24 Section 2.2 Section 2.2 Theory of Solutions In Problems 1 - 6 direct substitution of y) and yp verifies that each is & solution of the given differ ential equation, h(22}sinh(22) 1b) We= deinh(22) 2eosh(22) €; cosh (22) + 22 inh(22); = cosh(22) | cos(3e) —sin(3e) 2D) W= | _gein(Be) Scas(32) (0) y = e1cos(S2) + cp sin(3e); (@) y= ~foinl32) a ge tee = 2cosh?(22) — sinh?{2r}] = 2; .awe 2 * con f7z) eain( 7x) . e*(cos( 72) + V7sin(Vi2)) e-*(—sin( 7x) + V7 cos( 72) hoy cos 72) + ep sin( v7); ~*12c0s( V2) + “sin F=)] Vi = Vie", af ating 5.) W | 3 ane + 2? (chy = ate, + caln(x)) 5 (@) y= 224 = det in(e) Se “ CRD GE tee) un ayF + of, 6.) w=? a fe __« easle) — (16r-+5) sin(z) y= Pe eos 7. W=] 2x 82? | = otim and yp are tinearly independent solutions of the differentialSection 23 25 4,6 5 equation 2%! ~ day! + 6y = O or y" — yf + oY = 0. Theorem 3 applies for this equations only on intervals pot containing = 0, and on any such interval W = x* #0, & Clearly wand yp ae nearly nutepencent om [1 1 soe (2) AoC). The diixenta equation can be weliten y"- Sy + zy = 0, so Theorem 2.3 appliss only on intervals not containing 2 = 9. 9. yf — yf — dy = 6 has solution yy = 2, bul yiyn =e isnot a soletion. 10. Theorem 2.2 applies only to Hinear equations and yy! + 2yf — (y")? = 0 is nonlinear 11. At arelative extremum of a differentiable function y, we have y'(za) = 0. Thus W(zo} = yi@o) volo) uilto) paleo) wieo) vale) 0 0 dependent, 12. By Theorem 1, y+ play! +ala}y = 0, js clearly yl) = 0. If (a) = 0, then d(x) Hence #(t0) ¥ 0. = 0, and by Theorem 2.3, y1 end yp are linearly hhas a unique solution, which G-which contradicts the fact that ¢ is non-zero, 0 sn(eo) ya(%0) o | ate Also} vi(to) vale) 13. We have W(co) | and ya ate linearly dependent. @, and by Theorem 2.8, 42 Section 2.3 Reduction of Order Jn problems 1 - 10 we put yo(2) = u(z)yi(a), derive the equation satistied by 1, give its solution for u(x}, and give the general soluti 1 af the second order equation. 1. w cos(2z) — Asin(2a}u! = O;u(e) = tanf2s)iy =e: eoe(22) 4+ en sin(22) 2. a! + 6a! = Osule) = e-Biy = ee ge 3. ul = Ojula) = ay = cre + conet™ Ao aul! tu =0;u= Infshpy = eye! + one in(e). 5. cul + uf = Oyu = In(a)jy = c12” + op” n(x) 6. (nd tape 4220; wa Be 4s y = ere + (2a? — D, 7 aul + Tul = Opus a Sy = eat + oye ® 2 Baul O which can bo writton as [xc # 0. Thus w= 14 4 and u= Tye SS and y= ex(a? — I) bear 9. a7? conta )ul! — 22M? sin(x)e' = Opu(z) = tan(x)y =e 10. {203 4 Bx? + abu" + (62? + Ge + 2]u’ = 0 which gives ui = 1 and the general solution is y = ci +e (4)6 Section 2.4 Ve y= ce? + cae 2 12, (a) With u = of we get a ~ u = 2, first order linear with solution w= -2 + ext. 2 Integrate to goty= f ite) de —21n|o| +22" +ea Pe bp ow + 2u= a gies ue = +S ane thon y= E+E tex Jiu = ded gives us ce 44 Land then y= a+ Ge! + op ( & L fou ives & = —— (2) f bul =O ges d= Ey 1 gives u = tan(x-4c1) and then y =In|sec(2 + )}[ +e, (eu! ad ay tu 13. (a) wg + 3u* = 0 is separable as ETT integration gives Inful = —3infy| + and then y= Inf +e] +e cor wy? = A. Thus dy = date ans & cst nonyt mye +p {bv} Wy Ye sorter or y= cy y= oa ry (a) y= ln |sects +a1)|-+02° @)y=Injae teal a A . 14, With y = ug wo got y"+Ay! +By = el A ¢ Tut A (al — Sue) 4 Bul tet wer AV2 9 fh ul = 0. Thus w= ey 4 eytand y = ee 42/? 4 opne-Ae/2 A B 28, With y= tn ve get y+ Sy! + y= uta? + (A ~ Ajan! — 04) (Ce Me uta (2 i) + Bu) OOP — fru ila FAN = gif ou pe = 0, Thus a =o top in(edand y= ey20-AW? 4 eget inf), Section 2.4 The Constant Coefficient Homogeneous Linear Equation 1, The characteristic equation is A ——6 = 0 which has roots = general solution is y= qe + ene 2 and A= 3; thus the 2, The chacacteristic equation is 7 — 24+ 10= 0 which has roots A= 1-34 and A thus the general solution is y= ¢*fe; cos(3a} + cy sin(3x)] 1-3; 3. The charactoristic equation is \?-+624-9 = 0 which hes repeated roots } = —3 and thus the general sohution is y= e7**[oy + cga] 4, ‘The characteristic equation is M* - 3A = 0 which bas roots 4 = 0 and A = 3; thus the general solution is y= ¢ + ae 5. The characteristic equation is A?-+10\+26 = @ which hes roots A= —5+i and A= 5 ~é thus the general solution is SH costar) + epsin(e)] 5. ‘The characteristic equation is 4? 4 64 —40-=0 which has roots the general solution is y= cre ™ + eye Wand 2 |; thsSection 2.4 ” 7. The characteristic equation is M+ 9A +18 = 0 which has roots 4 = —3 +397 and = —4 = 184, chus the general sokution is y = e~¥* In oa C4.) + epsin (45) 8, ‘The characteristic equation is 1? +16\-+64 = 0 which has repeated roots 4 = —8 and A= 8; thus the general solution is y = e~*{ey +r¢] 9. The characteristic equation is A? 149-449 = G which has repented roots A= 7 and A= 7. thus Ue geneval solution is y= &"[e; + en] 10. The characteristic equation is 1? -6A4-7 = 0 which has roots A = 3-4éy2 and A thus the general solution is y = e*(cye¥* + ope" V2} vB; i, ‘The characteristic equation is A? + 44 +9 = 6 which has roots A= 2+ a/5 and = 25 —2.— iV; ths the general solution is y= e~ 12. ‘The chayacteristic equation is A? +52 general solution is y =e, + cae 13, y= 5-20 14, y = Ae + Re 15, y =O forall s 16. y= 13a} [1 cos( YB) + ey sin( Vex] which bas roots 4 = Q and A —S; thus the eMen2) 7 +7 iy Ato) 18. y= Few = ein) 19, y = elas - 270] 20, y= 5 — VIE na o(B =) + 22. (a) b= efor tea); (b) de = eMfere™ + cre; (0) liga) = fer + ca] # O) in general 23. (a) B= e[o-+ (2 ach] (o) og = eet [sede (©) lima) = F limlald-acreeje- lac d-pecje tefe™ +e7)| = [et (d—ac)e] = 2), by L'opital’s rube 21, yw oft BID wt Ado 24, The characteristic equation has roots dy VRB wd dy = 3A With B > 0 we have A® — 4B < A?, 50 A; and Ap ave either both hogative ceal numbers of are complex conjugates with negative real part, In the first ease Bla) = ew" + ege™" aad im g(a) = 028 Section 25 In the second case He) = 4 leon (SVB Hs) 4 sn (VB P)| Totey| <4 fA and nn] = 0, hence eno Section 2.5 Buler’s Equation Lyear ter fer + enln(z)} €3 cos{2 In{ =r) + 69 sin{2In(x}] exo! + cpa? 2-%{ey cosS n(x} + c2sin{3 In(z)]} ar? toa? = 2* {ey cos{? In(2)] + 9 sinf? In(z)]} Moy + eg in( caw! + cpa t 9-2" aoe {Bs see Ba 2 27*(5cos(d In{—2)] — 25in(4 n(~2]}) ltt a ) +i) : y= [4 - 3lo(a)} =~ cos{2In(—2)] 9 5G)" 3G) 4-1 + 12in(e)] 10 [on ui oneal“ ef transforms the Buler equation 2?y/" + Azy! + By = 0 into ¥¥ + (A= 1)¥" + BY =0. Let Ayand Ag designate the characteristic roots of this constant enefficient equation. Suppose on the other hand we substitute 2” directly into 2*y"+Asy'+By = 0 to get r(r~ Us" + Ara” +Ba" = (r+ (A tr Ble” = 0. Then r must satisfy 7? + (A r+ B= 0 and the values of 7 are exactly ry = Ay and rp = Az. ‘Thus both the transformation method, + and direct substitution of 2 lead to the same sohitionsSection 2.6 9 Section 2.6 The Nonhomogencous Equation 1. By variation of parameters with yr = ccs(z),yo = sin), and f(x} = tang) we get w = a7 coo(a) ~ see(z), uv = sin(a). ‘Thus w(c) = sin(x) — In|sec(x} + tantz)) + cy and u(2) = —cos(x)+0, and the generat solution is y = c} cos(z)-+e sin(e}—coa(sx) In | ofr} + tans) 2, y =e + ge + $o0a(e + 3} — Zsin(s +3) 3. y =) cos(3z} + cgsin(S2) + 4zsin(3x) + 4 In[cos(32)] cos(3x) by variation of parameters. 4. Pirst write 2sin®(x) = 1 ~ cos(2z) and get y= exe" + qge® — 4+ Z cos(2x) + 4 sin(2e) 5. y = ene + one — e?* cos(e“™) 6, First write Ssin?(4z) = 4 cos(8x) 4 to get y = cre +ene** +2 + 38 cosfBar) + (M0; sin{(Be) Tao + oet—ete-d 8. y = cre + ene — 26 8. y = efor cos(Se) + cpsin(32)] +222 42-2 10, y = e™*[ey cos() + ce sin(a}] + 21e* Ly = c1e™ + ope bet 12 Sf, + ona) + $sin(e) 13. y= cre? + exe + Bcon() + sin(s) 1. y= began ~ Ba — do? Ym Bol 1. y 16. y 17. By undetermined coefficients y= eye" + oe-* + Je” e*[c; coa(3x) + epsin(3x)} + te™™ |e, + con] + 32+ 6 + ¥cos(Se) ~ 2sin(3x) 18. By variation of parameters y = ex + oxt~® ~ 4h in(x) ~ dy 19. By undetermined coefficients y = cye™* + oz¢- ~ dar ~ 20, First write 2sinh®(z) = cosh(2r) — 1 and use undetermined coefficients to get y = cet + cge* — § cosh (2x) + Fy sinh(2z) ~ 7 21, By variation of parameters y = 2? + 24 +2 Moy + ep in{a}] + 2x7 In?(z2) 23. By variation of parameters y =; cos{2In(z)} + e2sin{2 In(z}} ~ { eos2in(2)] In(x) 22. By variation of parameters y = 24, By varintion of parameters y= cu? + cyt”? + fa? n(n) +} 25. By undetermined coefficients y= ere + eyre’™ +e ~ } 28. By undetermined coefficients y = ee + cye~ 27, y= Felt — fort — Taal 28 29, 26. 3-42e- — 2eos(z) + 8sin(o) + 22 ie Wy Bey Nonny — Bem aher sd fe Jet ~ be*|oos(2} + dsin(x)]30 Section 2.6 BL y = Bel 4 2¢-% — Qe ~ 32, y= et — nel 4 Qaete 33. Be + Hel + gy cos(2n) ~ & sin(2e) om fon) - ») + dy sin to facilitate fitting the initial conditions specified ab @ = 1. We get y(l) = old, 1 Saray 2. We find dy = 3e“'end dy = ‘The general solution can be written in Ue form yadeor fae (F ee » ~im (Be-»)] eh 8 fogeVTE 4 cge VM] 4 By the results 5 of the hyperbolic functions this solution ean be inh 142 + 1))) + >. his foram will gest 34, The generat aclution is given by y = can also be written in te forin y =o? [2 08 pea] + 4,and y'(8) yet + 35. ‘The general solution is given by y = of Problem 27, Section 2.4 and properti B written y = ef [Acash( VTle + + vid facilitate Atting the initial conditions specified ab 2 = —1. We get y{—1) = Ac~*y hr = Sand y((-1) = ddet + Bet — 4 2. Solving for A and B gives the general solution ety ye [(55 — e) cosh v14(a + 1)) {Se — 198) al Via sinh(V1d(e + 1))| + i 36. y = Lh fe-*(108 — 2702) — 8eos(x) ~ 6sin(a)} 105 BT y= 4e-* —sin%a) — 2 38. y =4cas(z) + 4sin(z) ~ cos(2) In fsee(2} + tan(z)] 39, y= da8 4 ad dp? 40. y= Sa" + 224 Infz) + Sla(z) - 2 2? + eva{ln(2)] + sinfn(}} cote (SeteSection 2.7 30 Section 2.7 Applications 1. The solution with initial conditions y(0) = 6,y'(0) = 0 is w:(4) 3 Be Honsh VBE) + /Beinh(/2t)); with initial conditions (0) = 0, y'(0} =5 is yaft) % simh(\/28). 2, The solution with initial conditions y(0) = 5, conditions (0) = 0,9! (0) = 5 is yaft) = Ste32 Section 2.7 3. The solution with initial conditions (0) = 6, °(0) is s(t) = Se-*[2cos(2t} + sim{2u)]; with initial conditions y(0) = 0, y'(0) = 6 8 ye(t) = fe-*sin(2t), 4, ‘The solution is y(t) = Ae-*feash( vt) + V2sinh{V24)] and is graphed for A=1,3,6,16,-4 and —7.Section 2.7 33 A 5. The solution is y(t) = * sinh(V/2t) and is graphed for A= 1,3,6, 10,4 and 6. The solution is y(t) = Ae (1 +26) and is graphed for A= 1,3,6,10, 4 and — 7,o Section 2.7 ‘7. The solution is y(t) = Ate~™ and is graphed for A = 1,3,6,10,—4 and —7, A ty 8. The sclotion isy{t) = Fe~[2cos(2t)+sin{2}] and is graphed for A= 1,5,6, 10, —4 and —7Section 2.7 ES 9. The solution is yt) fe sin(24) and is graphed for A = 1,3,6,10, -4 and —7. 10. From Newten’s accond law we have y= Jyforces = ~ 29y — 10y/, s0 the motion is de- scribed by the solution of y+ 10y’-+29y = 0,¥{0) = 3,y/(0) = —1. The solution of this under~ damped cane is y(2) = e-¥"{3.cas(2t) + Tsin(2t)] = VERE cos(2t— 4), where p= tan™"(7/3) Comparative graphs are shown below for y(0) 7,-12 em.fsee, {recall down is the positive direction). i initial velocity for undardamped spring-taaee problem, 12 cam/see. Crap showing fl of Siutowet yf 4 H0y 2p —Oys(0) = 32/0) = Vas¥o= 12.436 Section 2.7 yd 11. The motion is desoribed hy the solution of y+ Ly’ + Qty = Oy(0} = 35 m, 9/(0) = —5 m/sec. The displacement is y(t) = alere — 52e-}, Comparative graphs are shown below for (0) = 3,12, 20, 90,45 em;y!(0) = —5 an/see, Graphs showing effect of varying displacement for overdamped apring- mass problem. Solution of y!" + Fy! + 24y = 0,y(0) = Dp; Do = 26/9, 12, 20,30, 45 cm, yO) = —5 m/sec. 12. Since one pound = 4.45 Newton and one inch = 2.54 em we caleulate the epring modulus © 4(4.45) Newton/m 2 700 Newton/m. ‘The equation in the mks system will mB ,¥(0) = 0,y(0) = —4 with solution y be Ty" + 700y = 2 sin(108) meters. 13, For overdamped motion, the displacement. is given by y(t} = e-°'(A-+ Be®) where a > 0 (-a is the smaller characteristic root) and 8 > 0 is the difference # = (larger root - smaller root). The factor A+ Be* could be zero at most once and only for some t > 0 if -A/B > 1. ‘The values of A and # are determined by given initial conditions, in fact if yo = (0) and (0) we have A+B = yo and ~a(A+ B) +B = m. With a bit of algebra we find $- ‘To ensure that — < 1 we see that: no condition on only yo will be sufcion. He sled specify that ep > ~aqp, this wil ensure that the overdamped bob never passes through the equilibrium point 14, For critically demped motion, the displacement is given by y(i) "(A+ Be) with a> O and A and B determined by the initial conditions. From the linear factor we sce that the bob could pass through equilibrium at most once, and will for some ¢ > 0 if and only if BA 0 and AB <0. Now note that yp = y(0) = A and up = y'(0) = -aA +B. ‘Thus to ensure that the bob never passes through equilibrium we need AB > 9, which becomes: (v + a30)yo > 8. No condition on yo = y(D) alone can ensure this. We would also eed to specify 9 > ~ayo, and this will ensure that the critically damped bob nevor passes through, the equilibrium pointSection 2.7 a 15. For underdamped motion we have y(¢) Vien on which has frequency w = ing c incresses the frequency. 16, For critical damping y(t) = e“*/?"(A + Bi). For maximum displacement we need 2mB cA Ac y(@) = O from which we find # = “=. Now y(0) = 4,y'(0) = ~ 5 + B and since am? wwe are given y(0) = 9'(0) # 0 we find tf = 5 ‘Thus increasing ¢ decreases the frequeney and decrens- , p: independent of y(0). ‘The maximum displacement is y(t*} (om + je 17. In the case of undamped mation, my, When @ a sor = a ‘ cos(ut) +ep sin{ust), therefore y” ‘The period of the motion ie P= 2 = any/— yedy" = 2,900 = @ Note that d and @ (as scalars) will have opposite signs, 18. ‘The period of the original system with mass m; is p= 2a/%. ‘The now system with ‘mass (ry + mg) will have period py = 2a /™P"* = 20/1 + ME = py ft 19. With w # wy the solution of y” + oy A contuthin(O) = ¥C0) = 0 ull) = cos(wat) — cos( wt) ml aod) tsin(wné) which is the sohution of y” bey = & contuntx(0) =¥0) . Letting «& + wp and using L'Hopitals’ rule we find lim y(t} = Bera u 20. The spring constant is k= 10+ -— 16 Be = 3 eg 90 the 4oos(wt). ‘The general solution of this equation is WE) = BA costev TH) + Bain(2VTO) + ez aaa Tee ooo wt) +4uosin(ot)} As t -» +00, the exponential term dies out and the steady state solution can be written aaa 8), ‘The amplitude is maximized when w is chosen to minimize the radicand (44—w?}? + 16.7 = (w! re ‘From this form we see we should Veto ~ mm 22 pounds/ft, mass m= cquation of motion is 3u” + 2 + 22y Yer = choose wi = 6 to get maximum amplitude of —=— 1270, cosy Ham — 24/2m) +c sin( YBa ~ ot/2m)]38 Section 2.7 21, ‘The gonoral solution of the overdamped problein y" 4 Gy’ 4-2y = Aeas(3t) can be waitten 8 y(t) = eer cosh (V7) + casinh( V)] ~ oy oslat) + gp inl) (a) The initial conditions 4{0) = 6,y/(0) = 0 giv a — 8 and @ = 22% and unique solution ya(t) = shy{e™*|2266 cosh( Vit) inh(/7#)] — 28.co8(3t)} + 72sin(3é}} (b) The initial conditions y(0) = 0, y'(0) = 6 give cy = BS and cy = BYP and unique solution s(t) = sip fe [28 cosh( V7t) + 2 sinh(V7E)] — 2Beas(3t) + 7 Pein(3t)} (c) Those two solutions are roped ‘on the axes below. at Lert [anos eashve} + S282 sinc v7 ve 28 cost) + suites} w= { ast 1 ae ane Tada} \ SA 22, ‘The general solution of the critically damped problem y+ dy! + 4y = 4eos(34) ie given by vt eles + eat] — peo) + een (a) The initial conditions y(0) = 6, y'(0) = 0 give = {QP and ep = 188 and unique solution welt) = Tey fe° [1034 + 19244] ~ 20cos(t) + 48sin(3t)} (b) The initial conditions (0) = 0 and y'(0) = 6 give c) = # and cz = 919 and unique solution yo(2) = eB {e-*[20 + 9104) — 20cos(3e) + 48sin(3¢)) (c) These two solutions are graphed on the axes below.Section 2.7 9 ve(O = w {o- [1034 + 19242] — 20.con(3¢} + 48 ain(3e)} 23. ‘Tho general solution of the underdamped problem y/" + yf + 3y = 4cos(3t) is given by vit (# y(t) =e? Jey cos. “yr ) tesa )| — Hf cuw(at) + H sin(3t). (a) he initial conditions y(0) = 6, y'(0} = O give a = 3 js {e" pp (*) + Jaan (*) - aot sean} at 0 =O give cs = f and o = 7284; and unique solution = jgihq ond unique solution (b) The initial conditions w(0) = walt) = z {eo [ams (B+ + a sin ()| ~ 8 eos( 34) nga {c) These tity solutions ate graphed on this axes below. wd= & {en poe (2) + den (#)| Beast) + 4.sin(32) mira ine() han (eB) star40 Section 2,7 In Problems 24 through 27 the RLC cirenit driven by the potential £{2) is modeled by the differential equation ut + Rif + i = E(t) for charge g. Since current ¢ = q! this can be written Li + Ris Lg = A(t) aud by diferentiation we get the second order equation 1 6 Ti+ Ril + Gi = Bt). With a(0) = (0) = 0 we get 0+) cotton for the euatent problem. In the answezo below, some lem with exceedingly small coofficionis (~ 10°) have been dropped so inftial conditions may net be sntisfied exactly. 24, a(t) = —0.0050272~98% + (0.001030 + 0.005027}e* 25. a(2) = —0.000938e~ 9625 + 0,01 80006~%99 2%. 4, 000852 cos(20#) + 0.299908 sin 201) 26. (2) = 0.007695" — 9,0007704e~" 27, i(6) = —0.00051£e-9 "6" + 0.016% — 0.00112 1e~* eas( 6t} = 0.000044e~t sin( Gt) U4) ‘7 fis the second initial