and Kyoung-Min Lee. 2020. Exploring the relative effects of body position and spatial cognition on presence when playing virtual reality games. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 36, 18 (2020), 1683–1698. DOI:

[55]

Alexandra Kitson, Abraham M. Hashemian, Ekaterina R. Stepanova, Ernst Kruijff, and Bernhard E. Riecke. 2017. Comparing leaning-based motion cueing interfaces for virtual reality locomotion. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI). 73–82. DOI:

[56]

Alexandra Kitson, Bernhard E. Riecke, Abraham M. Hashemian, and Carman Neustaedter. 2015. NaviChair: Evaluating an embodied interface using a pointing task to navigate virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction (SUI’15). 123–126. DOI:

Digital Library

[57]

Roberta L. Klatzky, Jack M. Loomis, Andrew C. Beall, Sarah S. Chance, and Reginald G. Golledge. 1998. Spatial updating of self-position and orientation during real, imagined, and virtual locomotion. Psychological Science 9, 4 (1998), 293–298. DOI:

[58]

Josh Kohn and Stefan Rank. 2016. You're the Camera!: Physical movements for transitioning between environments in VR. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology (ACE’16). 1–9. DOI:

Digital Library

[59]

Eugenia M. Kolasinski. 1995. Simulator Sickness in Virtual Environments. Technical Report 1027. U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

[60]

Eugenia M. Kolasinski and Richard D. Gilson. 1998. Simulator sickness and related findings in a virtual reality. Proceedings of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, 21 (1998), 1511–1515. DOI:

[61]

Frank Koslucher, Justin Munafo, and Thomas A. Stoffregen. 2016. Postural sway in men and women during nauseogenic motion of the illuminated environment. Experimental Brain Research 234, 9 (2016), 2709–2720. DOI:

[62]

Yves Lajoie, Normand Teasdale, Chantal Bard, and Michelle Fleury. 1993. Attentional demands for static and dynamic equilibrium. Experimental Brain Research 97 (1993), 139–144. DOI:

[63]

Eike Langbehn, Paul Lubos, and Frank Steinicke. 2018. Evaluation of locomotion techniques for room-scale VR: Joystick, teleportation, and redirected walking. In Proceedings of the Virtual Reality International Conference (VRIC’18). 1–9. DOI:

Digital Library

[64]

Joseph J. LaViola. 2000. A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 32, 1 (2000), 47–56. DOI:

Digital Library

[65]

Sigbjørn Litleskare and Giovanna Calogiuri. 2019. Camera stabilization in 360° videos and its impact on cyber sickness, environmental perceptions, and psychophysiological responses to a simulated nature walk: A single-blinded randomized trial. Frontiers in Psychology 10 (2019), 2436. DOI:

[66]

Ludovic Marin, Benoît G. Bardy, Bernard Baumberger, Michelangelo Flückiger, and Thomas A. Stoffregen. 1999. Interaction between task demands and surface properties in the control of goal-oriented stance. Human Movement Science 18, 1 (1999), 31–47. DOI:

[67]

Anthony P. Marsh and Stanley E. Geel. 2000. The effect of age on the attentional demands of postural control. Gait and Posture 12, 2 (2000), 105–113. DOI:

[68]

Omar A. Merhi, Elise Faugloire, Moira B. Flanagan, and Thomas A. Stoffregen. 2007. Motion sickness, console video games, and head-mounted displays. Human Factors 49, 5 (2007), 920–934. DOI:

[69]

Kenneth E. Money. 1990. Motion sickness and evolution. In Proceedings of the Motion and Space Sickness. George H. Crampton (Eds.), CRC, Boca Raton, 1–7.

[70]

Pietro Morasso. 2022. A vexing question in motor control: The degrees of freedom problem. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9 (2022), 1-13. DOI:

[71]

Maryam Mousavi, Yap Hwa Jen, and Siti Nurmaya Musa. 2013. A review on cybersickness and usability in virtual environments. Advanced Engineering Forum 10 (2013), 34–39. DOI:

[72]

Justin Munafo, Meg Diedrick, and Thomas A. Stoffregen. 2017. The virtual reality head-mounted display Oculus Rift induces motion sickness and is sexist in its effects. Experimental Brain Research 235 (2017), 889–901. DOI:

[73]

Thinh Nguyen-Vo, Bernhard E. Riecke, and Wolfgang Stuerzlinger. 2018. Simulated reference frame: A cost-effective solution to improve spatial orientation in VR. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). 415–422. DOI:

[74]

Thinh Nguyen-Vo, Bernhard E. Riecke, Wolfgang Stuerzlinger, Duc-Minh Pham, and Ernst Kruijff. 2019. NaviBoard and NaviChair: Limited translation combined with full rotation for efficient virtual locomotion. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 27, 1 (2021), 165–177. DOI:

Digital Library

[75]

Stephen A. Palmisano, Robert S. Allison, Juno Kim, and Frederick Bonato. 2011. Simulated viewpoint jitter shakes sensory conflict accounts of vection. Seeing Perceiving 24, 2 (2011), 173–200. DOI:

[76]

Stephen A. Palmisano, Robert S. Allison, Mark Matthias Schira, and Robert J. Barry. 2015. Future challenges for vection research: Definitions, functional significance, measures, and neural bases. Frontiers in Psychology 6 (2015), 193. DOI:

[77]

Stephen A. Palmisano, Deborah Apthorp, Takeharu Seno, and Paul J. Stapley. 2014. Spontaneous postural sway predicts the strength of smooth vection. Experimental Brain Research 232, 4 (2014), 1185–1191. DOI:

[78]

George D. Park, R. Wade Allen, Dary D. Fiorentino, Theodore J. Rosenthal, and Marcia L. Cook. 2006. Simulator sickness scores according to symptom susceptibility, age, and gender for an older driver assessment study. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50, 26 (2006), 2702–2706. DOI:

[79]

Randy F. Pausch, Dennis R. Proffitt, and George H. Williams. 1997. Quantifying immersion in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH’97). 13–18. DOI:

Digital Library

[80]

William T. Powers. 2009. PCT in 11 Steps. In Proceedings of the Perceptual Control Theory: An Overview of the 3rd Grand Theory in Psychology. Dag Forssell (Eds.), Living Control Systems, 20–25.

[81]

William T. Powers, Bruce Abbott, Timothy Carey, David M. Goldstein, Warren Mansell, Richard S. Marken, Bruce Nevin, Richard Robertson, and Martin Taylor. 2011. A model for understanding the mechanisms and phenomena of control. In Proceedings of the Perceptual Control Theory: An Overview of the 3rd Grand Theory in Psychology. Dag Forssell (Eds.), Living Control Systems. 30–46.

[82]

Kasra Rahimi, Colin Banigan, and Eric D. Ragan. 2020. Scene transitions and teleportation in virtual reality and the implications for spatial awareness and sickness. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 26, 6 (2020), 2273–2287. DOI:

[83]

James T. Reason and Jesse J. Brand. 1975. Motion Sickness. Academic Press, London.

[84]

Rebecca J. Reed-Jones, Lori Ann Vallis, James G. Reed-Jones, and Lana M. Trick. 2008. The relationship between postural stability and virtual environment adaptation. Neuroscience Letters 435, 3 (2008), 204–209. DOI:

[85]

Gary E. Riccio and Thomas A. Stoffregen. 1991. An ecological theory of motion sickness and postural instability. Ecological Psychology 3, 3 (1991), 195–240. DOI:

[86]

Bernhard E. Riecke 2008. Consistent left-right reversals for visual path integration in virtual reality: More than a failure to update one's heading? Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 17, 2 (2008), 143–175. DOI:

Digital Library

[87]

Bernhard E. Riecke, Bobby Bodenheimer, Timothy P. McNamara, Betsy Williams Sanders, Peng Peng, and Daniel Feuereissen. 2010. Do we need to walk for effective virtual reality navigation? Physical rotations alone may suffice. In Proceedings of the Spatial Cognition. Christoph Hölscher, Thomas F. Shipley, Marta Olivetti Belardinelli, John A. Bateman, Nora S. Newcombe (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6222. Springer, Berlin, 234–247. DOI:

[88]

Bernhard E. Riecke, Markus von der Heyde, and Heinrich H. Bülthoff. 2005. Visual cues can be sufficient for triggering automatic, reflexlike spatial updating. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception 2, 3 (2005), 183–215. DOI:

Digital Library

[89]

Bernhard E. Riecke, Jörg Schulte-Pelkum, Marios N. Avraamides, Markus von der Heyde, and Heinrich H. Bülthoff. 2006. Cognitive factors can influence self-motion perception (vection) in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception 3, 3 (2006), 194–216. DOI:

Digital Library

[90]

Bernhard E. Riecke, Hendrik A. H. C. van Veen, and Heinrich H. Bülthoff. 2002. Visual homing is possible without landmarks: A path integration study in virtual reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 11, 5 (2002), 443–473. DOI:

Digital Library

[91]

John J. Rieser. 1989. Access to knowledge of spatial structure at novel points of observation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15, 6 (1989), 1157–1165. DOI:

[92]

Giuseppe Riva and Fabrizia Mantovani. 2012. From the body to the tools and back: A general framework for presence in mediated interactions. Interacting with Computers 24, 4 (2012), 203–210. DOI:

Digital Library

[93]

Giuseppe Riva, John A. Waterworth, and Dianne M. Murray. 2014. Interacting with Presence: HCI and the Sense of presence in Computer-mediated Environments. De Gruyter Open Poland. DOI:

[94]

David Mitrani Rosenbaum, Yaniv Mama, and Daniel Algom. 2017. Stand by your stroop: Standing up enhances selective attention and cognitive control. Psychological Science 28, 12 (2017), 1864–1867. DOI:

[95]

Roy A. Ruddle and Simon Lessels. 2006. For efficient navigational search, humans require full physical movement, but not a rich visual scene. Psychological Science 17, 6 (2006), 460–465. DOI:

[96]

Roy A. Ruddle and Simon Lessels. 2009. The benefits of using a walking interface to navigate virtual environments. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 16, 1 (2009), 1–18. DOI:

Digital Library

[97]

Wallace Sadowski and Kay Stanney. 2002. Presence in virtual environments. In Proceedings of the Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications. Kay M. Stanney (Eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 791–806.

[98]

Thomas W. Schubert, Frank Friedmann, and Holger Regenbrecht. 2001. The experience of presence: Factor analytic insights. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 10, 3 (2001), 266–281. DOI:

Digital Library

[99]

Robert Sheldon. 2022. Degrees of freedom (mechanics). Retrieved from https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/degrees-of-freedom

[100]

Mel Slater. 2002. Presence and the sixth sense. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 11, 4 (2002), 435–439. DOI:

Digital Library

[101]

Mel Slater. 2009. Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 364, 1535 (2009), 3549–3557. DOI:

[102]

Mel Slater, Anthony Steed, J. Daniel McCarthy, and Francesco Maringelli. 1998. The influence of body movement on subjective presence in virtual environments. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40, 3 (1998), 469–477. DOI:

[103]

Mel Slater and Anthony Steed. 2000. A virtual presence counter. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 9, 5 (2000), 413–434. DOI:

Digital Library

[104]

Mel Slater, Martin Usoh, and Anthony Steed. 1995. Taking steps: The influence of a walking metaphor on presence in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 2, 3 (1995), 201–219. DOI:

Digital Library

[105]

Kendra C. Smith, Christopher Davoli, William H. Knapp, and Richard A. Abrams. 2019. Standing enhances cognitive control and alters visual search. Attention, Perception and Psychophysics 81, 7 (2019), 2320–2329. DOI:

[106]

José Luis Soler Domínguez, Carla de Juan Ripoll, Manuel Contero, and Mariano Alcañiz. 2020. I walk, therefore I am: A multidimensional study on the influence of the locomotion method upon presence in virtual reality. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 7, 5 (2020), 577–590. DOI:

[107]

Kay M. Stanney, Kelly S. Hale, Isabelina Nahmens, and Robert S. Kennedy. 2003. What to expect from immersive virtual environment exposure: Influences of gender, body mass index, and past experience. Human Factors 45, 3 (2003), 504–520. DOI:

[108]

Kay M. Stanney and Robert S. Kennedy. 1997. The psychometrics of cybersickness. Communications of the ACM 40, 8 (1997), 66–68. DOI:

Digital Library

[109]

Kay M. Stanney, Ben Lawson, Bas Rokers, Mark Dennison, Cali Fidopiastis, Thomas A. Stoffregen, Séamas Weech, and Jacqueline Fulvio. 2020. Identifying causes of and solutions for cybersickness in immersive technology: Reformulation of a research and development agenda. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 36, 19 (2020), 1783–1803. DOI:

[110]

Kay M. Stanney, Kelly S. Kingdon, David A. Graeber, and Robert S. Kennedy. 2002. Human performance in immersive virtual environments: Effects of exposure duration, user control, and scene complexity. Human Performance 15, 4 (2002), 339–366. DOI:

[111]

Frank Steinicke, Yon Visell, Jennifer L. Campos, and Anatole Lcuyer. (Eds.). 2013. Human Walking in Virtual Environments: Perception, Technology, and Applications. Springer. DOI:

[112]

Jonathan Steuer. 1992. Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication 42, 4 (1992), 73–93. DOI:

[113]

Thomas A. Stoffregen, Yi-Chou Chen, and Frank C. Koslucher. 2014. Motion control, motion sickness, and the postural dynamics of mobile devices. Experimental Brain Research 232 (2014), 1389–1397. DOI:

[114]

Thomas A. Stoffregen, Fu-Chen Chen, Manuel Varlet, Cristina Porto Alves Alcantara, and Benoît G. Bardy. 2013. Getting your sea legs. PLoS ONE 8, 6 (2013), e66949. DOI:

[115]

Thomas A. Stoffregen, Philip Hove, Benoît Bardy, Michael Riley, and Cédrick Bonnet. 2007. Postural stabilization of perceptual but not cognitive performance. Journal of Motor Behavior 39, 2 (2007), 126–138. DOI:

[116]

Thomas A. Stoffregen, Randy Pagulayan, Benoît Bardy, and Larry Hettinger. 2000. Modulating postural control to facilitate visual performance. Human Movement Science 19, 2 (2000), 203–220. DOI:

[117]

Thomas A. Stoffregen and L. James Smart. 1998. Postural instability precedes motion sickness. Brain Research Bulletin 47, 5 (1998), 437–448. DOI:

[118]

Adhira Sunkara, Gregory C. DeAngelis, and Dora E. Angelaki. 2016. Joint representation of translational and rotational components of optic flow in parietal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, 18 (2016), 5077–5082. DOI:

[119]

James N. Templeman, Patricia S. Denbrook, and Linda E. Sibert. 1999. Virtual locomotion: Walking in place through virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 8, 6 (1999), 598–617. DOI:

Digital Library

[120]

Martin Usoh, Ernest Catena, Sima Arman, and Mel Slater. 2000. Using presence questionnaires in reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 9, 5 (2000), 497–503. DOI:

Digital Library

[121]

Séamas Weech, Sophie Kenny, and Michael Barnett-Cowan. 2019. Presence and cybersickness in virtual reality are negatively related: A review. Frontiers in Psychology 10 (2019), 158. DOI:

[122]

Séamas Weech, Sophie Kenny, Markus Lenizky, and Michael Barnett-Cowan. 2020. Narrative and gaming experience interact to affect presence and cybersickness in virtual reality. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 138 (2020), 102398. DOI:

[123]

Séamas Weech, Jessy Parokaran Varghese, and Michael Barnett-Cowan. 2018. Estimating the sensorimotor components of cybersickness. Journal of Neurophysiology 120, 5 (2018), 2201–2217. DOI:

[124]

David Weibel and Bartholomäus Wissmath. 2011. Immersion in computer games: The role of spatial presence and flow. International Journal of Computer Games Technology 11 (2011), 1–14. DOI:

Digital Library

[125]

Robert B. Welch, Theodore Blackmon, Andrew Liu, Barbara A. Mellers, and Lawrence W. Stark. 1996. The effects of pictorial realism, delay of visual feedback, and observer interactivity on the subjective sense of presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 5, 3 (1996), 263–273. DOI:

Digital Library

[126]

Mary C. Whitton, Joseph Cohn, Jeff Feasel, Paul Zimmons, Sharif Razzaque, Sarah J. Poulton, Brandi McLeod, and Frederick P. Brooks. 2005. Comparing VE locomotion interfaces. In Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2005. 123–130. DOI:

[127]

Christopher Widdowson, Israel Becerra, Cameron Merrill, Ranxiao Frances Wang, and Steven M. LaValle. 2021. Assessing postural instability and cybersickness through linear and angular displacement. Human Factors 63, 2 (2021), 296–311. DOI:

[128]

Bob G. Witmer, John H. Bailey, Bruce W. Knerr, and Kimberly C. Parsons. 1996. Virtual spaces and real world places: Transfer of route knowledge. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 45, 4 (1996), 413–428. DOI:

Digital Library

[129]

Bob G. Witmer and Michael J. Singer. 1998. Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 7, 3 (1998), 225–240. DOI:

Digital Library

[130]

Marjorie Woollacott and Anne Shumway-cook. 2002. Attention and the control of posture and gait: A review of an emerging area of research. Gait and Posture 16, 1 (2002), 1–14. DOI:

[131]

Maryjane Wraga, Sarah H. Creem-Regehr, and Dennis R. Proffitt. 2004. Spatial updating of virtual displays during self- and display rotation. Memory and Cognition 32, 3 (2004), 399–415. DOI:

[132]

Yanyun Zhou, Yifei Zhang, Bernhard Hommel, and Hao Zhang. 2017. The impact of bodily states on divergent thinking: Evidence for a control-depletion account. Frontiers in Psychology 8 (2017), 1546. DOI:

[133]

Daniel Zielasko. 2021. Subject 001 - A detailed self-report of virtual reality induced sickness. In Proceedings of 2021 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). 165–168. DOI:

[134]

Daniel Zielasko and Bernhard E. Riecke. 2021. To sit or not to sit in VR: Analyzing influences and (dis)advantages of posture and embodied interaction. Computers 10, 6 (2021), 73. DOI:

Cited By

Jia YSin ZLi CNg PHuang XBaciu GCao JLi Q(2025)Traceable teleportation: Improving spatial learning in virtual locomotionInternational Journal of Human-Computer Studies10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103399194(103399)Online publication date: Feb-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103399
Arippa FPorta MCasu GLeban BPau M(2024)To Stand or to Sit? Examining the Influence of Player Posture on Balance Alterations Associated to Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure2024 IEEE Gaming, Entertainment, and Media Conference (GEM)10.1109/GEM61861.2024.10585552(1-6)Online publication date: 5-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/GEM61861.2024.10585552
Pavic KVergilino-Perez DGricourt TChaby L(2024)Age-related differences in subjective and physiological emotion evoked by immersion in natural and social virtual environmentsScientific Reports10.1038/s41598-024-66119-514:1Online publication date: 3-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66119-5

Index Terms

Exploring the Relative Effects of Body Position and Locomotion Method on Presence and Cybersickness when Navigating a Virtual Environment
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)
    1. Empirical studies in HCI

Recommendations

Effects of steering locomotion and teleporting on cybersickness and presence in HMD-based virtual reality
Abstract
While head-mounted display-based virtual reality (VR) can produce compelling feelings of presence (or “being there”) in its users, it also often induces motion sickness. This study compared the presence, cybersickness and perceptions of self-...
Effects of dynamic field-of-view restriction on cybersickness and presence in HMD-based virtual reality
Abstract
The phenomenon of cybersickness is currently hindering the mass market adoption of head-mounted display (HMD) virtual reality (VR) technologies. This study examined the effects of dynamic field-of-view (FOV) restriction on the cybersickness ...
The presence of an avatar can reduce cybersickness in Virtual Reality
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) applications are increasingly being utilized for research, healthcare, and education. Despite their benefits, many VR users report motion sickness-like sensations (cybersickness), such as headache, disorientation, or nausea. ...

Comments

comments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

ACM Transactions on Applied Perception Volume 21, Issue 1

January 2024

78 pages

EISSN:1544-3965

DOI:10.1145/3613499

Editor:
Bobby Bodenheimer
Vanderbilt University USA

Issue’s Table of Contents

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 09 December 2023

Online AM: 16 October 2023

Accepted: 24 September 2023

Revised: 04 September 2023

Received: 16 April 2022

Published in TAP Volume 21, Issue 1

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

National Research Foundation of Korea

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

3
Total Citations
View Citations
535
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)379
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)15

Reflects downloads up to 25 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Jia YSin ZLi CNg PHuang XBaciu GCao JLi Q(2025)Traceable teleportation: Improving spatial learning in virtual locomotionInternational Journal of Human-Computer Studies10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103399194(103399)Online publication date: Feb-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103399
Arippa FPorta MCasu GLeban BPau M(2024)To Stand or to Sit? Examining the Influence of Player Posture on Balance Alterations Associated to Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure2024 IEEE Gaming, Entertainment, and Media Conference (GEM)10.1109/GEM61861.2024.10585552(1-6)Online publication date: 5-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/GEM61861.2024.10585552
Pavic KVergilino-Perez DGricourt TChaby L(2024)Age-related differences in subjective and physiological emotion evoked by immersion in natural and social virtual environmentsScientific Reports10.1038/s41598-024-66119-514:1Online publication date: 3-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66119-5

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Full Text

View this article in Full Text.

Figures

Tables

Media

View full text|Download PDF

View Issue’s Table of Contents

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.

Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy