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Appendisitis: DR Bambang Sugeng Bag. Bedah FK Unissula

1) Appendicitis is most common in the second and third decades of life and is more common in males. The incidence has been decreasing over time. 2) The appendix has various anatomical locations but is most commonly intraperitoneal. It receives parasymathetic innervation from the vagus nerve and sympathetic innervation from the thoracic nerve. 3) Untreated appendicitis can lead to complications like rupture and perforation in 15-25% of cases, especially in children and the elderly, worsening prognosis.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
77 views33 pages

Appendisitis: DR Bambang Sugeng Bag. Bedah FK Unissula

1) Appendicitis is most common in the second and third decades of life and is more common in males. The incidence has been decreasing over time. 2) The appendix has various anatomical locations but is most commonly intraperitoneal. It receives parasymathetic innervation from the vagus nerve and sympathetic innervation from the thoracic nerve. 3) Untreated appendicitis can lead to complications like rupture and perforation in 15-25% of cases, especially in children and the elderly, worsening prognosis.
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APPENDISITIS

dr BAMBANG SUGENG Bag. Bedah FK UNISSULA

INSIDENS

Abdomen akut yg tersering Dekade 2 dan 3; paralel dg jar limfe apendiks, jarang pd bayi Banyak pada laki-laki; laki-laki : perempuan = 1.3 : 1 Saat ini insidens cenderung turun

ANATOMI
65%

intraperitoneal Persarafan
parasimpatis : N. vagus simpatis : N. thorakalis X
Pendarahan

A. appendicularis (end artery) cabang A. ileocolica

ANATOMI

FISIOLOGI
Jar limfe umur 2 mgg, puncaknya 12 20 th : 200 bh Imunoglobulin A GALT ( gut associated lymphoid tissue) Hubungan appendektomi dengan Ca colon dan kekebalan? Radang appendiks sering pada * dewasa muda ?

ETIOLOGI

Diit
Rendah serat fekalit
Fekalit : 52% di Canada 23% di Afrika

Obstruksi
* fekalit

* hiperplasia kel limfe

ETIOLOGI

ETIOLOGI

Flora colon
60% pd appendisitis anaerob 25% pd normal apendiks anaerob
* E. coli * Bacteroides * Streptococcus * Pseudomonas

PATOFISIOLOGI

Sumbatan lumen :
* fekalit * jaringan limfe * konstipasi sumbatan fungsional

Radang mukosa Radang seluruh lapisan Nekrosis jaringan

PATOFISIOLOGI

Periappendicular mass
* usaha tubuh untuk melokalisir infeksi
* berhasil bila pertahanan tubuh kuat; pada dewasa muda--- jarang pada anak / geriatri * bila berhasil infeksi mereda sikatriks * terdiri dari organ / jar sekitar appendiks - omentum - usus halus - adnexa

PATOFISIOLOGI

Berdasarkan patologi :
* Appendicitis catarrhalis

* * * *

Appendicitis Appendicitis Appendicitis Appendicitis

suppurativa gangrenosa perforata chronica

PATOFISIOLOGI
apendisitis perforasi peritonitis apendisitis massa periapendikuler sembuh diurai kronis apendisitis massa periapendikuler abses peritonitis apendisitis massa periapendikuler perforasi peritonitis

KELUHAN

Mual (hampir semua) Nyeri perut


* diffuse, sekitar umbilikus nyeri visceral * menetap di kanan bawah nyeri somatik

Muntah Demam

PEMERIKSAAN FISIK

Berbaring, tungkai dilipat


Posisi nyaman baring telentang, tungkai dilipat

Nyeri bila bergerak atau batuk Demam Hiperestesi sekitar pusat


( N Th 10, 11 dan 12)

PEMERIKSAAN FISIK

Rovsings sign Psoas sign


elicited by positioning the patient on the left side and extending the right hip

Obturator sign
positioning the patient supine and then

rotating the flexed right thigh internally, from lateral to medial

LABORATORIUM

Lekosit
Mula-mula normal; perlu serial

Urinalisis
Membedakan dg UTI; atau apendix dekat ureter

Tes kehamilan
KET ? Jangan percaya anamnesis

Amilase
Pankreatitis

IMAGING

Foto polos abdomen


perubahan sebaran gas, fekalit

Apendikogram
bila terisi penuh bukan apendisitis

Ultrasonografi CT - scan

IMAGING

DIAGNOSIS

History classic history of pain


* onset * quality * location * radiation * associated symptoms * pain shift to RLQ

Past history
* previous laparotomy * previous RLQ pain * other relevant medical problems * ob/gyn history and last menses (date)

DIAGNOSIS

Pain with cough / movement Facial flush Tenderness at Mc Burneys point Guarding at Mc Burneys point Rectal exam: > pain on right Pelvic exam: discharge/adnexal tenderness (-) Temperature

DIAGNOSIS

Urinalysis
* WBC * RBC * pregnancy test pyuria is present when the inflammed appendix lies near ureter / bladder

Blood test:
* WBC: mild leukcytosis 10.000 18.000/mm3

* shift to the left / PMN predominance

(Imaging)

DIAGNOSIS

Alvarado score
* Migration of pain * * * * * * * = 1 pt Anorexia = 1 pt Nausea / vomiting = 1 pt Tenderness RLQ = 2 pts Rebound tenderness = 1 pt Elevated temp = 2 pts Leukocytosis (>10.000) = 1 pt Shift to the left (>75%) = 1 pt

DIAGNOSIS
Alvarado Score :
5 6 pts compatible

6 7 pts probable
8 9 pts very probable

KESALAHAN DIAGNOSIS 15 20%

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

When the appendix located above the caecum


* * * * * * * * cholecystitis perforated duodenal ulcer hydronephrosis / perinephric abscess kidney / ureteral stone omental torsion pneumonia w/ pleurisy hepatitis pancreatitis

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

When appendix is in the iliac position


* Acute mesenteric adenitis * * * * * * Perforated duodenal ulcer Crohns disease Cecal carcinoma Lymphoma Ureteral stone Virus infection, tb infection

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

* Inflamed Meckels diverticulum * * * * Psoas abscess Cecal ulcer Typhoid fever Primary peritonitis

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

When the appendix is in the pelvic position


* Intestinal obstruction
* Diverticulitis of the colon * Perforation of a typhoid ulcer * Gastroenteritis

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

In women
* Ectopic pregnancy * * * * * * Ovarian cyst rupture PID Ruptured graafian follicle (Mittelschmerz) Ruptured corpus luteum cyst Endometriosis Ovarian torsion DIAGNOSIS PAR EXCLUSIONAM !!!

KOMPLIKASI

Ruptur / perforasi
* sebelah distal sumbatan / fekalit * antimesenterial * terjadi pada 15 25% kasus, terutama pada anak-anak dan geriatri * memperburuk prognosis

TERAPI

Apendisitis akut
Operatif apendektomi (appendicectomy) terbuka atau laparoskopi

Apendisitis dg massa periapendikuler


bila ada abses atau massa tidak terfiksir operasi apendektomi

Apendisitis perforasi operasi Apendisitis kronis operasi

TERAPI

Massa periapendikuler / apendiks infiltrat yg fixed


* operasi * konservatif / expectant treatment

. Bed rest, diit lunak . Wbc . Besar / konsistensi massa . Nyeri tekan . Suhu badan tanda-tanda perforasi operasi

TERAPI

Antibiotik
Pada apendisitis yg tidak perforasi diberikan 24 jam Pada apendisitis perforasi dan dengan massa periapendikuler diberikan sampai demam hilang dan lekosit normal
Antibiotika yg diberikan: Clindamycin kombinasi dg aminoglikosida atau sesuai kultur Cefalosporin generasi 3 - 4

PROGNOSIS

Apendisitis tdk ruptur


prognosis baik, mortalitas kurang dari 0.1%

Apendisitis ruptur
prognosis lebih buruk, kematian rata-rata 3% pada geriatri kematian sampai 15% kematian karena sepsis, komplikasi penyakit yg sudah ada (DM,jantung), dehisensi luka, adhesi

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