GSM .

.

gprs CDMA
UMTS .
GSM
.
..


/ GSM
..........

GSM


:

Channels
Capacity Quality Channel B.W
GSM .
:






.

 : error
Noise
error .
.


.
..


:

.
:

:

GSM .
:B.W
B.W
Frequency

CH 1

 :

. Channel

 :
Channel2

. .


GSM

FDM frequency division multiplexing

carrier user carrier

capacity .

TDM time division multiplexing

time slots channel

. time slot user
capacity
time slots carrier
. time

 mhz 999mhz 0999

mhz 099 frequency
. .
mhz 099
099 09 09
(. 2
)
099 099 .
.... 2

.. GSM
carrier 299 ..



TDM. .
8 29
.....

..

.......


FDMA frequency division multiple access
carriers carrier user FDM


TDMA time division multiple access
frames channel
time slots frame
time slot user
radio frequency users
.

time division multiple access/frequency division multiple
access
TDMA / FDMA
channels band
time slot user time slots frame frames channel
carriers user
frame time slots
TDMA / FDMA TDMA


power

First Generation


analog system analog
analog systemdigital system



analog systems

FDMA
Frequency Modulation

Second Generation


.
digital system data
SMS
GPRS

 TDMA capacity ( TDMA

) TDMA/FDMA

 ..
G2
Third Generation

WCDMA
smart anttena ...........


digital system analog
digital
analog digital

 : capacity

bits B.w
analog system
:
GSM ISDN

:
hardware

:

 analog noise

digital 1 0
noise . noise 9
0
bit 9 0


error ditection and correction
:
analog

digital .

GSM

Base Transceiver Station
Base Station
BTS cell
cell . cell
interference .

interference

 dead zone
.... cell cell
cell
cell
... cells ......
cell



GSM cells

cell cell

carriers carriers
channels system capacity
cells cell
...
cell ... cell

 cell ..
capacity
cell ....
cells ...7

cells cluster ...... cluster

cells7

 cell
cell
cells cell
cell co-channels cell
reuse distance

cell sectorization

co-channels
GSM cell
...

 M cells
( ) cells 6
.. M
cell ( sector)
..
cell

 cell 6
6
.
cell ,

 ..
cells ... cell channels

cluster
channels cluster ..
cluster cell.. cell 7 channels
cell channels cell channels
...
cell channels ..
cell ...

cell
power
cells
channels power

 power cells
.. splitting cell

cell splitting capacity .....

 cell cluster
cells

 : macrocell
29
: microcell
3
: picocell

299 .

picocells
: highway cell

 cluster
cells cluster ....
cells

cluster cells 3 9
cells ....
: Fixed Channel Assignment Teq
cells
cell
cell cells .

: Dynamic Channel Assignment Teq

 cell


: Hybrid Channel Assignment Teq
cells

BTS MS
Mobile Station
Adaptive Power Control

MS BTS
power BTS MS ...
BTS MS power

 MS
...

MS power
cell
MS
power BTS power MS
power BTS MS power
power
...... ...
BTS MS

Multipath Fading

..

 BTS MS
.
phase ..
.. 9 ..
paths
.....
Multipath Fading
: Rician fading

MS BTS Line Of Side

MS BTS power

: Rayleigh Fading

 MS BTSNo Line Of Side

..
0 .
Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Fading .
fading

Microscopic Diversity Techniques


: Time Diversity Technique

T ......

9 t
....

... ...
: Frequency Diversity Technique

.. ...
.... Rayleigh
.

 ( )
fading..

... .

..
: Space Diversity Technique
.. cell .
. 2
... ...

.... ..
BTS ..
fading ...
....

 : Selective Technique

: Maximal Ratio

.

: The Equal Gain

...

 : Frequency Hopping

fading . Frequency
Hopping fading
. .. 217 hop/sec
: Interleaving Technique
.
.. Interleaver
: Adaptive Power Control
Power fading

Multipath Fading rician rayleigh

Shadow Fading


.. BTS ..
... MS BTSs
BTS Handover ..
.. MS BTS
BTS BTS
BSC ... ....

Doppler Shift

 ..

..
...
. .
..
..

 ..

....
user
...
MS BTS
. MS
MS MS
Band Pase Filter MS ...

Synchronization BTS MS
MS

Co-Channel Interference

 cells
cell sectorization cell
MS BTS power

Adjacent Channel Interference


cluster
cells .... cell
....

band pase filter Ms
Idle
cell ..
...
..
....

 cell
Channel Management cell

Delay Spread OR Time Dispersion


..
bit
bit
Delay Equalizer bits
bits Training Sequance


Distance Between MS and BTS

 BTS Power
Control Power Power
Power MS BTS
Power ...

A B BTS
Time Slote T2 A
Time Slote T3 B
Frame
B
A BTS
TS0.577 msec
TS TS
A BTS A
B

 MS BTS BTS
BTS BTS MS

BTS

Path Loss

Power ..

 Power BTS
.. .
...
BTSs Power
Power Power...
Noise

CH 1
CH 2

 GSM


.
. . .
: Mobile Station MS

..
: attached
: ideal

1 - registration
.
BTS
registration
..
2 - Location Area LA

Location Area
.
MS LALA
LA

.
.

LA LA ..
3 - paging
MS
LALA ..
MS ..

LA LA
CEll
paging
MS LA .
4 - roaming
.

registration .
: active
1 - Ongoing call
MS
2 - HO
Ms

 BTS BTS.
Hand Over
MS Cell
Cell
.
MS BTS
.
3 - Monitoring power & quality of its BTS
MS Power
BTS
BSC BTS
Power
Power
BSC Hand Over
Power Control
...
4 - Monitoring power of neighboring BTSs
Signals
BTS's
489 BSC
: detached
1 - IMSI de.
MS

..
2 - Implicit de.

.. MS
.. Periodic Registration
MS's .
....


IMEI
Interntional Mobile Equipment Identity

 digit 05

.



Spare
IMEI ..
: Subscriber Identity Module SIM


..

..

MSISDN

 ..
digit05
+
29
909 900

digit7
MSISDN .
IMSI

 MS


MS's
IMSI
..
IMEI

MSRN

 MSISDN
Location Area MS

TMSI


IMSI
.
TMSI . IMSI
TMSI
LA LA
TMSI...
Base Station Subsystem BSS

1 - Base Transceiver Station BTS
2 - Base Station Controler BSC
3 - Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit TRAU
The Mobile service Switching Center MSC

 exchange ..
MS's ...
...
MSC's ...
MSC BSC's
05 BSC ..29
MSC ..
MSC

MSC Getway MSC .

MSC
.

... MSC
...


1 - Home Location Register HLR


1 MSISDN IMSI .
2 MSC Area USER MSC. 3 4 USER HLR MSC PSTN ..
HLR *500#

2 - Visitor Location Register VLR

 MSC MSC VLR

MSC
VLR

 USER MSC VLR

MSRN IMSI TMSI USER MSC
MSC MSC MSC..

3 - Authentication

 IMSI

..
IMSI
HLR ...
IMSI

IMSI

... . MS IMSI
TMSI
IMSI ... IMSI ....

IMSI ....
....
....

 IMSI
.. IMSI
Authentication Center AUC
AUC..
IMSI Indivual Key Ki
Ki IMSI
.. Ki AUC ...
Ki ..
Ki A3Algorithm
AUC
. Signed Response SRES
AUC MS
MS ..
Ki A3
SRES
.... . SRES
SRES MS
. MS ..

 ....
IMSI Ki .. A3 ...
Ki Ki ...
AUC Ki
A8 Key Ciphering Kc

 ..
Kc ...
Kc SRES Triplet
:
1 MS 2 MS LA 3 MS MSC LA 4 5 -

4. EIR Equipment Identity Register


... IMEI . EIR
..
EIR
White list
IMEI

Black list
IMEI
Gray list
IMEI software
IMEI

 Black list
...
GSM

3-The Operation and Maintenance Center OMC

Self Test
OMC OMC Alarm
BSS MSC ...
..
Quality ...

OMC

BOSSNEMO

GSM BOSSNEMO

Base Station Subsystem BSS

1 - Base Transceiver Station BTS

Microwave BTS BSC Line Of Site

Cell BTS


BSC
..

BTS


2 - Base Station Controler BSC

 BSC Power Control BTS

H.O BTS
.. :
1- Paging
MS BSC BTS's MSRN
MS BTS;s BSC MS
Paging . BTS MS BSC
BSC Paging ... Paging
LA MS LA
....
2 - Channel Allocation
T.S MS

3 - Handover
MS BTS
BSC MS Handover BTS ....
4 - Frequency Hopping
. BSC

BSC 20 30 BTS
Remote BTS BTS

Co-located BTS BTS

BSC
BTS

 BSC
BSC BTS's
BSC BTS's ..
1 - Cascade

 . BTS
...
2 - loop

 .. BTS 2
.. BTS's
BTS ....
3 - Star

BSC BTS ..
....... BTS
Microwave BTS's BSC
Optical
3 - Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit TRAU

 GSM
... MSC BSC ..
Rate 64 kbps MSC BSC
BTS 64 kpbs B.W
... Data Rate Data Rate
B.W .... TRAU
64 kbps16 kbps Multiplexing
4 BSC ... 03
kbps 3 bit Control BTS
MS's 13 kbps

TRAU
Geographic network areas
GSM

Public Land Mobile Network PLMN

MSC area PLMN

Location Area LA MSC area

 LA CElls
Location Update
Paging

 LA

 Cell GSM

 Cell
CGI Cell Global Identity

 GSM

 GSM 1900 GSM 1800 GSM 900


Channels
TS Frame

 GSM 900
GSM 1800
GSM 1900 GSM
1800 GSM 1900
3G 2.1

 GSM 900 Primary-GSM 900

G 0 Extended-GSM 900
Uplink Downlink
889 E-GSM 900 969 89

. BTS MS
BTS Uplink.
BTS MS Downlink

 889 905 Uplink 35

925 969 Downlink 35

MS 889 Time Slot 3 BTS
Uplink ?? .......
925 TS 3 BTS
MS ..
UPlink Downlink 45
Duplex Distance
35 35 Uplink Downlink

Frame 299
35 Carrier Carrier 200 .....
35 ..... 299
074 E-GSM 900

 GSM Uplink
Downlink
Carrier 8 TS 074 8 1392
Channels Time Slot Users
Cluster E-GSM 900
BTS Uplink MS Downlink
Downlink Uplink
Noise Power Noise
Power BTS Power MS
.
89 35 E-GSM 900 Uplink
35 Downlink 79
905 925
6 915921 870 Downlink876 Uplink

4 921925 876 Downlink880
Uplink
GSM - R
.

.
Pico Cell Micro Cell
.
4 . 4
299 8 160 Channels ..

 TDMA Carriers
Carrier Time Slot 8 Time Slot
Burst
Burst Time Slot
TS Burst

 Burst

156.25 bits
Data bits 004

 Hide Bits Tail Bits 3 bit

Data
Training Sequence
.....
Dealy Spread Training Seq
....
Stealing Flags bits 2 data

0 0
1 0 Power BTS
0 1 ( Timing Advance
)
1 1 Hand Over
Guard Period
Burst Burst
8.25 bits ..... Burst ...
Burst156.25 bits

 Frame Time Slot

...............
Bit Rate GSM270.833 Kb/s

Bit Duration bit
33 27978
3.96
Time Slot 3769 056725
TS 0.577 msec
Frame 8 msec47605

 physical Time Slot

Logic

Control Traffic Channel Logic Channels

Channels
Traffic Channels
MSs Control Channels
Traffic Channels

Full Rate -1
Speech 13 Kb/sec Data Rate
Kb/sec2278 Redundancy
Redundancy

Enhance Full Rate -2

Redundancy
Half Rate -3

 Capacity
Rate TSUser2
Control Channel

: BroadCast Channel

 BroadCast Control Channel

Location Area
Cell Downlink BTS
.
Frequency Correction Channel
BTS
Synchronization Channel
Frame
TS
SCH FCCH

 Downlink .
: Common Control Channels

Paging Channel PCH

TMSI
Downlink
Random Channel RACH
Paging Uplink
Access Grand Channel AGCH

..
Control
Channel SDCCh AGCH SDCCH th

downlink
: Dedicated Control Channel DCCH

Stand_alone Dedication Control Channel SDCCH

UplinkDownlink
Slow Associated Control Channel SACCH
Downlink Power
Uplink
Fast Associated Control Channel FACCH
BTS Hand Over
Uplink Downlink
Control Channels


Frame 8 TS
Control Channels Control Frame TS 2
Channels Frame Traffic Channels

2TS

 FACCH SACCH 2 bit Stealing

Flag
Burst
2 bit1 1 Burst Hand Over
FACCH
TS 2
TS0 Uplink RACH
Downlink BCH , FCCH , SCH , PCH , AGCH

TS1 SDCCH Uplink Downlink

 .



Acoustic Signal
.

Analog Electrical Speech Signal
Analog Digital
Digital
Speech Encoder Digital

13 kb/sec Bit Rate

...
Channel Encoder
22.8 kb/sec Bite Rate Redundence Bits
Burst Interleaver
Error Detection And Correction
Ciphering
Burst Assembling And Multiplexing
Stealing Flags Hide Bits Tail Bits
33.85 kb/sec Bit Rate Bits
Modulation


...

Speech Encoder - 1
.
Speech Encoder
Bit Rate
Channels
Band
Width


..

 ..
GSM
.. ...
Speech Encoder Analog
Digital

GSM Pulse Code Modulation .

PCM

Bandlimiting

 Low Pass Filter

B W

Sampling

 Electronic Switch
khz 8 8000 sample / sec

 sampling

3.4 khz 678
khz
8 khz
Quantizing

 Sampling
.
Levels ... 2 23
8192 Levels
13 bits /sec
Encoding

 Quantizing Levels
Level bits
Encoder bits
Rate 104 kb/sec
Speech EncoderSegmentation

 bits
B.W TS

.
.
.
1.4 khz
20 msec
.
20 msec
20 msec bit2080 bit
rate 104 kb/sec
rate20 msec .
bits 2989 Frame
Frame
8 TS 2080 bits TS 1

8
260 bitsTS
Predictive Coding

.
Predictive Coding
Speech Coder Predictive Coding
Voice Activity Detection VAD
Discontinuous Transmission DTX
DTX Noise
VAD
. 03.4
KHZ

 DTX
VID Noise Noise

DTX VID Noise
DTX TX
Co - Channel Interference.
TX

.
DTX
Silence Descriptor SID

SID Frame (Noise ) .

Frame
Comfort Noise
SID Frame

 Noise SID Noise Update

SIDNoise DTX
SID Noise DTX
BOSSNEMO BOSSNEMO

Predictive Coder

Bad Frame Replacement

Bad Frame Replacement Frame
. Frame
Bad Frame Indicator BFI Frame
Speech Coder
Channel Coding

Interference Noise
Error . Data
.
Error Detection and Correction
Error Detection Redundancy Bits Channel Coding
and Correction


Error Detection and Correction
GSM:
1 - Block Coder
Error Detection 3 BitsParity Check Bits
Convolutional Coder - 2
Error Correction
Data

Very Important Data
Power 50 bits
Important Data
Power bits
132 bits
Non Important Data
Power bits78 bits
Data
Error Correction Data
Data B.W
Data Power Very
Important bits 59
50 78 132 .. .... 269
Bits Frame Data
.

 Convolutional Coder

bits 59
3 Parity Check Bits Block Coder
bits
Block Coder Error Detection ..
53 bits
bits 032 Convolutional Coder
Important Data
Convolutional 0000 tail bits 4
Initial State Coder
. Convolutional Coder
378 bits Convolutional Coder
Non Important Data 78 bits 378 bits
456 bits Convolutional Coder

 bits 20 msec456 bits bits

2278
kb/sec
kb/sec 978 kb/sec 03 Redundancy Bits

Traffic Channels .
456 bits Interleaver
Interleaver - 3

Bits

Interleaver Data Error
Interleaving
Deinterleaving Error Bits
Error.
Interleaver
Interleaver
1- Block Interleaver

 8 Data
Bits 1, 9 , 17 , 25 , .......... , 449
2 Burst
1 Bits449 Error
Errors
.
57 bits Burst/2 ...
Burst 57*2 bits
Burst Interleaver - 2

 2 Burst Burst
25 % 20 msec 8 .. .
20 msec Burst
20 msec Burst ... 20 msec
Burst 20 msec Burst ..
Burst 12.5% 20 msec
20 msec

100 msec
Ciphering - 4

 Security GSM
Passive

Active

 C C
A B
C B A
C A B
C Block B
GSM Gaming

GSM

 IMSI Triplet
AUC

AUC IMEI Check


Ciphering

 Kc . Ki Rand
A8

 Ciphering
* Kc MS AUC
* AUC Kc VLR
* VLR Cipher Mode Command CMC
* VLR Kc CMC BTS
* BTS Kc CMC MS
* MS CMC Kc FN A5
FN Frame No
A5 A8 A3

* MS BTS Kc FN
* BTS . CMC
* CMC CMC VLR Ciphering

c FN A5 .

Kc FN A5
..

5 - Burst Assembly and Multiplexing

H.B T.B Flags Training Seq

Modulation - 6

Gaussion Minimum Shift

Keying

Transmission - 1
Signaling Data Voice Data

2 - Radio Resource Management

Power Control - 1
BTS MS Power
BTS MS

 .
Power
. Interference Cells
.
* Power Control Pico Cell
Power
* Power Control Uplink Downlink
BTS Power Control BTS
* Power MS 489 BTS
Signal Quality Signal Strength BTS
* Power Control MS BTS

Max Power

MS BTS Power BTS

Power
MS A BTS
Power .
MS BTS
MS BTS 489 BSC
MS BSC
MSBTS .
BSC MS BTS Power db 2
Hand Over - 2

 TCH TCH
Hand Over Types

 H.O Cell TCH

Cell . .
H.O CellIntra BTS
Cell H.OCell BSC
Inter BTS - Intra BSC
H.O

Execution Speed - 1
H.O


Reliability - 2
H.O .
H.O .
. MS BTS
H.O . MS H.O
BTS .

Transparent To Users - 3
H.O
Service - Dependent - 4
H.O Data Voice
H.O
MS BTS
Power BTS BTS
H.O ....... Power BTS
Equal Point . MS
..
.... MS BTS
Power BTS
H.O .. H.O H.O Margin
Power BTS ...
...
: BTS Power ????? Equal Point
... BTS Power .
Power Co - Channel
Interference .....
H.O BTS Power
MS Power BTS.
: MS H.O Margin BTS
MS BTS ....
H.O .... H.O H.O
Margin BTS...

 MS H.O H.O

MS Downlink BTS
. BTS 6

 BTS MS .
MS
MS BTS BSC
MS H.O
H.O
Soft H.O - 1
MS Channel CDMA
Capacity

Hard H.O - 2

 MS H.O
.. GSM

Softer H.O - 3
MS 3 .....

H.O

1020 H.o ..
.. H.O ..

 H.O
....

N-time retry - 1
H.O MS H.O .....
. MS Cell Cell
H.O Margin H.O 10 .. MS
H.O Cell H.O
MS MS
Handover Queue - 2

 MSs H.O
Sub-rating algorithm - 3
H.O Half Rate
MS Full Rate MS 2 Half Rate H.O .....
H.O

Cell H.OCell BSC

" "

* 1 MS BTS BSC
H.O . BSC New BTS
MS Tch
* 2 BSC MS New BTS Old BTS
* 3 MS New BTS Access Burst
..
* 4 New BTS MS H.O Power
Timing Advance ...
* 5 New BTS BSC H.O ...
* 6 BSC Old BTS H.O Old BTS
MS ....
*** MS Fram Framreplacement
Control Data Control Channel
H.O Cell 2 BSC 2

*1 Old BSC H.O New CellBSC

Old BSC MSC
* 2 MSC Cell BSC
H.O
* 3 New BSC New BTS H.O New
BTS Tch
*4 New BTS New BSC Tch
Tch . New BTS MSC
MSC Old BSC Old BTS MS
MS Tch ...

* 5 MS New BTS Access Burst

*6 New BTS MS
Power Timing Advance
* 7 MS New BTS
New BTS New BSC H.O MSC
*8 MSC Old BSC H.O Old
BTS MS ....
Old BSC MSC H.O MSC
New Cell MSC ...

 Old MSC New MSC

]PSTN[/size

. Cells
H.O
....

IMSI Attach and Detach - 1

 MS IMSI MS
IMSI AUC
MS TMSI MS TMSI MS
.
MS
..

Location Update - 2
Cell MS Cell Location Area

 Cell MS Cell LA Location Update

MS LA LA
MSC/VLR Location Area

*** MS BCCH LA LA
LA TMSI Location
Update
*1 BCCH LA Cell
*2 MS New BTS TMSI VLR
VLR TMSI MS MSC/VLR Area
* 3 VLR HLR TMSI HLR IMSI AUC

 Authentication HLR VLR

* 4 VLR TMSI MS
TMSI MS Location Update
VLR
* VLR MS
MS LALA
MSC/VLR Location Area

*** MS TMSI New BTS

New BSC New VLR TMSI .
... HLR ..

 VLRs
TMSI Old VLR HLR IMSI MS
.... New VLR
MS TMSI Old VLR ...

Periodic Registration - 3

MS 6 BTS . MS
BTS .
MS
..Location Update

Mobile Terminated call

MSISDN . 1 *
. MSISDN Local Exchange
GMSC
MSRN HLR MSISDN GMSC 2*
MSISDN IMSI Search HLR 3 *
MS VLR Search HLR 4*
MSRN MS MSRN MSC/VLR IMSI
VLR

*5 VLR MSRN HLR MSRN

GMSC
*6 GMSC MSRN MSISDN
VLR . VLR MS
* 7 VLR TMSI MSRN BSC
* 8 BSC BTSs MS
PCH .. Control Channels ..
*9 MS PCH RACH BTS
BSC
* 10 BSC MS SDCCH Setup . BTS MS
SDCCH Setup AGCH
*11 MS SDCCH Call Setup Call
Setup ....

Mobile Originated call

 BSC BTS RACH MS

MS BTS Call Setup MS SDCCH
Call Setup SDCCH Call Setup MS AGCH
Traffic Channel ...