jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ rFkk {ks=k ekWM~;wy- 1

O;fDr ,oa jkT;

1
jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ rFkk {ks=k fVIi.kh

vkiosQ jktuhfr foKku osQ ikB~;Øe dk ;g izkjafHkd ikB gSA bl ikB esa ge jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ
le>us dk iz;kl djsaxsA ikjEifjd n`f"V ls jktuhfr foKku dk izkjaHk vkSj var jkT; ls gksrk gS] vFkkZr
;g jkT; vkSj ljdkj dk vè;;u gksrk gSA jktuhfr foKku dk vk/qfud n`f"Vdks.k bl ckr ij cy
nsrk gS fd ;g 'kfDr vkSj lÙkk dk vè;;u gSA jktuhfr foKku vius fujarj foLr`r gksus okys {ks=k dh
Hkh O;k[;k djrk gSA jktuhfr foKku osQ {ks=k osQ varxZr ge jkT; vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] ljdkj]
'kfDr] ekuo vkSj mldk jktuhfrd O;ogkj rFkk jktuhfrd leL;kvksa dk vè;;u djrs gSa tks jktuhfr
dks izR;{k vFkok ijks{k :i ls izHkkfor djrs gSaA bl ikB esa vki ewyHkwr vo/kj.kkvksa] tSls U;k; rFkk
ukxfjdksa osQ fy, bldk egRo vkfn dk vè;;u djsaxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z jktuhfr foKku osQ vFkZ oQks oqQN ifjHkk"kkvksa osQ lanHkZ esa Li"V dj losaQxs_
z jktuhfr foKku vkSj jktuhfr esa varj Li"V dj losaQxs_
z jkT; dh Hkwfedk] ljdkj dh dk;Ziz.kkyh rFkk ukxfjdksa osQ ljdkj ls laca/ osQ lanHkZ esa jktuhfr
foKku osQ {ks=k dk o.kZu dj losQaxs_
z ukxfjd vkSj jkT; osQ fy, U;k; dh izklafxdrk dks igpku losQaxsA

1.1 jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ

jktuhfr foKku lekt foKku dk og fgLlk gS tks jkT; dh LFkkiuk rFkk ljdkj osQ fl¼karksa dk vè;;u
djrk gSA ts-MCyw xkuZj osQ vuqlkj ^^jktuhfr dk izkjEHk vkSj var jkT; osQ lkFk gksrk gSA** mlh rjg
ls vkj-th- xSVsy us dgk gS fd jktuhfr ^^jkT; osQ Hkwr] orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; dk vè;;u gSA** gSjksYM
ts- ykLdh us dgk gS fd jktuhfr osQ vè;;u dk laca/ euq"; osQ thou ,oa ,d laxfBr jkT; lss
lacaf/r gSA blfy,] lekt foKku osQ :i esa] jktuhfr foKku] lekt esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa osQ ml
igyw dk o.kZu djrk gS tks muosQ fØ;kdykiksa vkSj laxBuksa ls lacaf/r gS vkSj tks jkT; }kjk cuk;s x,
fu;e ,oa dkuwu osQ varxZr 'kfDr izkIr djuk pkgrk gS rFkk erHksnksa dks lqy>kuk pkgrk gSA

1-1-1 jktuhfr foKku dk cnyrk vFkZ ,oa {ks=k

jktuhfr 'kCn xzhd Hkk"kk osQ ^iksfyl* 'kCn ls mRiUu gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ^uxj&jkT;*A ;gh

1
 ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; dkj.k gS fd vusd fo'ks"kKksa us jktuhfrfoKku dks jkT; ;k ljdkj osQ lanHkZ esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA ;|fi
;g ifjHkk"kk jktuhfr osQ fy, iw.kZ ugha gS D;ksafd jktuhfr dk laca/ 'kfDr ls Hkh gSA yklosy vkSj
dIyku us jktuhfr foKku dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk gS ^^ ;g lRrk dks vkdkj nsus rFkk mleas
Hkkxhnkjh dk vè;;u gS**A ,d 'kCn esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfr jkT; rFkk lRrk nksuksa dk vè;;u
djrk gSA jktuhfr foKku ftl 'kfDr ls lac/ a j[krk gS og izk;% U;k;laxr 'kfDr gSA D;ksfa d ftl izdkj
foKku fdlh ?kVuk dk Øec¼ ijh{k.k rFkk voyksdu osQ }kjk vè;;u djrk gS mlh izdkj jktuhfr
foKku jkT; vkSj 'kfDr osQ izR;sd igyqvksa dk vè;;u djrk gSA
fVIi.kh
vki jkT; vkSj lÙkk osQ ckjs esa vkSj vf/d vè;;u bl ikB osQ var esa djsaxsA
jktuhfr foKku dk laca/ vkuqHkfod rF;ksa rFkk fu;ked leL;kvksa nksuksa ls gSA okLrfodrk ^^D;k gS**
osQ {ks=k esa vkrk gS rFkk ewY; ^^D;k gksuk pkfg,** osQ {ks=k esaA mnkgj.kkFkZ vxj dksbZ dgrk gS fd Hkkjr
,d lalnh; yksdra=k gS rks og vkuqHkfod rF; dh ckr dj jgk gSA ijarq ;fn dksbZ ;g dgrk gS fd
Hkkjr dks vè;{kkRed yksdra=k dks viukuk pkfg, rks ;g ,d fu;ked dFku gksxkA jktuhfr foKku
osQoy fØ;k dykiksa dk o.kZu ls larq"V ugha cfYd ;g mloQks vkSj vPNk cukuk ;k ifjorZu djuk
pkgrk gSA vkuqHkfod dFku mlh izdkj lgh ;k xyr gks ldrs gSa tSlk mUgsa voyksdu djk;k tk,xkA
ewY;kadukRed dFku os uSfrd vuqHko gSa tks dHkh Hkh vlR; ;k xyr ugha gks ldrs gSAa xf.kr osQ lkè;ksa
osQ vkSipkfjd dFku vius la?kVdksa osQ vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij xyr ;k lgh gks ldrs gSaA jktuSfrd
n'kZu'kkL=k dk laca/ vkSipkfjd dFku ls gSA jktuhfr foKku vkuqHkkfod dFku ls laca/ j[krk gS vkSj
orZeku jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ,oa O;ogkjksa dk ewY;kadu djrk gS rkfd mUgsas csgrj cuk;k tk losQA

ikBxr iz'u 1.1

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,A
(d-) jktuhfr foKku dk lac/
a ------------------------------------- vkSj -----------------------------------nksuksa fo"k;ksa ls
gSA
(vkuqHkfod] fu;ked] vkSipkfjd)
([k-) jktuhfr foKku ------------------------------- vkSj -------------------------------- dk vè;;u djrk gSA
(lekt] jkT;] jk"Vª] 'kfDr] oxZ)
(x-) ikWfyfVDl 'kCn ------------------------------------ 'kCn ls fy;k x;k gSA
(iksfyl] iqfyl] jkT;)
(?k-) -------------------------------------- us dgk fd jktuhfr dk izkjaHk rFkk var jkT; osQ lkFk gksrk gSA
(xsVsy] xkuZj] yklosy)
(Ä) --------------------------------- us jktuhfr foKku dks lRrk dks vkdkj nsus rFkk mlesa Hkkxhnkjh dk
vè;;u dgk gSA
(dIyku] bLVu] xkuZj)

2
 jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ rFkk {ks=k ekWM~;wy- 1
1.1.2 jktuhfr foKku osQ fo"k; dk fodkl O;fDr ,oa jkT;

jktuhfr dk Øec¼ vè;;u bZlk iwoZ pkSFkh 'krkCnh eas ;quku osQ yksxksa us izkjaHk fd;k FkkA IysVks vkSj
vjLrw tSls egku nk'kZfudksa us bls O;kid :i eas iz;ksx fd;kA vjLrw us jktuhfr foKku dks gh ekLVj
foKku dgk FkkA vjLrw osQ vuqlkj blosQ varxZr u osQoy jkT; osQ laLFkku vkrs gaS] cfYd blesa ifjokj]
lEifRr rFkk vU; lkekftd laxBuksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA xzhd yksxksa osQ fy, jktuhfr foKku
lHkh xfrfofèk;kas dks lfEefyr djrk FkkA jktuhfr foKku osQ izfr izkphu xzhd fpardksa dk n`f"Vdks.k
fVIi.kh
eq[;r;k uSfrd FkkA blosQ foijhr izkphu jkseu fpardksa osQ fopkjksa esa jktuhfr dk oS/kfud i{k 'kklu
osQ fy, vfèkd egRoiw.kZ FkkA eè;dky esa jktuhfr foKku ppZ osQ /kfeZd vkns'kksa dh ,d 'kk[kk cu
x;kA ml le; jktuhfrd lRrk ppZ dh izHkqRrk osQ v/hu FkhA
,d vke vkneh jktuhfr dks izk;% nyxr jktuhfr ls gh tksM+rk gSA ijarq jktuhfr foKku osQ fo|kFkhZ
gksus osQ ukrs ge tkurs gSa fd jktuhfr blls dgha T;knk foLr`r gSA ;g jkT; vkSj 'kfDr dk Øec¼
vè;;u djrk gSA
jkT; osQ vkdkj esa foLrkj rFkk tfVyrk osQ lkFk&lkFk jktuhfr foKku us O;kogkfjd vkSj iaFkfujis{k
:i /kj.k dj fy;kA vkS|ksfxd Økafr osQ ckn jkT; dh Hkwfedk osQoy vkarfjd dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk
cuk, j[kus vkSj ckgjh vkØe.kksa osQ fojQ¼ lqj{kk iznku djus rd lhfer FkhA ysfdu iwathokn tSlh
ubZ vkfFkZd O;oLFkk osQ vkus ls jkT; esa vc cgqr ifjorZu vk x,A
;g fdlh lewg dh xfrfof/;ka Hkh gks ldrh gSa tks fdlh uhfr fo'ks"k dks ljdkj }kjk vius i{k esa
cuokuk pkgrs gSaA D;ksafd fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa osQ fgr Hkh vyx&vyx gksrs gSa] vr% bl izdkj dh
xfrfofèk;ka erHksn] izfrLi¼kZ rFkk la?k"kZ mRiUu djrh gSaA ijarq jktuhfr osQ ,d fof'k"V xq.k esa ljdkj
}kjk cy iz;ksx 'kkfey gSA
nwljs fo'o;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ ckn] jktuhfr foKku dk ,d u;k :i O;ogkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k osQ :i
esa mn; gqvkA vesfjdh jktuhfr foKku osQ 1950 rFkk 1960 osQ n'kdksa eas O;ogkjoknh vkanksyu us
jktuhfr osQ oSKkfud i{k ij fo'ks"k cy fn;kA HkkSfrdh rFkk ouLifr foKku tSlh izko`Qfrd foKku dh
fof/;ksa osQ vuqlkj os yksx jktuhfr dks ,d vkn'kZ uewuk (ekWMy) cukuk pkgrs FksA O;ogkjokfn;ksa us
vkuqHkfod leL;kvksa ls izfs jr ,d fl¼kar dk izfriknu fd;kA tks izjs d fof/ dks ekurs gSa os voyksdu]
ijh{k.k rFkk vè;;u osQ ckn gh fdlh ifj.kke rd igqaprs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] tc nf{k.k vejhdk osQ
vizQhdh &vejhdh (';ke o.kZ) fuokfl;ksa dks MSeksoszQfVd ikVhZ dks er nsrs gq, ns[kk x;k rc os bl
ifj.kke ij igq¡ps fd vizQhdh yksx vejhdk osQ dkys jax okys yksxksa dks Hkh gh er nsrs gSaA
O;ogkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k us jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ,oa <kapksa dh xfrfof/;ksa dh rjiQ ls viuk è;ku gVkdj
muosQ dk;ksZ dh vksj osQafnzr fd;kA ;g n`f"Vdks.k jktuhfrd xfrfof/;ksa rFkk jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dks
fu;af=kr djus okys efgyk vFkok iqjQ"k dfeZ;ksa dh xfrfof/;ksa] mudh dk;Z'kSyh ,oa O;ogkj dk
vè;;u djus ij cy nsrk gSA bles fopkjksa osQ vè;;u dh vis{kk rF;ksa] lk{;ksa rFkk O;ogkj osQ
vè;;u oQks LFkku fn;k x;k gSA os Lohdkj djrs gSa fd O;ogkj osQ ekè;e ls tks jktuhfrd
xfrfof/;k¡ Li"V gksrh gSa os gh jktuhfr foKku dh fo"k; oLrq gSaA
jktuhfrd xfrfof/ osQ varxZr fdlh O;fDr }kjk pquko yM+uk Hkh gks ldrk gSA blesa ljdkj }kjk
HkkSfrd cy ds iz;ksx dks Hkh lekfgr fd;k x;k gSA izk;% ljdkj }kjk cukbZ xbZ larqyu uhfr;ksa rFkk
mlosQ izHkkoksa dks Hkh jktuhfr foKku us vius vè;;u {ks=k osQ varxZr ys fy;k gSA
jktuhfr dks ,d ,slh izfØ;k osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS tgka O;fDr lewg vFkok leqnk; vius

3
 ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; fuèkkZfjr fdarq fojks/ewyd mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, iz;kl djrk gSA jktuhfr ,d izfØ;k osQ :i esa
lzksrksa dks vf/dkjiw.kZ fu/kZfjr djus dk iz;Ru djrk gS (bLVu us bls ewY; dgk gS)A
jktuhfr lajpukvksa] laLFkkvksa] izfØ;kvksa rFkk xfrfof/;ksa oQk vè;;u djrs gq, cy iz;ksx dh
laHkkoukvksa dks ekU;rk nsrk gSA mUuhloha 'krkCnh osQ teZu nk'kZfud dkyZ ekDlZ osQ ys[kksa ls yh xbZ
ekDlZoknh fopkj/kjk dk ekuuk gS fd jktuhfr mu nks oxksZa osQ chp dHkh Hkh u lekIr gksus okys la?k"kZ
dk vè;;u gS ftlesa ls ,d lEiUu oxZ gS] ftlosQ ikl futh lEifRr gS vFkok /uk<+; gSa vkSj nwljk
fVIi.kh foiUu oxZ gS ftlosQ ikl dksbZ futh lEifRr ugha gS vkSj fu/Zu gSA ge bu nks oxksZa dks Øe'k% 'kks"kd
rFkk 'kksf"kr Hkh dg ldrs gSaA foiUu oxZ dk m¼kj osQoy vkanksyu }kjk gh gks ldrk gS ftlls futh
lEifRr tSlh laLFkk lekIr gks tk,xh vkSj ftlls oxZ lekt dk var gksxk rFkk oxZ foghu lekt dh
LFkkiuk gksxhA ijarq ekDlZoknh fopkj/kjk osQ foijhr ,d ,slk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh gsS ftls mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k
dgrs gSa ftlosQ vuqlkj jktuhfr leUo; rFkk lek;kstu osQ ekè;e ls U;k; vkSj O;oLFkk ij vk/kfjr
'kklu LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl gSA ijarq la;ksx ls jktuhfr dh ekDlZoknh fopkj/kjk] jktuhfr dh
mnkjoknh fopkj/kjk dh izfrfØ;k osQ jQi esa fodflr gqbZA
1-2 jktuhfr foKku RkFkk jktuhfr esa varj
jktuhfr foKku rFkk jktuhfr izk;% ,d nwljs osQ LFkku ij iz;ksx gksrs gaSA bu nksuksa 'kCnksa osQ chp varj
le>uk t:jh gSA oqQN fo}kuksa us jktuhfr oQks ^foKku rFkk ljdkj dh dyk* dgk gS tcfd ;g
jktuhfr foKku dh O;k[;k dk osQoy ,d fgLlk gSA vktdy ^jktuhfr* 'kCn dk iz;ksx ,d vFkok
vusd :iksa esa turk dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus okys ra=k osQ :i esa gksus yxk gSA fdlh Hkh le;
esa vkSj vkt Hkh 'kfDr ikus rFkk mls cuk, j[kus dh rduhd dks jktuhfr dgk tkrk gSA
vusdksa jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa osQ vuqlkj jktuhfr foKku osQ vè;;u osQ varxZr jkT; osQ fl¼kar] laiHz kqrk]
'kfDr dh vo/kj.kk] ljdkjksa dk Lo:i rFkk dk;Zi.z kkyh] dkuwuksa osQ fuekZ.k rFkk ykxw djus dh izfØ;k]
pquko] jktuhfrd ny] ukxfjdksa osQ vf/dkj ,oa drZO;] iqfyl dh dk;Ziz.kkyh rFkk jkT; ,oa ljdkj
dh dY;k.kdkjh xfrfof/;k¡ Hkh lekfgr gksrh gSaA jktuhfr dk ,d nwljk igyw Hkh gS ftls le>us dh
t:jr gSA dbZ ckj jktuhfr dk vFkZ izk;ksfxd jktuhfr ls yxk;k tkrk gSA jktuhfr dk iz;ksx jktuhfr
osQ vè;;u ls fHkUu gSA O;kogkfjd jktuhfr osQ varxZr ljdkj dk xBu] ljdkj dh dk;Ziz.kkyh]
iz'kklu] dkuwu ,oa foèkk;h dk;Z vkrs gSaA blosQ vykok jktuhfr osQ varxZr varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr ftlesa
;q¼ ,oa 'kkafr] varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] vkfFkZd O;oLFkk rFkk ekuo vf/dkjksa dh j{kk vkfn vkrs gSaA tgka
jktuhfr foKku dh ,d fo"k; osQ jQi esa tkudkjh vè;;u ls izkIr gksrh gS] ogha O;ogkjoknh jktuhfr
dk dkS'ky jktuhfr djosQ] pkykdh ;k /wrZrk ls vFkok tkfrokn] /kfeZd fu"Bkvksa vkSj /kfeZd
Hkkoukvksa osQ 'kks"k.k djus ls gksrk gSA mnkjoknh jktuhfr dks izk;% vke vkneh dh lksp esa xank [ksy
vkSj Hkz"V izfØ;k dgk tkrk gSA
ijarq ge tkurs gSa fd 'kk;n gh ,sls ekuo lewg vFkok lekt gksa tks jktuhfr ls cps gq, gksa vkSj 'kk;n
gh ,sls O;fDr gksa tks jktuhfr osQ [ksy dh my>uksa ;k izHkkoksa dks u tkurs gksaA O;ogkjoknh jktuhfr
osQ dbZ ldkjkRed i{k Hkh gSaA vkt osQ dY;k.kdkjh ;qx esa blosQ vusd mnkgj.k ns[kus dks feyrs gSa
tSls vLi`';rk&fuokj.k] Hkwfe&lq/kj] ca/qvk etnwjksa dh eqfDr] ekuo&Je ds foØ; ij izfrca/] csxkj
jksduk] U;wure etnwjh fu/kZj.k] jkstxkj osQ volj iznku djus okys dk;ZØe] vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dk
l'kDrhdj.k] vkfnA jktuhfr] lekt rFkk laLFkkvksa esa gksus okyh okLrfod ?kVukvksa dh izfØ;k ls
lacafèkr gS ftls jktuhfr foKku ,d Øec¼ rjhosQ ls le>us dk iz;kl djrk gSA

4
 jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ rFkk {ks=k ekWM~;wy- 1
O;fDr ,oa jkT;
ikBxr iz'u 1-2
fjDRk LFkku dks Hkfj,
(d) ----------------------------------- us jktuhfr foKku dks ^ekLVj foKku* dgk gSA
(IysVks] vjLrw] ykLdh)A
([k) O;ogkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k us jktuhfr foKku osQ ------------------ Hkkx osQ ij fo'ks"k egRo fn;k fVIi.kh
gSA
(foKku] n'kZu] jktuSfrd)A
(x) ------------------------- us jktuhfr dks vehj vkSj xjhc oxZ osQ chp la?k"kZ crk;k gSA
(xzhDl] jkseu] ekDlZokn)
(?k) O;kogkfjd jktuhfr dh dyk -------------------------- osQ }kjk izkIr dh tkrh gSA
(bZekunkjh] uSfrdrk] pkyckth)

1-3 jktuhfr foKku dk {ks=k

;gk¡ ge jkT; dh Hkwfedk] ljdkj dh dk;Ziz.kkyh rFkk turk osQ lkFk blosQ laca/ksa dks jktuhfr foKku
osQ {ks=k osQ varxZr vè;;u djsaxsA
1-3-1 jkT; dh Hkwfedk
^jkT;* 'kCn dk igyh ckj vk/qfud lanHkZ esa iz;ksx bVyh osQ jktuhfrK eSfd;koyh (1469&1527)us
fd;k FkkA ml le; ls gj jktuhfrK jktuhfr foKku dk vè;;u djrs le; eq[; :i ls jkT; dk
gh vè;;u djrk gSA
jkT; osQ pkj izeq[k rRo gksrs gSaA os gSa&(d) turk ([k) Hkw&Hkkx tgk¡ turk fuokl djrh gS] (x)
ljdkj tks turk osQ fy, dk;ns dkuwu cukrh gS rFkk (?k) laizHkqrk ftlosQ varxZr fu.kZ; rFkk ekeyksa
dks O;ofLFkr djus dh Lora=krk izkIr gksrh gSA vki bu pkjksa rRoksa osQ ckjs esa foLrkj ls vxys ikB esa
vè;;u djsaxsA
jkT; dk vk/kj rFkk Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa fHkUu&fHkUu /kj.kk,¡ gSaA vk/qfud if'peh mnkjoknh fopkj èkkjk
us] ftlosQ ckjs esa vki pkSFks ikB esa vè;;u djsaxs] lksygoha 'krkCnh esa if'peh ;wjksi esa okf.kfT;d
Økafr oQks c<+kok fn;k rFkk vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa ;g vkS|ksfxd Økafr osQ :i esa izfl¼ gks xbZA bu
Økafr;ksa us ,d ubZ vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dks tUe fn;k ftls iwathokn osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa osQ [kjhnus rFkk cspus okys LFkku dks cktkj dgrs gSaA ;g ekax vkSj iwfrZ osQ
vk/kj ij pyk;k tkrk gSA vusd yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd vxj jkT; dk gLr{ksi u gks rks ;g
,d Lofu;ked ,oa Lolq/kj okyk LFkku gS vkSj izfrLi/kZ bldk eq[; fcanq gSA iwathokn vkSj
cktkj dks ,d gh flDosQ osQ nks igyw ekuk x;k gSA
,sls lkekftd lewg osQ varxZr O;kikjh] O;olk;h rFkk lkSnkxj vkrs gSa vkSj fiQj m|ksxifr vkrs gSa (ftUgsa
cqtoZw k oxZ dgk x;k) tks bl O;oLFkk osQ eq[; ykHkHkksxh gSAa mnkjokfn;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd turk dh jk;
ysuk jkT; dk eq[; vk/kj gSA izkjafHkd mnkjoknh fopkjdksa dk dguk gS fd jkT; ,d ^vko';d* cqjkbZ
gSA ,d cqjkbZ ijarq tks vko';d Hkh gS rkfd O;fDr dks ckgjh vkSj vkarfjd 'k=kqvksa ls cpk;k tk losQA

5
 ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; bl er osQ vuqlkj ,d vPNh ljdkj og gS tks de ls de 'kklu djrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa jkT; dks
,d *iqfyl jkT;* gksuk pkfg, ijUrq lhfer gksuk pkfg,A ;g ,d nwljs vFkZ esa Hkh lhfer gksuk pkfg,
tSlk fd l=kjgoha 'krkCnh esa e'kgwj vaxzsth mnkjoknh nk'kZfud tkWu ykWd us dgk fd jkT; dks osQoy
O;fDr osQ izkd`frd vf/dkj tSls thou] Lora=krk vkSj laifRr dh j{kk djuh pkfg,A
izkd`frd vf/dkj os vf/dkj gSa tks O;fDr dks tUe osQ lkFk izkIr gksrs gSaA blfy, bUgas bZ'oj
osQ }kjk iznku fd, x, vf/dkj dgrs gSaA jkT; dh mRifRr ls igys O;fDr us bUgsa izkIr dj
fVIi.kh fy;k FkkA pwafd jkT; us bu vf/dkjksa dks ugha fn;k gS blfy, rks jkT; bu vf/dkjksa dks Nhu
ugha ldrkA
blosQ foijhr ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k] ftlosQ ckjs esa foLrkj ls vki pkSFks ikB eas i<+saxs] dk ekuuk
gS fd jkT; ,d fu"i{k laLFkk ugha gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k okys yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd lfn;kas ls jkT;
/uh yksxksa osQ gkFkksa esa ,d gfFk;kj gS ftlls xjhcksa dk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA nwljh vksj xka/hoknh
n`f"Vdks.k dk ekuuk gS fd ^^VªLVhf'ki* dh O;oLFkk }kjk yksxksa osQ vfLrRo dks cpk, j[kuk gSA blosQ
}kjk fuèkZure iqjQ"k rFkk fL=k;ksa dks lgk;rk izkIr gksuh pkfg,A
1930 osQ n'kd esa yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk mn; gqvk tks vius ukxfjdksa osQ dY;k.k] fo'ks"kdj
xjhc] csjkstxkj rFkk cw<+s yksxksa osQ fgr dk vf/d è;ku j[krk gSA ;g vc izk;% ekuk tk jgk gS fd
yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; vke yksxksa osQ dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsrk gSA blfy, jkT; dk dk;Z dbZ xq.kk c<+
x;k gSA
jkT; turk osQ ^VªLVh* osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS vFkkZr blosQ ikl turk dh 'kfDr ,d ^VªLV*
osQ :i esa] turk osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, gksuh pkfg,A bls turk dks 'kfDrghu fo"k; ugha le>uk
pkfg, cfYd bUgsa 'kklu eas lg&'kkld le>uk pkfg,A
'kfDr dk rkRi;Z ,d O;fDr oQh ml {kerk ls gS tks nwljs O;fDr dh fØ;kvksa ,oa vkpkj&O;ogkj dks
izHkkfor djrk gSA eSa vkiosQ mQij vkf/iR; j[krk gw¡ ;fn eSa vkils og dk;Z djkus esa liQy gw¡ tks
vki vius vki ugha djrsA ijarq 'kfDr dk iz;ksx ges'kk [kqysvke ugha gksrkA bldk iz;ksx xqIr :i ls
Hkh fd;k tkrk gS tSls fd dk;ZØe ij fu;a=k.kA ;|fi 'kfDr dk lcls vPNk iz;ksx rc ekuk tk,xk
tc eSa vkidks euok lowQ¡ fd vkiosQ fy, D;k vPNk rFkk D;k cqjk gSA bl rjg ls esjk vki ij iw.kZ
vkfèkiR; gSA ,sls izHkqRo dks dHkh pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrhA
ljdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u djrs le; ge ljdkj osQ fofo/ i{kksa ij è;ku osQafnzr djrs
gSaA ge eaf=k;ksa dh ckr djrs gSa ftuosQ ikl vius {ks=k laca/h foHkkx rFkk mlls lacaf/r 'kfDr;k¡ gksrh
gSaA turk osQ mQij 'kklu djus osQ fy, ukSdj'kkgh rFkk fo'kky ljdkjh iz'kklu dh Hkh O;oLFkk gSA
ljdkj fofHkUu izdkj osQ dkuwuksa dk izko/ku iz'kklu }kjk mUgsa gekjs thou ij fu;a=k.k cuk, j[kus ds
fy, djrh gSA
;gka¡ ,d ckr è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd 'kfDr dk vfLrRo osQoy mPpLrjh; lkekftd thou ls lacafèkr
yksxksa] tSls ljdkj] iz'kklu vFkok pqukoksa] vkfn esa gh ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk cfYd bls NksVs Lrj ij ifjokj
tSlh bdkbZ;ksa eas Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ukjhoknh vkanksyudkfj;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd iqjQ"k O;fDrxr thou
esa efgykvksa osQ mQij 'kfDr vFkok izHkqRo dk iz;ksx djrk gSA vr% ;g Bhd gh dgk x;k gS fd
^^O;fDrxr Hkh jktuhfrd gSA**
,d vU; fopkj.kh; ckr ;g gS fd oS/ rFkk voS/ 'kfDr esa Hkh fofHkUurk dks ns[kk x;k gSA oqQN ,slh
'kfDr gksrh gS ftls U;k;laxr rFkk mfpr dgk tkrk gSA ijarq oqQN 'kfDr ,slh gksrh gS ftls U;k;laxr

6
 jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ rFkk {ks=k ekWM~;wy- 1
ugha dgk tkrkA ,d MoSQr dh 'kfDr ftlus eq>s vius dCts esa dj fy;k gS okLrfod gS D;ksafd vxj O;fDr ,oa jkT;
eSa mloQh bPNkvksa osQ fojQ¼ tkmQ¡xk rks og eq>s ekj ldrk gSA ,slh 'kfDr dks U;k;laxr ugha dgk
tk ldrkA blosQ foijhr] ljdkjh izfrfuf/;ksa] iqfyldfeZ;ksa ;k U;k;k/h'kksa }kjk iz;ksx dh x;h 'kfDr
dks mfpr rFkk U;k;laxr ekuk tkrk gSA MoSQr dh 'kfDr voS/ gS tcfd ljdkj dh 'kfDr oS/ gksrh
gSA laoS/kfud lRrkèkkfj;ksa }kjk iz;ksx dh xbZ 'kfDr dks lRrk dgrs gSaA lRrk esa 'kfDr rFkk oS/rk nksuksa
fufgr gksrh gSA blfy, lRrk 'kfDr dk og :i gS tks U;k;laxr rFkk mfpr gSA ;g 'kfDr osQ lkFk&lkFk
oS/ Hkh gSA fVIi.kh
1-3-2 ukxfjd vkSj ljdkj
ljdkj jkT; dk lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ rRo gS ftlosQ }kjk jkT; vius mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ djrk gSA vius
rhuksa vaxks vFkkZr O;oLFkkfidk] dk;Zikfydk rFkk U;k;ikfydk osQ ekè;e ls ljdkj fu;eksa ,oa dkuwuksa
osQ fuekZ.k] fooknksa osQ fucVkjs rFkk 'kkafr ,oa O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus dk dk;Z djrh gSA ;g ns'k dh ,drk
,oa v[k.Mrk dks Hkh lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA
vk/qfud yksdrkaf=kd ljdkjsa ukxfjdksa vkSj lekt osQ dY;k.k ,oa fodkl osQ fy, vusdksa vU; dk;Z
djrh gSaA ,slh izo`fr fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vf/d ikbZ tkrh gS tSlk fd Hkkjr esaA ukxfjd ,oa ljdkj
osQ chp laca/ ikjLifjd gSaA ukxfjd jkT; osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA jkT; ukxfjdksa osQ vf/dkjksa dks ekU;rk
nsrk gS vkSj blosQ cnys ukxfjdksa ls oqQN drZO;ksa dh vis{kk djrk gSA tgk¡ rd ukxfjdksa osQ vf/dkjksa
dk iz'u gS] ;s rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd, tk ldrs gSa&ukxfjd] jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftdA ukxfjd
vfèkdkj os gaS tks O;fDr dh Lora=krk osQ fy, vko';d gksrs gSaA blosQ varxZr thou dk vf/dkj ,oa
O;fDrxr Lora=krk] Hkk"k.k nsus dh Lora=krk dk vf/dkj] vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djus dk vf/dkj]
laifr j[kus dk vf/dkj] le>kSrk djus dk vf/dkj] dkuwu osQ lkeus lekurk dk vfèkdkj rFkk dkuwu
}kjk leku lqj{kk] vkfn 'kkfey gSaA dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk dk vFkZ gS fd lHkh dks ,d leku le>uk
rFkk fo'ks"kkf/dkj dk ugha gksukA dkuwu dh utj esa lHkh O;fDr ,d leku gSaA jktuhfrd vf/dkjksa
dk vfHkizk;] er nsus dk vf/dkj ,oa pquko yM+us dk vf/dkj ls gSA lkekftd vfèkdkjksa osQ varxZr
vkfFkZd dY;k.k] lqj{kk rFkk lekt esa mifLFkr lEeku dh ftanxh thuk vkrk gSA
ukxfjdksa oQk izkFkfed drZO; gS fd os ljdkj oQks dj nsaA izR;sd ukxfjd dks fof/ ,oa fu;e dk ikyu
djosQ ljdkj lss lg;ksx djuk pkfg, rFkk izfrj{k.k esa enn djuh pkfg, rkfd vlkè; chekfj;ksa dks
jksdk tk losQA tula[;k fodkl dks jksdus osQ fy, NksVk ifjokj dh ijaijk viukuh pkfg,A lkoZtfud
laifÙk dh j{kk djuh pkfg, vkSj vlkekftd rRo ,oa jk"Vª osQ nq'euksa dks idM+okus rFkk ltk fnyokus
esa enn djuh pkfg,A vyx&vyx tkfr] /eZ] Hkk"kk ,oa {ks=k osQ ukxfjdksa dks viuh&viuh leL;kvksa
oQk le>kSrk osQ }kjk lek/ku djuk pkfg,] fgalk }kjk ughaA ,slk gksus ij ljdkj vius lalk/uksa ,oa
mQtkZ dks cpkdj ldkjkRed dk;ksZa esa yxk losQxhA
1-3-3 Lora=krk
Lora=krk 'kCn dh mRifRr ySfVu Hkk"kk osQ ^fycj* 'kCn ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gS Lora=krkA O;fDr osQ
O;fDrRo osQ fodkl esa Lora=krk dk cgqr cM+k egRo gksrk gSA izkphu le; esa jktuhfrd fpardksa dk
,d ny ekurk Fkk fd O;fDr dh Lora=krk dk vFkZ gS fdlh izdkj dh ck/k u gksukA bls Lora=krk
dk udkjkRed vFkZ dgk x;k gSA bl udkjkRed fparu okys yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd O;fDr dks dk;Z
djus osQ fy, iw.kZ Lora=krk gksuh pkfg,A tkWu LVqvVZ fey tks ,d fczfV'k jktuhfrd fpard Fks] dk
ekuuk gS fd ^ck/k ,d cqjkbZ gS*A fey jkT; ,oa lekt dh rjiQ ls vkus okyh ck/kvksa ls fo'ks"k

7
 ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; fpafrr FksA
euq"; lekt esa ,d lkFk jgrk gS blfy, ck/kvksa dk fcYoqQy ugha gksuk vlaHko gS rFkk js[kk tufgr
esa Hkh ugha gSA ldkjkRed fpard ny dk ekuuk gS fd O;fDr dks ogha rd Lora=k gksuk pkfg, tgka
rd mldh Lora=krk ls nwljs dh Lora=krk ckf/r ugha gksrh gSA O;fDr dh ldkjkRed Lora=krk dh ,d
dkuwuh lhek js[kk osQ chp gh Lora=krk gksuh pkfg,A oqQN Lora=krk dkuwuh :i ls izfrcaf/r Hkh gksrh
gSA bl /kj.kk dk vkSj vkxs vFkZ ;g gqvk fd O;fDr vius vki esa ekfyd gSA bl /kj.kk dk gSjksYM
fVIi.kh ts- ykLdh us leFkZu fd;k FkkA Lora=krk og volj gS ftlosQ fcuk O;fDrRo dk fodkl vlaHko gSA
bfrgkl bldk Xkokg gSA oqQN O;fDr;ksa oQh Lora=krk dks dkuwu }kjk lhfer djuk iM+rk gS rkfd vfèkd
ls vf/d yksxksa dks Lora=krk dk ykHk fey losQA
1-3-3-1 Lora=krk dh lqj{kk
lafo/ku esa O;fDr osQ vf/dkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk dks Lora=krk dk ,d izeq[k j{kd ekuk x;k gSA blosQ }kjk
yksxksa dh Lora=krk dks ljdkjh gLr{ksi ls cpk;k tkrk gSA ;g dguk mfpr gS fd fu"i{k U;k;ikfydk
Lora=krk dh izgjh gSA blosQ fcuk O;fDr dh Lora=krk vFkZghu gSA 'kfDr dk foosQanzhdj.k Hkh Lora=krk
dh ,d eq[; lqj{kk gSA bfrgkl esa ,sls izek.k feyrs gSa fd 'kfDr osQanzhdj.k us fujadq'krk dks tUe fn;k
gSA
dk;Zikfydk] O;oLFkkfidk ,oa U;k;ikfydk osQ chp 'kfDr dk foHkktu Hkh Lora=krk dh j{kk dk izeq[k
lk/u gSA ekUVsLD;w us dgk gS fd 'kfDr ij fu;a=k.k 'kfDr }kjk gh gksuk pkfg,A
dkuwu osQ fu;e rFkk dkuwu dh n`f"V esa lekurk Hkh Lora=krk dh j{kk djrs gSaA bu fu;eksa ls tkfr]
oxZ] /eZ ,oa jax osQ vk/kj ij HksnHkko lekIr gksrs gSaA lkekftd U;k; rFkk vkfFkZd lekurk ls Lora=krk
dh j{kk gksrh gSA oqQN O;fDr;ksa osQ fo'ks"k vf/dkjksa osQ nqjQi;ksx ls cgqla[;d oxZ dh Lora=krk dh
gkfu gksrh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] lqlaxfBr nyh; O;oLFkk rFkk tkx:d jktuhfrd nyksa dh O;oLFkk ls
Lora=krk dh j{kk gksrh gSA
lHkh lqj{kk lk/u csvlj gks tk,axs ;fn ukxfjd Loa; Lora=krk dh j{kk osQ fy, tkx:d ugha gkasxsA
blfy, yksxksa dks ges'kk pkSdl ,oa pkSdUuk jguk pkfg, rkfd dksbZ Hkh mudh Lora=krk dk vfrØe.k
u dj losQA fujUrj lroZQrk gh Lora=krk dk ewY; gSA

ikBxr iz'u 1-3

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,&
(d) ^^jkT;** 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZizFke ------------------------------ us fd;k FkkA
(IysVks] eSD;koyh] dkSfVY;)
([k) ^^Lora=krk** 'kCn dh mRifRr ------------------------------- Hkk"kk osQ fyoj 'kCn ls gqbZ gSA
(xzhd] jkseu] ySfVu)
(x) ------------------------------------------ mnkjoknh udkjkRed Lora=krk dk leFkZu djrs gSAa
(izkjafHkd] vk/qfud] bPNk Lora=krkoknh)

8
 jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ rFkk {ks=k ekWM~;wy- 1
(?k) ------------------------ dh Lora=krk osQ fy, oqQN yksxksa dh Lora=krk dks dkuwu }kjk jksdk tkuk pkfg,A O;fDr ,oa jkT;
(lHkh] oqQN)
(Ä) fujarj -------------------- Lora=krk dk ewY; gSA
(lrdZrk] Lora=krk] vkT+kknh)

fVIi.kh
1-4 U;k; rFkk jkT; vkSj ukxfjdksa osQ fy, bldh izklafxdrk
U;k; (tfLVl) 'kCn ySfVu Hkk"kk osQ ^tLV* ls mRiUu gqvk gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS&ca/uA blfy,
U;k; 'kCn dk vFkZ gqvk tksM+ukA blfy, dgk tk ldrk gS fd U;k;] Lora=krk rFkk lekurk tSls ewY;ksa
dks tksM+rk gS rFkk budk la'ys"k.k djrk gSA bZ- ckdZj us U;k; dks jktuhfrd ewY;ksa dk lkeatL; rFkk
la'ys"kd dgk gSA U;k; dh lcls lk/kj.k vkSj cf<+;k ifjHkk"kk gS fd lHkh dks tks oqQN feyuk pkfg,
og mUgsa feysA
1-4-1 U;k; osQ igyw
tc ge U;k; osQ O;kid i{k dks lksprs gSa rks U;k; osQ dbZ igyw lkeus vkrs gSaA muesa ls forjd U;k;
Hkh ,d igyw gS] ftldk vFkZ gS lekt osQ izfrf"Br inksa ,oa vk; dk lgh&lgh forj.kA forjd U;k;
osQ nks i{k gSa&^;ksX;rk* rFkk ^lekurk ,oa vko';drk*A
1-4-2 ;ksX;rk
,d i{k dk ekuuk gS fd izR;sd O;fDr osQ lkekftd Lrj vkSj laifÙk dk iSQlyk mldh ;ksX;rk osQ
vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A tc yksx ;ksX;rk osQ vuqlkj thouo`fÙk rFkk volj dh lekurk dh ckr djrs
gSa] rks muosQ eu esa ;ksX;rk ,d vk/kj gksrk gSA ijarq iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd ;ksX;rk vkSj {kerk dks oSQls
r; fd;k tk,A mnkjokfn;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd eqDr cktkj esa ftldk ewY; vf/d gS og nwljs osQ fy,
mruk gh ewY;oku gSA lektoknh vkykspdksa dk er gS fd cktkj esa fLFkfr ;k vk;] HkkX; rFkk
lkekftd ifjp; osQ vk/kj ij fu/kZfjr gksrh gS rFkk bldk ;ksX;rk ls dksbZ fo'ks"k laca/ ugha gksrkA
1-4-3 vko';drk vkSj lekurk
nwljh fopkj/kjk dk er gS fd O;fDr osQ vko';drk dh vk/kj ij oLrqvksa vkSj izfr"Bk dk fu/kZj.k
gksuk pkfg,A ijarq vko';drk dks oSQls Li"V djsa\ jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku tSlh vko';drk ij lHkh
lger gksrs gSaA ijarq blosQ vfrfjDr yksxksa esa dksbZ lgefr ugha gSA ekDlZokfn;ksa osQ er ls nwljs yksxksa
esa lgefr ugha gSA ekDlZokfn;ksa dk er gS fd izR;sd O;fDr dks viuh vko';drk dk Li"Vhdj.k djuk
pkfg, rFkk lkE;okn osQ varxZr i;kZIr lalk/uksa dks iSnk fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls lHkh O;fDr;ksa dh
lHkh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gks losQA ;|fi nwljs yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ nks
laLFkkvksa }kjk dh tk ldrh gSµdY;k.kdkjh jkT; rFkk cktkjA oqQN ,slh vko';drk,¡ gksrh gSa ftudks
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; iwjk dj ldrs gSa rFkk nwljh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ cktkj }kjk dh tk ldrh gSA
1-4-4 volj dh lekurk
ikfjJfed dh igpku ;k O;ogkj dh igpku gh lekurk ugha gS] vFkkZr iz;kl rFkk ifjfLFkfr dks è;ku
fn, fcuk izR;sd O;fDr dks cjkcj etnwjh ,oa O;ogkj oSQls fey ldrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] fcuk muosQ

9
 ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; iz'uksRrj dks ns[ks rFkk tk¡ps izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dks lkB uEcj oSQls fey ldrs gSaA vPNk ;g gksxk fd ftl
fo|kFkhZ us cf<+;k fy[kk gks mls vPNs vad feyus pkfg,A ;g lekurk osQ vuq:i gksxkA blh izdkj]
lekt esa oqQN yksxksa dh vkenuh vf/d gS rFkk oqQN dh deA ,slh fLFkfr esa lekurk dk mYy?kau
ugha gksrk vxj uhps fy[kha nks 'krsaZ iwjh gksa rks&
(d) fo'ks"kkf/dkjksa dk u gksuk
([k) volj dh lekurkA
fVIi.kh
(d) fo'ks"kkf/dkj ugha gksus ij lekurk dks 'kfDr feyrh gS rFkk blosQ foijhr fo'ks"kkf/dkj gksus ij
vlekurk dks cy feyrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks nwljs dh vis{kk vf/d
volj ugha nsus pkfg,A fo'ks"kkf/dkj vlekurk dh fLFkfr mRiUu djrs gSa rFkk bl izfØ;k esa lekurk
dks gkfu igqp
a rh gSA volj dh lekurk ls rkRi;Z gS fd izR;sd O;fDRk dks lkoZtfud inksa ,oa dk;kZy;ksa
esa ,d leku izo's k feysA Hkkjr esa volj dh lekurk dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k gS la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx
tks yksd lsok dh ijh{kk,a djkrk gSA Hkkjr dk dksbZ Hkh Lukrd pkgs mlus fdlh Hkh fo'ofo|ky; ls
fMxzh izkIr dh gks] bl ijh{kk esa cSB ldrk gSA
volj dh lekurk dh vo/kj.kk ls 'krksaZ dh lekurk tqM+h gSA fdlh Hkh nkSM+ esa izR;sd O;fDr dks
izkjaHk LFkku ij gksus dk leku volj feyuk pkfg,A mlosQ i'pkr thou dh nkSM+ izkjaHk gksrh gSA bl
nkSM+ esa oqQN izFke LFkku ij vk,axs] oqQN f}rh; rFkk oqQN vliQy jgsaxsA ijarq ;g lekurk dk mYy?kau
ugha gksxkA cgqr lkjs yksxksa dks fo'okl gS fd 'krksZ dh lekurk dks rHkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS tc
izkjEHk ls fiNM+s oxks± tSls nfyrksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dks jkstxkj esa vkj{k.k nsdj {kfriwfrZ dh tk,]
ftls la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa ldkjkRed dkjZokbZ dgk tkrk gSA
lekurk 'kCn dks lerk ls Hkh tksM+k tk ldrk gS tSls fd leku O;ogkjA fu"i{krk osQ varxZr ,d tSls
ekeyksa dks leku :i ls ns[kk tkrk gSA vFkkZr] izklafxd leku ekeys dks leku rjhosQ ls ns[kuk gksxkA
1-4-5 laiw.kZ U;k; (iw.kZ:is.k U;k;)
U;k; osQ fl¼kar dk ,d vkSj i{k gS tks ;ksX;rk rFkk vko';drk nksuksa dks vLohdkj djrk gSA ;g i{k
leLr ifj.kke dks Lohdkj djrk gSA tkWu jkYl dk fl¼kar bl oxZ esa vkrk gSA og viuh iqLrd U;k;
osQ fl¼kar esa fy[krs gSa fd oLrqvksa osQ fu/kZj.k laca/h vlekurk,a mfpr gSa ;fn os vlekurk,¡ lekt
osQ fiNM+s lnL;ksa osQ fgr esa dk;Z dj jgh gkasA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ,d izksisQlj dk mPp osru U;k;ksfpr gS
vxj og izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i esa fiNM+s lnL;ksa dks ykHk igq¡pkrk gSA
nwljh rjiQ] uksT+khd tSls fo}ku U;k; osQ ijEijkxr vFkZ dk leFkZu djrs gSa tks dkuwu vkSj vf/dkj
dk vknj djrk gSA bl fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj O;fDr osQ lEifRr j[kus osQ vf/dkj tSls izkd`frd vfèkdkj
izkIr gSaA ;s vf/dkj O;fDr dks fn, x, gSa D;ksafd izR;sd O;fDr ,d ekuo gSA uksT+khd dk ekuuk gS
fd jkT; Hkh bl vf/dkj dks ugha Nhu ldrkA uksT+khd jkT; }kjk vf/d dj olwys tkus osQ f[kykiQ
gSaA mudk dguk gS fd O;fDr dks viuh bPNk ls vkenuh dks [kpZ djus osQ vf/dkj esa dj ck/k
igq¡pkrk gSA O;fDr dh Lora=krk esa dj olwyh ck/d gSA
U;k; ,d ifjorZu'khy /kj.kk gSA mlesa izkphu le; ls ysdj vc rd cnyko vk jgk gSA blfy, U;k;
osQ ckjs esa vfUre 'kCn dguk dfBu gSA U;k; ,d ,slh /kj.kk gS tks fujarj fodflr gksrh jgrh gSA

10
 jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ rFkk {ks=k ekWM~;wy- 1
1-4-6 U;k; rFkk bldk Lora=krk ,oa lekurk osQ lkFk laca/ O;fDr ,oa jkT;
ykMZ ,sDVu vkSj ,ysDlhlh Mh VkSDosyh tSls mUuhloha lnh osQ fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd Lora=krk vkSj
lekurk vlaxr gSA mudk lkspuk gS fd lekurk osQ mQij fo'ks"k cy nsus ls Lora=krk dk egRo de
gks tkrk gSA ckn osQ oqQN fo}kuksa dk Hkh ;gh ekuuk gSA dY;k.kdkjh jkT; }kjk izxfr'khy dj olwyh
dks laifÙk okys O;fDr;ksa dh Lora=krk dk mYya?ku ekuk tkrk gS pkgs okLro esa dj }kjk izkIr /u
xjhcksa] csjkstxkjksa] t:jrean fodykaxksa rFkk cw<+s yksxksa dh fLFkfr lq/kjus okyh ;kstukvksa esa yxk;k tkrk
gksA bu ;kstukvksa osQ }kjk lekurkoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk gksrh gSA ijLij fojks/h fLFkfr esa ml le; fVIi.kh
dh U;k; O;oLFkk ;g r; djrh gS fd Lora=krk rFkk lekurk dk mfpr feJ.k D;k gksxkA vr% Lora=krk
rFkk lekurk U;k; dh nks /kj.kk,a gSaA okLro esa Lora=krk rFkk lekurk dk mn~ns'; U;k; gSA

ikBxr iz'u 1-4

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) -------------------------------- osQ vuqlkj U;k; jktuhfrd ewY;ksa dks tksM+rk gSA
(IysVks] vjLrw] ckdZj)
([k) lekurk dk vFkZ ------------------------------------ ugha gSA
(O;ogkj dh igpku] volj dh lekurk)
(x) uksT+khd osQ vuqlkj U;k; dk vFkZ gS -------------------------------------A
(vf/dkj] nkf;Ro] vko';drk)
(?k) jkWYl osQ vuqlkj vlekurk Lohdk;Z gS vxj og --------------------------------- dks ykHk ig¡qpkrk gSA
(/uh oxZ] eè;e oxZ] fiNM+s oxZ)
(Ä) lekurk dk vFkZ gS ------------------------------------------A
(fo'ks"kkf/dkjksa dk vHkko] iqjLdkj dh igpku] Lora=krk)

vkius D;k lh[kk

1- izkphu ;wukfu;ksa dk fopkj Fkk fd jktuhfr foKku jktuSfrd n'kZu gSA os yksx jktuhfr osQ
uSfrd igyqvksa ij fo'ks"k cy nsrs FksA eè;dky osQ le;] jktuhfr foKku] ppZ dk ,d
fgLlk Fkk rFkk jktuhfrd lRrk ppZ dh lRrk dh lgk;d FkhA
2- vk/qfud le; esa jktuhfr foKku us okLrfod rFkk iaFk fujis{k :i viuk fy;kA iwathokn
osQ izdV gksus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i vkS|ksfxd Økafr vkbZ rFkk jkT; osQ dk;ksZ esa ifjorZu vk;kA
3- jktuhfr foKku dk fo"k; jkT; dk ,d fo'ks"k foKku cu x;kA ;g vusdksa izdkj osQ ljdkjksa
osQ ckjs esa rFkk blosQ vax tSls O;oLFkkfidk] dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k;ikfydk osQ ckjs esa vè;;u
djkrk gSA

11
 ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; 4- ykLdh dk dFku gS fd jktuhfr foKku dk vè;;u laxfBr jkT; ls lacaf/r iqjQ"k rFkk L=kh
osQ thou ls tqM+k gSA
5- chloha 'krkCnh esa O;kogkfjd mikxe dk è;ku jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa osQ vè;;u dh rjiQ ls
gVdj muosQ dk;ksZa rFkk jktuhfrd fØ;kdykiksa osQ vè;;u ,oa efgykvksa rFkk iqjQ"kksa osQ
O;ogkj osQ vè;;u dh rjiQ pyk x;kA
6- jktuhfr foKku osQ dk;Z{ks=k osQ varxZr] jkT; osQ rFkk ljdkj osQ dk;ksZa dk vè;;u vkSj
fVIi.kh
ukxfjdksa osQ lkFk muosQ laca/ vkrs gSaA
7- jktuhfr foKku jktuhfr ls fHkUu gSA jktuhfr foKku jktuhfr osQ vè;;u ls lEc¼ gS
tcfd jktuhfr efgyk ,oa iqjQ"k dh leL;kvksa rFkk jktuhfrd xfrfof/;kas osQ lkFk ikjLifjd
fØ;k ,oa la?k"kZ ls lacaf/r gSA
8- nwljksa dks fu;af=kr djus dh ;ksX;rk dks lÙkk dgrs gSaA ;g og {kerk gS tks nwljksa ls viuh
bPNkuqlkj dk;Z djkrh gSA 'kfDr rFkk oS/rk nksuksa feydj lRrk dgykrs gSaA
9- lk/kj.kr;k Lora=krk dk rkRi;Z O;fDr osQ O;ogkj ij fdlh ck/k osQ ugha gksus ls fy;k tkrk
gSA ijarq ldkjkRed Lora=krk dk vFkZ Lo;a vuqHkwfr ls gS vFkkZr O;fDr mruk gh Lora=k gksuk
pkfg,] ftlls nwljksa dh Lora=krk esa deh u vk,A dkuwu Lora=krk dh j{kk djrk gSA izk;%
;g le>k tkrk gS fd lekt esa U;k; rHkh gks ldrk gS tc yksxksa dks ;ksX;rk osQ vk/kj ij
rFkk vHkko xzLr dh vko';drk dk è;ku fn, cxSj iqjLd`r fd;k tk;A blosQ vfrfjDr]
Lora=krk rFkk lekurk U;k; osQ cgqr egRoiw.kZ LrEHk ekus tkrs gSaA

ikBkar iz'u
1- jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ crkb,A
2- jktuhfr foKku osQ ,d fo"k; osQ :i esa fodkl ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
3- jktuhfr foKku osQ dk;Z&{ks=k dks jkT; dh Hkwfedk rFkk ljdkj osQ dk;ksZa osQ lanHkZ esa o.kZu dhft,A
4- jktuhfr foKku vkSj jktuhfr esa varj Li"V dhft,A
5- O;fDr osQ vf/dkjksa ,oa drZO;ksa osQ mQij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
6- Lora=krk osQ udkjkRed ,oa ldjkRed i{kksa dks Li"V dhft,A
7- volj dh lekurk dk D;k vFkZ gS\
8- U;k; 'kCn dh O;k[;k dhft, rFkk blosQ fofHkUu i{kksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

1-1
(d) vkuqHkfod] fu;ked

12
 jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ rFkk {ks=k ekWM~;wy- 1
([k) jkT; vkSj 'kfDr O;fDr ,oa jkT;
(x) iksfyl
(?k) xkuZj
(Ä) dIyku
1-2
fVIi.kh
(d) vjLrw
([k) foKku
(x) ekDlZokn
(?k) pkyckth
1-3
(d) esD;koyh
([k) ySfVu
(x) izkjafHkd
(?k) lHkh
(Ä) lrdZrk
1-4
(d) ckdZj
([k) O;ogkj dh igpku
(x) vf/dkj
(?k) fiNM+s oxZ
(Ä) fo'ks"kkf/dkjksa dk vHkko
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1- [k.M 1-1 vkSj 1-1-1 ns[ksa
2- [k.M 1-1-2 ns[ksa
3- [k.M 1-3-1 ns[kas
4- [k.M 1-2 ns[ksa
5- [k.M 1-3-2 ns[kas
6- [k.M 1-3-3 ns[ksa
7- [k.M 1-4-4 ns[kas
8- [k.M 1-4 ns[ksa

13
 ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT;

2
fVIi.kh jk"Vª vkSj jkT;

vkèkqfud jk"Vª vkSj jkT; dks jktuhfrd laxBu osQ :i esa cnyus esa cgqr yEck le; yxkA izkphu le;
esa ekuo leqnk;ksa esa jgrk FkkA LoHkkor% ekuo ,d lkekftd izk.kh gS tks vosQyk ugha jg ldrkA og
lekt dk vfHkUu vax gksrk gSA vr% vius thou esa ekuo dks dqN fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk gksrk gS
vkSj bl lkeqnkf;d thou ls èkhjs&èkhjs jktuhfrd leqnk;ksa vkSj jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk gksrh gSA vius
izkjfEHkd :i esa ^jkT;* dh lajpuk ljy FkhA ml ljy lajpuk ls jkT; vc xw<+ lajpuk esa fodflr
gks pqdk gSA dkykUrj esa blosQ :i esa cnyko vkrk jgk gS ,oa ;g ,d loZO;kih laLFkk cu x;h gSA
bl vè;k; esa vki jk"Vª] jk"Vªh;rk vkSj jkT; dh ladYiuk dk vè;;u djsaxsA blosQ vfrfjDr vki
jkT; osQ ?kVdksa dk Hkh vè;;u djsaxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dh ladYiuk dk o.kZu dj losaQxs_
z jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk osQ chp varj crk losaQxs_
z jk"Vªh;rk osQ ?kVdksa dk o.kZu dj losaQxs_
z jkT; dks laizHkqrk lEiUu jktuhfrd laLFkk osQ :i esa igpku losaQxs_
z jkT; osQ ?kVdksa dh O;k[;k dj losaQxsA

2.1 jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk

ySfVu 'kCn ^usVl ~ * ls jk"Vªh;rk dh mRifRr gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ^tUe ysuk*A vr% bu inksa esa jk"Vªh;rk
dk vFkZ gS fdlh ,d tkfr fo'ks"k esa tUe ;k jDr lacaèk osQ vkèkkj ij lacafèkr gksukA oLrqr% jk"Vªh;rk
dh ;g le> Hkzked gSA vkt fo'o esa dksbZ Hkh ,slk ^jk"Vª* ugha gS ftlosQ ukxfjd ,d gh oa'k ;k
oqQy ls lacafèkr gksaA lHkh jk"Vªkas esa fHkUu&fHkUu oqQYkksa ls lacfa èkr ukxfjd jgrs gSAa oa'kkuqxr 'kq¼rk cgqr dfBu
gS] D;ksfa d ;g vizokfl;ks]a vartkZrh; rFkk varoqQy Z h; fookgksa osQ dkj.k v'kq¼ gksrh vk jgh gSA vr% fuf'pr
:i ls jk"Vªh;rk dk fodkl ,d euksoKS kfud ?kVuk gS] u fd jktuhfrd ;k uLy vkèkkfjrA

14
 jk"Vª vkSj jkT; ekWM~;wy - 1
ts-MCyw xkuZj osQ 'kCnksa esa] jk"Vªh;rk ,d lkaLd`frd :i ls lekaxh lewg gS tks fd bldh ,drk osQ O;fDr ,oa jkT;
ckjs esa Hkh lroZQ gSA
jSels ewj osQ vuqlkj] jk"Vª dks O;fDr;ksa osQ ,d lewg ls fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks vkil esa
Lo;a dks oqQN ltkrh; ?kfu"Brkvksa }kjk vfHkUu eglwl djrs gSaA ;s ?kfu"Brk;sa bruh 'kfDr'kkyh gSa fd
bu O;fDr;ksa dks vkil esa ck¡èk dj j[krh gSa rFkk vU; yksxksa osQ vèkhu gksus ;k vkil esa ,drk [kks
nsus ij vlarq"V gks tkrh gSaA jk"Vªh;rk dk fodkl fuf'pr :i ls ,d euksoSKkfud ?kVuk gS] ;k tSlk
fd gk;d dgrs gSa] oLrqr% ;g ,drk osQ izfr tkx:d ,d lkaLd`frd psruk gSA fVIi.kh

2.2 jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk esa varj

jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk esa cgqr gh lw{e Hksn gSA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd nksuksa gh 'kCnksa dh ,d 'kCn fo'ks"k
ls mRifÙk gqbZ gSA oqQN yksx bu 'kCnksa dks ijLij cnys tk ldus okys 'kCn dgrs gaSA ijarq fuf'pr :i
ls nksuksa 'kCnksa esa varj gSa] tks fd fuEufyf[kr gSa %
1. jk"Vªh;rk ,d lkaLdfrd 'kCn gSA ;g ,d euksoSKkfud Hkko gSA tks fd ,d HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa
jgus okys yksxksa esa ,d gh dqy] bfrgkl] èkeZ] jhfr&fjokt] vkfn osQ dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA
,d jk"Vªh;rk osQ yksxksa esa ,drk dh Hkkouk gksuh pkfg,A mUgsa ;g eglwl djuk pkfg, fd muesa
oqQN lekurk gS] tks mUgsa nwljs yksxksa ls vyx djrh gSA ijarq jk"Vª yksxksa dk ,d laxfBr ,oa
O;ofLFkr lewg gSA fdlh jk"Vª esa O;fDr;ksa dks tks ,d pht tksM+rh gS] og ,d gksus dh Hkkouk
gSA vr% jk"Vª ls ,d laxBu dk fopkj vkrk gS rFkk jk"Vªh;rk ls HkkokRedA
2. ewy :i ls jk"Vªh;rk ,d lkaLd`frd in gS tks osQoy ^jktuhfrd* gS tSlk fd gk;d gesa crkrs
gSaA jk"Vª ewy :i ls ,d jktuhfrd in gS tks fd la;ksxo'k lkaLo`Qfrd gSA gkykafd bldk vFkZ
;g ugha gS fd jk"Vªh;rk dh jktuhfrd vkSj jk"Vª dh lkaLd`frd ladYiuk ugha gSA
3. jkT; osQ fodkl ls ;g iznf'kZr gks pqdk gS fd ,d ls vfèkd jk"Vªh;rk okys Hkh jkT; gks ldrs
gSa rFkk ,d gh jk"Vªh;rk dbZ jkT;ksa esa Hkh ikbZ tk ldrh gSA iwoZ lksfo;r la?k esa tc og ,d
jkT; Fkk dbZ jk"Vªh;rk,a lekfgr Fkha_ nwljs mnkgj.kkFkZ dksfj;u jk"Vªh;rk tks nks ls vfèkd jkT;ksa
esa fo|eku gSA vr% jkT; vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ,d gh lkFk ik;s Hkh tk ldrs gSa vkSj ugha HkhA
4. nwljs vFkZ esa] jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk nks vyx&vyx 'kCn gSaA oqQN yksx ^jk"Vªh;rk* 'kCn dks ekurs
gSa fd ;g jk"Vª osQ fuekZ.k dk vkèkkjHkwr rF; vFkok xq.k gS vFkkZr jk"Vª ls igys jk"Vªh;rk dk
LFkku gSA blfy, ewy mRifRr osQ vuqlkj ;s nksuksa ,d tSls ugha gSaA ;gwnh jk"Vªh;rk us ;gwnh jk"Vª
dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
5. ;fn ge ^jk"Vª* 'kCn dk iz;ksx ,d gh dqy] Hkk"kk vkSj jhfr&fjokt] rFkk ,d gh {ks=k dh
tula[;k osQ lcls vfèkd yksxksa osQ fy, djrs gSa] rks okLro esa ge ns[krs gSa fd fczfV'k yksx
Hkh ,d jk"Vª gSaA nwljh vksj] ;fn ge ^jk"Vªh;rk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fdlh {ks=k osQ NksVs&NksVs fofHkUu
ekuo leqnk;ksa osQ fy, djrs gSa tks fd ml {ks=k dh tula[;k dk NksVk lk Hkkx gSa] rks ge ns[krs
gSa fd osY'k ,d jk"Vªh;rk gS rFkk ;g fczfV'k jk"Vª dk ,d vax gSA

15
 ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT;
ikBxr iz'u 2.1
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) O;qRifRr osQ vuqlkj] jk"Vªh;rk dk vFkZ gS] -------------------- tkfr fo'ks"k ls lacafèkr gksukA
([k) vizokl] vartkZrh; vkSj varoZqQyh; fookgksa osQ dkj.k--------------------------dh igpku dfBu gSA
fVIi.kh
(x) jk"Vªh;rk dk fodkl fuf'pr :i ls ,d---------------------------------------------?kVuk gSA
(?k) jk"Vªh;rk dh O;qRifRr ySfVu 'kCn---------------------------ls gqbZ gSA

2.3 jk"Vªh;rk osQ rRo ;k ?kVd

jk"Vªh;rk oQks blosQ ?kVd inksa esa ifjHkkf"kr djuk vR;ar dfBu gSA ;g ,d euksoSKkfud ladYiuk gS
vFkok O;fDrxr fopkjA vr% ;g vlaHko gS fd dksbZ ,slk leku xq.k vFkok fuf'pr :fp gks ldrh
gS tks jk"Vªh;rk esa lHkh txgksa ij leku gksA vr% ge fuf'pr :i ls ugha dg ldrs gSa fd ;g fo'ks"k
?kVd ,d vyx jk"Vªh;rk leku gSA bl iz;kl esa ge ;gk¡ oqQN ?kVdksa dks lwphc¼ dj loQrs gSa tks
fd fuEufyf[kr gSa%&
2.3.1 leku HkkSxksfyd {ks=k
,d gh {ks=k esa jgus okys yksx jk"Vªh;rk osQ ,d cM+s ?kVd dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd
;s yksx laHkor% ,d tSlh laLd`fr dk fodkl djsaxsA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ns'kksa dks ekr`Hkwfe ;k fir`Hkwfe
dh rjg ns[krs gSaA ge yksxksa dh ns'k osQ lkFk igpku Hkh ns[krs gSaA vr% MsuekdZ osQ yksxksa dks Msu]
izQkal osQ yksxksa dks izQkaflfl] Hkkjrh;ksa dks Hkkjrh;] vesfjdkokfl;ksa dks vejhdh vkfn dgrs gSaA ,d
gh {ks=k dk gksuk jk"Vªh;rk dk ,d vko';d ?kVd ugha gSA blzkby osQ fuekZ.k ls igys ;gwnh laiw.kZ
fo'o esa fc[kjs gq, FksA ,d gh jkT; {ks=k osQ u gksus osQ ckotwn Hkh os ,d 'kfDr'kkyh jk"Vªh;rk FksA
blh izdkj] iksYl yksxksa dk 1919 ls igys dksbZ ,d jkT;&{ks=k ugha Fkk] ijarq os ,d jk"Vªh;rk FksA
2.3.2 leku oqQy
oqQyh; lekurk dk fopkj ;g n'kkZrk gS fd fdlh jk"Vªh;rk fo'ks"k ls lacafèkr yksx ,d lewg vFkok
lkekftd ,drk ls lacafèkr gksrs gSaA oqQN yksx ;g lq>ko nsrs gSa fd dqyh; 'kq¼rk ls gh jk"Vª curk
gSA oSKkfud rkSj ij ;g xyr gSA mijksDr vè;;ukuqlkj] vizokl] vartkZrh; fookgksa vkfn osQ dkj.k
dqyh; 'kq¼rk yxHkx vlaHko gSA vkt ;g feFkd cu x;k gSA ijarq ;g fo'okl fd yksx ,d okLrfod
;k dkYifud dqy ls lacafèkr gSa] blls jk"Vªh;rk osQ fopkj esa ;ksxnku feyk gSA dqyh; le:irk
blfy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd blls] leku Hkk"kk] jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj lkaLd`frd le:irk dks cy
feyrk gSA
2.3.3 leku Hkk"kk
leku Hkk"kk fopkj O;Dr djus dk lkèku gS ftlosQ ekè;e ls yksx vius fopkj O;Dr dj ldrs gSaA
;g jk"Vªh;rk osQ vU; ?kVdksa dk vkèkkj gSA ,d tSlh Hkk"kk u osQoy ,d tSls lkfgR; dk gksuk n'kkZrh
gS oju~ ,d tSlh ,sfrgkfld fojklr dks Hkh n'kkZrh gSA leku ,sfrgkfld vuqHko vkSj leku ijaijk,a
tks fd lkfgR; esa >ydrh gSa ;s lc ,d gh jk"Vªh;rk osQ yksxksa dks ,dlw=k esa ckaèkrh gSaA ,d tSlh

16
 jk"Vª vkSj jkT; ekWM~;wy - 1
Hkk"kk ,d lejl lekt dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA vfèkdre ;wjksih; jk"Vªksa dk fodkl leku Hkk"kk osQ dkj.k O;fDr ,oa jkT;
gh gqvk gSA tSls fd baXyS.M dk vaxzsth Hkk"kk ls] izQkal dk izSaQp ls vkSj Lisu dk fodkl Lisfu'k Hkk"kk
ls gqvk gSA ijarq ;g vko';d ugha gSA vkt ge fdruh gh f}Hkk"kh; vkSj cgqHkk"kh; jk"Vªh;rkvksa osQ ckjs
esa tkurs gSa rFkk vaxzsth ,d fo'oO;kih Hkk"kk gS ftls lalkj osQ lHkh Hkkxksa esa cksyk tkrk gS vkSj bls
osQoy baXySaM ls gh ugha tksM+k tk ldrkA
2.3.4 leku èkeZ
fVIi.kh
èkeZ Hkh jk"Vªh;rk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA leku èkeZ ls jk"Vªh; Hkkouk etcwr gksrh gSA baXyS.M us
izksVSLVSUV (blkbZ èkeZ osQ izksVSLVSUV ppZ osQ vuq;k;h) dh j{kk osQ fy, Lisu osQ tgkth csM+ksa dk eqdkcyk
fd;kA ijarq ;g Hkh ,d vko';d ?kVd ugha gSA njvly vkèkqfud le; esa] jk"Vªh;rk,a cgqèkehZ cu
xbZ gSa rFkk bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa èkeZ ,d O;fDrxr ekeyk cu tkrk gS vkSj vke thou esa èkeZ fujis{krk
vk tkrh gSA èkeZ ges'kk tksM+us okyk ?kVd gh ugha gksrk gSA leku èkeZ osQ gksrs gq, Hkh ikfdLrku nks
VqdM+ksa esa caV x;k ,oa caXykns'k dk fuekZ.k gqvkA Hkkjr foHkktu osQ dkj.k tc ikfdLrku dk fuekZ.k
gqvk rc èkeZ us Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa foHkktd ?kVd osQ :i esa udkjkRed dk;Z gh fd;kA
2.3.5 leku jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
fdlh jkT; esa leku jktuhfrd <k¡ps dk gksuk Hkh pkgs og orZeku esa gks ;k Hkwr esa jk"Vªh;rk dk ,d
?kVd gSA ,d jkT; esa yksx dkuwu osQ }kjk ,dlw=k esa c¡èks gksrs gSaA ,d gh jkT; esa bl izdkj jgus ls
,drk dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gSA fofHkUu ladV dh ?kfM+;ksa esa tSls fd ;q¼ osQ le; ns'kHkfDr dh
Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA okLro esa ljdkj fofHkUu rjhdksa }kjk bls izksRlkfgr djrh gSA fxyfØLV
Bhd gh dgrs gSa] ^^jk"Vªh;rk ;k rks blfy, vfLrRo esa gS D;ksafd ;g ,d jk"Vª gS ftlesa bldk jkT;
;k {ks=k fufgr gS] ;k blfy, D;ksafd ;g vius jkT; ;k {ks=k osQ lkFk jk"Vª cuus dh bPNk j[krh gS**
2.3.6 vkfFkZd dkjd
vkfFkZd dk;Zdyki yksxksa dks ,d nwljs osQ lehi ykrs gSaA ;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd ,sfrgkfld :i
ls fofHkUu tutkfr;ksa vkSj dqyksa osQ feJ.k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i gh jk"Vªh;rk mHkjrh gSA vkfn lekt esa
jk"Vªh;rk ds ckjs esa dksbZ lksp Hkh ugha ldrkA ekDZlokfn;ksa dk Hkh ;gh fo'okl gS fd jk"Vªh;rk vkfFkZd
dkjd osQ dkj.k gh mHkjrh gSA muosQ vuqlkj fdlh nkl ;qx ;k lkearh lekt osQ fy, jk"Vªh;rk dk
dksbZ egRo ugha Fkk rFkk jk"Vªh;rk osQoy mRiknu osQ iwathoknh rjhosQ osQ ckn gh vfLrRo esa vk;hA
fu%lansg vkfFkZd ?kVd jk"Vªh;rk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dkjd gSA ;g jk"Vªh;rk oQks lgst dj j[kus dk Hkh
,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA ijarq ;g vosQys gh jk"Vªh;rk dk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldrkA
2.3.7 ,dleku vfèkuLrrk
vizQhdh&,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa jk"Vªh; vkanksyuksa dks mHkjus esa leku vfèkuLrk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dkjd jgk gSA
fofHkUu ;wjksih; lkezkT;ksa us mu ij vkØe.k fd;kA bl ,dleku vfèkuLrrk osQ dkj.k muesa jk"Vªh;rk
dh Hkkouk mRiUu gqbZ D;ksafd blus yksxksa esa ,d gksus dh Hkkouk tkx`r dhA Hkkjr esa leku vkSifuosf'kd
'kks"k.k osQ dkj.k leku Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;rk dk mn; gqvkA
2.3.8 ,dleku jktuhfrd vfHkyk"kk,a
oqQN yksx ,d jk"Vª gksus dh Hkkouk dks jk"Vªh;rk dk eq[; ?kVd ekurs gSaA izFke fo'o ;q¼ ls igys

17
 ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; iksYl ukxfjd iksyS.M dks pkgrs FksA blh izdkj ;wjksi esa jgus okys oqQN vU; vYila[;d Hkh vyx
jk"Vªh;rk osQ bPNqd FksA 1919 dh isfjl 'kkafr okrkZ esa vkRe&fu.kZ; osQ fl¼kar dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA
lHkh ?kVd gkykafd jk"Vªh;rk osQ fodkl esa ;ksxnku djrs gSa] ijarq muesa ls dksbZ Hkh iw.kZr;k vko';d
ugha gSA okLro esa jk"Vªh;rk ,d O;fDrxr Hkkouk gS ftls fdlh oLrqfu"B ?kVd osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA buesa ls fdlh ,d ;k vfèkd ?kVd dk gksuk ;k u gksuk ;g ugha n'kkZrk gS fd
jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk gS ;k ughaA

fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 2.2
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) ,d gh {ks=k esa jgus okys yksx laHkor% ,d tSlh-----------------------dk fodkl djsaxsA
([k) uLy dh 'kq¼rk --------------------------- rkSj ij xyr gSA
(x) vfèkdk¡'k ;wjksih; jk"Vª dk fodkl ,d leku -----------------------------osQ dkj.k gqvkA
(?k) ,d leku fu;a=k.k ls --------------------Hkkouk dks cy feyrk gSA
(Ä) ,sfrgkfld :i ls fofHkUu tutkfr;ksa vkSj oqQyksa osQ-----------------------------------------ls jk"Vªh;rk
mHkjrh gSA
(p) Hkkjr esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk ,d leku --------------- --------------------- ls mRiUUk gqbZA

2.4 jkT;
jktuhfr foKku osQ vè;;u dk dsUnz fcUnq jkT; gSA ijarq bls xyr rjhosQ ls jk"Vª] lekt vkSj ljdkj
osQ i;k;Zokph dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ^jkT;* 'kCn dk iz;ksx jkT; izcaèku rFkk jktdh; lgk;rk
vkfn osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA tSls fd Hkkjrh; la?k osQ jkT; ;k vesfjdk dks cukus okys 50 jkT;A
ijarq jktuhfr foKku esa ge bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx vyx izdkj ls djrs gSaA bldk ,d fo'ks"k vFkZ gksrk
gSA jkT; dh ladYiuk dh oqQN ifjHkk"kk,sa fuEufyf[kr gSa%
^^jkT; ,d fuf'pr HkwHkkx esa jgus okys jktuhfrd rkSj ij laxfBr yksxksa dk leqnk; gSA**
µCya'kyh
^^jkT; ,d ,sls yksxksa dk leqnk; gS] tks lkèkkj.kr;k cM+h la[;k esa gksa] ftldk ,d fuf'pr
Hkw&Hkkx ij LFkk;h vfèkdkj gks] tks ckgjh fu;a=k.k ls Lora=k ;k yxHkx Lora=k gks vkSj ftldh
vkKkvksa dk ikyu vfèkdka'k turk LoHkko ls djrh gksA**
µxkuZj
jkT; ,d ^^,slk {ks=kh; lekt gS tks ljdkjksa rFkk iztkvksa esa foHkkftr gS] pkgs os O;fDrxr
gksa ;k muosQ lewg rFkk ftuosQ lacaèkksa dks ,d neudkjh 'kfDr osQ iz;ksx ls etcwr fd;k tkrk
gSA**
µykLdh
^^jkT; ,d fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx esa dkuwu }kjk laxfBr yksxksa dk leqnk; gSA**
µoqMªks foYlu
18
 jk"Vª vkSj jkT; ekWM~;wy - 1
jkT; ^^jktuhfr foKku dh ,d ladYiuk gS] ,oe~ ,d uSfrd okLrfodrk gS tks ljdkj osQ O;fDr ,oa jkT;
varxZr ,d fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx ij fuokl djus okys pUn yksxksa esa fuokl djrh gSA ;g vkarfjd
ekeyksa esa yksxksa dh lEizHkqrk O;Dr djus okyk vax gS rFkk okg~; ekeyksa esa vU; ljdkjksa ls
Lora=k gSA** µfxyfØLV
euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gS vkSj vosQyk ugha jg ldrkA tc yksx ,d lkFk jgrs gSa rks viuh
lkekftd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrs gSaA ijarq izR;sd O;fDr vPNk vkSj n;kyq ugha gksrkA lHkh izdkj
osQ iqjQ"k vkSj efgyk,a gksrh gSa tks xoZ] }s"k] ykyp vkSj LokFkZ dh Hkkoukvksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA coZQ osQ fVIi.kh
vuqlkj] ^^oqQfRlr lekt esa osQoy O;fDr fo'ks"k osQ fofHkUu euksHkkoksa dks gh ugha oju~ lHkh osQ Hkkoksa
dks ,d fu;a=k.k esa j[kus dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,A yksxksa osQ fopkjksa dks fu;a=k.k esa ykus dk lcls vPNk
rjhdk jktuhfrd lRrk gSA bl izdkj yksx ,d lkekU; O;ogkj osQ fu;eksa esa caèk tkrs gSAa ;fn bu fu;eksa
dk mYy?kau fd;k x;k rks mUgsa ltk fey ldrh gSA lekt yksxksa osQ lkgp;Z dh vko';drk dks iwjk
djrk gS vkSj jkT; bl vko';drk ls mRiUu leL;kvksa oQks gy djus esaA**
jkT; dk vfLrRo vPNs thou osQ fy, gSA ;g ,d izkd`frd vkSj vko';d laLFkk gS tSlk fd vjLrw
us dgk gS& ^^jkT; dk mn; thou dh ewy vko';drkvksa ls gksrk gS rFkk ;g vPNs thou osQ fy,
fujarj vfLrRo esa jgrk gSA**
osQoy jkT; osQ dkj.k gh dksbZ O;fDr l{kerk osQ Lrj rd mQij mB ldrk gSA ;fn dksbZ lRrk] laxBu
;k fu;e u gksa] rks lekt ,d lkFk ugha jg ldrkA jkT; Hkh ogha vfLrRo esa vkrk gS tgka yksx ,d
laxfBr lekt esa jgrs gSasA dkykUrj esa jkT; us èkhjs&èkhjs ljy laLFkk ls vc ,d tfVy laxBu dk :i
èkkj.k dj fy;k gS tSlk fd vkt&dy n`f"Vxkspj gSA
jkT; dk lkj mlosQ neudkjh 'kfDr osQ ,dkfèkdkj esa gSA ;g yksxksa ls vkKk ikyu djkus dk vfèkdkj
j[krk gSA
ijarq ekDZlokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj jkT; ,d oxZ laxBu gS ftldh jpuk laifÙk'kkyh oxZ us xjhcksa dks lrkus
vkSj muosQ 'kks"k.k osQ fy, fd;k gSA os jkT; dks ,d izko`Qfrd laLFkk ugha ekursA muosQ vuqlkj]
laifÙk'kkyh oxZ us jkT; dh jpuk dh gS vkSj os gh jkT; osQ Lokeh gSaA vr% jkT; 'kks"k.k dk lkèku ek=k
gSA os ,d oxZfoghu ;k lkE;oknh lekt dh ifjdYiuk djrs gSa ftlesa jkT; dk vfLrRo lekIr gks
tk,xkA

ikBxr iz'u 2.3

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) jkT; dk vfLrRo-------------------thou osQ fy, gSA
([k) jkT; dk lkj bldh---------------osQ ,dkfèkdkj esa fufgr gSA
(x) jkT; yksxksa ls--------------------------dk vfèkdkj j[krk gSA
(?k) ekDZlokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj jkT;-------------------------gSA
(Ä) fdlh oxZghu lekt es-a -------------------ugha gksrkA

19
 ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; 2.5 jkT; osQ ?kVd
tSlk fd mQij n'kkZ;k x;k gS] jkT; osQ pkj ewy ?kVd gSaA ;s gSa%&

2.5.1 tula[;k
jkT; ,d ekuo laLFkk gSA yksx gh jkT; dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA vaVkoZQfVdk ,d jkT; ugha gS D;ksafd ;gka
fVIi.kh ekuo tula[;k ugha gSaA tula[;k bl ;ksX; gksuh pkfg, fd jkT; dks og pyk losQA ijarq iz'u ;g
gS fd tula[;k fdruh gksuh pkfg,\
IysVks vkSj vjLrq osQ vkn'kZ nks ;wukuh 'kgj & ,Fksal vkSj LikVkZ FksA IysVks us ,d vkn'kZ jkT; dh
tula[;k 5040 fuèkkZfjr dhA vjLrq us ,d lkekU; fopkj crk;k fd fdlh jkT; dks u rks vfèkd
NksVk gksuk pkfg, u gh cgqr cM+k_ ;g bruk cM+k gks fd Lo%iksf"kr gks vkSj bruk NksVk gks fd vklkuh
ls 'kkflr gks losQA :lks us ;g la[;k 10]000 crkbZA ijarq fdlh jkT; esa tula[;k dk fuèkkZj.k ,d
dfBu dk;Z gSA vkèkqfud le; esa Hkkjr vkSj phu dh tula[;k,¡ vR;ar fo'kky gSa rFkk lSu ejhuks tSls
ns'kksa dh cgqr deA iwoZ lksfo;r la?k tSls ns'kksa us cM+s ifjokj dh ekrkvksa dks izksRlkgu fn;kA Hkkjr esa
c<+rh tula[;k ,d cM+h leL;k gS] tcfd phu us osQoy ,d cPpk gksus osQ ekinaM dks viuk;k gSA
eqlksfyuh tSls rkuk'kkgksa us cM+h tula[;k okys jkT; dks [kqydj izksRlkgu fn;kA
vr% tula[;k ij dksbZ Hkh lS¼kafrd ;k O;kogkfjd lhek ugha yxkbZ tk ldrhA ijarq ;g bruh vo';
gksuh pkfg, fd blesa 'kkld vkSj 'kkflr oxZ gks]a tks fd jktuhfrd laLFkk dks lg;ksx ns losQa A tula[;k
miyCèk Hkwfe vkSj lalkèkuksa osQ lekuqikrh gksuh pkfg,A ;g è;ku esa jgs fd tula[;k osQ varjksa rFkk
vU; lkèkuksa osQ mruk gh jgus ls jkT; osQ Lo:i esa dksbZ varj ugha iM+rkA
tula[;k dh xq.koRrk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA ,d vPNs jkT; osQ ukxfjd LoLFk] cq~f¼eku vkSj vuq'kkflr
gksus pkfg,A muesa rstfLork osQ xq.k gksus pkfg,A tula[;k dh lajpuk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA ,d leku
tula[;k okys jkT; vklkuh ls 'kkflr fd;s tk loQrs gSaA
2.5.2 Hkw&Hkkx
tSls izR;sd O;fDr jkT; ls tqM+k gksrk gS oSls gh izR;ssd oxZ xt tehu HkhA dksbZ Hkh jkT; fcuk fdlh
fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx osQ ugha gksrkA fdlh {ks=k esa ,d lkFk feydj jguk yksxksa dks ck¡èkrk gSA bl jkT; {ks=k
osQ fy, izse dh Hkkouk ns'kHkfDr mRiUu djrh gSA oqQN yksx bls ekr`Hkwfe vkSj oqQN bls fir`Hkwfe dgrs
gSaA ijarq vius jkT;&{ks=k ls lHkh dk ,d fuf'pr yxko gksrk gSA
Hkw&Hkkx dks fuf'pr gksuk pkfg, ftlls fd jktuhfrd lRrk dks viuk vfèkdkj {ks=k feyrk gSA dchyksa
esa jktuhfrd lRrk fn[krh Fkh ijarq fuf'pr Hkwfe u gksus osQ dkj.k os ,d jkT; dk fuekZ.k ugha dj
losQA ;gwnh Hkh fofHkUu ns'kksa esa jg jgs Fks vkSj blzkby osQ fuekZ.k osQ ckn gh os ,d jkT; cusa ftldk
,d fuèkkZfjr Hkw&Hkkx gSA fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx osQ fcuk cká ekeyksa dk lapkyu dfBu gks tk,xkA jkT; {ks=k
;g igpku djus osQ fy, vko';d gS fd dkSu&lk jkT; nwljh jkT; dh lhek esa ?kqlus dk iz;kl dj
jgk gSA
Hkw&Hkkx NksVk Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj cM+k HkhA ijarq bldh ,d fuf'pr Hkwfe gksrh gSA ;g 62 oxZ fdeh
{ks=k okys ns'k lSu ejhuksa osQ ftruk NksVk Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj Hkkjr] vesfjdk] :l vkSj phu osQ ftruk
cM+k HkhA jkT; dk vkdkj mldh ljdkj oQks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] NksVs jkT;ksa esa
,dkRed ljdkj gksrh gS vkSj Hkkjr rFkk vesfjdk tSls cM+s ns'kksa esa la?kh; ljdkj gksuk vfèkd mfpr
gSA Hkwfe dh xq.koRrk Hkh cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;fn Hkwfe [kfutksa rFkk izkd`frd lalkèkuksa ls Hkjiwj gS rks
;g jkT; dks vkfFkZd :i ls 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;sxhA ;g bl ;ksX; gksuh pkfg, fd yksxksa dks i;kZIr Hkkstu

20
 jk"Vª vkSj jkT; ekWM~;wy - 1
miyCèk gks losQA if'peh ,f'k;k osQ jkT; egRoghu Fks ijarq rsy dh [kkst osQ ckn os izfl¼ gks x,A O;fDr ,oa jkT;
fdlh jkT; dk jkT; {ks=k cM+k gksus ls mls ;q¼ osQ le; esa ;q¼&uhfr vkSj lSU;&lapkyu esa ykHk feyrk
gSA cakXykns'k osQ fuekZ.k ls igys ikfdLrku osQ nks {ks=k cgqr nwj FksA gokbZ vkSj vykLdk&vesfjdk osQ
{ks=k izeq[k jkT; {ks=k ls cgqr nwj gSaA
Hkwfe] ty vkSj ok;q fdlh jkT; osQ jkT;&{ks=k dk fuekZ.k djrs gaSA jkT; dh laizHkqrk] i`Foh] ufn;ksa]
igkM+ksa vkSj eSnkuksa rFkk ok;q {ks=k osQ mQij gksrh gSA ,d fuf'pr lhek rd leqnz Hkh jkT; osQ jkT;&
{ks=k dk fgLlk gSA
fVIi.kh
2.5.3 ljdkj
og mn~ns'; ftlosQ fy, yksx ,d lkFk jgrs gSa mldk vuqHko rc rd ugha fd;k tk ldrk tc rd
fd os Bhd izdkj laxfBr u gksa rFkk fuf'pr vkpkj&fopkj dk ikyu u djrs gksaA og laLFkk tks bu
fu;eksa vkSj vkpkj&fopkjksa dks ykxw djosQ mudk ikyu fuf'pr djrh gS] ljdkj dgykrh gSA fdlh
fuf'pr jkT;&{ks=k esa jgus okys yksxksa osQ lkekU; mn~ns'; dk dsUnz&fcUnq Hkh ljdkj gSA blh ekè;e
osQ }kjk lkekU; uhfr;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lkekU; #fp;ksa dks c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA ljdkj
osQ fcuk yksxksa esa la'kfDr vkSj lkewfgd dk;Z dh Hkkouk ugha vk,xhA ljdkj dh vuqifLFkfr esa xqVksa
vkSj nyksa osQ chp ;q¼ ,oa vjktdrk dh fLFkfr gksxhA vr% ,d lkekU; lRrk dh vko';drk gksrh
gS tgka ij yksx O;ofLFkr jg losaQA ;g euq"; thou dh iwoZ'krZ gSA ljdkj osQ fcuk jkT; u rks gks
ldrk gS vkSj u gh gksrk gSA pkgs ljdkj fdlh Hkh :i esa gksA ljdkj dk gksuk ,d furkar vko';drk
gSA ;g ,d jktra=k Hkh gks ldrk gS tSls fd fczVsu esa vkSj ,d x.kra=k Hkh tSls fd Hkkjr esaA Hkkjr
,oa fczVsu dh rjg bldh ljdkj dk lalnh; :i Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj vesfjdk dh rjg ljdkj dk
,d vè;{kh; :i Hkh gks ldrk gSA

2.5.4 izHkqlÙkk
jkT;&{ks=k osQ fdlh fuf'pr Hkkx esa jgus okys os yksx ftudh viuh ljdkj gks] jkT; ugha cukrs tc
rd fd muosQ ikl laizHkqrk u gksA 15 vxLr 1947 ls igys Hkkjr osQ ikl laizHkqrk osQ vykok jkT;
osQ lHkh ?kVd Fks] vkSj blfy, ;g ,d jkT; ugha FkkA izHkqlRrk og 'kfDr gS ftlosQ }kjk jkT; mlosQ
vanj jgus okys yksxksa ls jktuhfrd vkKk ikyu dh vis{kk djrk gSA jkT; dks vkrafjd :i ls
loZ'kfDreku ;k oká fu;a=k.k ls eqDr gksuk pkfg,A vr% izHkqlRrk osQ nks igyw gaS] vkrafjd vkSj ckáA
vkrafjd izHkqlRrk jkT; dh lhekvksa osQ vanj jkT; dk ,dkfèkdkj gSA ;g lÙkk fdlh vU; jkT; osQ lkFk
ck¡Vh ugha tk ldrhA jkT; Lora=k gksrk gS vkSj fdlh ckgjh lRrk dh bPNkvksa ls vizHkkfor jgrk gSA
vr% izR;sd jkT; dh ,d tula[;k] Hkw&Hkkx] lqxfBr ljdkj vkSj izHkqlRrk gksrh gSA buesa ls fdlh
Hkh ,d ?kVd dh vuqifLFkfr blosQ jkT; osQ ntsZ ls bls oafpr djrh gSA vr% Hkkjrh; x.kra=k osQ 28
jkT;ksa ;k vesfjdk osQ 50 jkT;ksa osQ fy, bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx Hkzked gSA ;s iz'kklfud bdkbZ;k¡ gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 2.4

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) jkT; osQ pkj ?kVd -------------] --------------------------] -------------------------- vkSj ---------------------gSAa
([k) IysVks us fdlh jkT; dh tula[;k -------------fuèkkZfjr dh vkSj :lks us --------------------------A
(x) ns'k osQ fy, izse -----------------------------dh Hkkouk tkx`r djrk gSA
(?k) ---------------------------------] --------------------- vkSj --------------------------------ls jkT; dk HkwHkkx curk gSA

21
 ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; (Ä) ljdkj dk ,dkRed :i NksVs jkT;ksa osQ fy, vPNk gS vkSj ----------------] ----------------cM+s jkT;ksa osQ
fy, vkn'kZ gSA
(p) og laLFkk tks fu;eksa vkSj vkpkj&fopkjksa dks ykxw djrh gS -----------------------------gSA
(N) izHkqlRrk osQ nks igyw -------------------------- vkSj ------------------------- gSAa

fVIi.kh vkius D;k lh[kk

vki jk"Vª] jk"Vªh;rk vkSj jkT; dk vFkZ le> pqosQ gSaA vki tkurs gSas fd jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ySfVu 'kCn
usV~l dh O;qRifRr gSa vkSj bl O;qRifRr esa jk"Vªh;rk dk vFkZ gS fdlh ,d gh uLy ls ;k tUe vkSj
jDr lacaèkksa }kjk tqM+k gksukA vc vki jk"Vª ,oa jk"Vªh;rk esa varj le> x, gSaA vc vki tkurs gSa fd
jk"Vªh;rk osQ dbZ ?kVd gSa ijarq dksbZ Hkh ?kVd ;k ?kVdksa dk la;ksx vifjgk;Z ugha gSA buesa ls fdlh
,d ;k dbZ ?kVdksa dh mifLFkfr ;k vuqifLFkfr ls jk"Vªh;rk dh mifLFkfr ;k vuqifLFkfr fuèkkZfjr ugha
gksrhA vki ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd jkT; ,d jktuhfrd laxBu gSA ;g lekt esa O;oLFkk dk;e djrk
gSA ijarq ekDlZokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj jkT; ,d oxZ laxBu gSA vki jkT; osQ pkj ?kVdksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh le>
pqosQ gS& tula[;k] Hkw&Hkkx] ljdkj vkSj izHkqlRrkA

ikBkar iz'u
fuEufyf[kr dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,
1. (d) jk"Vª ([k) jkT; (x) ljdkj

2. bu ?kVdksa osQ uke fyf[k, tks jk"Vªh;rk osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gSa] rFkk muesa ls fdUgha nks ?kVdksa
dh O;k[;k dhft,\
3. jkT; fdls dgrs gSa\ la{ksi esa jkT; osQ ?kVdksa dk mYys[k dhft,A.
4. D;k fuEufyf[kr jkT; gSa\ ,d iafDr fy[kdj vius mÙkj dh iqf"V djsaA
(d) Hkkjr ([k) la;qDr jk"Vª

(x) fcgkj (?k) la;qDr vesfjdk

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

2.1
(d) fdlh ,d
([k) 'kq¼ oqQy
(x) euksoKS kfud
(?k) usVl
~

22
 jk"Vª vkSj jkT; ekWM~;wy - 1
O;fDr ,oa jkT;
2.2
(d) laLd`fr
([k) oSKkfud
(x) Hkk"kk
(?k) ,drk fVIi.kh
(Ä) feJ.k
(p) vkSifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k
2.3
(d) vPNs
([k) neudkjh
(x) vkKk ikyu
(?k) oxZ laxBu
(Ä) jkT;
2.4
(d) HkwHkkx] tula[;k] ljdkj] izHkqlRrk
([k) 5040, 10000
(x) ns'kHkfDr
(?k) Hkwfe] ty] ok;q {ks=k
(Ä) la?kh; :i
(p) ljdkj
(N) vkarfjd] cká
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. (a) [k.M 2-1 ns[kssa
(b) [k.M 2-4 ns[kas
(c) [k.M 2-53 ns[kas
2. [k.M 2-3 ns[kssa
3 [k.M 2-4 ns[kas
4. (a) gk¡] D;ksafd blesa jkT; gksus osQ pkjksa ?kVd gSaA
(b) ugha] D;ksafd blesa jkT;&{ks=k vkSj izHkqlRrk osQ ?kVd ugha gSA
(c) ugha] D;ksafd blesa izHkqlRrk ugha gSA
(d) gk¡] D;ksafd mlesa jkT; gksus osQ pkjksa ?kVd gSaA

23
 ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT;

3
fVIi.kh lekt] jk"Vª] jkT; vkSj ljdkj esa Hksn
fiNys vè;k; esa vkius jkT; vkSj mlosQ ?kVd ,oa jk"Vª] jk"Vªh;rk dh ladYiuk rFkk jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk
osQ chp Hksn osQ ckjs esa i<+kA fiNys vè;k; esa gh jktuhfr vkSj jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ vkSj muosQ
chp varj osQ ckjs esa i<+kA bl vè;k; esa vki oqQN vU; ladYiukvksa] fo'ks"kr% ^lekt* ^ljdkj* vkSj
nwljs la?k osQ ckjs esa rFkk muosQ chp varjksa dks le>saxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki
z lekt] ljdkj vkSj vU; la?k osQ vFkZ le> losaQxs_
z jkT; vkSj lekt osQ chp varj dks tku losaQxs_
z jkT; vkSj vU; la?k osQ chp varj le> losaQxs_
z jkT; vkSj ljdkj esa varj tku losaQxs_
z jkT; vkSj jk"Vª osQ chp varj Li"V dj losaQxsA

3.1 jkT; vkSj lekt

fiNys vè;k; esa vkius ^jkT;* dk vFkZ le>kA tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa] jkT; ,d jktuhfrd lekt
gS ftlosQ pkj ?kVd gSa& tula[;k] fu/kZfjr HkwHkkx] ljdkj vkSj laizHkqrkA vki tkurs gSa fd jkT; dkuwu
osQ ekè;e ls LokHkkfod :i ls neudkjh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djosQ lkekftd vkpkj&fopkj dks fu;af=kr
j[krk gSA ,d ladYiuk osQ :i esa lekt ,d laxBu Hkh gS vkSj lkekftd laca/ksa dh dM+h HkhA ;g
,d ,slk lkekftd laxBu gS ftlesa lkekftd fj'rksa dk ,d tky cquk gksrk gSA
3.2 jkT; vkSj lekt esa Hksn
gesa jkT; vkSj lekt esa varj dks Li"Vr% le>uk gksxk vU;Fkk ge ekuo thou osQ cnyrs gjsd igyw
ij jkT; osQ gLr{ksi dks mfpr ekurs jgsaxs ftlls mldh vktknh izHkkfor gksrh gSA bu nksuksa dks ijLij
'kCn eku ysus ls dbZ jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd Hkzked fl¼karksa dks cy feysxkA eSdkvkboj dgrs
gSa% ^^lekt (lkekftd) dks jkT; (vFkkZr jktuhfrd) ls vyx djosQ ns[kuk lcls cM+h aHkzkafr dk
f'kdkj gksuk gS tks nksuksa eas ls (jkT; ;k lekt) fdlh dks Hkh le>us esa vkidks iw.kZr;k jksdrk gSA**
okLro easa] izkphu ;wukuh nk'kZfudksa (lqdjkr] IysVks vkSj vjLrq) us jkT; vkSj lekt osQ chp dksbZ Hksn
ugha fd;kA mUgksaus ^iksfyl* dks lekt vkSj jkT; nksuksa dk ntkZ fn;kA vV~Bjoha lnh osQ izQakl osQ

24
 lekt] jk"Vª] jkT; vkSj ljdkj esa Hksn ekWM~;wy - 1
jktuSfrd nk'kZfud :lks tSls vkn'kZokfn;ksa us Hkh nksuksa dks ,d gh ekukA O;fDr ,oa jkT;
jkT; vkSj lekt osQ chp varj dks fuEu izdkj Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS%
(d) jkT; ,d jktuhfrd laxBu gS_ ;g jktuhfrd :i ls xfBr ,d lekt gSA nwljh vksj lekt
,d lkekftd laxBu gS ftlesa lHkh izdkj osQ la?k (lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kfeZd] jktuhfrd vkSj
lkaLd`frd) fufgr gSaA lekt jkT; ls fo'kky Hkh gS vkSj ladh.kZ HkhA ;g fo'kky gS tc bldk
iz;ksx ekuo tkfr osQ laiw.kZ leqnk; dks O;Dr djus esa fd;k tkrk gS_ ;g ladh.kZ gS tc bls fVIi.kh
fdlh xk¡o osQ ,d NksVs ls lewg dks of.kZr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
([k) mRifRr osQ Øe esa lekt jkT; ls igys vkrk gSA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lekt dk tUe ekuo
thou osQ mn; osQ lkFk gh gqvk gSA ijarq lekt osQ lkFk gh jkT; dk mn; ugha gqvk_ lkekftd
fodkl osQ ckn osQ pj.kksa esa bldk fodkl gqvkA euq"; igys ,d lkekftd izk.kh cuk] blosQ
ckn jktuhfrdA
(x) Li"Vr% jkT; ls igys LFkku gksus osQ dkj.k lekt ,d izkd`frd vkSj uSlfxZd laLFkk gSA nwljh
vksj jkT; ,d cukoVh vkSj ekuo fufeZr laLFkk gS] ftls vko';drk iM+us ij fufeZr fd;k x;k
gSA ;g Hkh ,d dkj.k gS fd ge jkT; dks ,d vkSipkfjd ,oa oS/kfud laxBu dh lajpuk osQ
:i esa ikrs gSaA lekt Hkh ,d laxBu gS_ laLFkk gS] ijarq ;g jkT; dh Hkkafr vkSipkfjd ugha gSaA

(?k) jkT; dk vfLrRo lekt osQ fy, Bhd mlh izdkj gS tSls dksbZ lk/u mlosQ lkè; osQ fy,A vr%
jkT; ,d lk/u gS rFkk lekt mldk lkè;A lnSo lk/u dk vfLrRo lkè; osQ fy, gS u fd
lkè; dk vfLrRo lk/u osQ fy,A
(M-) jkT; dh viuh izHkqlRrk gksrh gS_ fcuk izHkqlRrk osQ jkT; ugha gks ldrkA lekt dh viuh izHkqlRrk
ugha gksrh_ ;g fcuk laizHkqrk osQ gksrk gSA laizHkq gksus osQ dkj.k jkT; viuh lhekvksa osQ vanj lHkh
laxBuksa] la?k vkSj O;fDr;ksa osQ mQij ,d 'kfDr j[krk gS_ ;g laizHkqrk gh jkT; dks ,d fo'ks"k
rFkk Lora=k vfLrRo iznku djrh gSA

(p) jkT; dk ,d fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx gksuk pkfg,A vki i<+ pqosQ gSa fd fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx jkT; dk ,d
vko';d ?kVd gSA bl izdkj jkT; rc rd ,d {ks=kh; laxBu gS] tc rd fd ;g ,d fuf'pr
{ks=k esa gksA bldh {ks=kh; lhek,sa fuf'pr gksa vkSj LFkk;h gksaA lekt dk Hkh ,d {ks=k gksrk gS ijarq
og LFkk;h ugha gksrkA bldk dk;Z&{ks=k foLr`r Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj lhfer HkhA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
bLyke lekt jk"Vªh; lhekvksa ls ckgj rd iSQyk gqvk gSA blh rjg vU; lekt HkhA

(N) jkT; osQ vkpkj osQ oqQN lkekU; fu;e gksrs gSa ftUgsa dkuwu dgrs gSaA lekt eas Hkh vkpj.k osQ
oqQN fu;e gksr gSa ftUgsa deZdk.M] ekinaM ;k vknrsa vkfn dgrs gSaA jkT; osQ fu;e fyf[kr]
fuf'pr vkSj Li"V gksrs gSa_ lekt osQ fu;e vfyf[kr] vfuf'pr vkSj vLi"V gksrs gSaA
(t) jkT; osQ fu;e ckè;dkjh gksrs gSaA bu fu;eksa dk mYya?ku djus ij 'kkjhfjd ;k vU; ;k nksuksa
rjg dh ltk,¡ nh tk ldrh gSaA tcfd lkekftd fu;e osQ mYya?ku ls lkekftd cfg"dkj tSlh
ltk nh tk ldrh gSA ge dg ldrs gSa fd jkT; dk {ks=k og {ks=k gS tgk¡ vkKk osQ mYya?ku
osQ dkj.k jkT; dkjZokbZ djrk gSA jkT; dks cy iz;ksx dk vf/dkj izkIr gSA ogha nwljh vksj] lekt

25
 ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; dk {ks=k ,sfPNd lg;ksx dk {ks=k gS rFkk ftldh 'kfDr ln~Hkko gS ,oa bldh dk;Zfof/
yphyh gSA
bu varjksa osQ ckotwn lekt ,oa jkT; esa vU;kauksfJr laca/ gSA lkekftd vkpj.k ,oa lekt dh
lajpuk jkT; osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqowQy gksus pkfg,A ogha nwljh rjiQ] jkT; dks Hkh lekt dh bPNk
osQ izfr laosnu'khy gksuk pkfg,A

fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 3.1
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) izkphu ;wukfu;ksa osQ fy, ^iksfyl* ,d 'kgj Hkh Fkk vkSj ......................... HkhA
([k) ewy mRifRr osQ vFkZ esa lekt dk LFkku jkT; ls ........................ gSA.
(x) LokHkkfodr :i ls lekt ........................laLFkk gS] vkSj ;kaf=kd gksus osQ dkj.k jkT; ,d
........................ laLFkk gSA
(?k) jkT; dk vfLrRo lekt osQ fy, ,d ........................ dh rjg gSA
(Ä) jkT; osQ lk/u dks lekt ,d .............................. iznku djrk gSA
(p) lekt dk dk;Z&{ks=k ........................ lg;ksx gSa_ jkT; dk dk;Z&{ks=k ........................ gSaA

3.3 jkT; vkSj vU; laxBu

laxBu yksxksa dk og laxfBr lewg gS tks muosQ lkewfgd iz;kl }kjk ,d fo'ks"k y{; dh izkfIr djuk
pkgrk gSA vr% fdlh laxBu osQ rhu y{k.k gksrs gSa%&
(d) yksxksa dk laxBu
([k) dksbZ lkekU;@fo'ks"k mís';
(x) lkewfgd iz;kl
tSls fd ifjokj ,d laxBu gSA ifjokj osQ yksx fj'rksa ls tqM+s gksrs gaS_ ifjokj osQ lHkh yksx ifjokj dh
lkekU; mís'; iwfrZ osQ fy, dke djrs gSaA laxBu osQ vU; mnkgj.k gSa tSls fd fØosQV Dyc] ppZ]
jSM ØkWl lkslk;Vh] jSftMSUVl oSyisQ;j ,lksfl,'ku] vkfnA laxBuksa osQ feyus ls lekt curk gSA jkT;
Hkh ,d laxBu gS tks vU; la?k osQ lkFk lekt esa vfLrRo esa jgrk gSA ijarq laxBu :i esa jkT; dk
vfLrRo nwljs laxBuksa ls vyx gksrk gSA bu varjksa dks fuEu izdkj of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
(d) jkT; lfgr lHkh laxBu O;fDr;ksa ls feydj cus gksrs gSA tgka jkT; esa lnL;rk vfuok;Z gS ogha
nwljh vksj vU; laxBuksa esa ;g LoSfPNd gSA fdlh O;fDr dks jkT; dk lnL; gksuk pkfg,_ dksbZ
Hkh O;fDr nks jkT;ksa dk lnL; ugha gks ldrk_ mldh fdlh ,d jkT; dh lnL;rk vfuok;Z
gSA fdlh vU; laxBu tSls fØosQV Dyc] ppZ] ;k jSM Økl lkslk;Vh dh lnL;rk LosPNk dk
fo"k; gSA vFkkZr ;g fdlh dh O;fDrxr bPNk ij fuHkZj gS fd og fdlh laxBu esa lfEefyr
gks ;k u gksA
([k) dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ,d le; esa ,d gh jkT; dk lnL; gks ldrk gS_ og ,d gh le; esa nks ;k
vf/d jkT;ksa dk lnL; ugha gks ldrkA ijarq dksbZ O;fDr ,d gh le; esa dbZ laxBuksa dh
lnL;rk xzg.k dj ldrk gSA

26
 lekt] jk"Vª] jkT; vkSj ljdkj esa Hksn ekWM~;wy - 1
(x) lHkh laxBuksa osQ fy, ,d Hkw&Hkkx gksrk gSA jkT; :ih laxBu dh lhek,a fuf'pr gksrh gSaA vU; O;fDr ,oa jkT;
lHkh laxBuksa dk LFkk;h Hkw&Hkkx ugha gksrkA vU; izdkj osQ laxBuksa osQ dk;Z djus osQ fy,
vko';d LFkku Hkh fuf'pr ugha gksrk_ ;g LFkku fdlh fnu ;gk¡ gks ldrk gS rks vU; fnu dgha
vkSj ijarq jkT; dk {ks=k lnSo LFkk;h gksrk gSA
(?k) jkT; lfgr lHkh laxBuksa dk vfLrRo ,d u ,d mn~ns'; dh izkfIr gSA tcfd jkT; dk mn~ns';
lnSo lkekU; (tSls fd jkT; esa dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kuk) gksrk gS] ogha vU; laxBuksa dk
mn~ns'; oqQN fo'ks"k gksrk gSA fØosQV laxBu dk fo'ks"k mís'; fØosQV [ksyuk gSA ge dg ldrs fVIi.kh
gSa fd jkT; osQ dk;Z{ks=k esa lHkh xfrfof/;k¡ lekfgr gSa tcfd nwljs laxBuksa esa ;g lhfer gksrk
gSA
(M-) jkT; dk pfj=k jk"Vªh; gSA vU; laxBuksa osQ pfj=k {ks=kh;] izkarh;] jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; (tSls
fd bafM;u us'kuy dkaxzsl jk"Vªh; ny gS)A jSftMsUV oSyisQ;j ,lksfl,'ku ,d {ks=kh; laxBu gS_
gfj;k.kk dk xouZesaV VhplZ ,lksfl,'ku izkarh; gSA ;wukbVsM us'kUl ,twosQ'ku lkbafVfiQd dYpjy
vkWjxsukbts'ku (;wuSLdks) ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu gSA
(p) vU; laxBuksa vkSj jkT; esa izHkqlRrk dk varj gS D;ksafd vU; laLFkk,sa laizHkq ugha gSa tcfd jkT;
laizHkq gksrk gSA vU; laxBu iw.kZLok;Rr gks ldrs gSa vkSj lnSo gksrs Hkh gSa ijarq mUgsa jkT; osQ
fu;ekuqlkj dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA jkT; lHkh la?kksa esa loZ'kfDreku gksrk gS vkSj fdlh vU; jkT;
ls Lora=kA
(N) jkT; osQ dkuwuksa dk mYy?kau djus ij ltk gksrh gS tSls fd tsyA vU; fdlh laxBu dks fdlh
dks Hkh 'kkjhfjd naM nsus dk vf/dkj izkIr ugha gSA os fdlh dks laxBu ls osQoy ckgj fudky
ldrs gSaA
bl izdkj ls jkT; rFkk vU; la?k osQ chp laca/ egÙoiw.kZ gSaA vU; laxBu jkT; osQ mRrjnkf;Roksa dks
de djrs gSa_ os jkT; ls Hkh vPNk dk;Z djrs gSa_ muesa ls oqQN rks] tSls fd ifjokj] fe=k lewg] ppZ
vkfn] jkT; osQ vfLrRo ls Hkh igys osQ gSaA jkT; mudh 'kfDr;ksa dks de ugha djrk rFkk mu ij izHkqRo
ugha fn[kkrkA lcls vPNk dk;Z tks jkT; bl {ks=k esa dj ldrk gS og ;g gS fd og budh fØ;kvksa
dk Bhd ls fujh{k.k djs_a muesa ;ksxnku nsA Bhd blh izdkj vU; laxBuksa dks Hkh vius {ks=k vkSj fØ;kvksa
dks jkT; fu;eksa osQ nk;js ls ckgj gksdj mUgsa pqukSrh ugha nsuh pkfg,A jkT; dks Hkh vU; laxBuksa dh
iw.kZLok;Rrk dk Hkjkslk fnykuk pkfg,A

ikBxr iz'u 3.2

fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,
(d) fdlh laxBu osQ xq.k gSa (v) yksxksa dk laxfBr lewg (c) ......................... :fp] vkSj (l)
lkewfgd iz;kl] (lkekU;] fo'ks"k)
([k) jkT; dh lnL;rk ......................................... gksrh gSA (LoSfPNd] vfuok;Z)
(x) ,d laxBu dh rjg ifjokj dk LFkku jkT; ls ...............................gSA (ckn esa] igys)
(?k) vU; laxBuksa osQ ikl jkT; dh Hkkafr....................... ugha gksrhA (laizHkqrk] tula[;k] HkwHkkx)

27
 ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; 3.4 jkT; vkSj ljdkj
tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa fd ljdkj jkT; dk ,d ?kVd gSA ;g og laLFkk gS tgka ij dkuwu cuk;s vkSj
ykxw fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj mu fu;eksa dk mYya?ku djus okyksa dks naM feyrk gSA ;gh jkT; dk izR;{k :i
gSA blesa jkT; osQ lHkh yksx] laxBu vkSj laLFkk,as 'kkfey gSa ftuosQ }kjk jkT; dh bPNk O;Dr dh tkrh
gS vkSj mldk izfriknu Hkh gksrk gSA ;|fi jkT; viuh ljdkj osQ ekè;e ls vius fopkj O;Dr djrk
gS fiQj Hkh nksuksa esa varj Li"V djuk vko';d gSA
fVIi.kh
(d) jkT; osQ ikl blosQ LokHkkfod vf/dkj gS tcfd ljdkj osQ ikl ughaA ljdkj dks ;g 'kfDr
jkT; osQ vf/dkjksa] 'kfDr;ksa vkSj lafo/ku }kjk izkIr gksrh gSA
ekSfyd fu;eksa osQ laxzg osQ :i esa lafo/ku og ekSfyd dkuwu gS ftlosQ }kjk fdlh jkT;
dh ljdkj lqlaxfBr gksrh gSA
([k) jkT; ,d cM+h bdkbZ gS ftlesa blosQ lHkh ukxfjd 'kkfey gksrs gaS_ ljdkj ,d NksVh bdkbZ gS
ftlesa ljdkj dks lqpk: :i ls pykus okys deZpkjh gksrs gSaA ge lHkh jkT; osQ ukxfjd rks gksrs
gSa ijarq ljdkj osQ lnL; ugha gksrsA xkuZj fy[krs gSa%&
^^ljdkj jkT; dk vko';d vax gS ijarq jkT; ls cM+h ugha] oSls gh tSls fdlh fuxe dk funs'kd
lewg gh Lo;a fuxe ugha gSA**
(x) jkT; vewÙkZ gSA ljdkj bl ifjdYiuk dk ewrZ :i gSA ge ljdkj dks ns[krs gSa ijarq jkT; dks ughaA
(?k) jkT; yxHkx ,d LFkk;h laLFkk gS_ ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd ;g rc rd dk;e jgrk gS tc rd
fd bl ij vkØe.k djosQ bls fdlh vU; jkT; dk fgLlk u cuk fy;k tk,A ljdkj vLFkk;h
gksrh gS D;ksafd ;g cnyrh jgrh gS_ vkt tks 'kkld gSa os dy 'kkld ugha Hkh gks ldrsA vU;
izdkj ls ns[kus ij jkT; lHkh txg ,d tSlk gks ldrk gS ijarq ljdkj dk :i ,d ls nwljs jkT;
esa cny ldrk gSA Hkkjr] vesfjdk] fczVsu vkSj izQkal jkT; gSaA Hkkjr vkSj xzsV fczVsu esa tgk¡ lalnh;
ljdkj gS] ogha vesfjdk esa vè;{kh; ljdkj gSA
lalnh; ljdkj og ljdkj gS tgka ljdkj dk fo/k;h vax bldh dk;Zdkfj.kh vax
ls ?kfu"Brk ls tqM+k gksrk gS_ eaf=ke.My blh fo/k;h ls fy;k tkrk gS ftlosQ izfr og
mRrjnk;h gksrk gS] eq[;r% laln osQ fupys lnu osQ izfrA
vè;{kh; ljdkj og ljdkj gS tgka ljdkj dk dk;Zdkfj.kh vax fo/k;h vax ls
Lora=k gksrk gS_ dk;Zdkfj.kh dk vyx vfLrRo gksrk gS vkSj og eaf=ke.My osQ izfr
mRrjnk;h ugha gksrkA
(M-) laizHkq 'kfDr jkT; osQ ikl gksrh gSA ljdkj osQoy 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA jkT; dh 'kfDr;ka
okLrfod vkSj ekSfyd gksrh gSaA
(p) jkT; dk fojks/ djuk ljdkj osQ fojks/ djus ls vyx gSA ge ljdkj dh vkykspuk djrs gSa
u fd jkT; dhA jkT; dh vkykspuk fonzksg gS_ ljdkj dh vkykspuk fonzksg ugha gSA ge fdlh
Hkkjrh; ls dHkh ugha lqurs fd Hkkjr [kjkc gS cfYd vDlj ;g lquus esa vkrk gS fd fdlh
jktuhfrd ny ;k xBca/u dh vxqokbZ okyh ljdkj dh uhfr;ka [kjkc gSaA jkT; dh fuank ,d
vijk/ gSA ;g ,d drZO; gS cfYd vf/dkj gS fd dksbZ viuh ljdkj dh vkykspuk dj ldrk gSA

28
 lekt] jk"Vª] jkT; vkSj ljdkj esa Hksn ekWM~;wy - 1
(N) ljdkj jkT; dk osQoy ,d ?kVd gSA ;g laiw.kZ (jkT;) dk ,d Hkkx gSA Hkkx gksus osQ dkj.k O;fDr ,oa jkT;
;g jkT; ls cM+h ugha gks ldrhA tc ge jkT; dh ckr djrs gSa rks ge tula[;k] Hkw&Hkkx] ljdkj
vkSj laizHkqrk dh ckr djrs gSa] ijarq tc ge ljdkj dh ckr djrs gSa rks ge ,d vax dh ckr
djrs gSa_ jkT; dk ,d ek=k ?kVdA
(t) jkT; dk {ks=k lnSo fuf'pr gksrk gSA ;g cnyrk ugha gSA ljdkj dk {ks=k dHkh Hkh LFkk;h ugha
gksrkA eqgEen rqxyd us viuh jkt/kuh cnydj nkSyrkckn dj nh FkhA cgqr&lh ljdkjksa us
f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ le; teZuh osQ vkØe.k osQ Mj osQ dkj.k viuh jkt/kuh yanu cuk yh fVIi.kh
FkhA

ikBxr iz'u 3.3

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ ,d 'kCn esa mÙkj fyf[k,:
(d) ljdkj dk dkSu&lk vax dkuwu cukrk gS\
([k) ljdkj dk dkSu&lk vax dkuwu ykxw djrk gS\
(x) laizHkqrk fdlosQ ikl gksrh gS\
(?k) fdl vax osQ ekè;e ls jkT; viuh bPNk,a izdV djrk gS\
(M-) ;fn jkT; vewrZ gS rks bldk ewÙkZ :i D;k gS\

3.5 jkT; vkSj jk"Vª

tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa fd jk"Vª dk vFkZ gS ,sfrgkfld :i ls xfBr yksxksa dk og leqnk; tks ,d
leku Hkk"kk] Hkw&Hkkx] vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj euksoSKkfud fopkj osQ dkj.k ,d gh laLd`fr esa vfHkO;Dr gSA
Cy'akyh osQ vuqlkj ^^jk"Vª yksxksa dk og lewg gS tks fo'ks"kr% Hkk"kk] jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj leku lH;rk
osQ dkj.k vkil esa ca/s gksrs gSa tks muesa ,drk dh Hkkouk txkrh gSA** jk"Vª lkaLd`frd :i ls lejl
lkekftd lewg gSA
jk"Vª 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ,sls yksx tks viuh ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkaLd`frd fojklr osQ izfr
ltx gS vkSj bls (jktuSfrd :i ls) cjdjkj j[kuk pkgrs gS]a vFkkZr jkT; O;oLFkk osQ vanjA
tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd jkT; ,d fuf'pr {ks=k esa yksxksa dk dkuwu osQ nk;js esa ,d O;ofLFkr lewg
gSA ;g lnSo vkrafjd ekeyksa esa loZ'kfDreku vkSj cká ekeyksa esa Lora=k gksrk gSA jk"Vª yksxksa dk og
lewg gS tks euksoSKkfud :i ls ca/s gksrs gSa rFkk leku :i ls lq[k vkSj nq[k ck¡Vrs gSaA jkT; vkSj jk"Vª
osQ chp fuEu izdkj ls Hksn Li"V dj ldrs gSaA
(d) jk"Vª vkSj jkT; nks i`Fkd bdkbZ;ka gSaA jk"Vª lnSo ,d jkT; ugha Hkh gks ldrkA vxLr 1947 ls
igys Hkkjr ,d jkT; ugha FkkA jkT; lnSo ,d jk"Vª ugha Hkh gks ldrkA izFke fo'o;q¼ ls igys
vkWfLVª;k&gaxjh ,d jkT; Fkk ijarq jk"Vª ugha Fkk D;ksafd ;gka osQ fotkrh; yksx lkaLd`frd :i ls
lejl lewg dk fuekZ.k ugha djrs FksA

29
 ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; ([k) jkT; ,d jkT; gS D;ksafd ;g laizHkq gSA jk"Vª ,d jkT; ugha gS D;ksafd ;g laizHkq ugha gSA laizHkqrk
jkT; dk izeq[k xq.k gS_ ;g ,d jk"Vª dk xq.k ugha gSA dksbZ jk"Vª rc jk"Vª&jkT; cu tkrk gS tc
mls jkT; dk ntkZ fey tkrk gSA
(x) jkT; ,d jktuhfrd ladYiuk gS tcfd jk"Vª ,d lkaLd`frd vkSj euksoSKkfud vo/kj.kk gSA
bldk vFkZ gS fd jk"Vª ,d jktuhfrd ladYiuk ugha gSA
(?k) jkT; esa yksx fu;eksa }kjk vkil esa ca/s gksrs gSa_ Hkkoqdrk yksxksa dks ,d jk"Vª esa cka/s j[krh gSA
fVIi.kh jkT; dh ,drk lnSo cká gksrh gS_ jk"Vª dh ,drk vuar gksrh gSA jkT; osQ lanHkZ esa ,drk dks
vkjksfir fd;k tkrk gS_ ;g dkuwu }kjk mRiUu gksrh gSA jk"Vª osQ lanHkZ esa ,drk Hkkoukvksa osQ }kjk
mRiUu gksrh gSA
(M-) jkT; osQ lkFk ,d vkSj ?kVd gS] cy dkA jkT; osQ fu;e ,d ca/u dh rjg gSaA ;fn jkT; osQ
fu;eksa dk ikyu ugha gksrk gS rks og neudkjh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gSA jk"Vª osQ lanHkZ esa vkilh
le>cw> ,d vko';d ?kVd gSA
(p) jkT; osQ ?kVd fuf'pr gksrs gSa% tula[;k] fuf'pr HkwHkkx] ljdkj vkSj laizHkqrkA jk"Vª osQ ?kVd
fuf'pr ugha gksrsA dgha ij jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k leku Hkk"kk osQ dkj.k gksrk gS vkSj dgha ij leku
oqQy osQ dkj.kA leku /eZ gksus osQ dkj.k gh ikfdLrku ,d jk"Vª cuk_ leku Hkk"kk ,d eq[;
dkj.k Fkk vesfjdk dks jk"Vª cukus esa vkSj leku fojklr us Hkkjr dks ,d jk"Vª cuk;kA
(N) jkT; ,d jk"Vª ls cM+k gks ldrk gSA iwoZ lksfo;r la?k lkS ls vf/d jk"Vªh;rkvksa dk lewg FkkA
blosQ foijhr jk"Vª ,d jkT; ls cM+k gks ldrk gS_ ,d jk"Vªh;rk nks ls vf/d jkT;ksa esa iSQyh
gks ldrh gSA dksfj;u jk"Vªh;rk nks jkT;kas& mÙkjh dksfj;k vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k& esa iSQyh gqbZ gSA

ikBxr iz'u 3.4

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) izFke fo'o;q¼ ls igys vkfLVª;k&gaxjh ,d jkT; Fkk] ijarq ,d .................ugha FkkA
([k) tc jk"Vª oQks jkT; dk ntkZ fey tkrk gS rks og .................cu tkrk gSA
(x) .................................jkT; esa yksxksa dks vkil esa ck¡/rs gSaA
(?k) jkT; tcfd ,d .................ladYiuk gS] jk"Vª ,d lkaLd`frd bdkbZ gSA
(Ä) ........................................yksx ,d lkaLd`frd lkekftd lewg cukrs gSaA

vkius D;k lh[kk

bl vè;k; esa vkius lekt] ljdkj vkSj la?k tSlh ifjdYiukvksa osQ ckjs esa i<+kA fiNys vè;k; esa vkius
jk"Vª] jkT; vkSj jk"Vªh;rk osQ ckjs esa i<+kA vkidks ;g tkuuk pkfg, fd lekt vkSj jkT; nks fHkUu 'kCn
gSa% jkT; ,d jktuhfrd ifjdYiuk gS rFkk cká lkekftd O;oLFkk dks fu;af=kr djrk gS_ lekt ,d
lkekftd ifjdYiuk gS rFkk blesa laxBu vkSj la?k fufgr gSaA jkT; ,d lk/u gS rFkk lekt mldk
lkè;A vkius ;g Hkh lh[kk fd ,d la?k gksrs gq, Hkh jkT; nwljs la?k ;k laxBuksa ls fHkUu gksrk gSA jkT;

30
 lekt] jk"Vª] jkT; vkSj ljdkj esa Hksn ekWM~;wy - 1
dh viuh izHkqlRrk gksrh gS vkSj vU; laxBu bls Lohdkj djrs gSAa jkT; vkSj ljdkj leku ugha gS]a ;|fi O;fDr ,oa jkT;
jkT; osQ lkjs dk;Z ljdkj djrh gSA ljdkj jkT; dk ,d vax gS_ og vax tks dkuwuksa dks cukrh gS
vkSj ykxw djrh gS rFkk bu dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djus okyksa dks ltk Hkh nsrh gSA jk"Vª ,d lkaLd`frd
vkSj euksoSKkfud vo/kj.kk gS] rFkk vuar gSA vkius ns[kk gksxk fd jkT; ,d jktuSfrd lajpuk@ laLFkk
gSA

ikBkar iz'u fVIi.kh

1. bu 'kCnksa dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,% (d) jk"Vª ([k) ljdkj (x) la?k
2. jkT; vkSj lekt osQ chp varj crkbZ;sA
3. jkT; vkSj nwljs la?k osQ chp varj Li"V dhft,A
4. jkT; vkSj ljdkj osQ chp D;k varj gS\
5. jkT; vkSj jk"Vª esa varj Li"V dhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

3.1
(d) jkT;
([k) igys
(x) izkd`frd] cukoVh
(?k) lk/u
(Ä) lkè;
(p) ,sfPNd] ;kaf=kd
3.2
(d) fo'ks"k
([k) vfuok;Z
(x) igys
(?k) laiHz kqrk

3.3
(d) eaf=ke.My
([k) dk;Zdkfj.kh

31
 ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; (x) jkT;
(?k) ljdkj
(M-) ljdkj
3.4

fVIi.kh (d) jk"Vª

([k) jk"Vª&jkT;
(x) fu;e
(?k) jktuhfrd
(Ä) lejl

ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr

1. [k.M (a) 3.5, (b) 3.4 (c) 3.3 ns[ksa

2. [k.M 3.2 ns[ksa

3. [k.M 3.3 ns[kas

4. [k.M 3.4 ns[ksa

5. [k.M 3.5 ns[kas

32
 izeq[k jktuhfrd fl¼kar ekWM~;wy - 1
O;fDr ,oa jkT;

4
izeq[k jktuhfrd fl¼kar fVIi.kh

bl ikB esa vki izeq[k jktuhfrd fl¼karksa µ mnkjokn] ekDlZokn vkSj xkaèkhokn osQ fOk"k; esa tkusaxsA
mnkjokn vkSj ekDlZokn us chloha lnh esa fo'o osQ vusd Hkkxksa osQ yksxksa dk è;ku vkd`"V fd;kA
mnkjokn dk mn; Kkuksn;] baXyS.M dh xkSjoe;h Økafr] vejhdk osQ Lora=krk ;q¼ vkSj izQkal dh Økafr
ls gqvkA ;g if'pe osQ iw¡thokn osQ jktuhfrd n'kZu osQ :i esa py jgk gSA ekDlZokn dk mn;
mnkjokn&iwta hoknh lekt osQ fojQ¼ izfrfØ;k osQ :i esa gqvkA 1991 esa vfUre ize[q k lektoknh@ekDlZoknh
ns'k lksfo;r :l osQ fo?kVu osQ lkFk ekDlZokn dh vfèkdka'k yksdfiz;rk lekIr gks xbZA tcfd
xkaèkhokn] mnkjokn vkSj ekDlZokn nksuksa fopkjèkkjkvksa dks pqukSrh nsrs gq, u osQoy nksuksa fopkjèkkjkvksa dh
vkykspuk izLrqr djrk gS vfirq ,d izkl a fxd oSdfYid fopkjèkkjk vkSj fl¼kar Hkh izLrqr djrk gSA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z mnkjokn dk vFkZ vkSj mldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dj losQaxs_
z ekDlZokn osQ vkèkkjHkwr fl¼karkas dh igpku dj losQaxs_
z }a}kRed HkkSfrdokn] ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn] vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl¼kar] oxZ&la?k"kZ dk fl¼kar]
Økafr] loZgkjk dh rkuk'kkgh vkSj oxZfoghu lekt osQ fl¼karksa dk o.kZu dj losQaxs_
z ekDlZokn esa ysfuu vkSj ekvks osQ ;ksxnku dks tku ik,axs_
z ekDlZokn dh izklafxdrk dk fo'ys"k.k dj losQaxs_
z jkT;] foosQUnzhdj.k] yksdra=k] Lons'kh] VªLVhf'ki] dqVhj y?kq m|ksx] bR;kfn ij xkaèkh osQ fopkjksa
dh O;k[;k dj losQaxs_
z Lojkt] lR;kxzg ,oa vfgalk ij xkaèkh osQ fopkjksa ij izdk'k Mky losQaxs_
z uLy ij vkèkkfjr HksnHkko osQ fojksèk ,oa gfjtuksa vkSj nfyrksa osQ mRFkku osQ fy, xkaèkh osQ thou
i;ZUr iz;klksa dh O;k[;k dj losQaxsA

33
 ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; 4.1 mnkjokn
mnkjokn ,d dkiQh iqjkuh jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk gSA bldh tM+ksa dks 16oha 'krkCnh esa [kkstk tk ldrk
gSA mlosQ ckn ls ;g dbZ pj.kksa ls xqtj pqdk gSA if'peh Kkuksn; us uSfrd ewY;ksa dks fujis{k lR;
ugha ekuk vkSj baXyS.M dh xkSjoe;h Økafr (1688) us jktkvksa osQ nSoh; vfèkdkjksa dh HkRlZuk dhA
izQkal dh Økafr us Lora=krk] lekurk vkSj HkkbZpkjs osQ ewYkHkwr fopkj fn, vkSj blls FkksM+k igys vesfjdh
fVIi.kh Lor=akrk laxzke (1775&76) us ekuo vfèkdkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk ij cy fn;kA

4.1.1 mnkjokn dk vFkZ

jktuhfr foKku osQ vaxzst fo}ku gsjkYM ykLdh us ,d ckj fy[kk ^^mnkjokn dk o.kZu djuk vklku
ugha gS vkSj bls ifjHkkf"kr djuk rks vkSj Hkh dfBu gS D;ksafd ;g fl¼karksa dk lewg ugha vfirq fnekx
dh vknr gSA** bl dk vFkZ ;g gS fd mnkjokn bruh xfr'khy vkSj bruh yphyh voèkkj.kk gS fd
bldk dksbZ lw{e vFkZ ugha fn;k tk ldrk**A fiQj Hkh fo}kuksa us bls ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k
gSA lkjVksjh osQ vuqlkj ^^cgqr ljy <ax ls mnkjokn O;fDrxr Lor=akrk] U;kf;d lqj{kk vkSj laoSèkkfud
jkT; dk fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj gSA** dks;uZj osQ vuqlkj ^^mnkjokn dk izkjEHk vkSj var O;fDrxr
Lora=krk] O;fDr osQ ekuo vfèkdkjksa vkSj O;fDrxr ekuoh; izlUurk osQ lkFk gksrk gSA** bulkbZDyksihfM;k
fczVkfudk mnkjokn dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS&^^mnkjokn Lora=krk osQ izfr izfrc¼rk dk fopkj]
ljdkj esa ,d uhfr vkSj izfØ;k] lekt esa laxBu dk ,d fl¼kar vkSj O;fDr rFkk leqnk; osQ fy,
thou dk ,d <ax gSA**
mnkjokn lqèkkjksa dk ,d fl¼kar gS D;ksafd ;g vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd {ks=kksa esa lqèkkj osQ
izfr lefiZr jgk gSA ;g O;fDrxr Lora=krk] O;fDrxr Lok;Rrrk dk fl¼kar gS] D;ksafd blus ekuo
O;fDrRo osQ fodkl osQ i{k esa rdZ fn, gSaA ;g yksdra=k dk fl¼kar gS D;ksafd ;g laoSèkkfud ljdkj]
yksxksa dh lgefr ij vkèkkfjr ljdkj] dkuwu dk 'kklu] foosQUnzhdj.k] vkSj fu"i{k pquko ij cy nsrk
gSA ge mnkjokn osQ rhu i{kksa dks js[kkafdr dj ldrs gSa tks blosQ vFkZ dks le>us esa gekjh Li"V
lgk;rk djrs gSaA lkekftd {ks=k esa mnkjokn èkeZfujis{krk dk rFkk ,d ,sls lekt dk leFkZu djrk
gS tks lHkh izdkj osQ lkekftd HksnHkko dk fojksèk djrk gSA vkfFkZd {ks=k esa ;g iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk]
mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa ij futh LokfeRo vkSj vfèkdre ykHk dekus dk i{k ysrk gSA jktuhfrd {ks=k esa
;g yksdrkaf=kd jkT; O;oLFkk] O;fDrxr vfèkdkj vkSj Lora=krkvksa] vuqfØ;k'khy vkSj mÙkjnk;h
ljdkj] Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k U;k;&O;oLFkk] bR;kfn dk leFkZu djrk gSA
4.1.2 mnkjokn dh fo'ks"krk
ge mnkjokn osQ oqQN xq.kksa dks igpku ldrs gSaA ;s fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,a bl izdkj gSa%
(1) O;fDrxr Lora=krk: mnkjokn vfuok;Z :i ls Lora=krk dk fl¼kar gSA O;fDrxr Lora=krk osQ izfr
blosQ izse ij dksbZ iz'u ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g Lor=akrkokn cu pqdk gSA mnkjokfn;ksa osQ fy,
Lora=krk euq"; osQ O;fDrRo dk lkj gSA ;g O;fDr osQ fodkl dk ,d lkèku gSA
(2) O;fDrosQfUnzr fl¼kar : mnkjokn dk izkjEHk vkSj var O;fDr osQ lkFk gksrk gSA mnkjokfn;ksa osQ fy,
O;fDr lHkh xfrfofèk;ksa dk dsUnz gSA O;fDr lkè; gS tcfd jkT; lfgr vU; lHkh laLFkk,a lkèku gSa
tks O;fDr osQ fy, gh gSaA_ O;fDr osQUnz gS ftlosQ bnZ&fxnZ lc phtsa ?kwerh gSaA

34
 izeq[k jktuhfrd fl¼kar ekWM~;wy - 1
(3) iwathoknh vFkZ O;oLFkk : mnkjokn eqDr cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk dh odkyr djrk gS vFkkZr iwathoknh O;fDr ,oa jkT;
vFkZO;oLFkkA ;g futh lEifRr dh O;oLFkk esa fo'okl djrk gS] lEifr osQ vfèkdkj oQks vfr ikou
vkSj vfèkdre ykHk dks ,dek=k y{;] mRiknu vkSj forj.k dh iawthokn izdkj osQ lkj rRo rFkk cktkj
dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks fu;af=kr djus dk lkèku ekurk gSA
(4) lhfer jkT; : mnkjokn lhfer jkT; osQ fl¼kar dh odkyr djrk gSA mnkjoknh jkT; dks O;fDr
dh HkykbZ dk ,d lkèku ekurs gSaA os izR;sd izdkj osQ loZ'kfDreku jkT; dk fojksèk djrs gSaA mudk
fopkj gS fd jkT; ftruk vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gksxk] O;fDr mruk de Lora=k gksxkA ykWd izk;% dgk fVIi.kh
djrk Fkk ^^D;ksafd jkT; osQ dk;Z lhfer gSa] blfy, bldh 'kfDr;ka Hkh lhfer gSaA**
(5) ijEijkvksa@vUèkfo'oklksa dk fojksèk : mnkjokn dk mn; ijEijkvksa vkSj vaèkfo'oklksa osQ fojQ¼
izfrfØ;k Lo:i gqvk Fkk] blfy, ;g LokHkkfod :i ls lHkh izdkj osQ izfrfØ;koknh mik;ksa osQ fo#¼
gSA iqutkZxj.k ,oa èkeZ lqèkkj ls izdV gqvk mnkjokn rdZ vkSj foosd'khyrk dk leFkZd jgk gSA euq";
osQ lkearh izfr:i esa fuf"Ø; gksus osQ foijhr mnkjokn ,sls izfr:i dk leFkZd gS] tks vfèkd lfØ;
,oa ltZukRed gkasA
(6) yksdra=k : mnkjokn yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj dk izfriknd gSA ;g ,slh ljdkj LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gSa
tks yksxksa dh] yksxksa osQ }kjk vkSj yksxksa ds fy, gksA ,d ,slh ljdkj tks lafoèkku vkSj lafoèkkuokn osQ
vuqlkj dke djs] tks dkuwu osQ 'kklu dks izksRlkfgr djs vkSj yksxksa osQ vfèkdkj vkSj Lora=krkvksa dh
j{kk djsA eSdxoZu dk dFku gS fd mnkjokn yksdra=k vkSj O;fDrokn dk feJ.k gSA
(7) yksd dY;k.kokn : mnkjokn yksd dY;k.kokn ls fudVrk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA jkT; dh yksd
xfrfofèk osQ :i esa dY;k.kokn dk fopkj gS fd jkT; yksxksa osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, dk;Z djrk gSA jkT;
dh xfrfofèk;ksa dh mnkjoknh voèkkj.kk ;g gS fd jkT; yksxksa dh lsok djrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ,d lektlsoh jkT; gSA

4.1.3 mnkjokn dh detksfj;k¡

mnkjokn dh oqQN vUrfuZfgr =kqfV;ka gSaA ;g rukoksa ls Hkjk gqvk n'kZu gSA ,d rjiQ rks ;g Lora=krk dk
èot iQgjkrk gS vkSj nwljh rjiQ lekurk dh ckr djrk gSA ,d rjiQ rks ;g cktkj vkèkkfjr lekt
osQ <k¡ps esa dke djrk gS rks nwljh rjiQ lcdks leku voljksa dk oknk djrk gSA ,d rjiQ rks ;g
lEifRr xzg.k djus osQ vlhfer vfèkdkjksa dh ekax djrk gS rks nwljh vksj ;g t:jreanksa vkSj csjkstxkj
yksxksa osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, ykHk esa ls oqQN fgLlk ekaxrk gSA ,d rjiQ rks ;g iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk
fufeZr djrk gS tks vUrr% vlekurk dh vksj ys tkrh gS vkSj nwljh rjiQ ;g lerkoknh lekt dh
LFkkiuk dk iz;kl djrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 4.1

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) Kkuksn; us uSfrd y{;ksa dks ................... lR; osQ :i esa Lohdkj ugha fd;kA
([k) izQkalhlh Økafr us ................... lekurk vkSj HkkbZpkjs dks egku jktuhfrd ewY; ?kksf"kr fd;kA
(x) 17oha vkSj 18oha lnh osQ ................... dks ½.kkRed mnkjokn Hkh dgrs gSaA

35
 ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; (?k) eSdxoZu us dgk fd mnkjokn nks rRoksa ls feydj cuk gqvk gS% yksdra=k vkSj ---------------
(Ä) mnkjoknh vFkZO;oLFkk------------------vFkZO;oLFkk gSA
(p) mnkjoknh jkT; ,d lkekftd ................... jkT; gSA
(N) mnkjokn ................... oxZ dk jktuhfrd n'kZu gSA

fVIi.kh 4.2 ekDlZokn

17oha vkSj 18oha lnh osQ nkSjku if'peh ns'kksa esa dkj[kkuksa dh LFkkiuk
rFkk iwathoknh mRiknu O;oLFkk osQ ifj.kkeLo:i etnwjksa dh n'kk
fcxM+us yxhA dkj[kkuksa esa izos'k ikus okys etnwjksa dk lc izdkj ls
'kks"k.k gqvkµdke osQ yEcs ?k.Vs] xanh cfLr;ksa esa thou vkSj detksj
,oa [kjkc LokLF;] bR;kfnA bldk ifj.kke gqvk etnwjksa dk 'kks"k.k]
vehj vkSj xjhc esa fujarj c<+rk varj] vkfFkZd vlekurk,a] voufr
vkSj vyxkoA dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj izsQMfjd ,aftYl us iwathokn osQ
nq"izHkkoksa dks Li"V :i ls vuqHko fd;k vkSj bl izfØ;k esa oSKkfud
lektokn ;k ekDlZokn (ekDlZ osQ uke ij) dks ys vk,A ekDlZoknh
n'kZu esa ekDlZ vkSj ,aftYl osQ ckn ;ksxnku nsus okyksa esa buosQ
dkyZ ekDlZ
(1818 – 1883) vfrfjDr oh-vkbZ- ysfuu (:l) vkSj ekvks (phu) lfEefyr gSaA
vyxkookn dk vFkZ gS vosQykiu] fojfDr] mnklhurk] lacèa k&foPNsnA
ekDlZokn esa vyxkookn dk vFkZ gS] O;fDr vius vkidks vius fØ;kdykiksa vkSj Lo;a ls vyx&Fkyx
ikrk gSA
4.2.1 ekDlZokn vkSj blosQ ewy fl¼kar
ekDlZokn et+nwj oxZ dk jktuhfrd n'kZu gS tSls mnkjokn iwathokn oxZ dk jktuhfrd n'kZu gSA ;g
lkekftd ifjorZu dk fl¼kar gSA lkekftd ifjorZu D;ksa gksrs gSa vkSj fdl izdkj ;s ifjorZu izHkko
esa vkrs gSaA lkekftd ifjorZu HkkSfrd dkjdksa osQ dkj.k gksrs gSa vkSj ,sls rjhosQ ls gksrs gSa ftls }a}kRed
HkkSfrdokn dgrs gSaA ekDlZokn dh ewy voèkkj.kk,¡ bl izdkj gSa%
(1) nqfu;k esa oqQN Hkh vius vki ugha gksrkA ge vius pkjksa vksj tks oqQN Hkh ns[krs gaS mlesa dkj.k
vkSj izHkko dk lacaèk gksrk gSA mRiknu osQ lacaèk (yksxksa osQ chp HkkSfrd lacaèk) lekt osQ vkèkkj
osQ :i esa dkj.k iznku djrs gSa tcfd mRiknd dh rkdrsa izHkko dk fuekZ.k djrh gSaA
(2) okLrfod fodkl lnSo HkkSfrd fodkl gksrk gS vFkkZr~ vkfFkZd fodklA mRiknd rkdrksa dk
izxfr'khy fodkl] fodkl osQ izxfr'khy Lrj dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA
(3) HkkSfrd (vkfFkZd) ?kVd O;fDrxr thou vkSj lkekftd thou nksuksa esa gh izeq[k ?kVd gSA
(4) euq"; lkekftd@HkkSfrd fodkl dh fo'ks"k voLFkk esa iSnk gksrk gS vFkkZr ,d ,slh lkekftd
fLFkfr esa tks mlosQ Lora=k vfLrRo esa gSA ijarq lfØ; gksus osQ dkj.k euq"; viuh lkekftd
fLFkfr Lo;a fufeZr djrk gSA ekDlZ us dgk Fkk fd euq"; bfrgkl esa iSnk gksrk gS] ijarq og
bfrgkl cukrk gSA

36
 izeq[k jktuhfrd fl¼kar ekWM~;wy - 1
(5) lkekftd oxZ fo'ks"k :i ls fojksèkh oxZ vius la?k"kZ osQ ekè;e ls rFkk Økafr dh izfØ;k dk O;fDr ,oa jkT;
vuqlj.k djosQ vkxs dh vksj c<+rk gSA blh dkj.k ekDlZoknh dgrs gSa fd izR;sd vkus okyk
lekt fiNys lekt ls csgrj gksrk gSA
(6) Økafr;ksa dk vFkZ gS iw.kZ:is.k vkSj lexz ifjorZuA os udkjkRed rkdr ugha gS ijarq tSlk fd ekDlZ
us dgk fd os bfrgkl osQ batu gSaA tc Økafr;ka dh tk,a vkSj liQy gks tk,a rks Økafr;k¡ lekt
dks fodkl dh mPprj voLFkk esa ys tkrh gSaA
fVIi.kh
(7) oxZ lekt dk ifj.kke gksus osQ dkj.k jkT; ,d oxZ laLFkk gSA ;g u rks fu"i{k gS vkSj u gh
U;k;iw.kZA ;g ,d oxZ laLFkk gSA ;g i{kikr iw.kZ] neudkjh vkSj 'kks"k.kdkjh laLFkk gSA ;g
izHkqRo'kkyh oxZ dh lsok osQ fy, vfLrRo esa gS vkSj ml oxZ dk ;g gfFk;kj gSA iwathoknh lekt
esa iwathoknh jkT; iwathokfn;ksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk vkSj mUgsa izksRlkfgr djrk gS tcfd lektoknh
lekt esa ;g dkexkj lekt osQ fgrksa dh j{kk mudk ,oa izksRlkgu djrk gSA le; osQ lkFk tc
lektoknh lekt iwjh rjg lkE;oknh gks tk,xk] rc jkT; Lor% foyqIr gks tk,xkA
ekDlZokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj] jkT; osQ Lor% foyqIr gks tkus dk vFkZ gS jkT; dk xk;c gks tkuk
vFkkZr èkhjs&èkhjs vkSj Øe'k% jkT; dk <k¡pk iw.kZ :i ls lekIr gks tk,xkA
^^bl izdkj ekDlZokn lkE;okn lekt osQ mPpre :i dh odkyr djrk gS tgka euq"; viuh bPNk
ls dke djsxk vkSj viuh vko';drk ls izkIr djsxk_ vFkkZr ^^izR;sd dks mldh ;ksX;rk osQ vuqlkj]
vkSj izR;sd dks mldh vko';drk ds vuqlkj izkIr gksxkA**
4.2.2 ekDlZokn dh fo'ks"krk,¡
ekDlZokn fuEufyf[kr lS¼kafrd fopkjksa osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerk gSA }a}kRed HkkSfrdokn mu lc lkekU;
fl¼karksa dk oqQYk ;ksx gS tks ;g Li"V djrs gSa fd lkekftd ifjorZu D;ksa vkSj oSQls gksrs gSaA lkekftd
ifjorZu HkkSfrd ?kVdksa osQ dkj.k vkSj }a}kRed HkkSfrdoknh izfØ;k osQ ekè;e ls gksrs gSaA }a}kRed
HkkSfrdokn izfØ;k f=kLrjh; izfØ;k gSA ekDlZ osQ vuqlkj%
mRiknu osQ lEcaèk fdlh Hkh le; ij lekt dk vkèkkj gksrs gSaA ftUgsa yksxksa osQ chp lkekftd lacaèk
dgk tkrk gS] ekDlZokfn;ksa osQ fy, os mRiknu osQ lacaèk gSaA
mRiknu dh 'kfDr;k¡ os rRo gksrh gSa tks mRiknu osQ lacaèkksa ls mRiUu gksrh gSa] ijarq ;s lacaèkksa osQ fo#¼
gksus osQ ckotwn ubZ fofèk;ksa osQ ekè;e ls vfèkd mRiknu dk ok;nk djrh gSaA
cgqr ljy 'kCnksa esa] ekDlZoknh fl¼kar dgrk gS fd lkjk fodkl fojksfèk;ksa osQ chp la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k
gksrk gS vkSj mu dkj.kksa ls gksrk gS tks vkfFkZd gSaA
mRiknu dh u;h i¼fr mRiknu osQ lacaèkksa vkSj vius fodkl dh ifjiDo voLFkk esa mRiknd
dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ chp la?k"kZ dk ifj.kke gSA mRiknu dh u;h i¼fr esa mRiknu osQ lacaèkksa vkSj
mRiknd rkdrksa nksuksa osQ xq.k gSa] blfy, vkfFkZd fodkl dh ;g mPprj voLFkk gSA
,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn dks bfrgkl dh vkfFkZd@HkkSfrdoknh@fuèkkZj.koknh O;k[;k Hkh dgrs gSaA bfrgkl
dh ekDlZoknh O;k[;k ;g gS fd ;g (bfrgkl) mRiknu dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ vkRe fodkl dk fjdkMZ gS_
fd lekt vkfFkZd@HkkSfrd fodkl osQ i{k ij pyrk jgrk gSA fodkl dh izR;sd voLFkk izkIr fd,
x, fodkl osQ Lrj dk laosQr nsrh gS fd bfrgkl vusd lkekftd&vkfFkZd lajpukvksa dk bfrgkl gSA
izkjfEHkd lkE;oknh] nkl j[kus] lkearoknh iwathokn vkSj mlosQ ckn laØe.kh; lektokn ftlosQ ckn

37
 ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; lkE;oknh lekt tks fd izR;sd mÙkjksÙkj lekt vius ls fiNys lekt ls csgrj gksrk gS fd lektoknh
lekt iwathoknh lekt osQ lekIr gksus osQ ckn oxZfoghu lekt gksxkA ijarq loZgkjk dh rkuk'kkgh osQ
:i esa lkE;oknh lekt] tks lektoknh lekt dk vuqlj.k djrk gS] oxZfoghu lekt vkSj jkT;foghu
lekt] nksuksa gksxkA
vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl¼kar ekDlZokn dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk gSA ekDlZ dgrk gS fd etnwj@dkexkj
oLrq dks mRikfnr djrs le; mlesa ewY; fufeZr djrk gSA ysfdu mls og ugha feyrk ftldk og
mRiknu djrk gS_ mls osQoy osru feyrk gS vkSj osru ls mQij tks oqQN gksrk gS og ekfyd ys tkrk
fVIi.kh gSA ;g vfrfjDr ewY; gSA vfrfjDr ewY; Jfed }kjk mRikfnr ewY; vkSj mls izkIr gksus okys osru osQ
chp dk varj gSA ljy 'kCnksa esa etnwj dks osru izkIr gksrk gS vkSj ekfyd dks ykHkA ;g vfrfjDr
ewY; èkuh dks vkSj èkuh vkSj fuèkZu dks vkSj fuèkZu cukrk gSA vfrfjDr ewY; osQ ne ij gh iw¡thifr
iuirs gSaA
oxZ la?k"kZ dk fl¼kar ekDlZokn dk ,d vU; fl¼kar gSA ekDlZokfn;ksa osQ fopkj esa vkt rd dk
bfrgkl fojksèkh oxksaZ osQ chp oxZ la?k"kZ dk bfrgkl jgk gSA oxZ la?k"kZ oxZ lektksa dh fo'ks"krk gSA oxZghu
lektksa esa dksbZ oxZ la?k"kZ ugha gksrs gaS D;ksafd ,sls lektksa esa dksbZ fojksèkh oxZ ugha gksrs gSaA oxZ lektksa
(nkl j[kus okys lekt] lkearoknh lekt] iwathoknh lekt) esa oxZ la?k"kZ eq[;r% rhu izdkj dk gksrk
gS% vkfFkZd] lS¼kafrd] jktuhfrdA ekDlZokn Økafr dh iSjoh djrk gSA ekDlZoknh dgrs gSa fd Økafr;ka
bfrgkl dk batu gksrh gSaA Økafr;ka rc gksrh gSa tc mRiknu osQ lacaèkksa dk mRiknu dh rkdrksa osQ lkFk
la?k"kZ gksrk gS tks mRiknu dh ubZ i¼fr dh vksj ys tkrk gSA og lekt esa iw.kZ ifjorZu ykrh gSA ;fn
laHko gks rks fcuk fgalk osQ vkSj ;fn vko';d gks rks fgalk ls HkhA Økafr;ka ifjorZu dh lwpd gSa&
iw.kZ:is.k ifjorZu] lexz ifjorZu] ,d lekt osQ ewy pfj=k esa ifjorZuA os lkekftd fodkl dh
mPprj voLFkk osQ vkxeu dh |ksrd gSaA vr% ekDlZoknh Økafr dks ,d ldkjkRed ?kVuk ekurs gSaA
loZgkjk dh rkuk'kkgh dk vFkZ gS dkexkj oxZ dk 'kkluA ;g iwathoknh lekt osQ ckn vkus okys
lektoknh lekt esa dkexkjksa dk jkT; gSA lektoknh lekt esa loZgkjk dh rkuk'kkgh mlh Hkko esa gS
tSls iwathoknh lekt esa iwathifr;ksa dh rkuk'kkgh gksrh gSA ogka iwathifr viuh bPNkuqlkj 'kklu djrs
gSa vkSj ;gka dkexkj dkexkjksa dh bPNkuqlkj 'kklu djrs gSAa bl ij Hkh ekDlZ Li"V djrk gS fd loZgkjk
dh rkuk'kkgh] dkexkjksa dk jkT;] iawthoknh lekt vkSj lkE;oknh lekt osQ chp varfje vFkok ifjorhZ
izcaèk osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ,d ckj lektoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk gks tkus osQ ckn dkexkjksa osQ
jkT; dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gksxh vFkkZr ;g èkhjs&èkhjs foyqIr gks tk,xkA ysfuu dk vkxzg Fkk fd
cqtqZvk jkT; ls loZgkjk dh rkuk'kkgh xq.kkRed vkSj la[;kRed nksuksa gh Lrjksa ij csgrj gS_ D;ksafd ;g
eqB~Bh Hkj iwathifr;ksa osQ ctk; cs'kqekj dkexkjksa osQ fgrksa vkSj dY;k.k dh ns[kHkky djrk gSSA
iwathoknh lekt osQ ckn vkus okys lektoknh lekt dh lekfIr osQ ckn ,d oxZghu lekt dh LFkkiuk
gksrh gSA ;g bl vFkZ esa oxZghu lekt gS fd lHkh dkexkj Hkys gh tgka Hkh dke djrs gksa&dk;kZy;
esa] dkj[kkus esa] [ksrksa esa] izR;sd viuh ;ksX;rkuqlkj dke@ukSdjh izkIr djrk gSA vFkkZr izR;sd dks mldh
;ksX;rk vuqlkj vkSj izR;sd dks mlosQ dk;Z osQ vuqlkj dke feyrk gSA lektokn lekt osQ ckn vkus
okyk lkE;oknh lekt oxZghu vkSj jkT;foghu lekt] nksuksa gh gksxkA
4.2.3 ekDlZokn dh izklafxdrk
ekDlZokn us ,d n'kZu vkSj ,d O;ogkj osQ :i esa lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd fpUru esa ,d vf}rh;
LFkku izkIr dj fy;k gSA bldk vkd"kZ.k lHkh lhekvksa dks vkSj okLro esa lHkh dfe;ksa dks ikj djrk
gSA blosQ fojksèkh Hkh blls mrus gh vk'oLr gSa ftrus blosQ iz'kald gSaA fiQj Hkh bldh dfe;ka izR;{k
gSaA ifjorZu osQoy fojksèkh oxksZa osQ chp la?k"kksZa osQ dkj.k gh ugha gksrsA bfrgkl vius fodkl osQ fy,
Hkh oxZ lg;ksx dk ½.kh gSA HkkSfrd ?kVd fdrus gh egRoiw.kZ vkSj eq[kj gksa] ijarq os lekt dh
tfVyrkvksa dh O;k[;k djus okys ?kVd ugha gSaA okLro esa euq"; osQoy jksVh osQ fy, gh thfor ugha

38
 izeq[k jktuhfrd fl¼kar ekWM~;wy - 1
jgrk] ijarq ;g Hkh lR; gS fd og blosQ fcuk Hkh thfor ugha jg ldrkA ekDlZokn us jk"Vªh; O;fDr ,oa jkT;
Hkkoukvksa@ns'kHkfDr dh rkdr vkSj dher dks de djosQ vkadk gSA dkexkjksa dk dksbZ viuk fir`ns'k ugha
gksrk] tSlk fd ekDlZ dgk djrs Fks fd mUgsa vfHkHkkod jfgr cukuk gSA ekDlZokn us jkT; osQ egRo
dks Hkh de djosQ vkadk gSA ;g dguk fd jkT; oxZ laLFkk gS blfy, neudkjh vkSj 'kks"k.k djus okyk
gS] ;g dFku bls vfr ljy djuk gSA
ekDlZokn dh voèkkj.kkvksa us okLro esa fujk'k fd;k gSA dkj.k pkgs oqQN Hkh gksa ijarq O;ogkj esa
ekDlZokn vliQy gqvk gSA ,d eq[; dkj.k blosQ osQUnzhdj.k dh izo`fRr gSA loZgkjk dh rkuk'kkgh fVIi.kh
lkE;oknh ikVhZ dh rkuk'kkgh cu tkrh gSA ikVhZ dh rkuk'kkgh vUrr% ,d O;fDr dh rkuk'kkgh cu tkrh
gS pkgs og LVkfyu gks ;k fiQj ekvksA lksfo;r la?k esa fe[kk+;y xksckZpkso }kjk izkjEHk fd, x, lqèkkj
vkanksyu us (fo'ks"k :i ls XykluksLV) u osQoy ;wjksi esa gh vfirq yxHkx iwjs fo'o ls lkE;oknh
vkanksyu osQ var dk izkjEHk dj fn;kA lkE;oknh phu us viuh vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj 'kklu O;oLFkk esa vusd
mnkjoknh dne mBk, gSaA ,d oSdfYid fopkjèkkjk osQ :i esa fo'o osQ lkeus ekDlZokn dh izklafxdrk
vc iz'uksa ls vNwrh ugha gSA

ikBxr iz'u 4.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) ekDlZokn ---------------------------------------fojQ¼ ,d izfrfØ;k gSA (lkekU;okn@iat
w hokn)
([k) ekDlZokn dks----------------------------------oxZ dk jktuhfrd n'kZu ekuk tkrk gSA
( dkexkj] iwathifr)
(x) ekDlZokfn;ksa osQ fy, ---------------------------------------dkjd O;fDrxr] lkekftd thou osQ fu.kkZ;d
dkjd gSaA (lekt] iawthokn)
(?k) ekDlZoknh ;kstuk esa mRiknu osQ lacaèk ----------------------dh--------------dks tUe nsrs gSaA
(mRiknu] 'kfDr@ okn] laokn)
(Ä) ^izR;sd ls mldh ;ksX;rk osQ vuqlkj vkSj izR;sd dks mldh-----------------------osQ vuqlkj* ;g
lektokn dk lkj&la{ksi gSA (vko';drk] dk;Z)
(p) ekDlZ osQ fy, Økafr;ka bfrgkl dk -------------------------------- gSa (bfUtu] lkè;)

4.3 xkaèkhokn
egkRek xkaèkh (1869&1948)Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu osQ loksZPp
usrk Fks ftUgksaus 1917 ls 1947 rd yxHkx 30 o"kZ bldk usr`Ro
fd;kA og ,d fprad Fks vkSj mUgksaus vius le; dh vfèkdka'k
ekU;rkvksa vkSj fl¼karksa dks pqukSrh nh rFkk muosQ LFkku ij laHko
vkSj ;qfDr;qDr fodYi Hkh iznku fd,A
xkaèkh th ekDlZokfn;ksa esa mnkjoknh Fks vkSj mnkjokfn;ksa esa ekDlZoknhA
os O;fDrokfn;ksa esa ,d yksdrkaf=kd Fks vkSj lektokfn;ksa esa
O;fDroknhA os ;FkkFkZokfn;ksa esa vkn'kZoknh Fks vkSj vkn'kZokfn;ksa esa egkRek xkaèkh

39
 ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT; ;FkkFkZoknhA mUgksaus vius vki esa lHkh iwoZ vkSj orZeku fopkjèkkjkvksa dh vPNh ckrksa dks lekfgr dj
fy;k FkkA
4.3.1 if'peh lH;rk osQ vkykspd osQ :i esa xkaèkh
xkaèkh th if'peh lH;rk osQ vkykspd FksA if'peh lH;rk osQ fojQ¼ mudh f'kdk;r Fkh fd ;g
vè;kReokn osQ lkj dks u"V djrk gSA os euq"; osQ ik'pkR; :i dks ,d ijekf.kd O;fDr ekurs gSa
fVIi.kh tks gkM+ekal ls rks cuk gS ijarq ftlesa vkRek uke dh pht ugha gSA if'pe esa izpfyr jkT; osQ eqdkcys
xkaèkh th us jkejkT; dh odkyr dhA phtksa osQ if'peh <ax ls osQUnzhdj.k osQ ekè;e ls izcaèku osQ
eqdkcys og foosQUnzhdj.k osQ leFkZd FksA HkkSfrdokn] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k vkSj iawthokn osQ fojQ¼ mUgksaus
Lons'kh] dqVhj m|ksx vkSj VªLVhf'ki osQ fl¼kar osQ i{k esa l'kDr fopkj fn,A
4.3.2 jkT;] foosQUnzhdj.k] oqQVhj m|ksx] VªLVhf'ki
xkaèkh th ml izdkj osQ jkT; osQ iz'kald ugha gSa tks if'pe esa izpfyr gSA muosQ fy, if'peh jkT;
l?ku :i esa fgalk dk izfrfufèkRo djrs gSa tks vkRek jfgr e'khu dh rjg gSaA blosQ foijhr xkaèkh th
us ,d vjktdrkoknh nk'kZfud osQ :i esa jkT; dks Lohdkj rks fd;k ijarq cgqr vfuPNk ls vkSj osQoy
rc tc bldh vR;ar vko';drk gksA
vjktdroknh izR;sd izdkj osQ jkT; osQ fojQ¼ gksrk gS_ vjktdrkokn jkT; jfgr] ljdkj jfgr
vkSj dkuwu jfgr] fofèk foghu fl¼kar gSA
xkaèkhokn vfgald jkT; dk leFkZd gS tks (i) yksxksa dh lgefr (ii) lekt esa yxHkx ,drk ij
vkèkkfjr gSA xkaèkh th us jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd nksuksa :iksa esa lÙkk osQ foosQUnzhdj.k dh odkyr dhA
xkaèkhoknh yksdra=k dh Hkkouk foosQUnzhdj.k dh Hkkouk gSA foosQUnzhdj.k dk vFkZ gS 'kfDr dk izR;sd
Lrj ij gLrkarj.k tks O;fDr@LFkkuh; bdkbZ ls izkjEHk gksdj f'k[kj rd tkrh gSA xkaèkh th osQ vuqlkj
foosQUnzhdj.k dk lkjrRo ;g gS fd lHkh 'kfDr;ka uhps ls mQij dh vksj vkjksgh Øe esa pyrh gSaA
bl fopkj ls xkaèkhoknh i¼fr esa jktuhfrd 'kfDr O;fDr;ksa esa fufgr gksrh gS tks lHkh xfrfofèk;ksa
osQ dsUnz Lojkt osQ mn~xe gksrs gSaA O;fDr ls 'kfDr@lRrk xkao dks LFkkukUrfjr gksrh gS] xkao ls lRrk
mPprj bdkbZ dks tkrh gS vkSj osQUnz@jk"Vªh; Lrj ij igaqp dj lekIr gksrh gSA vr% tks ,d O;fDr
}kjk ugha gksrk vFkok ugha fd;k tk ldrk mls xkao djrk gS_ tks xkao }kjk ugha fd;k tk ldrk
mls LFkkuh;@{ks=kh; ljdkj djrh gS_ vkSj ftls {ks=kh;@izkarh; ljdkj ugha dj ldrh] mls osQUnzh;@
jk"Vªh; ljdkj djrh gSA xkaèkh th osQ jke jkT; dh vkRek ;gh gS fd ;g ,d vkRe&fu;a=kd O;oLFkk
gS tgk¡ izR;sd O;fDr viuk 'kkld Lo;a gS vkSj vius iM+kslh osQ fy, ckèkk ugha gSA xkaèkh th osQ
foosQUnzhdj.k dk ,d vkfFkZd i{k gSA mUgksaus vkfFkZd 'kfDr osQ foosQUnzhdj.k osQ fy, Hkh dgkA
mUgksaus xzke y?kq dqVhj m|ksxksa osQ izksRlkgu osQ ekè;e ls xzke vFkZO;oLFkk dh odkyr dhA okLro
esa og vkRefuHkZj xzke vFkZO;oLFkk pkgrs FksA Lons'kh dk fl¼kar@voèkkj.kk og Hkkouk gS tks gels
vius fcYoqQy fudV osQ iM+kslh dh lsok djus dh vis{kk j[krh gS rFkk cgqj nwj mRikfnr gqbZ oLrqvksa
dh rqyuk esa iM+ksl esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx djus dks dgrh gSA xkaèkh th us ns'kh m|ksxksa osQ
iquthZou dk i{k fy;k rkfd yksxksa dks [kkus osQ fy, i;kZIr fey losQA muosQ fopkj esa ,slh dksbZ
Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk tks yksxksa dk 'kks"k.k djrh gS rFkk èku lEifRr dks oqQN gh gkFkksa esa osQfUnzr gksus
esa lgk;rk djrh gS] og fuanuh; gSA
xkaèkh th dk VªLVhf'ki dk fl¼kar vf}rh; gSA ;g blfy, vf}rh; gS fd bldk y{; iwath vkSj Je

40
 izeq[k jktuhfrd fl¼kar ekWM~;wy - 1
osQ chp eèkqj lacaèk LFkkfir djuk gSA lkjh lEifRr dks iwjs leqnk; dh lEifRr ?kksf"kr dj osQ xkaèkh O;fDr ,oa jkT;
th us iSjoh dh fd jkstxkj nsus okys lc yksx (m|ksxifr] iwathifr vkfn) viuh lEifÙk osQ VªLVh gSaA
blosQ vuqlkj mUgsa osQoy mrus iSls ij vfèkdkj gS ftlls mudh vko';drk,a iwjh gksrh gSa tSls vU;
deZpkfj;ksa dks gSa (etnwjksa bR;kfn dks)A xkaèkh th osQ fy, dksbZ ,d O;fDr Lokeh@ekfyd ugha gS_ lHkh
dke djrs gSa vkSj lHkh dkexkj gSaA izR;sd O;fDr dks lsok osQ cnys esa dqN feyrk gS] ykHk ij ekfyd
dk vfèkdkj ugha gS vfirq ;g leqnk; dk gSA jkstxkj nsus okys VªLVh gSa u fd Lokeh_ deZpkjh m|e
osQ vko';d vax gSa vFkkZr os dkexkj gS u fd nklA fVIi.kh
4.3.3 lkè; vkSj lkèku
xkaèkh th osQ vuqlkj lkè; vkSj lkèku ,d gh okLrfodrk osQ nks i{k gSa& ,d gh flDds osQ nks igywA
blls ,d tSfod iw.kZrk fufeZr gksrh gSA ^^lkè; lkèkuksa ls gh curs gSa] tSls lkèku gksxsa oSlk gh lkè;
gksxk**A mUgksaus dgk fd lkèku cht dh rjg gksrs gSa vkSj lkè; o`{k dh rjg vkSj nksuksa esa oSlk gh
vya?kuh; lacaèk gS tSlk fd cht vkSj o`{k esa gSA mudk dguk Fkk fd jkT; vius vkn'kZ pfj=k dks rc
rd ugha izkIr dj ldrk tc rd lkèkuksa ij fgalk osQ nkx gSaA blh dkj.k mUgksaus lkè; dh izkfIr osQ
fy, lnSo lkèkuksa dh ifo=krk ij cy fn;kA v'kqn~èk@vifo=k lkèkuksa ls ifo=k@ikou y{; izkIr ugha
gks ldrsA mUgksaus ,d ckj dgk Fkk fd ^^eSa Lojkt dks Hkh Lohdkj ugha d:axk ;fn ;g jDrikr osQ
ekè;e ls vkrk gS** vkSj fiQj dgk ^^esjs fy, Lojkt ls igys vfgalk gS**A nksuksa osQ chp bruk xgjk
lacaèk gS fd ;fn dksbZ lkèkuksa dk è;ku j[krk gS rks lkè; Lo;a viuk è;ku j[ksaxsA blls vkxs xkaèkh
th osQ fy, y{;ksa dh izkfIr lkèkuksa osQ vuqikr esa gh gksxhA
xkaèkh th dksbZ eSD;koyh ugha FksA eSD;koyh osQ vuqlkj lkè; gh lkèkuksa dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkrs gSa ysfdu
xkaèkh th osQ fy, lkèku gh lkè;ksa dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkrs gSaA
4.3.4 lekt vkSj loksZn;
xkaèkhokn ek=k jktuhfr] vFkZO;oLFkk] èkeZ vkSj j.kuhfr dk fl¼kar gh ugha gS vfirq lekt dk fl¼kar
Hkh gSA xkaèkh th dk iwjk lkekftd n'kZu lekurk dk n'kZu gSA lekurk fujis{k lekurk dh n`f"V ls ugha
ijarq blfy, fd lHkh ekuo leku gSaA xkaèkh th osQ vuqlkj lekurk ij vkèkkfjr lekt izR;sd izdkj
osQ vkèkkj ij tkfr] uLy] oxZ] fyax] oa'k osQ HksnHkko dks udkjrk gSA ge ekuo osQ :i esa iSnk gq,
gSa u fd fgUnw vFkok eqlyekuA ge ekuo osQ :i esa iSnk gq, gSa u fd mPp tkfr vFkok nfyr osQ
:i esaA xkaèkh th us izR;sd izdkj dh HksnHkko okyh izo`fRr;ksa vkSj izokgksa dk fojksèk fd;kA muosQ fy,
osQoy ,d gh oxZ] ,d gh èkeZ vkSj ,d tkfr Fkh vkSj og Fkh ekuorkA blfy, mUgksaus fdlh Hkh
HksnHkko dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA okLro esa os detksj osQ dY;k.k osQ i{k/j FksA iqjQ"kksa dh rqyuk esa
efgykvksa osQ dY;k.k] lekt osQ detksj oxksZa] gfjtuksa] nfyrksa osQ dY;k.k osQ i{k/j FksA ,slk ugha Fkk
fd os ^v* dks oafpr djosQ ^c* dks nsuk pkgrs Fks vfirq os ^c* dks vfèkd nsuk pkgrs Fks rkfd ^v*
dh maQpkbZ dks og izkIr dj losQA mUgksaus lekurk dh odkyr dh rkfd yksxksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd
vkSj jktuhfrd Js.khØe esa cjkcjh ij yk;k tk losQA mudh lekurk dh voèkkj.kk [kkbZ dks ikVus]
nwfj;ksa dks de djus dk y{; j[krh Fkh u fd muesa nwjh c<+kus dkA
xkaèkh th dh loksZn; dh voèkkj.kk muosQ liuksa osQ lekt ij muosQ fopkjksa dks izLrqr djrh gSA xkaèkh
th dh dYiuk osQ vuqlkj loksZn; lekt osQ lHkh lnL;ksa dh vfèkdre HkykbZ vFkok mudk dY;k.k
gSA ;g lcdk dY;k.k gSA ;g O;fDr dk lHkh O;fDr;ksa osQ dY;k.k osQ lkFk dY;k.k gSA loksZn; esa
HkykbZ vFkok dY;k.k dh voèkkj.kk osQoy HkkSfrd ugha gS vfirq ;g vè;kfRed vkSj uSfrd Hkh gSA

41
 ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
O;fDr ,oa jkT;
ikBxr iz'u 4.3
fuEufyf[kr dk mÙkj osQoy ,d 'kCn esa nhft,A
(d) xkaèkh th us fdl izdkj osQ jkT; dh odkyr dh Fkh\
([k) ekfyd vkSj deZpkjh osQ chp lacaèkksa dks eèkqj cukus osQ fy, xkaèkh th fdl j.kuhfr dks
fVIi.kh izLrkfor djrs gSaA
(x) vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ yksxksa dks xkaèkh th fdl uke ls lEcksfèkr djrs Fks\
(?k) xkaèkh th us fdu lkèkuksa vkSj lkè;ksa esa ls fdldh odkyr dhA
(Ä) lHkh O;fDr;ksa osQ vfèkdre dY;k.k fo'ks"k :i fuèkZu] fuèkZuksa esa fuèkZure osQ dY;k.k dks xkaèkh
th D;k dgrs Fks\

vkius D;k lh[kk

bl ikB esa vkius rhu izeq[k jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjkvksa mnkjokn] ekDlZokn vkSj xkaèkhokn osQ fo"k; esa
tkuk gSA vc vki ;g tkurs gSa fd mnkjokn ,d jktuhfrd n'kZu gS tks O;fDr dh Lok;;rk] laoèS kkfud
jkT;] mÙkjnk;h ljdkj] O;fDr osQ vfèkdkj vkSj Lora=krk,a] Lora=k izsl] dkuwu dk 'kklu] fu"i{k
U;k;ikfydk] foosQUnzhdj.k] vkfn dh odkyr djrk gSA vki ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd ekDlZoknh dkexkj
oxZ (Jfed oxZ) dk jktuhfrd n'kZu gS tks lekurk] lkekftd U;k;] lHkh izdkj osQ 'kks"k.k dh
lekfIr] izR;sd ,oa lcosQ fy, jkstxkj osQ lkFk fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk dh odkyr djrk gSA vki ;g
Hkh tkurs gSa fd xkaèkhokn lR; vkSj vfgalk dk jktuhfrd n'kZu gS& ekuork osQ le{k lHkh leL;kvksa
dk ,d oSdfYid lekèkku] fo'o dh lHkh izeq[k jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjkvksa dk la'ys"k.k gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1. mnkjokn dk D;k vFkZ gS\
2. jkT; osQ foyqIr gksus ls vki dk vfHkizk; D;k gS\
3. }a}kRed HkkSfrdokn dh ekDlZokn dh fo'ks"krk osQ :i esa foospuk dhft,A
4. D;k ekDlZokn vkt Hkh izklafxd gS\ Li"V djsaA
5. D;k vki bl fopkj ls lger gSa fd xkaèkhokn if'peh lH;rk dh vkykspuk gS\
6. xkaèkh th dh jke jkT; dh voèkkj.kk D;k Fkh\

42
 izeq[k jktuhfrd fl¼kar ekWM~;wy - 1
O;fDr ,oa jkT;
ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj
4.1
(d) ije
([k) Lora=krk
(x) mnkjokn fVIi.kh
(?k) O;fDrokn
(Ä) iwathoknh
(p) lsok
(N) iwta hifr
4.2
(d) Ikwathokn
([k) dkexkj
(x) HkkSfrd
(?k) mRiknu dh 'kfDr;k¡
(Ä) dk;ZAdke
(p) vko';drk
(N) bfUtu
4.3
(d) jke jkT;
([k) VªLVhf'ki
(x) gfjtu
(?k) lkèku
(Ä) loksZn;
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 4.1.1 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 4.2.1 ns[ksa
3. [k.M 4.2.2 ns[ksa
4. [k.M 4.2.3 nsa[ksa
5. [k.M 4.3.1 ns[ksa
6. [k.M 4.3.2 ns[ksa
43
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
eq[; rRo

5
fVIi.kh Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk rFkk eq[;
fo'ks"krk,¡

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh jpuk ,d lafoèkku lHkk }kjk gqbZA ;g lHkk ,d vizR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr laLFkk
FkhA bl lHkk us Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd, tkus gsrq oqQN vkn'kZ lqfuf'pr fd,A ;s vkn'kZ Fks&
yksdra=k osQ izfr dfVc¼rk] lHkh Hkkjrokfl;ksa osQ fy, U;k;] lekUkrk rFkk Lora=krk dh xkjaVhA bl
lHkk osQ }kjk ;g Hkh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd Hkkjr ,d izHkqlRrk lEiUu yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT; gksxkA Hkkjrh;
lafoèkku dk izkjEHk ,d izLrkouk osQ lkFk gksrk gSA izLrkouk osQ varxZr lafoèkku osQ vkn'kZ] mn~ns';
rFkk eq[; fl¼karksa dk mYys[k gSA izLrkouk eas fn, x, mn~ns';ksa ls gh izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k :i esa
lafoèkku dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk fodkl gqvk gSA bl ikB esa vki lafoèkku dh izLrkouk osQ :i esa
fufgr jktuhfrd n'kZu rFkk lafoèkku dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dks tku losaQxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z ns'k osQ ekSfyd dkuwu osQ :i esa lafoèkku osQ egRo dks igpku losQaxs_
z lafoèkku lHkk dh jpuk] blesa izk:i lfefr dh Hkwfedk vkSj lafoèkku lHkk osQ mn~ns';ksa dk o.kZu
dj losQaxs_
z lafoèkku dh izLrkouk rFkk mldh izklafxdrk dk o.kZu dj losQaxs_
z fyf[kr rFkk vfyf[kr vkSj dBksj rFkk yphys lafoèkku osQ chp varj Li"V dj losQaxs_
z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izd`fr dk fo'ys"k.k dj losQaxs_
z ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa] ekSfyd drZO;ksa rFkk jkT; osQ uhfr funsZ'kd fl¼karksa osQ egRo dks crk losQaxs_
z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh mu fo'ks"krkvksa dks igpku losQaxs] tks bls lalkj osQ nwljs lafoèkkuksa ls vyx
djrh gSa_
z izLrkouk osQ ewy fl¼karksa dh igpku rFkk lafoèkku esa fn, izkoèkkuksa ij mudk izHkko le> losQa xs_
rFkk
z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dks igpku losaQxsA

44
 5.1 lafoèkku Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk rFkk eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ ekWM;wy - 2
vkèkqfud jkT; dks dY;k.kdkjh jkT; osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA vr% lq>ko fn;k tkrk gS fd ,sls jkT; Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
dh ljdkj dk ,d fuf'pr :i gks ftlesa mls Li"V lRrk ,oa dk;Z lkSais x, gksaA ftl izys[k esa dkuwuksa eq[; rRo
o fofèk;ksa dk mYys[k gks] ljdkj osQ izdkj dk o.kZu gks rFkk ljdkj vkSj ukxfjdksa osQ lacaèkksa dk
fooj.k feyrk gks] mls lafoèkku dgk tkrk gSA
bl izdkj ,d lafoèkku dk ljksdkj nks ckrksa ls gksrk gS& ,d rks ljdkj osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa osQ chp ijLij
lacaèk] rFkk nwljk&ljdkj rFkk ukxfjdksa osQ chp lacaèkA lafoèkku oQks jkT; dk vkèkkjHkwr ekSfyd dkuwu
ekuk tkrk gSA ;g jkT; osQ mn~ns';ksa oQks fuèkkZfjr djrk gS] ftUgsa bldks izkIr djuk gSA lafoèkku ljdkj
osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa dks laLFkkxr lajpuk Hkh iznku djrk gSA blesa ukxfjdksa osQ vfèkdkjksa ,oa drZO;ksa dk fVIi.kh
o.kZu feyrk gSA vr% bls ns'k dk 'kklu pykus dk vkèkkj Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA

5.2 lafoèkku lHkk

Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ,d lafoèkku lHkk }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lHkk dk xBu 1946 esa gqvkA
lafoèkku lHkk osQ lnL; rRdkyhu izkarh; foèkku lHkkvksa osQ lnL;ksa }kjk vizR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr gq,
FksA blosQ vfrfjDr ,sls lnL; Hkh Fks tkss fj;klrksa osQ 'kkldksa }kjk euksuhr fd, x, FksA Hkkjr dh
vkT+kknh osQ lkFk gh lafoèkku lHkk ,d iw.kZ izHkqlRrk lEiUu laLFkk cu xbZA 1947 esa ns'k osQ foHkktu
osQ i'pkr lafoèkku lHkk esa 31 fnlacj 1947 dks 299 lnL; FksA buesa ls 229 lnL;ksa dk pquko izkarh;
foèkku lHkkvksa us fd;k Fkk rFkk 'ks"k ns'kh fj;klrksa osQ 'kkldksa us euksuhr fd, FksA lafoèkku lHkk osQ
vfèkdka'k lnL; Hkkjrh; jk"V~h; dkaxzsl ls FksA Lora=krk vkanksyu lHkh izeq[k usrk osQ lnL; lHkk osQ
lnL; FksA
ns'kh fj;klrsa% fczfV'k 'kklu osQ le; Hkkjr osQ oqQN Hkkx lhèks fczfV'k fu;a=k.k esa ugha FksA ,sls yxHkx
560 {ks=k FksA Hkkjrh; fj;klrsa ns'kh 'kkldksa osQ vèkhu FkhaA d'ehj] gSnjkckn] ifV;kyk] Vªkoudksj] eSlwj]
cM+kSnk] vkfn cM+h ns'kh fj;klrsa FkhaA

5.2.1 lafoèkku lHkk dh dk;Z iz.kkyh

lafoèkku lHkk dh vè;{krk lHkk osQ vè;{k }kjk dh tkrh FkhA Mk- jktsUnz izlkn bl lafoèkku lHkk osQ
vè;{k osQ :i esa fuokZfpr gq,A lHkk vusdksa lfefr;ksa rFkk milfefr;ksa dh enn ls dk;Z djrh FkhA
;s lfefr;k¡ nks izdkj dh Fkha% (d) dk;Zfofèk lacaèkh ([k) egRoiw.kZ eqn~nksa lacaèkhA blosQ vfrfjDr
,d ijke'kZ lfefr Hkh FkhA buesa ls lcls egRoiw.kZ lfefr izk:i lfefr Fkh ftlosQ vè;{k Mk- Hkhe
jko vEcsMdj FksA bl lfefr dk dk;Z lafoèkku dks ys[kc¼ djuk FkkA lafoèkku lHkk dh cSBosQa 2
o"kZ 11 efgus rFkk 18 fnu osQ varjky esa 166 ckj gqbZaA

Mk- jktsUnz izlkn] lHkkifr] Mk- Hkhejko vEcsMdj] vè;{k]

lafoèkku lHkk izk:i lfefr
lafoèkku lHkk osQ usrk ml le; dh vko';drkvksa tSls fofHkUu eqn~nksa ,oa fl¼kUrksa ij vke lgefr

45
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ osQ izfr lpsr FksA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; ysrs le; yksxksa dh vkdka{kkvksa dh lHkk osQ
eq[; rRo lnL; fo'ks"k è;ku j[krs FksA vr% vke lgefr cukus gsrq ckj&ckj iz;kl fd, x,A lHkk osQ lnL;ksa
osQ eu esa fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; rd igq¡pus ls igys yksxksa dh egRokdka{kkvksa dk cgqr egRo FkkA

ikBxr iz'u 5.1

fVIi.kh lgh mÙkj osQ lkeus (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,%
(d) fdlh ns'k dk lafoèkku vkèkkj iznku djrk gS

(v) vijkfèk;ksa dks naM nsus dk

(c) ns'k osQ iz'kklu dk
(l) ukxfjdksa osQ chp lacaèkksa dk
(n) nwljs ns'kksa osQ lkFk O;kikfjd lacaèkksa dk
([k) Hkkjr dh lafoèkku lHkk esa 'kkfey Fks

(v) fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk euksuhr lnL;

(c) jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk euksuhr lnL;
(l) izkarh; foèkkulHkkvksa }kjk fuokZfpr lnL; RkFkk ns'kh fj;klrksa osQ euksuhr lnL;
(n) turk }kjk fuokZfpr lnL;
(x) Hkkjr dk lafoèkku fy[kk x;k Fkk
(v) ijke'kZnk=kh lfefr }kjk
(c) lHkk osQ lfpoky; }kjk
(l) lHkk osQ vè;{k }kjk
(n) izk:i lfefr }kjk

5.3 lafoèkku osQ mn~ns';

lafoèkku lHkk] yxHkx 200 o"kksZa osQ vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu] tu&vkèkkfjr Lora=krk la?k"kZ] jk"Vªh; vkanksyu]
ns'k osQ foHkktu] o jk"Vª&O;kih lkaiznkf;d fgalk dh i`"BHkwfe esa Lora=k Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k
dj jgh FkhA blfy, lafoèkku fuekZrk] tu vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ] ns'k dh ,drk o v[k.Mrk rFkk
yksdrkaf=kd lekt dh LFkkiuk osQ izfr lpsr FksA lHkk osQ vanj Hkh fofHkUu fopkjèkkjkvksa dks ekuus okys
lnL; FksA oqQN lnL;ksa dk >qdko lektoknh fl¼karksa osQ izfr Fkk tcfd vU; xkaèkhoknh n'kZu ls
izHkkfor FksA ijarq vfèkdka'k lnL;ksa dk n`f"Vdks.k mnkj FkkA vke lgefr cukus osQ iz;kl gksrs jgrs Fks

46
 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk rFkk eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ ekWM;wy - 2
rkfd lafoèkku cuus oQh izxfr esa ckèkk u vk,A mudk eq[; y{; Fkk Hkkjr dks ,d ,slk lafoèkku nsuk
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
eq[; rRo
tks ns'k osQ yksxksa osQ vkn'kksZa ,oa fopkjksa dks iwjk dj losQA
fofHkUu eqn~nksa rFkk fl¼karksa osQ izfr vke lgefr cukus rFkk vlgefr ls cpus osQ Hkjiwj iz;kl lafoèkku
lHkk esa fd, x,A ;g vke lgefr fnlEcj 3] 1946 dks ^mn~ns'; izLrko* osQ :i esa ia- usgjQ }kjk
izLrqr dh xbZ rFkk tuojh 22] 1947 dks yxHkx loZlEefr ls viukbZ xbZA bu mn~ns';ksa osQ vkèkkj ij
lHkk us 26 uoEcj 1949 dks viuk dk;Z iwjk fd;k rFkk 26 tuojh 1950 ls lafoèkku ykxw fd;k x;kA fVIi.kh
dkaxzsl osQ ykgkSj vfèkos'ku esa 31 fnlEcj] 1929 dks fy, x, fu.kZ; osQ vkèkkj ij 26 tuojh] 1930
dks euk, x, izFke Lokèkhurk fnol osQ Bhd 20 o"kZ ckn] 26 tuojh 1950 dks Hkkjr ,d x.kjkT; cukA
vr% 26 tuojh] 1950 dh frfFk dks gh lafoèkku osQ ykxw gksus dh frfFk osQ :i esa fuf'pr fd;k x;kA

Mk- jktsUnz izlkn u, lafoèkku ij gLrk{kj djrs gq,

5.4 izLrkouk
tSlk fd vki tkurs gS Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh 'kqjQvkr ,d izLrkouk osQ lkFk gqbZ gSA vkb, tkusa fd
izLrkouk fdls dgrs gSaA izLrkouk fdlh iqLrd dh Hkwfedk osQ leku gh gSA Hkwfedk osQ :i esa izLrkouk
lafoèkku osQ micaèkksa dk Hkkx ugha gS] ijarq ;g lafoèkku fuekZ.k osQ mn~ns';ksa o y{;ksa dh O;k[;k djrh
gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk Hkh blh :i esa gSA bl izdkj ls izLrkouk lafoèkku dh ekxZnf'kZdk
gksrh gSA

47
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk bl izdkj gSA
eq[; rRo Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dh izLrkouk
^^ge Hkkjr osQ yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d laiw.kZ] izHkqRolEiUu] lektoknh] èkeZfujis{k] yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT;
cukus osQ fy, rFkk mlosQ leLr ukxfjdksa dks%
lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd U;k;_ fopkj vfHkO;fDRk] fo'okl] vkLFkk o mikluk dh Lora=krk]
izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk izkIr djus osQ fy, rFkk mu lcesa O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj jk"Vª dh ,drk
fVIi.kh
,oa v[kaMrk lqfuf'pr djus okyh caèkqrk c<+kus osQ fy, n`<+ ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafoèkku lHkk
esa vkt rkjh[k 26 uoEcj] 1949 bZ- dks ,rn~ bl lafoèkku dks vaxhd`r] vfèkfu;fer vkSj vkRelefiZr
djrs gaSA
izLrkouk] la{ksi esa] lafoèkku osQ y{;ksa dh nks izdkj ls O;k[;k djrh gS] ,d iz'kklu dh lajpuk osQ
ckjs esa rFkk nwljk Lora=k Hkkjr }kjk izkIr fd, tkus okys vkn'kksZa osQ fo"k; esaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lafoèkku
dks le>us osQ fy, izLrkouk dks oqaQth ekuk tkrk gSA izLrkouk esa of.kZr y{; bl izdkj gSa%
(i) Hkkjr ,d laizHkq] lektoknh] èkeZfujis{k ,oa yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT; osQ :i esa
(lektoknh] iaFkfujis{k_ 1976 osQ 42osa la'kksèku osQ ckn tksM+k x;k)
(ii) lHkh Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa osQ fy, izkoèkku gS
(d) U;k;% lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd
([k) Lora=krk% fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] vkLFkk o mikluk dh
(x) lekurk% izfr"Bk rFkk volj dh
(?k) cUèkqRo% O;fDr dh xfjek rFkk jk"Vª dh ,drk o v[kaMrk osQ jQi esaA
vkb,] bu mn~ns';ksa dks foLrkj ls tkusa fd ;s lafoèkku esa oSQls ifjyf{kr gq, gSaA

5.5 laizHkq] lektoknh] iaFkfujis{k] yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT;

laiHz kqrk
laizHkqrk fdlh Lora=k jkT; dk ,d vR;ar vfuok;Z rRo gSA bldk vFkZ iw.kZ Lora=krk gksrk gS& fcuk
fdlh vkrafjd o ckgjh nokc] izHkko vFkok gLr{ksi osQ jkT; dh fu.kZ; ysus dh iw.kZ Lora=krkA Hkkjr
viuh fons'k uhfr Lora=krk iwoZd cuk ldrk gSA ,d ns'k laizHkqrk osQ fcuk viuk lafoèkku ugha cuk
ldrkA
lektoknh
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk esa ^lektoknh* 'kCn izkjaHk esa ugha FkkA 1976 esa 42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk
^lektoknh* ,oa ^iaFkfujis{k* 'kCnksa dks lafoèkku osQ izLrkouk esa tksM+k x;kA lektokn 'kCn dk iz;ksx
vkfFkZd fu;kstu osQ lanHkZ esa gqvk gSA bldk vfHkizk; gS fd vlekurkvksa dk fujkdj.k djus] lc yksxksa

48
 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk rFkk eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ ekWM;wy - 2
dh U;wure ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus] leku dk;Z osQ fy, leku osru nsus tSls vkn'kksZa dh Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
izkfIr osQ fy, izfrc¼rk ls gSA ;s lHkh y{; uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa osQ varxZr fn, x, gSa ftUgsa vki eq[; rRo
vxys vè;k; esa i<+saxs rFkk tkusaxs fd ;s lafoèkku esa oSQls lfEefyr rFkk ykxw fd, x, gSaA
iaFkfujis{krk
Hkkjr esa iaFkfujis{krk osQ lanHkZ esa dgk x;k gS fd ^Hkkjr u rks èkkfeZd gS] u vèkkfeZd gS vkSj u gh
èkeZ osQ f[kykiQ gS*A bldk vfHkizk; D;k gS\ bldk vfHkizk; gS fd Hkkjr esa jkT; dk dksbZ èkeZ ugha fVIi.kh
gksxk rFkk jkT; lkoZtfud èku }kjk fdlh èkeZ dks izkRs lkfgr ugha djsxkA blosQ nks igyw gS%a izFke] izR;sd
O;fDr fdlh Hkh èkeZ esa fo'okl djus o ikyu djus dks Lora=k gS_ f}rh;] jkT; fdlh O;fDr ;k
leqnk; esa èkeZ osQ vkèkkj ij HksnHkko ugha djsxkA
yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT;
lafoèkku osQ izLrkouk dks i<+rs le; vkius ns[kk fd lafoèkku Hkkjr dh turk esa fufgr gSA izLrkouk
dh vafre iafDr esa fy[kk x;k gS fd ^^--------------------------------- bl lafoèkku dks vaxhd`r] vfèkfu;fer
vkSj vkRe lefiZr djrs gSa**A okLro esa izLrkouk dh bl iafDr ls gh ns'k osQ iztkrakf=kd fl¼karksa dk
fodkl gksrk gSA yksdra=k dk vFkZ vkerkSj ij ns'k osQ turk dh] turk osQ }kjk o turk osQ fy, ljdkj
dk xBu ekuk tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd ljdkj turk }kjk fuokZfpr rFkk turk osQ izfr mRrjnk;h
gSA lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj] pquko] ekSfyd vfèkdkj] tokcnsg ljdkj tSls izkoèkkuksa osQ ekè;e
ls yksdrkaf=kd fl¼kar O;kogkfjd gksrs gSaA vki vxys vè;k;ksa esa buosQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA izLrkouk esa Hkkjr
dks ^x.kjkT;* dgk x;k gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd jkT; dk vè;{k jk"Vªifr gS tks vizR;{k :i ls
fuokZfpr gksrk gS rFkk fczVsu osQ jktizeq[k osQ leku og vkuqoaf'kd vkèkkj ij ugha gSA vki la?kh;
dk;Zikfydk ikB esa jk"Vªifr osQ pquko] vkfn osQ ckjs esa foLrkj ls i<+saxsA

ikBxr iz'u 5.2

(d) Hkkjr esa iaFkfujis{k dk vFkZ ---------------------------------- gSA
(èkeZ dk cfg"dkj@lc èkeksZa dk lEeku@ ek=k vius èkeZ dk lEeku)
([k) Hkkjr esa lektokn dk vFkZ ------------------------------------------ gSA
(lHkh m|ksxksa ij ljdkjh LokfeRo@ jkT; dh vFkZ O;oLFkk esa izeq[k Hkwfedk@èku dk leku
forj.k)
(x) Hkkjr ----------------------------------------------- dks x.kra=k cu x;kA
(15 vxLr 1947] 26 uoEcj 1949] 26 tuojh 1950)

49
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ 5.6 U;k;] Lora=krk ,oa lekurk
eq[; rRo
Lora=krk dk la?k"kZ osQoy fczfV'k 'kkldksa ls eqfDr osQ fy, gh ugha Fkk] cfYd ,d ,sls ;qx osQ lw=kikr
osQ fy, Fkk] ftlesa L=kh&iqjQ"k dh xfjek dh lqj{kk] fuèkZurk dk mUewyu o lHkh izdkj osQ 'kks"k.k dh
lekfIr gksA blhfy, y{;iwfrZ izLrko o izLrkouk esa lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us lHkh Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa osQ
fy, U;k;] Lora=krk ,oa lekurk osQ izkoèkkuksa dh ?kks"k.kk fpjizrhf{kr vkn'kksZa osQ :i esa dhA
fVIi.kh U;k;
U;k; yksxksa dks vkèkkjHkwr lqfoèkk,a tSls Hkkstu] oL=k rFkk vkokl iznku djus osQ lkFk&lkFk mudks fu.kZ;
izfØ;k esa Hkkxhnkj cukrk gS rFkk mUgsa xfjek;qDr thou fcrkus osQ volj] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd U;k;
,oa izfrfufèk iztkra=k osQ :i esa iznku djrk gSA lkekftd vkfFkZd U;k; vki vxys ikB esa i<+saxsA
Lora=krk
izLrkouk esa fopkj ,oa vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA lafoèkku esa bl izdkj
dh Lora=krk dks ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ }kjk lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gSA t:jrksa dh Lora=krk dh xkjaVh
ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa ugha gS] ijarq bl ckjs esa funsZf'kr fl¼karksa esa jkT; dks oqQN funsZ'k fn, x, gSaA
lekurk
lekurk dks vkèkqfud yksdrkaf=kd fopkjèkkjk dk lkjrRo ekuk tkrk gSA lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us lekurk
osQ vkn'kZ dks vfLerk osQ :i esa izLrkouk esa 'kkfey fd;k gSA vlekurk osQ lHkh izdkj pkgs og 'kkld
rFkk 'kkflr osQ vkèkkj ij gksa ;k tkfr rFkk fyax osQ vkèkkj ij gksa] nwj fd, tkus pkfg,A Hkkjr osQ lHkh
ukxfjdksa dks lkeku O;ogkj djuk pkfg, rFkk dkuwu dk leku laj{k.k feyuk pkfg,A tkfr] oa'k] tUe]
èkeZ] fyax] vkfn osQ vkèkkj ij HksnHkko ugha djuk pkfg,A blh rjg] volj dh lekurk dk vFkZ gS
izR;sd L=kh&iqjQ"k dks vius tUe dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr osQ ckotwn viuh izfrHkk osQ fodkl
osQ fy, o O;olk; dks viukus osQ leku volj miyCèk gksaxsA

ikBxr iz'u 5.3

fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,%
(d) U;k; dk vFkZ gS turk dks og iznku djuk -------------------------------- (ftldh og gdnkj gS@tks mudks
vfèkdkj gSA tks og pkgrh gSA)
([k) Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ------------------------------ dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA (fopkj ,oa vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk@
bPNkvksa ls eqfDr)

5.7 xfjek] caèkqRo] ,drk ,oa v[kaMrk

Hkkjr dh cgqHkk"kh] cgqlkaLd`frd o cgqèkkfeZd lekt dh i`"BHkwfe rFkk ns'k osQ foHkktu dks è;ku esa

50
 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk rFkk eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ ekWM;wy - 2
j[krs gq, lafoèkku fuekZrk] uo&Lora=k jk"Vª dh ,drk o v[k.Mrk osQ izfr vR;fèkd fpafrr FksA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
fofHkUu èkkfeZd] Hkk"kkbZ] lkaLd`frd o vkfFkZd lewgksa esa lejlrkiw.kZ lg&vfLrRo osQ fy, blh ,drk eq[; rRo
o v[kaMrk dh vko';drk FkhA blh vko';drk osQ dkj.k izLrkouk esa O;fDr dh xfjek] turk esa
caèkqRo dk Hkko rFkk jk"Vª dh ,drk ,oa v[k.Mrk dks LFkku fn;k x;k gSA
lerkoknh% ,d ,slk lekt tks vius lHkh lnL;ksa dh vko';drkvksa osQ ckjs esa tkx:d gks]
mls lerkoknh dgrs gSaA lerkoknh jkT; ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd og vius ukxfjdksa osQ chp
fVIi.kh
vlekurkvksa dks de djsxk rFkk lHkh dh U;wure vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djsxkA
izLrkouk esa ,d ekuoh; n`f"Vdks.k viuk;k x;k gS tks yksdrakf=kd rFkk èkeZfujis{k gS] blhfy,
lerkoknh gSA blhfy, izLrkouk dks lafoèkku dk ,d fgLlk ugha gksus osQ ckotwn Hkh]
U;k;ky;] lafoèkku dh O;k[;k djrs le; izLrkouk dks fo'ks"k vknj nsrs gSaA

5.8 lafoèkku dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡

vHkh rd vkius Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk osQ ckjs esa i<+kA vxys vuqPNsn esa vki Hkkjrh;
lafoèkku dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa osQ ckjs esa i<+saxs tks izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i esa izLrkouk ls lacafèkr gSa
rFkk lafoèkku esa mfYyf[kr vkn'kksZa ,oa mn~ns';ksa osQ izfr fuekZrkvksa osQ fo'okl dks n'kkZrs gSaA

fyf[kr lafoèkku
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku eq[; :i lsas ,d fyf[kr lafoèkku gSA ,d fyf[kr lafoèkku fuf'pr le; lhek osQ
varxZr fy[kk tkrk gS rFkk ,d nLrkost osQ :i esa fdlh lqfuf'pr rkjh[k dks viuk;k tkrk gSA lafoèkku
rS;kj djus esa nks o"kZ] 11 ekl] 18 fnu dk le; yxkA bls 26 uoEcj 1949 dks vaxhd`r
fd;k x;k rFkk 26 tuojh 1950 dks ykxw dj fn;k x;kA blosQ foijhr vfyf[kr lafoèkku Øfed
fodkl dk ifj.kke gksrk gSA ;g lfn;ksa rd fodflr jhfr&fjoktks]a ijaijkvksa ,oa dkuwuksa ij vkèkkfjr
gksrk gSA fczVus dk lafoèkku fodflr rFkk vfyf[kr lafoèkku dk loksRZ re mnkgj.k gSA Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ
es]a ;kstuk vk;ksx dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ns'k osQ fu;kstu rFkk fodkl ls lacfa èkr ;g vR;fèkd
egRoiw.kZ laLFkk gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx ekpZ 1950 esa LFkkfir gqvk] tks u rks laln osQ fdlh dkuwu }kjk gqvk
gS vkSj u gh lafoèkku osQ fdlh fgLls esa of.kZr gSA ;g eaf=keaMyh; izLrko osQ ekè;e ls LFkkfir gqvk
gSA fo'o esa lcls vfèkd o`gn~ lafoèkku Hkkjr dk lafoèkku gSA Hkkjr osQ izkjfEHkd lafoèkku esa 395
vuqPNsn rFkk 8 vuqlfw p;k¡ gS]a tcfd vesfjdk osQ lafoèkku esa ek=k 7 vuqPNsn gSAa

ikBxr iz'u 5.4

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,%
(d) lafoèkku --------------------------------------------- dk laxgz gksrk gSA
(fu;eksa] vkèkkjHkwr dkuwuksa] fl¼karksa)
([k) Hkkjr dk lafoèkku --------------------------- dks ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA
(15 vxLr 1947] 26 uoEcj 1949] 26 tuojh 1950)

51
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ dBksj ,oa yphysiu dk lfEeJ.k
eq[; rRo
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dBksjrk o yphysiu osQ lfEeJ.k dk vuwBk mnkgj.k gSA la'kksèku izfØ;k osQ vkèkkj
ij ,d lafoèkku dks dBksj vFkok yphyk dgk tkrk gSA dBksj lafoèkku dks vklkuh ls la'kksfèkr ugha
fd;k tk ldrkA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] LohVtjySaM rFkk vkLVªsfy;k osQ lafoèkku dBksj lafoèkkuksa dh
Js.kh esa vkrs gSa] tcfd fczVsu dk lafoèkku yphyk gS D;ksafd mldh la'kksèku izfØ;k vklku ,oa
lkèkkj.k gSA Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku essa la'kksèku dh rhu fofèk;ka nh xbZ gSaA igyh fofèk osQ vuqlkj la'kksèku
fVIi.kh lkèkkj.k cgqer }kjk gksrk gS ftlesa laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa esa mifLFkr lnL;ksa osQ cgqer ls la'kksèku fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj mlosQ ckn jk"Vªifr osQ gLrk{kj osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA nwljh fofèk esa la'kksèku osQ
fy, fo'ks"k cgqer dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g la'kksèku lnu osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ oqQYk lnL;ksa rFkk
izR;sd lnu osQ nks&frgkbZ mifLFkr lnL;ksa osQ ernku osQ }kjk ikfjr fd;k tkrk gSA rhljh fofèk esa]
fo'ks"k cgqer] tks nwljh fofèk eas fy[kk gS] osQ vykok 50 izfr'kr jkT;ksa osQ foèkkulHkkvksa }kjk Hkh ikfjr
gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA blfy, vkius ns[kk fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ la'kksèku esas lkèkkj.k ls ysdj dBksj
izfØ;k dks Hkh la'kksèku dh izd`fr osQ vuqlkj viuk;k tkrk gSA
la?kkRed jkT; O;oLFkk
Hkkjr esa la?kh; O;oLFkk dks viuk;k x;k gSA la?kh; O;oLFkk esa nks Li"V Lrjksa ij ljdkjsa gksrh gSaA iwjs
ns'k dh ,d ljdkj gksrh gS ftls la?k vFkok osQanzh; ljdkj dgrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr izR;sd bdkbZ
vFkok jkT; dh Hkh ,d ljdkj gksrh gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa la?kkRed ljdkj gS tcfd baXySM
esa ,dkRed ljdkj dh O;oLFkk gSA ,dkRed iz.kkyh esa lai.w kZ ns'k dh ,d ljdkj gksrh gS ftlesa 'kfDr
osaQfnzr gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa la?kh; jkT; dk mYys[k ugha fd;k x;k gSA blesa jkT;ksa dh ljdkjksa
osQ chp 'kfDr;ksa dk caVokjk fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr esa la?kh; lwph] jkT; lwph o leorhZ lwph osQ uke
ls rhu lwfp;ka gSAa vkBosa Hkkx esa bu lwfp;ksa dk foLrkj ls mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA bl foHkktu osQ vkèkkj
ij Hkkjr dks la?kh; O;oLFkk dgk tk ldrk gSA ;|fi Hkkjrh; la?kkRed O;oLFkk esa osQanz ljdkj dks
vfèkd iz'kklfud] oSèkkfud] foRrh; rFkk U;k;ikfydk lacafèkr 'kfDr;ka iznku dh xbZ gSaA Hkkjr esa
dfri; ,dkRed rRo Hkh ekStwn gSaA blfy, dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr ,d v¼Zla?kkRed lajpuk okyk
ns'k gSA
v¼Zla?kkRed& bldk ;g vFkZ gS fd nks Li"V ljdkj&osQUnzh; rFkk jkT;ksa dh ljdkjsa gksus osQ ckotwn]
osQUnz ljdkj dks vfèkd 'kfDr iznku dh xbZ gSA
U;k;ikfydk dh loksZPprk Hkh la?k&'kklu dh vfuok;Z fo'ks"krk gksrh gS ftlls lafoèkku dh O;k[;k
fu"i{krk ls gks losQA Hkkjr esa lafoèkku dh j{kk osQ fy, loksZPp U;k;ky; LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA
lalnh; yksdra=k
Hkkjr esa lalnh; yksdra=k dk izkoèkku gSA bls fczfV'k 'kklu O;oLFkk ls viuk;k x;k gSA lalnh;
yksdra=k esa foèkkueaMy rFkk dk;Zikfydk esa ?kfu"B lacaèk gksrk gSA eaf=ke.My dk p;u foèkkue.My
ls gksrk gS vkSj eaf=ke.My foèkkf;dk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA blhfy, eaf=ke.My osQ lnL;
foèkkueaMy dk fo'okl izkIr jgus rd gh inklhu jgrs gSaA laoSèkkfud rkSj ij vè;{k ukeek=k dk
vè;{k gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa jkT; dk vè;{k jk"Vªifr gksrk gSA laoSèkkfud rkSj ij mldks cgqr lh 'kfDr;k¡
izkIr gSa] ijarq okLro esa og budk iz;ksx ugha djrkA izèkkuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn gh bu 'kfDr;ksa
dk iz;ksx djrh gSA izèkkuea=kh rFkk eaf=kifj"kn dh lykg osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr dk;Z djrk gSA

52
 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk rFkk eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ ekWM;wy - 2
5-9 ekSfyd vfèkdkj ,oa dÙkZO; Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
eq[; rRo
izR;sd O;fDr dks fuf'pr vfèkdkj fn, x, gSa ftlls og ,d vPNh ftanxh th losQA yksdra=k esa lHkh
ukxfjd cjkcj vfèkdkj j[krs gSAa Hkkjr dk lafoèkku bu vfèkdkjksa dks ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ :i esa iznku
djrk gSA
ekSfyd vfèkdkj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA lafoèkku esa Ng ekSfyd vfèkdkj fn,
x, gSa ftls vki vxys ikB essa foLrkj ls i<+saxsA ekSfyd vfèkdkj U;k;;ksX; rFkk U;k;ky; }kjk lqjf{kr fVIi.kh
gksrs gSaA bu vfèkdkjksa osQ mYya?ku dh fLFkfr esa ge U;k;ky; esa tk ldrs gSaA
42osa lafoèkku la'kksèku osQ }kjk ekSfyd drZO;ksa dks lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA blesa lHkh ukxfjdksa
osQ fy, 11 ekSfyd drZO;ksa dh lwph nh xbZ gSA vfèkdkj jkT; }kjk O;fDr;ksa dks nh gqbZ lqfoèkk,a gSa
rFkk drZO; ukxfjdksa }kjk iwjs fd, tkus okys mRrjnkf;Ro gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 5-5

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,%
(d) Hkkjr ,d ----------------------------------------- jkT; gSA
(,dkRed] la?kkRed] v¼Zla?kh;)
([k) lalnkRed yksdra=k esa vlyh lRrk ------------------------------------ osQ ikl gksrh gSA
(turk] jk"Vªifr] eaf=ke.My)
(x) ekSfyd vfèkdkj -------------------------------- gSAa
(laiw.kZ] U;k;;ksX;] vlhfer)
(?k) ekSfyd drZO;ksa dks --------------------------- la'kksèku osQ }kjk 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
(42osa] 44osa] 46osa)
5-10 jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar
jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar gekjs lafoèkku dh vuwBh fo'ks"krk gSA ;s fl¼kar gekjs lafoèkku esa
vk;jySaM osQ lafoèkku ls fy, x, gSaA yksxksa dks lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd U;k; fnykus osQ mn~ns'; ls jkT;
osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk
mn~ns'; dY;k.kdkjh jkT; LFkkfir djus ls gS] tgk¡ lewpk /u oqQN gh yksxksa osQ gkFkksa esa bdV~Bk u
gks losQxkA vki vxys ikB esa foLrkj ls uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA
,dho`Qr U;k; iz.kkyh
Hkkjr esa ,dho`Qr U;k; iz.kkyh gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; loksZifj vnkyr gSA blosQ vèkhu mPp U;k;ky;
gSaA mPp U;k;ky; vius vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;ksa dh ns[kjs[k rFkk mu ij fu;a=k.k j[krk gSA bl izdkj
Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk] ,d fijkfeM dh rjg gS] ftlesa vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; vkèkkj ij fLFkr gS] mPp
U;k;ky; eè; esa rFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr gSA

53
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk
eq[; rRo Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk Lora=k gSA dk;Zikfydk rFkk O;oLFkkfidk osQ izHkko ls Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk]
fcYoqQy Lora=k gSA U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr mudh ;ksX;rk osQ vkèkkj ij gksrh gS rFkk mUgsa vklkuh ls
ugha gVk;k tk ldrk gSA vki U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk osQ ckjs esa foLrkj ls 12osa vè;k; esa i<+saxsA
bdgjh ukxfjdrk
fVIi.kh la?kh; jkT;ksa esa] vkerkSj ls ukxfjd nksgjh ukxfjdrk dk ykHk mBkrs gSa] tSlk fd vesfjdk esa gSA Hkkjr
esa osQoy bdgjh ukxfjdrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd izR;sd O;fDr Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gS pkgs og fdlh
Hkh LFkku ij fuokl djrk gks ;k fdlh Hkh LFkku ij mldk tUe gqvk gksA og jkT; tSls&>kj[k.M]
mÙkjk[kaM ;k NRrhlx<+ dk ukxfjd ugha gks ldrk] tgk¡ ls og lacafèkr gSA og fdlh Hkh jkT; dk
gks] ijarq og Hkkjr dk gh ukxfjd dgyk,xkA Hkkjr osQ lHkh ukxfjdksa dks ns'k esa dgha Hkh ukSdjh djus
dk vfèkdkj gS rFkk og lHkh vfèkdkjksa dks Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkh fgLls esa miHkksx dj ldrk gSA
lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj
^,d O;fDr ,d oksV* osQ vkèkkj ij Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dk;Z djrk gSA Hkkjr dk 18 o"kZ ls mQij dk
izR;sd ukxfjd tkfr] èkeZ] fyax] iztkfr ;k laifr osQ vkèkkj ij fcuk fdlh HksnHkko osQ] erkfèkdkj
dk vfèkdkj j[krk gSA lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ }kjk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku jktuhfrd lekurk iznku
djrk gSA
vkikrdky dh O;oLFkk
lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us ;g iwokZuqeku yxk;k Fkk fd dHkh Hkh ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gks ldrh gS tc ljdkj
lkekU; :i ls dk;Z ugha dj ldrhA ,slh fLFkfr esa dk;Z djus osQ fy, lafoèkku esa vkikrdky dh
O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA vkikrdky osQ rhu izdkj gSa (d) ;qn~èk vFkok ckgjh vkØe.k vFkok ns'k osQ
varxZr l'kL=k fonzksg osQ dkj.k vkikrdky dh fLFkfr ([k) jkT; esa laoSèkkfud ra=k dh foiQyrk ls
mRiUu vkikrdky] rFkk (x) foRrh; ladV osQ dkj.k vkikrdkyA vkikrdkyhu izkoèkku osQ ckjs esa
vki vxys vè;k; esa foLrkj ls i<+saxsA

ikBxr iz'u 5-6

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa ------------------------------------- ukxfjdrk gSA (bdgjh] nksgjh] vLFkk;h)
([k) bdgjh ukxfjdrk dk vFkZ gS --------------------------------------------
(,d O;fDr osQoy vius jkT; dk ukxfjd gS @ ,d O;fDr iwjs ns'k dk ukxfjd gS @ ,d
O;fDr vius tUe LFkku dk ukxfjd gSA)
(x) Hkkjr esa ernku osQ fy, U;wure mez gS --------------------------- A
(18 o"kZ] 21 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ)
(?k) lafoèkku esa fn, x, vkikrdkyhu izkoèkkuksa dks ------------------------------ yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
(lkèkkj.k le; esa] vlkèkkj.k le; esa] fdlh Hkh le; esa)

54
 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk rFkk eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ ekWM;wy - 2
vkius D;k lh[kk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
eq[; rRo
lafoèkku fdlh ns'k dh Lora=krk dk izrhd gSA ns'k osQ iz'kklu dh :ijs[kk o lajpuk lafoèkku }kjk
iznku dh tkrh gSA Hkkjr dk Lkafoèkku ,d lafoèkku lHkk }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;kA lafoèkku lHkk us lafoèkku
osQ izk:i dks rS;kj djrs le; Hkkjr dh turk dh Hkkoukvksa ,oa vkdka{kkvksa dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[kkA
26 uoEcj 1949 dks lafoèkku fuekZ.k dk dk;Z lafoèkku lHkk us iwjk dj fy;k rFkk u;k lafoèkku
vkSipkfjd :i ls Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA ;g lafoèkku 26 tuojh 1950 ls ykxw fd;k x;kA Hkkjr
fVIi.kh
dk lafoèkku izLrkouk ls 'kq: gksrk gS tks ?kks"k.kk djrk gS fd Hkkjr ,d laizHkq] lektoknh] iaFkfujis{k]
yksdrkaf=kd] x.kjkT; gSA izLrkouk esa Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fy, fuèkkZfjr y{;ksa dk o.kZu feyrk gS tSls
U;k; dh izkfIr] lc ukxfjdksa osQ fy, Lora=krk o lekurk rFkk turk osQ chp Hkzkr`Hkko osQ }kjk jk"Vªh;
,drk o v[kaMrk dks izksRlkgu nsuk vkSj O;fDr dh xfjek lqfuf'pr djukA
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh vusdksa eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku fo'o esa lcls foLr`r lafoèkku gS rFkk
blesa dBksjrk vkSj yphykiu dk feJ.k gSA v¼Zla?kh; O;oLFkk osQ lkFk&lkFk ,d 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz
ljdkj dk izkoèkku gekjs lafoèkku esa gSA lafoèkku loksZPp gSA osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp 'kfDr dk Li"V
foHkktu gSA Hkkjr dk loksZPp U;k;ky; loksZifj U;k;ky; gS] tks osQUnz rFkk jkT; osQ chp] vFkok jkT;ksa
osQ chp ijLij fooknksa dk fuiVkjk djrk gSA Hkkjr esa lalnh; yksdra=k gSA izèkkuea=kh rFkk eaf=kifj"kn
osQ ikl okLrfod 'kfDr;k¡ gksrh gSa rFkk os laln osQ izfr mRrjnk;h gksrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks iznku djrk gS tks U;k;;ksX; gSaA lafoèkku esa 11 ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa
dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar ls ,d Li"V dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk laosQr
feyrk gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1- lafoèkku dh izLrkouk dk D;k egRo gS\
2- Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa èkeZfujis{krk dk vFkZ ,oa izklafxdrk crkb,\
3- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku oQk n'kZu D;k gS\
4- fyf[kr lafoèkku osQ egRo dks crkb,\
5- dBksj vkSj yphys lafoèkku osQ chp varj Li"V dhft,\
6- ^Hkkjr ,d la?kh; jkT;* osQ ckjs esa la{ksi esa fyf[k,A
7- fuEufyf[kr ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksa
(d) U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk
([k) ,dho`Qr U;k; iz.kkyh
(x) lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj

55
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
eq[; rRo ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj
5.1
1. (d) l 2. ([k) l 3. (x) n

5.2
fVIi.kh
(d) lc èkeksZa dk lEeku
([k) jkT; dh vFkZ O;oLFkk esa izeq[k Hkwfedk
(x) 26 tuojh] 1950
5.3
(d) ftldh og gdnkj gSA
([k) fopkj ,oa vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk
5.4
(d) vkèkkjHkwr dkuwuksa
([k) 26 tuojh] 1950
5.5
(d) v¼Zl?a kh;
([k) eaf=ke.My
(x) U;k;;ksX;
(?k) 42osa la'kksèku
5.6
(d) nksgjh
([k) ,d O;fDr iwjs ns'k dk ukxfjd gSA
(x) 18 o"kZ
(?k) vlkèkkj.k le;
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ laosQr
1. [k.M 5.4 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 5.4. 5.5 ns[ksa
3. [k.M 5.4. 5.8 ns[ksa

56
 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk rFkk eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ ekWM;wy - 2
4. [k.M 5.4. 5.9 ns[ksa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
5. [k.M 5.4. 5.9 ns[ksa eq[; rRo
6. [k.M 5.4. 5.9 ns[ksa
7. (d) [k.M 5.4. ,oa 5.10 ns[ksa
([k) [k.M 5.10 ns[ksa
fVIi.kh
(x) [k.M 5.10 ns[ksa

57
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
eq[=; rÙo

6
fVIi.kh ekSfyd vfèkdkj

yksdrkaf=kd ns'kksa osQ ukxfjd fuf'pr vfèkdkjksa dk miHkksx djrs gSa] tks ns'k dh U;kf;d O;oLFkk }kjk
lajf{kr gksrs gSaA buosQ mYya?ku dh vuqefr U;k;ky; }kjk fdlh dks Hkh ugha nh x;h gS ;gk¡ rd fd
jkT; dks Hkh ughaA Hkkjr] ukxfjdksa osQ mu vfèkdkjksa dk lEeku djrk gS tks gekjs lafoèkku esa ^ekSfyd
vfèkdkj* 'kh"kZd osQ vUrxZr lwphc¼ gSaA ikB esa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks lafoèkku dh eq[; fo'ks"krk osQ
:i esa ppkZ dh x;h gSA bl ikB esa] ge lafo/ku osQ rhljs Hkkx esa of.kZr fofHkUu ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa
osQ ckjs esa foLr`r ppkZ djsaxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ vFkZ rFkk egRo dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z izdk'k Mky losaQxs fd fdlh O;fDr dk eku&lEeku ekSfyd vf/dkjksa }kjk oSQls lqjf{kr vkSj
lajf{kr gks ldrk gS_
z igpku losaQxs fd ekSfyd vf/dkj fdl izdkj mPp rFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk vko';d :i
ls ykxw gks ldrs gSa_
z lekurk osQ vfèkdkj dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa tu&tkfr;ksa rFkk vU; fiNM+s oxks± osQ i{k esa lqj{kkRed foHksn osQ ihNs
vkSfpR; dks igpku losaQxs_
z Lora=krk osQ vfèkdkjksa osQ o.kZu osQ lkFk&lkFk mldh egÙkk igpku losaQxs_
z O;fDrxr Lora=krk vkSj thou ls oafpr djus osQ fo#¼ dkuwu osQ }kjk izfr"Bkfir izfØ;k }kjk
lqj{kk mik; tku losaQxs_
z 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vfèkdkjksa dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z èkkfeZd Lora=krk osQ vfèkdkj dh foospuk dj losaQxs _
z lkaLÑfrd ,oa 'kS{kf.kd vfèkdkjksa dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z laoS/kfud mipkjksa osQ vfèkdkj dh igpku dj losaQxs_

58
 ekSfyd vf/dkj ekWM~;wy - 2
z ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, tkjh ;kfpdkvksa osQ egRo dks tku losaQxs_ Hkkjrh; lfoa/ku osQ
z ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ mi;ksx ij laoS/kfud lhekvksa dh foospuk dj losaQxsA eq[; rÙo

6.1 ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk vFkZ rFkk egÙo

os vfèkdkj tks lafoèkku esas of.kZr gSa ^ekSfyd vfèkdkj* dgykrs gSaA ;s vfèkdkj lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ
'kkjhfjd] ekufld rFkk uSfrd fodkl dks iw.kZ:is.k lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA os mu lHkh vkèkkjHkwr
fVIi.kh
Lora=krkvksa rFkk 'krks± dks lekfgr djrs gSa tks ,d mfpr jgu&lgu osQ fy, vko';d gSaA ekSfyd
vfèkdkj ns'k esa vYila[;dksa osQ chp esa ,d lqj{kk dk vglkl iSnk djrs gSaA os cgqla[;dksa osQ 'kklu
osQ fy, ^yksdrkaf=kd oS/rk* dh :ijs[kk izfrLFkkfir djrs gSaA vkèkkjHkwr vfèkdkj] tSls Hkk"k.k rFkk
vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk] osQ fcuk dksbZ yksdra=k dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA
ekSfyd vfèkdkj vkpj.k] ukxfjdrk] U;k;] ,oa fu"i{k fØ;kdyki osQ ekud iznku djrs gaAS os ljdkj
dh tk¡p&ij[k osQ :i esas dk;Z djrs gSaA gekjs ns'k dh fofHkUu lkekftd] èkkfeZd] vkfFkZd ,oa
jktuSfrd leL;k,a ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks vkSj Hkh egRoiw.kZ cukrh gSaA gekjs lafoèkku osQ Hkkx 3 osQ
varxZr èkkjk 14 ls 32 esa ekSfyd vfèkdkj mYyf[kr gSaA ;s vfèkdkj U;k;laxr gSaA
U;k;laxr% bl dk vFkZ gS fd ;fn bu vfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku ljdkj ;k fdlh vU; }kjk fd;k
x;k gkss rks O;fDr vius ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, mPpre U;k;ky; ;k mPp
U;k;ky;ksa esas tk ldrk gSA
gekjk lafoèkku foèkkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk dks u rks dkuwu] u gh dk;Zdkjh vkns'k }kjk bu vfèkdkjksa
dks rksM+&ejksM+ djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh ,sls dkuwu
dks fujLr dj ldrs gSa tks ekSfyd vf/dkj esa ck/d gksaA vki bl ckjsa esas vè;k; ^U;k;ikfydk* essa
foLrkj ls i<+saxsA oqQN ekSfyd vfèkdkj fonsf'k;ksa }kjk Hkh mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] mnkgj.kkFkZ] fofèk osQ
le{k lekurk dk vfèkdkj rFkk èkkfeZd Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj_ ;s nksuksa vfèkdkj ukxfjdksa rFkk fonsf'k;ksa
}kjk leku :i ls mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA ekSfyd vf/dkj U;k;laxr gksus osQ ckotwn Hkh vlhe ugha
gSaA lafoèkku ljdkj dks yksdfgr esa gekjs vfèkdkj osQ mi;ksx ij oqQN fuf'pr izfrcaèk yxkus dh 'kfDr
iznku djrk gSA
Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku esas lkr ekSfyd vfèkdkj of.kZr FksA ;|fi o"kZ 1976 esa 44osa lafoèkku la'kksèku }kjk
ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh lwph esa ls laifÙk dk vfèkdkj gVk fn;k x;k FkkA rc ls ;g ,d dkuwuh vfèkdkj
cu x;k gSA vc oqQy N% ekSfyd vfèkdkj gSaA
;s ekSfyd vfèkdkj gSa%&
1. lekurk dk vfèkdkj
2. Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj
3. 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vfèkdkj
4. èkkfeZd Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj
5. lkaLÑfrd ,oe~ 'kS{kf.kd vfèkdkj] rFkk
6. laoS/kfud mipkjksa dk vfèkdkjA

59
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ gky esa 86osa la'kksèku ,DV }kjk] f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dks ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh lwph esa èkkjk 21 (A)
eq[=; rÙo osQ }kjk layXu fd;k x;k gSA
vc ge bu vfèkdkjksa dk ,d&,d djosQ vè;;u djsaxsA

ikBxr iz'u 6.1

fVIi.kh
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d)lEifÙk osQ vfèkdkj dks ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh lwph ls ___________ osa lafoèkku la'kksèku
}kjk gVk;k x;k FkkA (24okW@43okW@44okW)
([k)lafoèkku osQ Hkkx III esa fn, x, vfèkdkj dks ___________ vfèkdkj osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk
gSA (oSèkkfud@vkfFkZd@ekSfyd)

6.2 lekurk osQ vfèkdkj

lekurk osQ vfèkdkj dk vFkZ gS fd lHkh ukxfjd leku :i ls fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa rFkk voljksa dk mi;ksx
djsaA ;g jkT; }kjk èkeZ] tkfr] oa'k ;k oqQy] fyax rFkk tUe LFkku osQ uke ij foHksn osQ fo#¼ j{kk
djrk gSA lekurk osQ vf/dkj esa ik¡p izdkj dh lekurk,¡ gSaA

6.2.1 fofèk osQ le{k lekurk

lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj ^^Hkkjr {ks=k osQ vUnj jkT; fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks fofèk osQ le{k lekurk ;k
leku lqj{kk nsus ls vLohdkj ugha dj ldrk gSA**
^fofèk osQ le{k lekurk* dk vFkZ gS fd dksbZ O;fDr fofèk osQ Åij ugha gS vkSj lHkh dkuwu osQ le{k
leku gSA gj O;fDr dks U;k;ky; tkus dk leku vfèkdkj izkIr gSA ^fofèk osQ le{k leku lqj{kk* dk vFkZ
gS vyx&vyx leqnk; osQ nks O;fDr ;fn ,d gh vijk/ djrs gS]a rks os leku n.M osQ Hkkxh gksxa As

6.2.2 èkeZ] oa'k] tkfr] fyax] tUe LFkku osQ vkèkkj ij dksbZ foHksn ugha
fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks lkoZtfud euksjatu LFkku] nwdkuksa rFkk Hkkstuky; tkus ij eukgh ugha gSA jkT;
osQ dks"k ls iw.kZr% vFkok vkaf'kd :i ls izcafèkr oqQvksa] rykcksa] Lukuh; ?kkVksa] lM+dksa] bR;kfn osQ
mi;ksx ij dksbZ Hkh ikcanh ughaa yxk ldrk gSA gkykafd jkT; efgykvksa] cPpksa] vuqlwfpr tkfr]
vuqlwfpr tu&tkfr rFkk vU; fiNM+s oxks± osQ mRFkku osQ fy, fo'ks"k izkoèkku cukus osQ fy, vf/o`Qr
gSA jkT; bu oxks± osQ fy, 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esas LFkku vkjf{kr dj ldrk gS] 'kqYd esas NwV ns ldrk gS
;k fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k d{kkvksa dk izcaèk dj ldrk gSA
6.2.3 lkoZtfud jkstxkj osQ fo"k; esa volj dh lekurk
gekjk lafoèkku lHkh ukxfjdksa dks lkoZtfud lsokvksa dh fu;qfDr ;k jkstxkj osQ lacaèk esas leku volj
dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA lkoZtfud lsokvksa dh fu;qfDr;ksa osQ lacaèk esa èkeZ] oa'k] tkfr] fyax] tUe LFkku

60
 ekSfyd vf/dkj ekWM~;wy - 2
;k fuokl osQ vkèkkj ij dksbZ foHksn ugha gksxkA ;ksX;rk osQ vkèkkj ij fu;qfDr gksxhA gkykafd bu Hkkjrh; lfoa/ku osQ
vfèkdkjksa osQ mi;ksx dh fuf'pr lhek,¡ gSA eq[; rÙo
6.2.4 vLi`';rk dk mUewyu
lafoèkku vLi`';rk dk mUewyu djrk gS rFkk blosQ fdlh Hkh :i esas bLrseky dk fu"ksèk djrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr ckWDl esas fn, dk;Z] tc vLi`';rk osQ vkèkkj ij fd, x, gkas rks] mls vijkèk ekuk tkrk
gSA fVIi.kh
lkoZtfud laLFkkuksa esa fdlh O;fDr osQ izos'k ij eukgh_
lkoZtfud iwtk LFky ij fdlh O;fDr dks iwtk djus ij jksd_
vLi`';rk osQ vkèkkj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr osQ lnL; dks viekfur djuk_
izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls vLi`';rk dks c<+kok nsukA

6.2.5 mikf/;ksa dh lekfIr

lHkh jk"Vªh; ;k fons'kh inoh dk tks yksxksa osQ chp esas Ñf=ke fof'k"Vrk dh lajpuk djrh gSa] mUewyu
dj fn;k x;k gSA
bl izkoèkku dks lafoèkku esa ^jk; lkgc* ;k ^jk; cgknqj* tSls inoh dks tks oqQN Hkkjrh;ksa dks
mifuos'k 'kklu esas izHkkodkjh lg;ksx osQ fy, fczfV'k }kjk iqjLdkj osQ :i esa nh xbZ Fkh] nwj djus
osQ fy, lekfgr fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg inoh iznku djus dk dk;Z fofèk osQ le{k lekurk osQ
fl¼kUr osQ fo#¼ gSA ekuork ;k ns'k osQ fy, iz'kaluh; lsok djus okys O;fDr ;k ukxfjdksa dks
Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr mudh lsokvksa rFkk miyfCèk;ksa osQ fy, ukxfjd ;k lSU; lEeku tSls] Hkkjr jRu]
in~e foHkw"k.k] ineJh] ije ohj pØ] bR;kfn iznku dj ldrs gSa]ijarq bUgsa mikf/ osQ :Qi esa
bLrseky ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

ikBxr iz'u 6.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,%
(d)lekurk osQ vfèkdkj dk y{;...................... foHksn lekIr djuk gSA (uSfrd@lkekftd@jktuSfrd)
([k)lekurk osQ vfèkdkj esa ............................ izdkj dh lekurk,a gksrh gSaA (3@4@5)
(x) ........................... dk vfèkdkj vLi`';rk dk mUewyu djrk gSA (lekurk@ Lora=krk@èkeZ)
(?k) jkT; ............................ izkoèkkuksa dk l`tu] 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ efgykvksa rFkk cPPkksa osQ fy,
dj ldrk gSA (lkekU;@ fo'ks"k@ lkèkkj.k)
(Ä) lekurk dk vfèkdkj dk y{;....................... lekurk izfr"Bkfir djuk gSA (lkekftd@uSfrd@
jktuSfrd)

61
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ 6.3 Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj
eq[=; rÙo
Lora=krk] ,d lPps yksdra=k dh vkèkkjHkwr fof'k"Vrk gksrh gSA gekjk lafoèkku Hkkjr osQ ukxfjdksa dks
^Lora=krk osQ vfèkdkj* esa of.kZr N% Lora=krkvksa dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA
6.3.1 N% ekSfyd Lora=krk,¡
lafoèkku] fuEufyf[kr N% ekSfyd Lora=krk dh xkjaVh nsrk gS%
fVIi.kh
(i) Hkk"k.k rFkk vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krkA
(ii) fcuk gfFk;kj] 'kkafriw.kZ <ax ls tqywl fudkyus dh Lora=krkA
(iii) la?k vkSj laxBu cukus dh Lora=krk A
(iv) Hkkjr esa dgha Hkh Lora=k :i ls tkus dh Lora=krk A
(v) Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa jgus ,oa thfodksiktZu dh Lora=krkA
(vi) fdlh Hkh dk;Z] O;kikj] O;olk;] ukSdjh djus dh Lora=krk A
vkb,] bu Lora=krkvksa dk ,d&,d dj la{ksi esa vè;;u djsaA
(I) Hkk"k.k rFkk vfHkO;fDr djus dh Lora=krk

;g ,d egRoiw.kZ Lora=krk gSA ;g Lora=krk Lora=k ,oa fu"i{k cksyus] okn&fookn djus rFkk fopkjksa dk
vknku&iznku djuk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA mlesa ^izsl* dh Lora=krk lekfgr gSA gkyk¡fd ;s Lora=krk,a atSls
Hkk"k.k rFkk vfHkO;fDr djus dh Lora=krk vlhe ugha gSA jkT; dks lqj{kk] dkuwu O;oLFkk uSfrdrk bR;kfn
osQ fgr esa bl vfèkdkj osQ iz;ksx ij mfpr izfrcaèk yxkus dk vfèkdkj izkIr gSA
jk"Vªh; vkikrdky dh fLFkfr osQ nkSjku bu Lora=krkvksa dks fuyafcr fd;k tk ldrk gSA T;ksa gh èkkjk
352 osQ vUrxZr jk"Vªh; vkikrdky dh fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk gksrh gS] Åij of.kZr lHkh vfèkdkj flok;
thfor jgus dh Lora=krk dks NksM+dj lHkh Lor% gh vkikrdky tkjh jgus rd fujLr gks tkrs gSaA
T;ksa gh vkikrdky lekIr gkssus dh ?kks"k.kk gksrh gS ;s lkjh Lora=krk,a fiQj ls ykxw gks tkrh gSA

6.3.2 vijkèk osQ nh xbZ ltk osQ lacaèk esa lqj{kk

;g laoSèkkfud izkoèkku] fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks tks fdlh vijkèk esa vfHk;qDr gS] mldh euekuhiw.kZ
fxjÝrkjh ,oa vR;fèkd ltk osQ fo#¼ lqj{kk djrh gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks fofèk osQ mYya?ku osQ
flok; ltk ugha nh tk ldrh gSA fdlh Hkh vfHk;qDr dks vius f[kykiQ xokg cuus osQ fy, ckè;
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
fdlh O;fDr dks ,d gh vijkèk osQ fy, ,d ls vfèkd ckj ltk ugha gks ldrhA

6.3.3 thou rFkk oS;fDrd Lora=krk dh lqj{kk

lafoèkku fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks flok; fofèk }kjk izfr"Bkfir izfØ;k osQ vuqlkj] mlosQ thou rFkk
O;fDrxr Lora=krk ls oafpr ugha dj ldrk gSA ;g xkjaVh nsrk gS fd thou rFkk O;fDrxr Lora=krk
fcuk dkuwu dh btktr osQ Nhus ugha tk ldrsA ;g fdlh funkssZ"k O;fDr dks osQoy oqQN ludh
vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk nh tkus okyh ltk ls j{kk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA og osQoy dkuwu mYya?ku osQ fy,
gh ltk ik ldrk gSA

62
 ekSfyd vf/dkj ekWM~;wy - 2
6.3.4 euekuh fxjÝrkjh rFkk canh cukus ij jksd Hkkjrh; lfoa/ku osQ
eq[; rÙo
gekjk lafoèkku fxjÝrkj fd, x, O;fDr dks fuf'pr vfèkdkj nsrk gSA izkoèkku osQ vuqlkj] dksbZ O;fDr
canh cuk;s tkus osQ dkj.k crk, fcuk fxjÝrkj ;k fgjklr esa ugha fy;k tk ldrk gSA mls ;g vfèkdkj
gS fd og viuh ilan osQ odhy dh jk; ys ldrk gS rFkk eqdnek yM+ ldrk gSA vfHk;qDr dks 24
?kaVs osQ vUnj fudVre naMkfèkdkjh osQ lkeus izLrqr fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA
gkykafd ;s j{kk osQ mik; fonsf'k;ksa rFkk mu ukxfjdksa osQ fy, miyCèk ugha gS ftUgsa canh fuokjd fVIi.kh
vfèkfu;e osQ varxZr canh cuk;k x;k gksA
canh fuokjd% tc jkT; dks ;g vuqeku gks fd fdlh O;fDr ls tks vijk/ djus okyk gks] jkT;
dh lqj{kk dks [krjk gks ;k [krjs gh èkedh fey jgh gks rks jkT; mls lhfer vofèk osQ fy, fcuk
tk¡p fd, canh cuk ldrk gSA gkykafd fdlh O;fDr dks rhu eghus ls vfèkd bl canh dkuwu osQ
vUrxZr ugha j[kk tk ldrk gS] tc rd fd ijke'kZnk=kh lfefr] ftlesa ,sls O;fDr gksa tks mPp
U;k;ky; osQ tt gkssus dh ;ksX;rk j[krs gksa] mudh vuqefr feyh gksA ,slh lfefr dh vè;{krk mPp
U;k;ky; osQ inklhu U;k;kèkh'k }kjk gksrh gSA

6.3.5 f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj

lafoèkku osQ 86osa la'kkssèku vfèkfu;e }kjk ,d ubZ èkkjk 21-A dks èkkjk 21 osQ ckn tksM+k x;k gSA bl
la'kksèku vfèkfu;e osQ }kjk f'k{kk dks ekSfyd vfèkdkj cuk fn;k gS rFkk jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kUr
dh lwph ls bls gVk fn;k x;k gSA blosQ vuqlkj] jkT; dks 6 ls 14 o"kZ osQ vk;q osQ lHkh cPpksa dks
fu%'kqYd rFkk vfuok;Z f'k{kk dkuwuh :i ls Loho`Qr rjhosQ ls iznku djuk gksxkA vkxs ;g dgk x;k
gS fd 6 ls 14 o"kZ vk;q osQ cPpksa dks f'k{kk osQ volj iznku djuk ekrk&firk ;k vfHkHkkod dh
ftEesnkjh gSA

ikBxr iz'u 6.3

gj iz'u osQ pkj fodYi gSaA lgh fodYi osQ vkxs (3) lgh dk fu'kku yxkbZ,A
1. Lora=krk osQ vfèkdkj esa la[;k esa fdruh Lora=krk,a nh xbZ gSa%
(d) 5
([k) 6
(x) 7
(Ä) 8
2. tc fdlh O;fDr dks iqfyl }kjk fxjÝrkj fd;k tkrk gS rks fdrus le; osQ vanj fudVre
naMkfèkdkjh osQ lkeus izzLrqr djuk iM+sxk%
(d) 12 ?kaVk
([k) 24 ?kaVk

63
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ (x) 36 ?kaVk
eq[=; rÙo (Ä) 48 ?kaVk
3. tc fdlh O;fDr dks canh fuokjd dkuwu osQ vUrxZr fxjÝrkj fd;k tkrk gS rks mls fdruh
vofèk rd fcuk eqoQnes osQ tsy esa j[kk tk ldrk gS%
(d) rhu eghus
fVIi.kh ([k) N% eghus
(x) ckjg eghus
(?k) vBkjg eghus
4. f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dks ekSfyd vfèkdkj …………. lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e }kjk cuk;k x;k
gSA (84osa /86osa / 88osa )

6.4 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vfèkdkj

Hkkjr osQ yksx u osQoy vaxzstksa }kjk cfYd egktuksa rFkk tehankjksa }kjk Hkh 'kksf"kr gksrs FksA bls caèkqvk
etnwjh dgk tkrk gSA 'kks"k.k osQ fojQ¼ vf/dkj caèkqvk etnwjh osQ lkFk&lkFk ekuo&O;kikj dks Hkh
fu"ksèk djrk gSA bl izkoèkku dk mYya?ku dkuwu osQ vUrxZr ,d naMuh; vijkèk gSA jkT; dks cM+h
vkinkvksa tSls] ck<+] nkokuy] fons'kh vkØe.k bR;kfn osQ le; ukxfjdksa dh lsokvksa dh t:jr gksrh
gSA
gekjk lafoèkku cPpksa osQ fy, Hkh j{kk osQ mik;ksa dks iznku djrk gSA 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q osQ cPpksa
dh dkj[kkuksa] [kkuksa vkSj [krjs osQ dkjksckj esas fu;qfDr dks izfrcafèkr fd;k x;k gSA
ekuo O;kikj dk vFkZ ekuo dks eky ;k oLrqvksa dh rjg vuSfrd mís'; osQ fy, mls xqykeh rFkk
os';ko`fÙk osQ fy, [kjhnk rFkk cspk tkrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 6.4

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) dkj[kkuksa esa cPpksa dh fu;qfDr ........................ o"kZ ls de vk;q dks dkuwu osQ }kjk fu"ksèk
fd;k x;k gSA (14@16@18)

èkkfeZd Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj

Hkkjr ,d cgqèkkfeZd ns'k gSA gekjs ns'k esas] fgUnqvksa osQ vykok eqfLye] fl[k] bZlkbZ rFkk vU; èkeZ osQ
yksx jgrs gSaA lafoèkku izR;sd O;fDr dks var%dj.k dh Lora=krk] fdlh Hkh èkeZ dks ekuus rFkk
izpkj djus dh lqj{kk nsrk gSA
;g lHkh èkkfeZd lewgksa dks vius èkeZ ls laacafèkr fØ;kdyki djus osQ vfèkdkj dh vuqefr nsrk gSA

64
 ekSfyd vf/dkj ekWM~;wy - 2
izR;sd èkkfeZd ny dks vius èkekFkZ mís'; osQ fy, laLFkku izfr"Bkfir rFkk izcaèk djus dk vfèkdkj Hkkjrh; lfoa/ku osQ
gSA fdlh Hkh èkkfeZd lewg dks dkuwu osQ vuqlkj py rFkk vpy laifÙk [kjhnus rFkk izcaèk djus dk eq[; rÙo
Hkh vfèkdkj gSA
gekjk lafoèkku jkT;&dks"k ls iw.kZr% izcafèkr fdlh 'kSf{kd laLFkku esa fdlh fo'ks"k èkkfeZd f'k{kk osQ
vè;;u dks Lohdkj ugha djrk gSA ;g izfrcaèk mu laLFkkuksa ij ykxw ugha gksrs gSa tks jkT;&dks"k ls iw.kZr%
izcafèkr ugha gSA ysfdu ,sls laLFkkuksa esa Hkh fdlh cPps dks èkkfeZd mins'k ekuus osQ fy, mudh bPNk
osQ fo#¼ ckè; ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA fVIi.kh

èkkfeZd Lora=krk osQ vfèkdkj vlhe ugha gSaA bUgsa dkuwu O;oLFkk] uSfrdrk rFkk LokLF; osQ vkèkkj ij
izfrcafèkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jkT; euekus <ax ls izfrcaèk ykxw ugha dj ldrkA

ikBxr iz'u 6.5

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d),d /eZfujis{k jkT; esa /eZ dk laca/ —————— ls gSA (O;fDrxr@lekt@jkT;)
([k) —————— f'k{kk dk izlkj jkT;&dks"k }kjk iw.kZ :i ls izcafèkr laLFkku esa ugha gks ldrkA
(uSfrd@èkkfeZd@nksuksa esa ls dksbZ ugha)

6.6 lkaLÑfrd vkSj 'kSf{kd vfèkdkj

Hkkjr fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa] fyfi;ksa rFkk Hkk"kkvksa dk ,d fo'kky ns'k gSA yksx viuh Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr
ij xoZ djrs gSaA
gekjk lafoèkku yksxksa dks mudh laLÑfr rFkk Hkk"kk dks v{kq..k cuk;s j[kus osQ fy, vko';d lqj{kk
iznku djrk gSA lafoèkku vYila[;dksa dks viuk 'kSf{kd laLFkku LFkkfir rFkk izcafèkr djus dh vuqefr
nsrk gSA foÙkh; lgk;rk Loho`Qr djrs le; vYila[;d leqnk; osQ 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa dks jkT; }kjk
foHksfnr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;g vfèkdkj vYila[;dksa dks mudh laLÑfr rFkk Hkk"kk osQ laj{k.k gsrq jkT; ls fey jgs lg;ksx dks lqfuf'pr
djrk gSA jkT; osQ le{k ;g y{; gS fd og ns'k esa feyh&tqyh laLÑfr dh j{kk rFkk mldk izlkj djsA

6.7 laoSèkkfud mipkjksa dk vfèkdkj

lHkh ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ ckjs esa i<+us osQ ckn vki osQ efLr"d esa ,d iz'u mB jgk gksxk fd ;fn
jkT; osQ }kjk fdlh O;fDr osQ ,d ;k ,d ls vfèkd ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks nck fn;k tk, rks og O;fDr
D;k dj ldrk gS\
gekjs lafoèkku osQ Hkkx III esa bu vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk gsrq dkuwuh mipkj gSa ;fn budk mYya?ku jkT; ;k

65
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ fdlh nwljs laLFkkuksa ;k O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k x;k gksA ;g Hkkjr osQ ukxfjd dks bu vfèkdkjksa dks ykxw
eq[=; rÙo djus osQ fy, mPpre U;k;ky; ;k mPp U;k;ky; tkus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA jkT; dks ,sls fdlh dkuwu
dks cukus dh eukgh gS tks ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ls fojksèk j[krk gksA
lafoèkku mPpre U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky; dks fn, x, ckWDl esas of.kZr vkns'k ;k vkKki=k tkjh
djus dh 'kfDr iznku djrk gSA
fVIi.kh canh izR;{khdj.k (gsfc;l dkWiZl)% (ySfVu 'kCn) ;g U;k;ky; }kjk jkT; dks ,d vkns'k gS fd
O;fDr dks igys gh 'kkjhfjd :i ls izLrqr djs rkfd mldk dkjkokl ;k mldh eqfDr U;k;ksfpr
BgjkbZ tk losQA
ijekns'k (esaMel)% (ySfVu 'kCn) ;g ofj"B U;k;ky; }kjk vius vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;] dpgjh ;k
lkoZtfud izkf/dj.k dks ,d vkns'k gS fd og viuh lacafèkr dk;Zokgh lqpk# :i ls djsA
izfr"ks/% ;g ofj"B U;k;ky; }kjk tkjh ,d vkns'k gS tks vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; ;k dpgjh dks vius
{ks=kkfèkdkj ls ijs ossQl dh lquokbZ ij fu"ksèk djrk gSA
vf/dkj i`PNk (Doks okjsUVks)% ;g ,d vkKk i=k gS tks fdlh O;fDr dks lkoZtfud dk;kZy;
esas] ftldk og vfèkdkjh ugha] dk;Z djus ls jksdrk gSA
mRizs"k.k% bl 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ^D;k djuk gS dh lwpuk nsuk*A ;g vkns'k ofj"B U;k;ky; }kjk NksVs
U;k;ky; dks fu.kZ; osQ fy, osQl dks vius ;gk¡ ls nwljs U;k;ky; esa LFkkukarj.k ossQ fy, gSA
;s vkKk i=k O;fDr osQ vfèkdkj dh j{kk osQ fy, foèkkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk ;k vU; fdlh izkfèkdkjh
osQ }kjk ncko osQ fo#¼ nwjxkeh izHkko j[krs gSaA ;fn ekSfyd vfèkdkj gekjs yksdra=k osQ LraHk gSa rks
lafoèkkfud mipkjksa dk vfèkdkj] lafo/ku osQ Hkkx III dh vkRek gSA
vki bu vkKki=kksa osQ ckjs esa foLrkj :i ls ikB la[;k 12 esa i<+saxsA

ikBxr iz'u 6.6

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d)èkkfeZd ;k Hkk"kkbZ —————————————— viuk 'kSf{kd laLFkku izfr"Bkfir dj
ldrs gSaA (vYila[;dksa@cgqla[;dksa)
([k)Hkkjr esa vkKki=k —————————————— U;k;ky; }kjk tkjh gksrs gSaA
(fuEu@v/huLFk@mPp)
(x) U;k;ky; dk funsZ'k fd caanh izkfèkdkjh osQ }kjk O;fDr dks le{k izzLrqr djus okyh fjV ——
—————————— gSA (ijekns'k@fu"ksèk@canh izR;{khdj.k)
(?k) fjV tks fdlh O;fDr dks lkoZtfud dk;kZy;ksa esa dk;Z djus ls jksdrk gS ftldk vfèkdkj mls
ugha gSA —————————————— (vfèkdkj i`PNk@mRizs"k.k@ijekns'k)
(Ä) ,d vkns'k tks y?kq U;k;ky;ksa dks mlosQ leqfpr fopkjkFkZ osQ fy, nwljs U;k;ky; esas LFkkukarj
djkus okyk vkKki=k gS ——————————— (canh izR;{khdj.k@fu"ksèk@mRizs"k.k)

66
 ekSfyd vf/dkj ekWM~;wy - 2
Hkkjrh; lfoa/ku osQ
vkius D;k lh[kk eq[; rÙo
ekSfyd vfèkdkj gekjs lafoèkku osQ Hkkx III esa èkkjk 14 ls 32 esas of.kZr fd, x, gaAS ;s vfèkdkj ukxfjdksa
osQ lekt esas lEeku rFkk izfr"Bk dh j{kk ,oa vU; j{kk ds mik;ksa ls lacaf/r gSaA ;s vfèkdkj U;k;laxr
gSa] vFkkZr~ os dkuwu }kjk vnkyr ls ykxw fd, tkrs gSaA orZeku esa N% ekSfyd vfèkdkj gSaA gky esa gh]
,d lafoèkku la'kksèku }kjk *f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj* tksM+k x;k gSA
;s vfèkdkj vlhe ugha gSaA 'kkafr] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] uSfrdrk] lkekU; fgr rFkk nwljs ns'kksa osQ lkFk vPNs fVIi.kh
lacaèkksa osQ fgr esa bu vfèkdkjksa ij mfpr izfrca/ yxk;k tk ldrk gSA lekurk dk vfèkdkj ekSfyd
vfèkdkjksa osQ varxZr loZizFke vfèkdkj gSA lafoèkku osQ vUrxZr] lHkh fofèk osQ le{k leku gSa rFkk jkT;
ukxfjdkssa osQ chp èkeZ] oa'k] fyax] tUeLFkku ;k buesa fdlh osQ vkèkkj ij foHksn ugha dj ldrk gSA
vLi`';rk dk mUewyu dj fn;k x;k gS rFkk bls dkuwu osQ }kjk naMuh; vijkèk cuk;k x;k gSA jkT;
dks fdlh Hkh lEekutud inoh] tks lekt essa Hksn iSnk djs] dks iznku djus ls fu"ksèk fd;k x;k gSA
Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj ukxfjdksa dks iw.kZ :i ls 'kkjhfjd] ekufld rFkk vkReh; fodkl ij cy gsrq
fn;k x;k gSA ;g ukxfjdksa dks N% Lora=krk,a iznku djrk gSA ;g vfèkdkj thou vkSj O;fDrxr Lora=krk
dh j{kk djrk gSA ;g O;fDr dh euekuh fxjÝrkjh rFkk canh ls Hkh lqj{kk djrk gSA
gekjk lafoèkku caèkqvk etnwjh rFkk ekuo O;kikj dk fu"ksèk djrk gSA 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q osQ cPpksa dh
fu;qfDr [kkuksa] dkj[kkuksa] rFkk d"Vnk;h dk;ks± osQ fy, izfrcafèkr gSA
Hkkjr ,d cgqèkkfeZd ns'k gSA gekjk lafoèkku u rks èkkfeZd dk;ks± dks izksRlkfgr djrk gS vkSj u gh
grksRlkfgrAA Hkkjr èkeZfujis{krk esas fo'okl djrk gSA lHkh èkkfeZd leqnk; vius èkkfeZd laLFkku pykus]
izfr"Bkfir djus osQ fy, Lora=k gSaA izR;sd ukxfjd dks vius èkeZ osQ izpkj&izlkj osQ fy, Lora=krk osQ
vfèkdkj dh lqj{kk nh x;h gSA
lkaLÑfrd rFkk 'kSf{kd vfèkdkj gesa viuh laLÑfr dks cuk;s j[kus dh Lora=krk nsrk gSA tks 'kSf{kd
laLFkku jkT;&dks"k ls py jgk gks ;k jkT; ls foÙkh; lgk;rk izkIr dj jgk gks og cPpksa dks èkeZ] oa'k]
tkfr] Hkk"kk ;k buesa ls fdlh osQ vkèkkj ij izos'k nsus ls euk ugha dj ldrsA vYila[;dksa dks ;g
vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gS fd os viuh laLÑfr rFkk Hkk"kk dh j{kk ,oa izlkj osQ fy, laLFkku izfr"Bkfir
dj ldrs gSaA foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djrs le; jkT; èkeZ vkSj Hkk"kk osQ vkèkkj ij foHksn ugha dj ldrk
gSA
var esa] lafoèkku ukxfjdksa dks laoSèkkfud mipkjksa osQ vUrxZr ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ mi;ksx dh lqj{kk
nsrk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky; dks vfèkdkj fn, x, gSa fd ekSfyd vfèkdkjkssa dks ykxw
djkus osQ fy, vkns'kksa] funsZ'kksa] rFkk vkKki=kksa dks tkjh djsasA MkW- ch-vkj- vEcsMdj us lgh dgk gS fd
;s vkKki=k ^^lafoèkku osQ Hkkx III dh vkRek gaSA**

ikBkar iz'u
1. lafoèkku }kjk iznÙk ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ egRo dh O;k[;k dhft,A
2. lekurk osQ vfèkdkj osQ fdUgha rhu igyqvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
3. Lora=krk osQ vfèkdkj osQ vUrxZr N% ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
4. 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vfèkdkj dk o.kZu dhft,A
5. fdl izdkj Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj Hkkjr esa ,d èkeZfujis{k jkT; O;oLFkk izfr"Bkfir djus esa enn
djrk gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A
6. vkKk i=k (fjV) D;k gS\ bls tkjh djus dk vfèkdkj fdls izkIr gS\
7. ^^ekSfyd vfèkdkj U;k; laxr gS**] dFku dh O;k[;k dhft,A
8. Lora=krk osQ vfèkdkj osQ lHkh izkoèkkuksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
9. 86osa lafoèkku la'kksèku }kjk tksM+s x, ^f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj* dk mYys[k dhft,A

67
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
eq[=; rÙo ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj
6.1
(d) 44oka
([k) ekSfyd
6.2
fVIi.kh
(d) lkekftd
([k) 5
(x) lekurk
(?k) fo'ks"k
(Ä) lkekftd
6.3
(d) [k
([k) [k
(x) d
(?k) 86oka
6.4
(d) 14.
6.5
(d) O;fDr
([k) èkkfeZd
6.6
(d) vYila[;d
([k) mPp U;k;ky;
(x) canh izR;{khdj.k
(?k) vfèkdkj i`PNk
(Ä) mRiz"s k.k
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
(1) [k.M 6.1 ns[ksa
(2) [k.M 6.2 ns[ksa
(3) [k.M 6.3.1 ns[ksa
(4) [k.M 6.4 ns[ksa
(5) [k.M 6.5 ns[ksa
(6) [k.M 6.7 ns[ksa
(7) [k.M 6.1 ns[ksa
(8) [k.M 6.3 ns[ksa
(9) [k.M 6.3.5 ns[ksaA
68
 jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar rFkk ekSfyd drZO; ekWM~;wy - 2
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
eq[; rRo

7
jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar rFkk ekSfyd fVIi.kh

drZO;

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk y{; u osQoy jktuhfrd iztkra=k dh LFkkiuk gS] vfirq turk dks lkekftd&vkfFkZd
U;k; iznku dj dY;k.kdkjh jkT; LFkkfir djuk Hkh gSA bl mís'; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, gekjk lafoèkku
Hkkx IV es okafNr uhfr&funsZ'kksa dk o.kZu djrk gSA ;s izkoèkku jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar osQ :i
esa tkus tkrs gSaA bl vè;k; esa] ge uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa osQ ckjs esa foLr`r vè;;u djsaxsA
;g loZfofnr gS fd vfèkdkjksa dh egÙkk osQoy rHkh gksrh gS tc ge drZO;ksa dk ikyu Hkh vkuUniwoZd
lkFk&lkFk djsaA blhfy, 1976 esa gekjs lafoèkku esa 42osa lafoèkku la'kksèku osQ }kjk èkkjk 51A esa ekSfyd
drZO;ksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA 1950 osQ ekSfyd lafoèkku esa bu dÙkZO;ksa dk o.kZu ugha fd;k x;k
FkkA ;g mEehn Fkh fd ukxfjd vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu LosPNk ls djsaxsA ge bl vè;k; esa bu dÙkZO;ksa
osQ ckjs esa Hkh i<+saxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk vFkZ crk losaQxs_
z uhfr&funsZ'kd rRoksa dks pkj oxksZa esa oxhZo`Qr dj ik,axs & vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd] xka/hoknh]
vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr ,oa lqj{kk rFkk fofoèk izkoèkku_
z f'k{kk dh lkoZHkkSfedrk dks izksRlkgu nsus] cky etnwjh dk mUewyu djus vkSj fL=k;ksa dh n'kk
dks lqèkkjus esa uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dh Hkwfedk dks le> losQaxs_
z uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa }kjk dY;k.kdkjh jkT; O;kogkfjd :i ls Hkkjr esa oSQls yk;k tk ldrk
gS] bldh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z bl ckr dk fo'ys"k.k dj losQaxs fd uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk eq[; mn~ns'; ns'k esa vkfFkZd
vkSj lkekftd yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk djuk gS_
69
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ z bu fl¼karksa dks dk;kZfUor djus esa ljdkj osQ egÙo dk ijh{k.k dj losQaxs_
eq[; rRo z ekSfyd vfèkdkj rFkk jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd rRo esa varj dj losaQxs_
z ekSfyd drZO;ksa dh fo"k;&oLrq dks tku ik;saxs_
z lafo/ku esa fn, x, ekSfyd drZO;ksa dh igpku dj losQaxs_ rFkk
z ekSfyd drZO;ksa osQ U;k;;ksX; u gksrs gq, Hkh muosQ egRo dhs leh{kk dj losQaxsA
fVIi.kh
7.1 jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk vFkZ
jkT; osQ uhfr&funs'Z kd fl¼kar osQUnzh; ,oa jkT; Lrj dh ljdkjksa dks fn, x, funs'Z k gSaA ;|fi ;s fl¼kar
U;k;;ksX; ugha gSa] ;s ns'k osQ iz'kklu esa ewy Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar dk fopkj
vk;jyS.M osQ lafoèkku ls fy;k x;k gSA vkfFkZd U;k; dh LFkkiuk ,oa oqQN yksxksa osQ gkFkksa esa èku osQ
lap; dks jksdus osQ fy, bUgsa lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA blfy, dksbZ ljdkj bldh vogsyuk
ugha dj ldrhA njvly ;s funsZ'k Hkkoh ljdkjksa dks bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[k dj fn, x, gSa fd
fofHkUu fu.kZ;ksa ,oa uhfr&fuèkkZj.k esa budk lekos'k gksA

7.2 uhfr funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk oxhZdj.k

uhfr&funZs'kd fl¼kUrksa dks pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZo`Qr fd;k x;k gSA os gSa%&
(1) vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fl¼kar_
(2) xk¡èkhoknh fl¼kar_
(3) vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk ls lacafèkr fl¼kar vkSj
(4) fofoèk fl¼kar
7.2.1 vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fl¼kar
yksxksa osQ lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd dY;k.k osQ fy, jkT; fuEufyf[kr iz;kl djsxk%
(1) L=kh vkSj iq#"k nksuksa osQ fy, vkthfodk dk i;kZIr lkèku tqVkukA
(2) oqQN gkFkksa esa laifr dk laosQUnz.k jksdus osQ fy, vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dk iquxZBuA
(3) leku dk;Z osQ fy, L=kh vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dks leku ikfjJfed feysA
(4) L=kh] iq#"k vkSj cPpksa osQ fy, ;ksX; jkstxkj ,oa dk;Z dk LoPN okrkoj.k rS;kj djukA
(5) cPpksa dks 'kks"k.k vkSj uSfrd vèkksxfr ls cpkukA
(6) jkstxkj ,oa f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj rFkk csjktxkjh] cq<+kis] chekjh ,oa vleFkZrk dh fLFkfr esa ljdkjh
lgk;rk osQ dkjxj mik; djukA
(7) dk;Z dk U;k;ksfpr ,oa ekuoh; okrkoj.k rS;kj djuk ,oa izlwfr lsok dh O;oLFkk djukA
(8) lkoZtfud miØeksa osQ izcaèku esa etnwjksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, dne mBkukA
(9) dkexkjksa fo'ks"kdj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, f'k{kk izca/ ,oa muosQ vkfFkZd fgrksa
dks c<+kok nsukA

70
 jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar rFkk ekSfyd drZO; ekWM~;wy - 2
(10) lHkh dkexkjksa osQ fy, mfpr vodk'k ,oa lkaLo`Qfrd euksjatu osQ volj miyCèk djkukA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
(11) thou Lrj dks Å¡pk djus ,oa lkoZtfud LokLF; dh lqfoèkk iznku djukA eq[; rRo
(12) N% lky rd osQ lHkh cPpksa dks ckY;dky dh lqfoèkk,¡ ,oa f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djukA

7.2.2 xka/hoknh fl¼kar

oqQN fl¼kar ,sls gSa tks egkRek xka/h osQ vkn'kksZa osQ vk/kj ij cuk, x, gSaA ;s fuEufyf[kr gSa%
fVIi.kh
(1) xkao esa iapk;rksa dk xBu djukA
(2) xkao esa dqVhj m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsukA
(3) u'khys inkFkksZa vkSj 'kjkc] vkfn ij izfrca/ yxkuk tks fd LokLF; osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSaA
(4) xk;] HkSal vkfn nq/k: i'kqvksa dh uLyksa dks lq/kjuk rFkk muosQ o/ ij izfrca/ yxkukA
7.2.3 fofo/ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar
fo'o 'kkafr ,oa lqj{kk dh fn'kk esa lg;ksx dk okrkoj.k rS;kj djus osQ fy, Hkkjr fuEufyf[kr mik,
djsxk%
(1) vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr ,oa lqj{kk dks c<+kokA
(2) jk"Vªksa osQ chp U;k;ksfpr ,oa lEekutud lacaèk LFkkfir djukA
(3) vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu ,oa lafèk ls mRiUu nkf;Roksa dk lEeku djukA
(4) vUrjkZ"Vªh; fooknksa dk ikjLifjd le>kSrs osQ }kjk gy <wa<ukA
7.2.4 fofo/ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar
bl oxZ osQ fl¼kar jkT; dks funsZ'k nsrs gSa fd%&
(1) lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa osQ fy, leku vkpkj&lafgrk (flfoy) cukbZ tk,A
(2) ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa dk laj{k.k fd;k tk,A
(3) i;kZoj.k dks iznw"k.k jfgr cukuk ,oa oU; thou dk laj{k.k fd;k tk,A
(4) mi;qDr foèkk;u osQ }kjk fu%'kqYd dkuwuh lgk;rk dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A

ikBxr iz'u 7.1

fuEufyf[kr esa ls xka/hoknh] vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd vkSj fofo/ izdkj osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd
fl¼karksa dks vyx&vyx Nk¡fV,
(i) oqQVhj m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsukA
(ii) efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa osQ fy, vkthfodk osQ iz;kZIr lkèku tqVkukA
(iii) dkexkjksa osQ fy, mfpr ikfjJfed dh O;oLFkkA
(iv) N% lky rd osQ lHkh cPpksa dks ckY;dky dh lqfoèkk,a ,oa f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djukA

71
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ (v) ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa dk laj{k.kA
eq[; rRo (vi) i;kZoj.k dks iznw"k.k jfgr cukuk ,oa oU; thou dk laj{k.kA

7.3 uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar% f'k{kk dh lkoZHkkSfedrk] cky etnwj

vkSj efgykvksa dk Lrj
fVIi.kh
lkekftd vkfFkZd U;k; ,oa dY;k.kdkjh jkT; osQ mís';ksa dh izkfIr esa vf'k{kk lcls cM+h ckèkk
gSA
7.3.1 f'k{kk dh lkoZHkkSfedrk
igys vkius i<+k gS fd uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar jkT; dks ;g funsZ'k nsrs gSa fd lafo/ku osQ ykxw gksus ls
10 o"kZ osQ vanj 14 o"kZ dh vk;q rd osQ cPpksa osQ fy, fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk osQ fy, nokc
MkysaA
Hkkjr dh Lora=krk osQ le; Hkkjr dh osQoy 14 izfr'kr vkcknh f'kf{kr FkhA gekjh ljdkj us f'k{kk
osQ egÙo dks le>k vkSj yksxksa rd f'k{kk igqapkus ij tksj fn;kA ijarq vHkh Hkh gekjh tula[;k dk cgqr
cM+k fgLlk vf'kf{kr gSA gekjk loZizFke iz;Ru izkFkfed f'k{kk dks O;kid cuk, tkus ij gSA izkFkfed
Lrj ij LowQy NksM+us okyksa dh la[;k c<+rs jgus osQ dkj.k 15 ls 35 o"kZ osQ vk;q oxZ esa vui<+ksa dh
la[;k c<+rh tk jgh gSA
1986 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr osQ vuqlkj ljdkj us jk"Vªh; lk{kjrk ;kstuk ,oa vkWijs'ku CySd cksMZ tSls
vfHk;ku 'kqjQ fd, rkfd lk/kj.k yksxksa rd izkFkfed f'k{kk igqapkbZ tk losQA os tks cpiu esa f'k{kk
ls oafpr jg x,] mUgsa f'kf{kr djus osQ fy, ljdkj rFkk dbZ Loa;&lsoh laLFkkvksa osQ fo'ks"k iz;Ruksa
ls jkf=k ikB'kkyk vkSj o;Ld f'k{kk osQUnz [kksys tk jgs gSaA
f'k{kk dh O;kidrk dk mís'; gkfly djus osQ fy, jk"Vªh; eqDr fon~;ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku rFkk dbZ
eqDr fo'ofon~;ky; LFkkfir fd, x, gSaA pkSng lky rd osQ cPpksa dks eqÝr vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk iznku
djus osQ fy, 2002 esa N;kflok¡ lafoèkku la'kksèku osQ }kjk bls èkkjk 21A osQ vUrxZr uhfr&funsZ'kd
fl¼kar osQ LFkku ij ekSfyd vfèkdkj dk ntkZ ns fn;k x;k gSA
7.3.2 cky eT+knwj
vkius i<+k gS fd uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa osQ vuqlkj cPpksa dks LoLFk :i ls fodflr gksus osQ fy,
volj vkSj lqfo/k,a iznku dh tk,aA cPpksa osQ 'kks"k.k osQ fojQ¼ ekSfyd vf/dkjksa osQ ckjs esa i<+kA 14
o"kZ rd dh vk;q osQ cPpksa dks fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ jkstxkj esa fu;qDr djus ij izfrca/ yxk fn;k gSA
bu izkoèkkuksa osQ ckotwn okafNr ifj.kke ugha fey ik;k gSA vfèkdka'k ekeyksa esa cky etnwjh dks lekIr
djus dh fn'kk esa eka&cki dk n`f"Vdks.k Bhd ugha gSA os vius cPpksa dks dksbZ Hkh dke djosQ iSls dekus
rFkk ifjokj dh vk; esa ;ksxnku djus osQ fy, foo'k djrs gSaA bPNk 'kfDr dh deh osQ vfrfjDr
fuèkZurk ,oa lkekftd dyad bl leL;k osQ fujkdj.k esa ckèkd gSaA tc rd bl lkekftd pqukSrh
dks lekIr djus osQ fy, tkx:drk vkSj bPNk 'kfDr vUnj ls iSnk ugha gksrh] ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu Lrjksa
ij fd, x, iz;kl fujFkZd lkfcr gksaxsA MkW- vCnqy dyke osQ Hkkjr 2020 dk LoIu rHkh lkFkZd gks
ldrk gS tc ns'k osQ Hkfo";] cPps] lqjf{kr ,oa 'kks"k.k eqDr gksaA cPpksa dks vius cpiu osQ vkuUn
,oa f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

72
 jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar rFkk ekSfyd drZO; ekWM~;wy - 2
7.3.3 efgykvksa dh fLFkfr Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
eq[; rRo
Hkkjrh; lekt iq#"k izèkku lekt gS ftlesa firk ifjokj dk eqf[k;k gksrk gS vkSj eka dh fLFkfr mlls
xkS.k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa efgyk dh fLFkfr LokHkkfod :i ls detksj gks tkrh gSA dBksj lkekftd izFkk,¡
,oa èkkfeZd jhfr;ksa tSls& inkZ ,oa ngst osQ dkj.k Hkh efgykvksa dks dkiQh gn rd Hkqxruk iM+rk gSA
2001 osQ tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj oqQy efgykvksa dh la[;k 49 djksM+ 57 yk[k gS tks oqQy tula[;k dk
48-3 izfr'kr gSA gekjs lafoèkku esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa mRFkku ,oa f'k{kk osQ fy, ekSfyd vfèkdkj
rFkk jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd rRoksa }kjk cy fn;k x;k gSA mUgsa vkthfodk osQ lkèku ,oa iq#"kksa dh rjg fVIi.kh
leku dk;Z osQ fy, leku osru dk volj izkIr gSA efgyk dkexkjksa dks LokLF;&lqfoèkk ,oa izlwfr
osQ nkSjku vodk'k dh lqfoèkk Hkh izkIr gSA
ekSfyd dÙkZO; Hkh Hkkjr osQ gj ukxfjd dks efgykvksa osQ lEeku osQ f[kykiQ oqQN Hkh djus ls jksdrk
gSA fofHkUu vfèkfu;eksa ,oa U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa us efgykvksa dh izfr"Bk LFkkfir dh gSA muosQ vfèkdkjksa
dh j{kk osQ fy, ikfjokfjd laifÙk esa mudks fgLlk nsus osQ mik, fd, x, gSaA ngst osQ fy, nqYguksa
dks tyk, tkus] ifRu;ksa dk izrkj.k] lrh tSlh fu"Bqj izFkkvksa osQ mUewyu osQ fy, dkuwu cuk, x, gSaA
dU;koèk] Hkzw.k gR;k] yM+fd;ksa osQ izfr Hksn&Hkko ,oa cky&fookg ij izfrcaèk oqQN ,sls mik; gSa ftlls
efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lqèkj ldrh gSA
efgyk l'kDrhdj.k osQ fy, 1992 esa lafoèkku osQ 73osa ,oa 74osa la'kksèkuksa }kjk iapk;rksa vkSj
uxjikfydkvksa esa efgykvksa osQ fy, ,d frgkbZ lhVsa vkjf{kr dh x;h gSaA laln ,oa jkT; foèkkf;dkvksa
esa blh rjg osQ vkj{k.k dk izLrko fd;k x;k gSA
;|fi cgqr oqQN gkfly fd;k tk pqdk gS] fiQj Hkh] yksd&dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk dk mís';
izkIr djus osQ fy, cgqr djuk ckdh gSA

ikBxr iz'u 7.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) Lora=krk osQ le; Hkkjr esa f'kf{kr yksxksa dh la[;k --------------------- FkhA
(i) 12%
(ii) 14%
(iii) 16%
(iv) 18%
([k) jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dk vkjaHk --------------------- esa fd;k x;kA
(i) 1984
(ii) 1986
(iii) 1988
(iv) 1989
(x) cPpksa osQ 'kks"k.k osQ fojQ¼ izkoèkku ------------------ osQ varxZr fd;k x;kA
(i) ekSfyd vf/dkjksa

73
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ (ii) uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa
eq[; rRo (iii) ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa
(?k) efgyk&iqjQ"k osQ fy, leku dk;Z osQ fy, leku osru fn, tkus dk izca/ -------------- osQ varxZr
fd;k x;k gSA
(i) ekSfyd vf/dkjksa
fVIi.kh (ii) ekSfyd drZO;ksa
(iii) uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa

7.4 uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k

dbZ vkykspdksa us jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks ^^uo o"kZ dh 'kqHkdkeukvksa** ls csgrj ugha ekuk
gSA njvly bu mPp vkn'kksZa dks lafoèkku esa 'kkfey djus osQ vkSfpR; ij Hkh loky mBk;k x;k gSA
ekuk tkrk gS fd ;s funsZ'k ek=k 'kqHkdkeuk,a gSa ftuosQ ihNs dksbZ dkuwuh ekU;rk ugha gSA ljdkj bUgsa
ykxw djus osQ fy, ckè; ugha gSA vkykspdksa dk ekuuk gS fd bu fl¼karksa dks O;kogkfjd èkjkry ij
ugha mrkjk tk ldrk gSA
bu lcosQ ckotwn ;s ugha dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;s fl¼kar iw.k:is.k vFkZghu gSaA budh viuh mi;ksfxrk
vkSj egRo gSA uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar èkzqorkjk dh rjg gSa tks gesa fn'kk fn[kykrs gSaA budk eq[; mís';
lhfer lalkèkuksa osQ ckotwn thou osQ gj igyw esa ;Fkk'kh?kz ljdkj }kjk lkekftd vkfFkZd U;k; dh
LFkkiuk djuk gSA oqQN fl¼karksa dks rks liQyrkiwoZd ykxw Hkh fd;k x;k gSA okLro esa dksbZ Hkh ljdkj
bu funsZ'kksa dh vogsyuk ugha dj ldrh gS D;ksafd os tuer dk niZ.k gSa] lkFk gh ;s lafoèkku dh
izLrkouk dh Hkh vkRek gSA bUgsa ykxw djus dh fn'kk esa mBk, x, oqQN dne bl izdkj gSa%&
(1) Hkwfe lqèkkj ykxw fd;s x;s gSa rFkk tkxhjnkjh ,oa tehankjh izFkk dk mUewyu fd;k x;k gSA
(2) cM+s iSekus ij vkS|ksxhdj.k gqvk gS ,oa gfjr Økafr }kjk o`Qf"k mRikn esa dkiQh c<+ksrjh gqbZ gSA
(3) efgykvksa osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh x;h gSA
(4) O;fDr dh HkwlaifÙk dh lhek r; djus osQ fy, Hkw&gncUnh ykxw dh x;h gSA
(5) jtokM+ksa dks fn, tkus okys fizoh ilZ dk mUewyu fd;k x;k gSA
(6) thou chek] lkèkkj.k chek ,oa vfèkdka'k cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;k gSA
(7) vkfFkZd fo"kerk de djus osQ fy, laifÙk osQ vfèkdkj dks ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh lwph ls
fudky fn;k x;k gSA
(8) fuèkZuksa dh lgk;rk osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk tu&forj.k iz.kkyh osQ ekè;e ls lgk;rk nh tkrh
gSA
(9) L=kh vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dks leku dk;Z osQ fy, leku osru osQ fy, fu;e cuk;s x;s gSaA
(10) NwvkNwr dk mUewyu fd;k x;k gSA vuwlwfpr tkfr] vuwlwfpr tu&tkfr rFkk vU; fiNM+s oxksZa
osQ mRFkku osQ fy, dkjxj iz;kl fd, x;s gSaA
(11) 73osa vkSj 74osa lafoèkku la'kksèku (1992) osQ }kjk iapk;rh jkt dks laoSèkkfud ntkZ nsrs gq,

74
 jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar rFkk ekSfyd drZO; ekWM~;wy - 2
vkSj vfèkd l'kDr cuk;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
(12) xzkeh.k {ks=k esa le`f¼ ykus osQ fy, y?kq m|ksx ,oa xzkeh.k m|ksx rFkk [kknh xzkeks|ksx dks eq[; rRo
izksRlkfgr fd;k x;k gSA
(13) Hkkjr vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, lfØ; :i ls la;qDr jk"Vª osQ
lkFk lg;ksx djrk jgk gSA
osQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk fy, x, mijksDr dne ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa ,d ia{kfujis{k lektoknh
,oa yksddY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh uhao Mkyus osQ fy, dbZ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks ykxw fd;k x;k gSA fVIi.kh
;g lp gS fd lHkh uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks iw.kZr;k ykxw djus osQ fy, cgqr oqQN djuk ckdh gSA
uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks ykxw fd, tkus osQ jkLrs esa dbZ ckèkk,a gSaA buesa ls eq[; gSa%& (d) jkT;ksa
esa jktuhfrd bPNk 'kfDr dk vHkko] ([k) ykxksa esa tkx:drk ,oa laxBu dk vHkko] vkSj (x) lhfer
lalkèkuA

ikBxr iz'u 7.3

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(i) ,d ----------------------------- jkT; lekt osQ detksj oxZ osQ yksxksa osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, viuh lsok,a
nsus dh ftEesnkjh ysrk gSA (lektoknh@dY;k.kdkjh@/ekZFkZ)
(ii) ljdkj us laifRr dk ------------------------- caVokjk djus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA (leku@vleku@
lEekuuh;)
(iii) Hkkjr esas ----------------------- iz.kkyh dk mUewyu dj fn;k x;k gSA (iwathoknh@tehankjh@tkfrokn)

(iv) [kknh ,oa xzkeks|ksx cksMZ dh LFkkiuk -------------------------- m|ksx dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy, fd;k x;k
gSA (y?kq@eè;e@oqQVhj)
(v) lafoèkku osQ --------------------- la'kksèku }kjk iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks laoSèkkfud ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA
(71@72@73)

7.5 ekSfyd vf/dkjksa vkSj uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa esa varj

vc vki ekSfyd vfèkdkj ,oa uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa osQ ckjs esa tku pqosQ gSa tks fd ,d dY;k.kdkjh
jkT; dh LFkkiuk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA blfy, vkiosQ fy, buesa vUrj tkuuk vko';d gSA
ekSfyd vf/dkj ukxfjdksa dh os ekaxs gaS ftudks jkT; us ekU;rk nh gSA budk Lo:i ;g gS fd ;s ljdkj
dh oqQN 'kfDr;ksa ij jksd yxkrh gSAa vr% ;s vf/dkj udkjkRed izoQ` fr osQ gSAa nwljh vksj uhfr&funs'Z kd
fl¼kar ldkjkRed gSaA ljdkj dks budks gj Lrj ij ykxw djuk iM+rk gS rkfd ns'k esa lkekftd vkSj
vkfFkZd yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk dh tk,A
,d vkSj varj buesa ;g gS tks igys Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd ekSfyd vf/dkj U;k;;ksX; gSa vkSj budks ykxw
djkus osQ fy, U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k yh tk ldrh gSA uhfr&funs'Z kd fl¼kar U;k;;ksX; ugha gksrs gSAa

75
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ nwljs 'kCnksa esa] mPpre U;k;ky; ,oa mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks bu vfèkdkjksa dks ykxw djus osQ fy, vkns'k
eq[; rRo tkjh djus dk vfèkdkj gSA nwljh vksj] uhfr&funsZ'kd rRo u rks gesa dksbZ dkuwuh vfèkdkj nsrs gSa] vkSj
u gh dkuwuh mipkjA bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh rqyuk
esa de egRo osQ gSaA
7-5-1- ekSfyd vfèkdkj ,oa uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa esa lacaèk
fVIi.kh bu vUrjksa osQ ckotwn nksuksa esa xgjk lEcUèk gSA ekSfyd vfèkdkj tgk¡ jktuhfrd yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk
djrs gSa ogha uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd yksdra=k dhA dksbZ Hkh ljdkj uhfr fuekZ.k
,oa ;kstuk;sa cukus esa budh vogsyuk ugha dj ldrh gS D;ksfa d ljdkj vius dk;ksZ osQ fy, vke turk
osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA ;|fi bu fl¼karksa osQ ihNs dkuwuh Loho`Qfr ugha gSa ijUrq vafre Loho`Qfr
yksxksa dh gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh lÙkk#<+ ny ;fn bu fl¼karksa ij vey ugha djrk gS rks turk mls nqckjk
lÙkk esa vkus ls jksd ldrh gSA bl rjg gekjk lafo/ku ekSfyd vf/dkjksa ,oa uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa
osQ chp la'ys"k.k dk;e djrk gSA nksuksa ,d lkFk lafoèkku osQ ewy rRo gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 7.4

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
( d) ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dk mn~ns'; gj ----------------------- dk fodkl djuk gSA (ifjokj] xqV] O;fDr)
([k) uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dh izo`Qfr ------------------------- gSA (udkjkRed] ldkjkRed] rVLFk)
(x) funsZ'kd rRoksa dk mís'; ----------------------- yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk gSA (jktuhfrd] lkaLo`Qfrd]
lkekftd&vkfFkZd)
(?k) ekSfyd vfèkdkj vkSj uhfr&funsZ'kd rRoksa osQ chp ----------------- lacaèk gSA (?kfu"B] vizR;{k)

7.6 ekSfyd drZO;

fdlh Hkh lekt dk ewY;kadu djrs gq, è;ku osQoy vf/dkjksa ij gh ugha fn;k tkrk gS] oju ;g Hkh
ns[kk tkrk gS fd ukxfjd vius dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu djrs gSa ;k ughaA
vfèkdkj vkSj dÙkZO; ,d gh flDosQ osQ nks igyw gSaA dÙkZO; osQ fcuk vfèkdkj ugha gksrs vkSj vfèkdkj
osQ fcuk dÙkZO;A ewy lafoèkku esa ftls 1950 esa ykxw fd;k x;k] ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dh ppkZ ugha dh
x;h FkhA visf{kr ;g Fkk fd ukxfjd LosPNk ls vius dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu djsaxsA vr,o lafoèkku osQ
42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk Hkkx IV esa /kjk 51A osQ vUrxZr nl dÙkZO;ksa dh lwph tksM+h x;hA lu~ 2002
esa ,d vkSj dÙkZO; blesa tksM+ fn;k x;kA ;s dÙkZO; U;k;;ksX; ugha gSA

7.6.1 drZO;ksa dh lwph

(i) lafo/ku dk ikyu djsa rFkk jk"Vªh; èot vkSj jk"Vªxku dk vknj djsaA
(ii) ,sls vkn'kksZa dk vuqlj.k djsa] ftuls Lora=krk vkanksyu dks izksRlkgu feyrk FkkA
(iii) Hkkjr dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dh j{kk djsaA

(iv) tc Hkh vko';drk iM+s rks ns'k dh j{kk djsaA

76
 jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar rFkk ekSfyd drZO; ekWM~;wy - 2
(v) lHkh oxksZa osQ yksxksa esa Hkzkr`Ro vkSj lejlrk dh Hkkouk c<+k,a vkSj fL=k;ksa dh izfr"Bk dk vknj Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
djsAa eq[; rRo
(vi) viuh xkSjo'kkyh ijaijk vkSj lejl laLo`Qfr dks cuk, j[ksaA

(vii) izko`Qfrd i;kZoj.k ftlesa ou] ufn;ka] >hy vkSj txr osQ tho&tarq 'kkfey gSa] dk laj{k.k ,oa
lqèkkj djukA
(viii) ekuookn vkSj oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodklA fVIi.kh

(ix) lkoZtfud laifRr dh j{kk djuk vkSj fgalk dk iz;ksx u djukA

(x) O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd dk;Zdyki osQ gj {ks=k esa mRo`Q"V dk;Z osQ fy, iz;kl djukA
(xi) 6 ls 14 o"kZ dh vk;q rd osQ cPpksa dks muosQ ekrk&firk ;k vfHkHkkod }kjk f'k{kk dk volj
iznku djuk [86 lafo/ku la'kks/u] 2002] /kjk 51 A vuqHkkx (K)]A

ikBxr iz'u 7.5

gj iz'u dk mÙkj mlosQ lkeus (gka) ;k (ugha) esa nhft,A
(i) vf/dkj vkSj drZO; ,d gh flDds osQ nks igyw gSaA
(ii) ekSfyd drZO; ekSfyd lafo/ku esa FksA
(iii) ekSfyd drZO;ksa dk ekSfyd vf/dkjksa osQ lkFk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA
(iv) vc oqQy nl ekSfyd drZO; gSaA

7.6.2 ekSfyd drZO;ksa dh izo`Qfr

gekjs lafo/ku esa ekSfyd drZO; osQoy vkn'kksZa dh vksj laosQr djrs gSaA os okLrfod ugha tku iM+rsA
bu drZO;ksa dh fo'ks"k vkykspuk bl izdkj ls gS fd os U;k;;ksX; ugha gSA ftldk ifj.kke ;g fudyrk
gS fd ;s drZO; lafo/ku ij cks> cudj jg x, gSaA oqQN drZO; rks lk/kj.k euq"; dh le> ls ckgj
gSA tSls xkSjo'kkyh ijaijk vkSj lkekftd laLd`fr dk vFkZ Li"V ugha gks ikrk gSA ekuookn vkSj oSKkfud
n`f"Vdks.k dh dbZ ifjHkk"kk,a gks ldrh gSaA jk"Vªh; la?k"kZ dks izksRlkgu nsus okys vkn'kZ ls lacaf/r drZO;
vLi"V gSaA
ekSfyd drZO;ksa dh lwph esa vLi"V vkn'kksZa dks lfEefyr djus dk dksbZ ykHk ugha gSA vPNk rks ;g
Fkk fd Li"V drZO;ksa dks lafo/ku esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk vkSj mudk ikyu Hkh vklkuh ls fd;k tkrkA
;fn mudks Hkax fd;k tk, rks lT+kk Hkh nh tk,A 1976 esa ,d U;k; 'kkL=kh us dgk Fkk fd 'kk;n bu
drZO;ksa dk ikyu dHkh Hkh ugha fd;k tk,xkA ;g lc ,d ifo=k ?kks"k.kki=k gh gaSA ;g lR; gS fd
drZO; U;k;;ksX; ugha gS] tSls uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar gSaA fiQj Hkh U;k;ky;ksa us bu ij iwjk è;ku fn;k
gSA blosQ oqQN izeq[k mnkgj.k gSa & i;kZoj.k dks iznwf"kr djus okys m|ksxksa dks 'kgj ls ckgj Hkstuk]
;equk osQ ikuh dks izn"w k.k ls eqDr j[kus osQ mik; djuk] cwpM+[kkuksa dks vkcknh osQ bykdksa ls nwj ys tkuk]
vkfnA blh izdkj fL=k;ksa dh izfr"Bk dks cuk, j[kus osQ lacèa k esa gj ukxfjd dk drZO; gS fd fL=k;ksa dh
eku izfr"Bk dks cuk, j[kus dk loksPZ p U;k;ky; us bls iquLZ Fkkfir djus dk vkns'k fn;k gSA

77
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd drZO; vkpkj lafgrk dh rjg gSaA buesa ls oqQN drZO; rks vLi"V rFkk vokLrfod
eq[; rRo gSaA bu drZO;ksa dk U;k;;ksX; u gksuk mUgsa de jkspd cuk nsrk gSA lkFk gh] vLi"V Hkk"kk muosQ ikyu
esa ckèkk mRiUu djrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,d ukxfjd dks ;s ugha irk gksrk fd og fdl rjg ns'k
dh laizHkqrk] v[kaMrk ,oa xkSjoiw.kZ fojklr dks cuk, j[ksA
vkykspdksa osQ rdZ esa dkiQh lPPkkbZ gS fiQj Hkh bu drZO;ksa dks ek=k vkn'kZ ?kks"k.kk dguk mfpr ugha
gksxkA
fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 7.6
lgh 'kCn pqudj fyf[k, :
(i) ekSfyd drZO; U;k;;ksX;@U;k;v;ksX;gSaA
(ii) ;s drZO; cgqr gh Li"V@vLi"V gSaA

vkius D;k lh[kk

jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks lafo/ku osQ Hkkx (IV) esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA lafo/ku osQ
fuekZrkvksa us lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd lekurk ykus osQ fo'ks"k mn~n's ; ls lafo/ku esa bUgsa lfEefyr fd;kA
;s fl¼kar jkT;ksa (ljdkjksa) oQks yksxksa dh lkewfgd HkykbZ osQ fy, uhfr vkSj dkuwu cukus osQ funsZ'k
nsrs gSaA ;s fl¼kar U;k;;ksX; ugha gSa vkSj bUgsa U;k;ky; }kjk ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA fiQj Hkh ns'k
dh ljdkj dks pykus osQ ;s ewy vk/kj gSaA
viuh lqfo/k osQ fy, ge budks pkj oxksZa esa ckaVrs gSaA
(1) lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
(2) xka/hoknh
(3) vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk
(3) fofo/
uhfr&funs'Z kd fl¼kar f'k{kk dh O;kidrk] cky etnwjh dk mUewyu rFkk fL=k;ksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj ykus
ij tksj nsrs gSAa ,d dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk vkSj vkfFkZd lkekftd yksdra=k dk <kapk cukrs gSAa
ekSfyd vf/dkjksa vkSj uhfr&funs'Z kd fl¼karksa esa dbZ egÙoiw.kZ varj gSaA ekSfyd vf/dkj U;k;;ksX; gksrs
gq, Hkh udkjkRed gSa tcfd uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar U;k;;ksX; ugha gSa vkSj fiQj Hkh LokHkkfod :i ls
ldkjkRed gSaA
bu nksuksa esa xgjk laca/ gksrk gSA ;s nksuksa gh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd yksdra=k ykus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSaA vc mPpre U;k;ky; us Hkh bu uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa ij tksj fn;k gSA

78
 jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar rFkk ekSfyd drZO; ekWM~;wy - 2
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
ikBkar iz'u eq[; rRo
1 jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dh izo`Qfr dk ewY;kdau dhft,A buosQ ihNs D;k 'kfDr gS\
2 jkT;ksa osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa osQ oxhZdj.k dh foospuk dhft,A
3 f'k{kk dh lkoZHkkSfedrk osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar dks fdl rjg ykxw fd;k x;k gS\
fVIi.kh
4 fuEufyf[kr uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh nhft,%
(d) cky eT+knwjh dk mUewyu
([k) efgykvksa osQ Lrj esa lq/kj
Q.5 uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks fØ;kfUor djus esa jkT; dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\

Q.6 ekSfyd vf/dkjksa vkSj jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa osQ ikjLifjd lacaèk dk la{ksi esa o.kZu
dhft,A
Q.7 gekjs lafoèkku esa of.kZr ekSfyd drZO;ksa dks lwphc¼ djsaA

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

7.1
(i) xk¡èkhoknh
(ii) lkekftd vkfFkZd
(iii) lkekftd vkfFkZd

(iv) lkekftd vkfFkZd

(v) fofoèk
(vi) fofo/

7.2
(d) 14%
([k) 1986
(x) ekSfyd vf/dkj
(?k) uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar

79
 ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ 7.3
eq[; rRo
(i) dY;k.kdkjh
(ii) lEekuuh;
(iii) tehankjh

(iv) y?kq
fVIi.kh
(v) 73oka

7.4
(d) O;fDr
([k) ldkjkRed
(x) lkekftd&vkfFkZd
(?k) ?kfu"B
7.5
(i) gka
(ii) ugha
(iii) ugha

(iv) ugha

7.6
(i) U;k;&v;ksX;
(ii) vLi"V
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
(1) [k.M 7.1vkSj 7.2 ns[ksa
(2) [k.M 7.2 ns[ksa
(3) [k.M 7.3.1 ns[ksa
(4) [k.M 7.3.2 vkSj 7.3.3 ns[ksa
(5) [k.M 7.4 ns[ksa
(6) [k.M 7.5.1 ns[ksa
(7) [k.M 7.6.1 ns[ksa

80
 Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk ekWM~;wy - 2
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
eq[; rÙo

8
Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk fVIi.kh

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa ls lacafèkr ikapoas vè;k; esa vkius lh[kk fd lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa
us Hkkjr osQ fy, ,d la?kh; <kapk viuk;kA
la?kh; <kaps esa f}&Lrjh; ljdkj gksrh gS ftlesa nksuksa dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk Li"V nk;jk gksrk gSA
bl O;oLFkk esa osQUnz dh ljdkj rFkk bdkb;ksa dh ljdkjsa ,d lqLi"V {ks=k esa dk;Z djrh gSa rFkk vius
dk;ks± esa leUo; LFkkfir djrh gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] la?kh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh vusdrk esa ,drk ykus gsrq
rFkk lkekU; jk"Vªh; y{;ksa dks izkIr djus dk ,d laoSèkkfud lkèku miyCèk djkrh gSA

mís';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z la?kokn dk vFkZ le> losQaxs_
z ;g O;k[;k dj losQaxs fd Hkkjr esa la?kh; O;oLFkk dks D;ksa viuk;k x;k_
z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh la?kkRed fo'ks"krkvksa dks igpku losaQxs_
z Hkkrh; lafoèkku osQ ,dkRed y{k.kksa dh igpku dj losaQxs_
z osQUnz ljdkj ,oa jkT; ljdkjksa dh izfØ;kvksa dks lwphc¼ dj losQaxs_
z ;g O;k[;k dj losQaxs fd Hkkjr dk pfj=k la?kh; gS ijUrq vkRek ,dkRed_
z osaQnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa osQ chp foèkk;h] iz'kklfud (dk;Zdkjh) ,oa foÙkh; lacaèkksa dh O;k[;k
dj losaQxs_
z vki ;g ijh{k.k dj losQaxs fd fdl izdkj ls osQUnz dks jkT;ksa osQ mij izkFkfedrk izkIr gSA
z osaQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa osQ chp }a}kRed {ks=kksa dks igpku losaQxs_
z fofHkUu jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk viuh Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax osQ ckjs esa tku losaQxs_
z ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs rFkk osQUnz&jkT; osQ chp lg&vfLrRo
dh vko';drk dks tku losaQxsA

8.1 Hkkjrh; la?kokn dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡

Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku eas la?kh; lafoèkku osQ y{k.k rks gSa fdUrq ;g ,d la?kh; 'kklu LFkkfir djus dk
nkok ugha djrk gSA lafoèkku lHkk osQ lnL; ;g r; ughaa dj ik, fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks la?kh;
lafoèkku dgk tk ldrk gS ;k ughaA bl loky dk tokc la?kokn osQ vFkZ dks tkus rFkk blosQ vko';d

81
 ekWM~;wy- 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ y{k.kksa dks igpkus fcuk ugha ik;k tk ldrk gSA vkb,] vc ge bl ckr dk ijh{k.k djsa fd Hkkjr
eq[; rÙo la?k gS vFkok ughaA
8.1.1 fyf[kr lafoèkku
fdlh Hkh la?k dk lcls izeq[k y{k.k gksrk gS fd mlosQ ikl ,d fyf[kr lafoèkku gksuk pkfg, ftlls
t:jr iM+us ij osQUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkj ekxZn'kZu izkIr dj losaQA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,d fyf[kr lafoèkku
gS vkSj ;g nqfu;k dk lcls foLr`r lafoèkku gSA bleasa lafoèkku dks loksZPprk iznku dh xbZ gS D;ksafd
fVIi.kh blesa osQUnz rFkk jkT; dks lafoèkku }kjk 'kfDr iznku dh xbZ gS rFkk mUgsa vius&vius {ks=k esa 'kklu dh
Lora=krk iznku dh xbZ gSA
8.1.2 tfVy lafoèkku
fdlh laoSèkkfud i¼fr esa lafoèkku la'kksèku lkekU;r% ,d tfVy izfØ;k gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku
osQ vuqlkj oqQN la'kksèku fo'ks"k cgqer ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA bl izdkj osQ la'kksèku laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa
osQ lnL;ksa dh laiw.kZ la[;k osQ vfèkdre lnL;ksa dh lgefr ls rFkk mifLFkr lnL;ksa osQ nks&frgkbZ
erksa osQ vkèkkj ij gksrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr oqQN la'kksèku ipkl izfr'kr jkT;ksa dh lgefr ls gh gksrs
gSaA bl izfØ;k osQ ckn la'kksèku ij jkT; izeq[k ;kfu jk"Vªifr gLrk{kj djrs gSaA Hkkjr esa izeq[k la'kksèku
blh izfØ;k ls gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k] Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks tfVy lafoèkku dgk x;k gSA
8.1.3 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu
gekjs lafoèkku eas 'kfDr;ksa dk Li"V foHkktu gSA bl izdkj osQUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkj ,d&nwljs dks fcuk
ckèkk igqapk,] viuh lhekvksa dk fcuk vfrØe.k fd, rFkk nwljs dh xfrfofèk;ksa eas gLr{ksi fd, fcuk
lqpk: :i ls viuh foèkk;h 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA blosQ fy, gekjs lafoèkku esa rhu izdkj
dh lwfp;ksa dk o.kZu gSµosaQnz] jkT; rFkk leorhZA osQUnzh; lwph esa 97 jk"Vªh; egÙo osQ fo"k;ksa dk
mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftlosQ vUrxZr j{kk] jsyos] Mkd ,oa rkj vkfn fo"k; vkrs gSaA jkT; lwph eas 66
LFkkuh; egÙo osQ fo"k; tSls f'k{kk] tu&LokLF;] iqfyl] vkfn vkrs gSaA leorhZ lwph esa osQUnz rFkk
jkT; nksuksa ls lacafèkr 47 egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; tSls fctyh] etnwj laxBu] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ;kstuk]
vkfn vkrs gSaA
8.1.4 U;k;ikfydk dh loksZPprk
la?k osQ vU; y{k.kksa easa ls ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ y{k.k gS fd mlosQ ikl ,d Lora=k U;k;ikfydk gks]
tks fd lafoèkku dh O;k[;k djs rFkk bldh ifo=krk dh j{kk djsA osQUnz rFkk jkT; osQ chp mRiUu
fooknksa dks lqy>kuk loksZPp U;k;ky; dk ewy {ks=kkfèkdkj gSA ;fn osQUnz vFkok jkT; ljdkj }kjk ikfjr
dksbZ dkuwu lafoèkku osQ fdlh izkoèkku dk mYya?ku djrk gS rks loksZPp U;k;ky; mls vlaoSèkkfud
?kksf"kr dj ldrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 8.1

lgh fodYi pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A
(d) la?k esa 'kfDr;k¡ ——————————— osQ gksrh gSaA (osQUnz osQ ikl] jkT; osQ ikl] osQUnz
rFkk jkT; osQ chp foHkkftr)
([k) la?k osQ ikl viuk ————————— lafoèkku gksrk gSA (fyf[kr] vfyf[kr] le;kuqlkj
fodflr)

82
 Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk ekWM~;wy - 2
(x) Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa —————— lwph gSA (2,3,4) Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
(?k) ———————— lwph esa 66 fo"k; of.kZr gSaA (osQUnz] jkT;] leorhZ) eq[; rÙo
(Ä) leorhZ lwph esa —————— fo"k; of.kZr gSaA (97,47,66)

8.2 Hkkjrh; la?k dk Lo:i fVIi.kh

Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ,d la?kh; lajpuk dh LFkkiuk djrk gSA bl rF; osQ ckotwn] Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks
fo'kq¼ :i ls la?kh; Js.kh esa j[kuk dfBu gSA lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa us blosQ la?kh; y{k.kksa eas ifjorZu
djosQ blesa oqQN xSj&la?kh; fo'ks"krk,a Hkh tksM+ nh gSaA ;s bl izdkj gSa %&
lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn&1 eas ;g dgk x;k gS fd Hkkjr jkT;ksa dk ^lewg* gSA blesa nks ckrsa fufgr gSa] igyh
rks ;g fd ;g jkT;ksa osQ chp vkilh le>kSrs dk ifj.kke ugha gS vkSj nwljh ;g fd jkT;ksa dks osQUnz
ls vyx gks tkus vFkok Lora=k :i ls O;ogkj djus dh NwV ugha gSA blosQ vykok osQUnz rFkk jkT;
nksuksa osQ fy, ,d gh lafoèkku gS] ftlosQ Hkhrj gh osQUnz ,oa jkT; nksuksa dks dk;Z djuk gSA la?k ,d
lewg gS D;ksafd bls lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS ,oa ;g ns'k esa ,drk dk;e j[kus esa lgk;rk
djrk gSA
jkT; osQ jkT;ikyksa dh fu;qfDr osaQnz djrk gS rFkk mldh vuq'kalk ij ;k mlosQ cxSj Hkh jkT; iz'kklu
dks osQUnz vius gkFkksa esa ys ldrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a jkT;ksa esa jkT;iky osQUnz dk izfrfufèk gksrk gSA Hkkjrh;
la?kh; O;oLFkk osQ dk;kZUo;u us vc lkiQ dj fn;k gS fd jkT;iky vfèkdrj jkT; osQ eqf[k;k osQ
:i esa u gksdj osQUnz osQ ,tsUV osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA bldk eryc gS fd osQa nz osQ ikl jkT; iz'kklu
dks fu;af=kr djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA
la?kokn dh lcls igyh vkSj vko';d ekax gksrh gS fd laln osQ Åijh lnu esa jkT;ksa dks leku
izfrfufèkRo izkIr gksA vesfjdh lhusV osQ Åijh lnu esa izR;sd jkT; ls nks izfrfufèk;ksa osQ fy, lhVsa
vkjf{kr gksrh gSaA foaQrq gekjs lafoèkku esa bl izdkj dh cjkcjh dk dksbZ izkoèkku ugha gS vkSj u gh jkT;
lHkk esa bl izdkj osQ izfrfufèkRo osQ fy, lhVksa dk vkj{k.k gSA
blh Øe esa yxHkx lHkh egÙoiw.kZ inksa tSls eq[; pquko vk;qDr] egkys[kk ijh{kd] vkfn dh fu;qfDr;ka
osQUnz ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSaA ;gka bdgjh ukxfjdrk dk izkoèkku gSA ;gka vyx&vyx jkT;ksa osQ fy,
vyx&vyx lafoèkku dk dksbZ izkoèkku ugha gSA lafoèkku esa fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ la'kksèku dh igy osQUnz
ljdkj gh dj ldrh gSA jkT; ljdkj lafoèkku esa fdlh la'kksèku dk izLrko ugha yk ldrh gSA
blh Øe esa la?kh; <kaps dks NsM+s fcuk ;gka ,d:irk rFkk U;wure lk>k iz'kklfud Lrj dks cuk, j[kus
osQ fy, Hkh izkoèkku gSA blosQ fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa tSls vkbZ-,-,l rFkk vkbZ-ih-,l- dk xBu
fd;k x;k] tks fd osQUnz }kjk fu;af=kr gksrk gSA foÙkh; ekeyksa esa Hkh jkT; osQUnz osQ Åij vkfJr jgrk
gSA jkT; viuh t:jr osQ foÙkh; lalkèku Hkh [kqn ugha mikftZr dj ldrsA foÙkh; ladV osQ le; jkT;
dh foÙkh; fLFkfr ij osQUnz dk iwjk fu;a=k.k gks tkrk gSA
fdlh jkT; esa ;fn fdlh izdkj dh v'kkafr mRiUu gks tkrh gS rks osQUnz dks ;g vfèkdkj izkIr gS fd
og ml jkT; esa vFkok ml jkT; osQ v'kkar fgLls esa osQUnzh; iqfyl cy dks fu;a=k.k osQ fy, HkstsA
laln dks ;g Hkh vfèkdkj izkIr gS fd og fdlh jkT; osQ {ks=k dks c<+k vFkok ?kVk ldrh gS vkSj lkFk
gh og fdlh jkT; osQ uke vFkok mldh lhek&js[kk esa cnyko vFkok ifjorZu dj ldrh gSA

83
 ekWM~;wy- 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ la?kh; fl¼kar nksgjh U;k;ikfydk dh O;oLFkk djrk gS ijUrq Hkkjr esa ,dy U;k;ikfydk gS ftlosQ
eq[; rÙo 'kh"kZ ij loksZPp U;k;ky; gSA
lafoèkku eas osQUnzh; lwph osQ vUrxZr lHkh egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey djosQ osQUnz dks vR;ar
'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k x;k gSA jkT; ljdkj dh 'kfDr;k¡ cgqr gh lhfer gSaA foÙkh; :i ls jkT; osQUnz ij
fuHkZj gSA
mijksDr ppkZ osQ ckn vc ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh gS fd jkT;ksa dh 'kfDr;ksa dks de djrs gq, 'kfDr;ksa
fVIi.kh dk >qdko osQUnz ljdkj osQ i{k esa gSaA jkT;ksa dks osQUnz ls fudV lg;ksx djosQ gh pyuk iM+rk gSA bl
izdkj bu ckrksa ls bl fookn dks cy feyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku vius Lo:i esa rks la?kkRed gS
fdUrq bldh vkRek ,dkRed gSA lafoèkku fo'ks"kKksa us bls ^v¼Zla?kh;* dgk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 8.2

lgh fodYi ls iwfrZ djsaA
(d) —————————— dks fdlh Hkh jkT; osQ {ks=k easa ifjorZu dk vfèkdkj izkIr gSA
(laln] foèkkueaMy] uxj egkikfydk)
([k) vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk fu;a=k.k —————— }kjk gksrk gSA (osQUnz ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj]
ftyk)
(x) la?k esa ;g vko';d foèkku gksrk gS fd laln osQ Åijh lnu esa ——————————
izfrfufèkRo dh O;oLFkk gksA (vleku] leku] vkuqikfrd)

8.3 osQUnz&jkT; lacaèk

ge bl ckr ij igys gh ppkZ dj pqosQ gSa fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,d la?kkRed <kaps dk fuekZ.k djrk
gSA osQUnz vkSj jkT; nksuksa dk fuekZ.k lafoèkku }kjk gksrk gS vkSj nksuksa viuh 'kfDr;k¡ blh lafoèkku ls izkIr
djrs gSaA oqQN vkykspdksa dk ;g xaHkhj vkjksi gS fd Hkkjr ,d la?k rks gS fdUrq blesa iwjd ,dkRed
y{k.k Hkh ekStwn gSaA ;g vkykspuk dgka rd lgh gS] bl ckr dks le>us osQ fy, osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa
dk vè;;u vko';d gSA
lafoèkku osQ Hkkx 11 rFkk 12 esa foèkk;h] iz'kklfud rFkk foÙkh; vkèkkjksa ij osQUnz rFkk jkT; osQ chp
lacaèkksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vkb,] Øe'k% bu fcaanqvkasa ij ppkZ djsaA
8.3.1 foèkk;h lacaèk
gekjs lafoèkku eas foèkk;h lacaèkksa dks ysdj vfèkdkjksa dk f=k&Lrjh; foHkktu fd;k x;k gSA foèkk;h
vfèkdkjksa ls lacafèkr nks lwfp;k¡ gSa] igyh osQUnz lwph vkSj nwljh jkT; lwphA blosQ vfrfjDr ,d vU;
lwph Hkh blosQ lkFk tksM+ nh xbZ gS ftls ge leorhZ lwph osQ uke ls tkurs gSaA
bu rhuksa lwfp;ksa esa lcls yach lwph osQUnz lwph gS] ftlesa jk"Vªh; fgrksa ls lacafèkr 97 ekeyksa dk mYys[k
gSA blesa j{kk] jsyos] Mkd rkj] vk;dj] vkcdkjh] vkfn ekeys vkrs gSaA laln dks laiw.kZ ns'k eas dkuwu
cukus rFkk osQUnzh; lwph ij dk;Z djus osQ fy, fo'ks"k vfèkdkj izkIr gSaA

84
 Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk ekWM~;wy - 2
jkT; lwph eas LFkkuh; eqíksa ls lacafèkr 66 fo"k;ksa dk mYys[k gSA bueas ls oqQN egÙoiw.kZ ekeys tSls Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
jkT; easa okf.kT; rFkk O;kikj] iqfyl] eRL; ikyu] ou] m|ksx] vkfn mfYyf[kr gSaA foèkkueaMy dks
eq[; rÙo
jkT; lwph esa lfEefyr lHkh fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj izkIr gSA fdUrq lacafèkr jkT; fliZQ
vius jkT; ls lacafèkr eqíksa ij gh dkuwu cuk ldrk gSA
leorhZ lwph esa osQUnz rFkk jkT; nksuksa ls lacafèkr 47 ekeyksa dk mYys[k gSA buesa eqnzkad 'kqYd] vkS"kfèk]
fctyh] v[kckj] vkfn fo"k; egÙoiw.kZ gSaA laln rFkk foèkkueaMy nksuksa gh bl lwph esa lfEefyr
fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cuk ldrs gSaA ;fn fdUgha fLFkfr;ksa esa ,d gh fo"k; ij jkT; rFkk osQUnz }kjk cuk, fVIi.kh
dkuwuksa osQ chp }a} mRiUu gks tkrk gS rks ,slh fLFkfr eas osQUnz ljdkj }kjk cuk;k x;k dkuwu gh ekU;
gksrk gSA
;fn bu rhuksa lwfp;ksa esa lfEefyr fo"k;ksa osQ vfrfjDr fdlh fo"k; ij dkuwu cukuk gks rks ml ij
laln fopkj djrh gSA
fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa laln jkT; lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA

8.3.2 iz'kklfud lacaèk

osQUnz rFkk jkT; osQ chp iz'kklfud lacaèkksa dks ysdj gekjs lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa osQ eu eas dHkh Hkh nks
Lora=k iz'kklfud bdkbZ;ksa osQ fuekZ.k dh bPNk ugha jgh cfYd mUgksaus nksuksa osQ chp leUo; (Co-
ordination) rFkk lg&Hkkfxrk (Co-operation) cuk, j[kus dh dksf'k'k dhA

jkT; osQ dk;Zikfydk lacaèkh vfèkdkj laln }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa osQ Hkhrj gh izHkkoh jgrs gSaA blosQ
vykok ;fn dHkh t:jr iM+s rks osQUnzh; dk;Zikfydk jkT; dk;Zikfydk dks funsZ'k Hkh ns ldrh gSA
osQUnzh; ljdkj jkT;ksa dks lalnh; dkuwu osQ vUrxZr jk"Vªh; ,oa lSfud egRo osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls lapkj]
jsyos] vkfn dh lqj{kk osQ fy, fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh dj ldrh gSA
blh Øe eas varjkZT;h; ufn;ksa ls lacafèkr fooknksa ij laln vosQys iSQlys dj ldrh gSA blosQ vykok
,d izkoèkku ;g Hkh gS fd jkT;ksa osQ chp mRiUu fooknksa ij jk"Vªifr dks lykg nsus osQ fy, ,d
varjkZT;h; ifj"kn dk xBu fd;k tk,A
;gka rd fd jkT; ls lacafèkr oqQN iz'kklfud dk;Z jkT; ljdkjsa ,d fuf'pr vofèk osQ fy, osQUnzh;
ljdkj dks lkSai ldrh gSaA
Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku esa iz'kklfud iz.kkyh dh ,d:irk dk izkoèkku gSA blosQ fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh;
iz'kklfud lsokvksa dk xBu fd;k x;k gS vkSj blosQ }kjk fu;qDr vfèkdkjh tSls vkbZ-,-,l-] vkbZ-ih-
,l- vFkok vU; fu;qDr inkfèkdkjh jkT; iz'kklu eas èkqjh dk dke djrs gSaA vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok osQ
inkfèkdkfj;ksa osQ ekè;e ls osQUnz ljdkj viuh lÙkk dk bLrseky djrs gq, jkT; ij fu;a=k.k j[krh gSA
bu lsokvksa osQ lnL; osQUnz }kjk fu;qDr gksrs gSa rFkk jkT;ksa esa lsok nsrs gSaA jkT; ljdkjsa osQUnz dh vuqefr
osQ fcuk muosQ f[kykiQ dksbZ vuq'kklukRed dkjZokbZ ugha dj ldrh gSaA lafoèkku esa ;g Hkh izkoèkku
gS fd jkT; lHkk osQ vuqeksnu (laLrqfr) ij laln u, vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk xBu Hkh dj ldrh
gSA osQUnz ljdkj osQ ekè;e ls jk"Vªifr jkT; iz'kklu ij fu;a=k.k j[krk gSA bl ckr dks le>us osQ fy,
vki vkikrdky osQ izkoèkkuksa dk vè;;u djsaxsA
vkidks ;g ckr Hkh ;kn gksxh fd t:jr iM+us ij dsUnzh; dk;Zikfydk jkT; dk;Zikfydk dks iz'kklfud
funsZ'k ns ldrh gSA osQUnzh; vFkok jkT; iz'kklu dh Lok;Ùkrk ij funsZ'k tkjh djus lacaèkh osQUnz ljdkj

85
 ekWM~;wy- 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ dks foLr`r vfèkdkj izkIr gSaA jkT;ksa osQ vkxzg ij osQUnz ljdkj osQUnzh; iqfyl cy vFkok lsuk dks dgha
eq[; rÙo Hkh fu;qDr dj ldrh gS vkSj ;fn dksbZ ,slk volj vk;k rks jkT; osQ fgrksa dk è;ku j[krs gq, osQUnzh;
iqfyl cy rFkk lhek lqj{kk cy dks iwjs jkT; esa iSQyk;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd jkT;
iz'kklu esa osQUnz ,d cgqr vge Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA
8.3.3 foÙkh; lacaèk
osQUnz osQ lkFk jkT;ksa osQ lacaèkksa osQ fuèkkZj.k esa jktLo lalkèkuksa dk caVokjk cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk
fVIi.kh
gSA lafoèkku eas osQUnz rFkk jkT; nksuksa osQ fy, Lora=k jktLo lalkèkuksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA la?kh;
lwph esa 'kkfey fo"k;ksa ij laln dj yxk ldrh gSA jkT; lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij jkT; ljdkj dj yxk
ldrh gSA lkèkkj.kr;k vaarjkZT;h; djksa dh mxkgh osQUnz ljdkj }kjk rFkk LFkkuh; djksa dh mxkgh jkT;
ljdkjksa }kjk dh tkrh gSA
osQUnzh; lwph esa fuc¼ djksa dh mxkgh fuEufyf[kr Js.kh esa dh tkrh gS%
(d) djksa dk fuèkkZj.k rks osQUnz ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gS fdUrq budk ladyu vkSj lap; jkT; ljdkj
}kjk fd;k tkrk gS tSls eqnzkad 'kqYd] nokbZ;ksa ij mRikn dj rFkk izlkèku lacèa kh oLrq,]a vkfnA
([k) jsyos] leqnzh rFkk gokbZ djksa dk fuèkkZj.k djuk rFkk mxkgh djuk rks osQUnz dk dk;Z gS fdUrq mUgsa
jkT;ksa dks ns fn;k tkrk gSA
(x) ;fn laln ;g dkuwu cuk ns fd (tSls & osQUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd rFkk izlkèku lacaèkh oLrqvksa ij
yxk, tkus okys dj) djksa dk caVokjk osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp gksuk pkfg,] rc buls lacafèkr
djksa dh mxkgh rFkk ladyu dk dk;Z rks osQUnz djrk gS fdUrq osQUnz ,oa jkT;ksa osQ chp djksa dk caVokjk
gks tkrk gSA
(?k) osQUnz }kjk fuèkkZj.k ,oa ladyu fd, x, dj ftudk lap;u dsUnz djrk gS tSls & vkcdkjh rFkk
vk;dj] vkfn ls lacafèkr djA
(Ä) osQUnz }kjk fuèkkZfjr dj ftudk ladyu rFkk lap;u osQUnz }kjk fd;k tkrk gS fdUrq osQUnz rFkk
jkT;ksa osQ chp mudk caVokjk gks tkrk gS tSls & o`Qf"k osQ vykok yxk;k x;k djA
bl izdkj foÙkh; {ks=k esa Hkh osQUnz dks csgrj lalkèku miyCèk gSaA osQUnz jkT; osQ foÙkh; lalkèkuksa ij
viuk fu;a=k.k j[krk gS rFkk jkT; dh fodkl ;kstukvksa osQ ys[kk&tks[kk osQ vkdyu osQ vkèkkj ij
lkekU; rFkk fo'ks"k nksuksa izdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa esa og jkT;ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA foÙkh;
vkikrdky dh fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp gksus okys djksa osQ caVokjs dks LFkfxr dj
ldrk gSA og jkT;ksa osQ oqQN [kpks± ij izfrcaèk Hkh yxk ldrk gSA
jkT; dh ;kstukvksa dk fuèkkZj.k osQUnz dh izkFkfedrkvksa osQ vuq:i gh gksrk gS ,oa mudk dk;kZUo;u
;kstuk vk;ksx dh lgefr ls gksrk gSA blosQ vykok jkT;ksa dks osQUnz }kjk izk;ksftr ;kstukvksa dks ykxw
Hkh djuk iM+rk gS ftlosQ fy, osQUnz gh vuqnku nsrk gS ,oa 'krs± Hkh j[krk gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx us vfrosQUnzho`Qr
fu;kstu dh O;oLFkk cuk nh gSA jkT;ksa osQ ikl vxqokbZ dk dksbZ ekè;e ugha gS rFkk osQUnzh; :i ls fuèkkZfjr
;kstuk,a vO;kogkfjd :i ls ,oa cxSj mudh fLFkfr le>s] muosQ Åij Fkksi nh tkrh gSA

86
 Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk ekWM~;wy - 2
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
ikBxr iz'u 8.3
eq[; rÙo
lgh fodYi pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A
(d) osQUnzh; lwph esa —————————— fo"k; lfEefyr gSaA (97] 66] 47)
([k) Mkd ,oa rkj ————————————— lwph esa lfEefyr fo"k; gSaA
fVIi.kh
(osQUnzh;] jkT;] leorhZ)
(x) jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw gksus ij jkT;&lwph eas fuc¼ fo"k;ksa ij ———————————
}kjk dkuwu cuk;k tk ldrk gSA (foèkkueaMy] laln] nksuksa)
(?k) okf.kT; rFkk O;kikj ————————— lwph dk fo"k; gSA (osQUnz] jkT;] leorhZ)

8.4 jkT;ksa dh vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fuekZrk ns'k dh ,drk o v[k.Mrk osQ izfr ltx FksA mUgsa ns'k dh ,drk o
v[k.Mrk dks rksM+us okyh 'kfDr;ksa dh tkudkjh FkhA Lora=krk osQ le; ,d 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz ljdkj
vko';d Fkh tks bu [krjksa dk lkeuk dj ldrh FkhA
vr% lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us osQUnz dh ,d izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk fuèkkZfjr dhA lkFk gh lkFk mUgksaus ,d
lgdkjh la?k dh LFkkiuk dhA
fiNys ik¡p n'kdksa esa Hkkjrh; la?k osQ }kjk fd;s x;s dk;ks± ls Li"V gS fd osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp
ges'kk gk£nd lacaèk ugha jgs gSaA
Hkkjr ljdkj us osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa dks lqpk# :i ls pykus osQ fy, le;&le; ij iz'kklfud lqèkkj
vk;ksx o vU; vk;ksx cuk;s gSaA osQUnz ljdkj us osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa esa lqèkkj osQ jkLrs lq>kus osQ fy,
ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dk xBu fd;kA

ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa }kjk iz'kklfud] foèkk;h vkSj foÙkh; lacaèkksa dh egÙkk irk pyrh gSA
blus lafoèkku dh ekSfyd lajpuk esa ifjorZu dh dHkh lykg ugha nh gSA blosQ vuqlkj la?kkRed gksuk
vfèkd vPNh O;oLFkk gS] ctk; n`<+ laLFkkfud ifjdYiuk osQA vk;ksx us LFkk;h varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dh
LFkkiuk ij tksj fn;kA blosQ vfrfjDr] blus bl ckr ij Hkh cy fn;k fd osQUnz vkSj jkT; nksuksa dks
gh fiNM+s {ks=kksa osQ fodkl osQ izfr ltx jguk pkfg,A ;fn bls ,d lqO;ofLFkr izdkj ls fd;k tk;s
rks vyxkooknh 'kfDr;k¡ Lor% gh lekIr gks tk;sxa hA vkilh lykg e'kfojs }kjk la?k vkSj jkT;ksa dks vius
varjksa dks lekIr djus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,A jkT;ksa }kjk vfèkd foÙkh; lgk;rk dh ekax dks vk;ksx
us mfpr Bgjk;k gSA osQUnz&jkT;ksa osQ lacaèk lqèkkjus osQ fy, vk;ksx us vk£Fkd mnkjhdj.k vkSj lafoèkku
la'kksèkuksa dh fliQkfj'k dh gSA

87
 ekWM~;wy- 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
eq[; rÙo ikBxr iz'u 8.4
fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) lafoèkku la'kksèku dh izfØ;k dh igy _____________ ljdkj }kjk dh tk ldrh gSA
([k) Hkkjrh; lafoèkku _________________ la?kh; gSA
fVIi.kh
(?k) jkT; ___________________ Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax dj jgs gSaA
(?k) ————————— vk;ksx us osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa osQ ckjs esa fjiksVZ lkSaih gSA

vkius D;k lh[kk

la?kh; O;oLFkk eas osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp 'kfDr;ksa osQ Li"V foHkktu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blosQ
fy, ,d fyf[kr ,oa dBksj lafoèkku dh t:jr gksrh gSA lkFk gh blesa ,d Lora=k U;k;ikfydk dh
Hkh vko';drk gksrh gS tks osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp mRiUu gq, fooknksa dks lqy>k losQ gkykafd Hkkjrh;
lafoèkku eas la?kh; lafoèkku osQ lHkh y{k.k ekStwn gSa ysfdu lgh vFkksZa esa la?k dguk dfBu gSA
Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us bdgjh ukxfjdrk] bdgjh U;k;ikfydk] l'kDr osQUnz dh LFkkiuk]
jk"Vªifr }kjk jkT;ikyksa dh fu;qfDr rFkk jkT; lHkk esa vleku izfrfufèkRo osQ }kjk lafoèkku esa vla?kh;
y{k.k ykus dk Hkjld iz;kl fd;k gSA blls l'kDr osQUnz dh vksj ,d izcy >qdko fn[krk gSA jkT;ksa
dks osQUnz osQ lkFk lgHkkfxrk osQ vkèkkj ij dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku eas la?kh; y{k.k rks
gSa ¯oQUrq bldh vkRek ,dkRed gSA
osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa ij è;ku nsa rks foèkk;h iz'kklfud rFkk foRrh; lacaèkksa osQ vkèkkj ij ge ikrs gSa fd
dsUnz ljdkj jkT; ljdkj ls T;knk 'kfDr'kkyh gSA jk"Vª dh ,drk ,oa v[kaMrk ij vkus okys [krjksa
dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, osaQnz ljdkj dks T;knk izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk iznku dh xbZ gSA bl izdkj gekjs ;gka
lgdkjh la?kokn dk foèkku gSA
brus o"kksZa rd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ dk;Z djrs jgus osQ ckn vc ;g ckr Li"V gks xbZ gS fd osQUnz rFkk
jkT;ksa osQ chp lacaèk vc cgqr eèkqj ugha jg x, gSaA jkT; vius fy, vfèkdre Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax djus
yxs gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa dh iquO;kZ[;k djus osQ fy, dbZ vk;ksx xfBr fd, tk
pqosQ gSaA ljdkfj;k vk;ksx us viuh fliQkfj'kksa esa foèkk;h] iz'kklfud rFkk foRrh; lacaèkksa esa cnyko
dk lq>ko fn;k gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ ,dkRed y{k.kksa dks Li"V dhft,A
2- osQanz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp foèkk;h lacaèkksa ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
3- osQanz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp foRrh; lacaèkksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
4- ^Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk Lo:i la?kkRed gS ijUrq vkRek ,dkRedA* O;k[;k djsaA

88
 Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk ekWM~;wy - 2
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj eq[; rÙo
8.1
(d) osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp foHkkftr
([k) fyf[kr
fVIi.kh
(x) 3
(?k) jkT;
(Ä) 47
8.2
(d) laln
([k) osQanz ljdkj
(x) leku
8.3
(d) 97
([k) osQanz
(x) laln
(?k) jkT;
8.4
(d) osQUnzh;
([k) v¼Z
(x) vfèkd
(?k) ljdkfj;k

ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr

1. [k.M 8-2 ns[ksaA

2. [k.M 8-3-1 ns[ksaA

3. [k.M 8-3-3 ns[ksaA

4. [k.M 8-1 ,oa 8-2 ns[ksaA

89
 la?kh; dk;Zikfydk
ekWM~;wy - 3
ljdkj dh lajpuk

10
la?kh; dk;Zikfydk fVIi.kh

Hkkjr ,d yksdrkaf=kr x.kjkT; gS ftldh 'kklu iz.kkyh lalnh; gSaA dsUnzh; Lrj dh ljdkj dks la?k
ljdkj rFkk jkT; Lrjh; ljdkj dks] jkT; ljdkj dgk tkrk gSA la?k ljdkj osQ rhu vax
gaS&dk;Zikfydk] fo/kf;dk rFkk U;k;ikfydkA jk"Vªifr] iz/kuea=kh rFkk ea=kh&ifj"kn feydj la?kh;
dk;Zikfydk cukrh gSA
bl ikB esa vki la?kh; dk;Zikfydk osQ xBu rFkk dk;ksZa osQ fo"k; esa i<+saxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki
l lalnh; yksdra=k osQ varxZr ukeek=k rFkk okLrfod dk;Zikfydk esa varj crk losQaxs_
l ;g crk ik,axs fd Hkkjr ,d x.kjkT; gS ftl dk jkT;kè;{k fuokZfpr gksrk gS_
l Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr in osQ fy, ;ksX;rk,a rFkk fuokZpu izfØ;k dk o.kZu dj losQaxs_
l jk"Vªifr dh dk;Zdkfj.kh laca/h] fo/k;h] foRrh; rFkk U;kf;d 'kfDr;ksa dks le> losQaxs_
l jk"Vªifr dh fLFkfr dh O;k[;k dj ik,axs_
l Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa mi&jk"Vªifr dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dj losaQxs_
l ;g crk ik,axs fd iz/kuea=kh dh fu;qfDr fdl izdkj gksrh gS rFkk eaf=kifj"kn dk xBu fdl izdkj
gksrk gS_
l iz/kuea=kh rFkk mlosQ ea=kh&ifj"kn dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dj ik,axs_
l O;fDrxr rFkk lkewfgd mRrjnkf;Ro osQ fufgr vFkZ dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldsaxsA

10.1 jk"Vªifr
ge igys i<+ pqds gSa fd Hkkjr ,d izHkqrk lEiUu yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT; gSA Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr tks gekjs
jk"Vªkè;{k gaS] dk fuokZpu vizR;{k :i ls gksrk gSA

99
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku

ljdkj dh lajpuk ;ksX;rk,a: jk"Vªifr in osQ fy, ;ksX;rk,a%

(i) og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg,_
(ii) og 35 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh dj pqdk gks_
(iii) og yksd lHkk dk lnL; cuus dh ;ksX;rk,a j[krk gks_

(iv) og fdlh ykHkdkjh in ij vklhu u gks vFkkZr izR;k'kh ljdkjh deZpkjh ugha gksuk pkfg,A bl
fVIi.kh lanHkZ esa] jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] jkT;iky] rFkk osQUnz ;k jkT;ksa esa ea=kh osQ in dks ykHk dk in
ugha ekuk tkrkA
jk"Vªifr osQ in ij vklhu O;fDr laln dk lnL; ;k jkT;ksa esa fo/k;d ugha gks ldrkA ;fn
dksbZ lkaln ;k fo/k;d jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ fy, fuokZfpr gks tkrk gS rks ml dk laln] vFkok
fo/kue.My esa LFkku ml fnu ls fjDr ekuk tkrk gS ftl fnu og jk"Vªifr dk in xzg.k djrk
gSA

10.1.1 fuokZpu izfØ;k

jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu ,d fuokZpd e.My n~okjk gksrk gS] ftlesa laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa vFkkZr yksdlHkk
,oa jkT;lHkk rFkk jkT;ksa dh fo/kulHkkvksa osQ lHkh fuokZfpr lnL; gksrs gSaA laln osQ euksuhr lnL;
rFkk jkT; fo/ku ifj"knksa osQ euksuhr lnL; bl fuokZpd e.My osQ lnL; ugha gksrsA fuokZpu
vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/Ro osQ vk/kj ij ,dy laØe.kh; iz.kkyh n~okjk fd;k tkrk gSA ernku xqIr er
n~okjk gksrk gSA lafo/ku fuekZrk pkgrs Fks fd laln osQ fuokZfpr lnL;ksa osQ er rFkk lHkh jkT;ksa dh
fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ fuokZfpr lnL;ksa osQ er ,d leku gksaA blfy, erksa dh lekurk dks lqfuf'pr djus
osQ fy, mUgksaus ,d rjhdk fudkyk ftl osQ n~okjk izR;sd fuokZfpr lkaln rFkk fo/k;d osQ oksV dk
ewY; fu/kZfjr fd;k tk losQA
fdlh jkT; dh fo/ku lHkk osQ izR;sd fo/k;d osQ er dk ewY; fuEufyf[kr lw=k }kjk fudkyk tkrk
gS%&

jkT; dh oqQYk tula[;k

= ÷ 1000
jkT; fo/ku lHkk osQ dqy fuokZfpr lnL;ksa dh la[;k
ljy 'kCnksa esa ge bls bl izdkj Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd jkT; dh oqQy tula[;k dks jkT; fo/ku lHkk
osQ fuokZfpr lnL;ksa dh la[;k ls Hkkx oQjosQ] HkkxiQy dks fiQj 1000 ls Hkkx fn;k tk,A
mnkgj.k%& eku yhft, iatkc dh tula[;k 1]35]51]660 gS rFkk fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k
104 gS rks izR;sd fo/k;d osQ er dk ewY; gksxk&

1,35,51,000
÷1000
104
= 130.29
= 130 [iw.kZ la[;k cukus ij D;ksafd] 29] 50 % ls de gSA]

laln osQ izR;sd lnL; osQ er dk ewY; fudkyus osQ fy, lHkh jkT;ksa rFkk osQUnz 'kkflr {ks=k&fnYyh

100
 la?kh; dk;Zikfydk
ekWM~;wy - 3
,oa ikaMhpsjh dh fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ lHkh lnL;ksa osQ er tksM+dj yksdlHkk rFkk jkT; lHkk osQ lHkh ljdkj dh lajpuk
fuokZfpr lkalnksa dh la[;k ls foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA

lHkh fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ fuokZfpr fo/k;dksa osQ oqQy er

= ,d lkaln osQ er ¾
laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ oqQy fuokZfpr lkalnksa dh la[;k
mnkgj.k% lHkh jkT;ksa dh fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ erksa dks tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA eku yhft, ;g la[;k 5]
44] 971 gS vkSj laln osQ oqQy fuokZfpr lnL; gSa 776] rks% fVIi.kh
5,44,971
izR;sd lkaln osQ er= = 702.28
776

= 702 (iw.kZ la[;k cukus ij)

x.kuk djrs le; ;fn 'ks"k iQy 50 izfr'kr ls de gks rks mls NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ;fn 50 izfr'kr
ls vf/d gks rks HkkxiQy esa ,d er tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA
,dy laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh: jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/Ro osQ vk/kj ij ,dy
laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh ls gksrk gSA bl iz.kkyh esa lHkh izR;kf'k;ksa osQ uke eri=k ij fy[k fn, tkrs gaS
vkSj ernkrk muosQ vkxs la[;k fy[krs gSaA izR;sd ernkrk eri=k ij ojh;rk Øe esa mruh ilansa fy[krk
gS ftrus izR;k'kkh gksrs gSaA mlh izdkj og vU; izR;kf'k;ksa osQ uke osQ vkxs Hkh viuh ilan osQ vkèkkj
ij la[;k 2] 3] 4 vkfn---fy[k nsrk gSA ;fn igyh ilan u fy[kh tk, vFkok ,d ls vf/d izR;kf'k;ksa
osQ uke osQ vkxs igyh ilan fy[kh tk, rks er voS/ ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
erx.kuk ifj.kke dh ?kks"k.kk
jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ lnL; viuk ernku jkT;ksa dh jkt/kfu;ksa esa djrs gSa tcfd laln lnL; viuk
er fnyh ;k jkT; dh jkt/kfu;ksa esa dj ldrs gSaA er x.kuk ubZ fnYyh esa gksrh gSA igyh ilan osQ
vk/kj ij lHkh izR;kf'k;ksa osQ er vyx djosQ fxu fy, tkrs gSaA fuokZfpr ?kksf"kr gksus osQ fy, oqQy
Mkys x, oS/ erksa osQ 50 izfr'kr ls vf/d er izkIr djuk vko';d gSA bls dksVk vFkok U;wure
vko';d vad dgrs gaSA dksVk fudkyus osQ fy, oqQy Mkys x, oS/ erksa dks fuokZfpr gksus okys
izR;kf'k;ksa dh la[;k esa ,d tksM+dj Hkkx fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd osQoy jk"Vªifr dks fuokZfpr gksuk gS
blfy, 1$1 vFkkZr nks ls Hkkx fn;k tkrk gSA U;wure vadksa dks 50 ls vf/d cukus osQ fy, HkkxiQy
esa 1 tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA blfy,

oqQy Mkys x, oS/ er

dkssVk ¾ $1
1$1
igyh x.kuk esa osQoy igyh ilanksa dks fxuk tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ Hkh izR;k'kh dksVk izkIr dj ysrk gS rks
mls fot;h ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ Hkh izR;k'kh vko';d U;wure vad vFkkZr dksVk izkIr
ugha dj ldrk] rks lcls de igyh ilansa izkIr djus okys izR;k'kh dh nwljh ilanksa osQ vk/kj ij mlosQ
erksa dk gLrkarj.k ckdh izR;kf'k;ksa esa dj fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj lcls de er izkIr djus okys
izR;k'kh dk uke gVk fn;k tkrk gSA nwljh x.kuk osQ vk/kj ij ;fn fdlh izR;k'kh dks okafNr er fey
tkrs gSa] rks mls jk"Vªifr in osQ fy, fot;h ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn vc Hkh fdlh izR;k'kh dks
dksVk izkIr ugha gksrk] rks lcls de er izkIr djus okys izR;k'kh osQ er mldh rhljh ilan osQ vkèkkj

101
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku

ljdkj dh lajpuk ij ckdh izR;kf'k;ksa esa gLrkarfjr dj fn, tkrs gSaA ;g izfØ;k rc rd pyrh gS tc rd fd dksbZ
Hkh izR;k'kh okafNr er izkIr djosQ fot;h ?kksf"kr ugha gksrkA vkb,] ge bls ,d mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk
ls le>us dk iz;kl djsaA eku yhft, oqQy oS/ er 20]000 gSa vkSj v] c] l vkSj n pkj izR;k'kh
gSaA ;gk¡ ij okafNr vad ;k dksVk gksxk%

20,000
+ 1 = 10001.
1 +1
fVIi.kh
Ekku yhft, igyh x.kuk esa pkjksa izR;kf'k;ksa dks igyh ilan ds vk/kj ij feys er bl izdkj gSa%
v = 9000
c = 2000
l = 4000
n = 5000
bl fLFkfr esa fdlh Hkh izR;k'kh dks okafNr vad] vFkkZr 10]001 er ugha feysA lcls de vad izkIr
djus okys izR;k'kh c dks gVk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj mlosQ 2000 er nwljksa dks gLrkarfjr dj fn, tkrs
gSA
eku yhft, erksa osQ gLrkarj.k ls v dks1100] l dks 500 rFkk n dks 400 er feysA vc mudh fLFkfr
bl izdkj gS%
v = 9000 + 1100 = 10,100
l = 4000 + 500 = 4500
n = 5000 + 400 = 5400
D;ksafd izR;k'kh v dks okafNr er vFkkZr dksVk fey x;k gS blfy, bls jk"Vªifr in osQ fy, fot;h
?kksf"kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
jk"Vªifr dk in xzg.k djus ls iwoZ] mls Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k dh mifLFkfr esa 'kiFk ysuh gksrh
gSA

ikBxr iz'u 10.1

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa esa fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls lgh mÙkj NkafV, vkSj mlosQ vkxs fVd (ü) dk
fu'kku yxkb,:
1. jk"Vªifr in osQ fy, U;wure vk;q gS%
(d) 21 o"kZ
([k) 25 o"kZ
(x) 30 o"kZ
(?k) 35 o"kZ

102
 la?kh; dk;Zikfydk
ekWM~;wy - 3
2. jk"Vªifr in osQ mEehnokj esa fdl dk lnL; cuus dh ;ksX;rk,a gksuh pkfg,\ ljdkj dh lajpuk
(d) yksd lHkk
([k) jkT; lHkk
(x) fo/ku ifj"kn
(?k) ftyk ifj"kn fVIi.kh
3. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl lnu osQ lnL; fuokZpd e.My osQ lnL; ugha gksrs%
(d) jkT; lHkk
([k) fo/ku lHkk
(x) fo/ku ifj"kn
(?k) yksd lHkk

10.2 jk"Vªifr% dk;Zdky rFkk in ls gVkuk

jk"Vªifr ikap o"kZ dh vof/ osQ fy, fuokZfpr fd;k tkrk gSA og vof/ lekIr gksus ij iqu% pquko
Hkh yM+ ldrk gSA ;|fi LFkkfir ijEijk osQ vuqlkj og rhljh ckj bl in osQ fy, pquko ugha yM+rkA
Hkkjr osQ izFke jk"Vªifr Mk- jktsUnz izlkn nks ckj iwjs dk;Zdky osQ fy, pqus x, FksA jk"Vªifr dk;Zdky
iwjk gksus ls igys Hkh R;kx i=k ns ldrk gS ;k ;g in mldh e`R;q osQ dkj.k Hkh [kkyh gks ldrk gSA
mldk dk;Zdky 'kiFk xzg.k dj in ysus dh frfFk ls izkjEHk gksrk gSA

10.2.1 fo'ks"kkf/dkj ,oa mUeqfDr;ka

1. og vius dk;ksZa osQ fy, fdlh U;k;ky; osQ izfr mRrjnk;h ugha gSA
2. jk"Vªifr dks mlosQ dk;Zdky esa canh ugha cuk;k tk ldrk vkSj u gh mlosQ fojQ¼ fdlh izdkj
dh iQkStnkjh dk;Zokgh dh tk ldrh gSA
3. jk"Vªifr osQ dk;Zdky esa mls fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; esa mifLFkr gksus osQ fy, ckè; ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA
4. jk"Vªifr ij dksbZ nhokuh eqdnek pykus ls iwoZ de ls de nks ekl dk uksfVl fn;k tkuk
vko';d gSA
10.2.2 jk"Vªifr dks vinLFk djuk
jk"Vªifr dks mlosQ in ls osQoy egkfHk;ksx }kjk gh gVk;k tk ldrk gSA lafo/ku esa jk"Vªifr ij
egkfHk;ksx pykus dh fof/ dk foLr`r mYys[k gSA egkfHk;ksx osQoy lafo/ku dk vfrØe.k djus ij
gh pyk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fof/ tkucw> dj bruh dfBu cukbZ xbZ rkfd fdlh Hkh jk"Vªifr dks
fdlh rqPN vk/kj ij u gVk;k tk losQA jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx pykus dk izLrko laln osQ fdlh Hkh
lnu esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA ,slk izLrko osQoy lnu osQ de ls de ,d pkSFkkbZ lnL;ksa }kjk uksfVl
fn, tkus osQ ckn j[kk tk ldrk gSA bl rjg dk izLrko ftlesa jk"Vªifr osQ fojQ¼ lafo/ku osQ

103
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku

ljdkj dh lajpuk vfrØe.k dk vkjksi gks] de ls de lnu osQ nks frgkbZ lnL;ksa }kjk ikfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg, osQoy
rHkh nwljk lnu bu vkjksiksa dh tkap dj ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr ij yxk, x, vkjksiksa dh tkap nwljs lnu
}kjk dh tkrh gSA bl volj ij jk"Vªifr Lo;a ;k vius fdlh izfrfuf/ }kjk vius dks funksZ"k lkfcr
djus osQ fy, mifLFkr gksdj liQkbZ is'k dj ldrk gSA ;fn vkjksiksa dks nwljs lnu osQ oqQYk lnL;rk
osQ nks frgkbZ cgqer ls Lohdkj dj fy;k tkrk gS] rks egkfHk;ksx ikfjr gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj jk"Vªifr
ml fnu ls in eqDr gks tkrk gSA egkfHk;ksx dh ;g izfØ;k vejhdk esa viukbZ tkus okyh izfØ;k ls
dgha vf/d dfBu gS tgka ;s dk;Zokgh izkjEHk djus osQ fy, izfrfuf/ lnu esa osQoy lk/kj.k cgqer
fVIi.kh
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
egkfHk;ksx: egkfHk;ksx ,d ,slh v/Z U;kf;d izfØ;k gS ftlosQ n~okjk mPp in ij vklhu fdlh
yksd lsod] tSls Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr] dks lafo/ku dk vfrØe.k djus osQ dkj.k vius in ls
eqDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

10.2.3 jk"Vªifr in dk fjDr gksuk

tc Hkh e`R;q] R;kx i=k vFkok egkfHk;ksx osQ dkj.k] jk"Vªifr dk in fjDr gksrk gS] rks mijk"Vªifr
dk;ZHkkj laHkky ysrk gS] ijarq ;g dk;Zdky Ng eghus ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj
vfuok;Z :i ls fjDr LFkku dks Hkjus osQ fy, jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu Ng eghus osQ vanj vo'; gks tkuk
pkfg,A uo fuokZfpr jk"Vªifr vius in ij iwjs dk;Zdky vFkkZr ikap o"kZ osQ fy, cuk jgrk gSA tc
jk"Vªifr iQ[kjQn~nhu vyh vgen dh e`R;q 1977 esa gqbZ] rks mijk"Vªifr ch-Mh- tÙkh dks dk;Zokgd
jk"Vªifr cuk fn;k x;k vkSj Ng eghus osQ vanj u, jk"Vªifr (latho jsM~Mh) dk pquko gks x;kA
;fn jk"Vªifr dk in fjDr gks tk, vkSj mijk"Vªifr miyC/ u gks (dkj.k Ng eghus ls iwoZ e`R;q ;k
R;kxi=k gks ldrk gS) rks ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k u, jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu gksus rd
jk"Vªifr in dk dk;ZHkkj laHkky ysrs gSaA laln }kjk ;g izko/ku 1969 esa ml le; ikfjr fd;k tc
jk"Vªifr Mk- tkfdj gqlSu dh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj mijk"Vªifr oh-oh- fxjh us R;kx i=k ns fn;k FkkA
;fn dksbZ jk"Vªifr chekjh ;k fdlh vU; dkj.k ls vLFkkbZ :i ls viuk nkf;Ro fuHkkus osQ ;ksX; ugha
gS] rks mijk"Vªifr fcuk dk;ZHkkj laHkkys jk"Vªifr dh ftEesnkfj;ksa dk ogu dj ldrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 10.2

uhps fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls lgh mÙkj ij (ü) fVd yxkb,%
1. Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dks fdruh vof/ osQ fy, pquk tkrk gS\
(d) rhu lky
([k) pkj lky
(x) ikap lky
(?k) Ng lky

104
 la?kh; dk;Zikfydk
ekWM~;wy - 3
2. jk"Vªifr osQ egkfHk;ksx dk izLrko fdl lnu esa j[kk tk ldrk gS\ ljdkj dh lajpuk
(d) yksd lHkk
([k) jkT; lHkk
(x) fo/ku lHkk
(?k) laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu esa
fVIi.kh
3. tc jk"Vªifr ;k mijk"Vªifr] nksukas gh miyC/ ugha gksrs] rks jk"Vªifr dk inHkkj dkSu lEHkkyrk
gS\
(d) iz/ku ea=kh
([k) Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k
(x) eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr
(?k) yksd lHkk vè;{k

10.3 jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;ka

lafo/ku }kjk jk"Vªifr dks vusd 'kfDr;ka iznku dh xbZ gSaA eq[; :i ls jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;kas dks
dk;Zikfydk lacaèkh fo/k;h] foRrh; rFkk U;kf;d 'kfDr;ksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA mldh
vkikrdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa dh ppkZ igys gh ukSosa ikB esa dh tk pqdh gSA

10.3.1 dk;Zikfydk laca/h 'kfDr;ka

jk"Vªifr jk"Vª dk izeq[k gksrk gSA la?k ljdkj dh dk;Zikfydk laca/h 'kfDr;ka mls iznku dh xbZ gSaA
jk"Vªifr bu 'kfDr;ksa dk mi;ksx izR;{k vFkok vius v/hu vf/dkfj;ksa osQ ekè;e ls dj ldrk gS
tSls izèkku ea=kh vkSj mldk ea=kh&ifj"knA mldh dk;Zikfydk laca/h 'kfDr;ka uhps nh xbZ gSa&
jk"Vªifr iz/kuea=kh dh fu;qfDr djrk gS vkSj fiQj mlosQ ijke'kZ ij 'ks"k eaf=k;kas dh fu;qfDr djrk
gSA iz/kuea=kh dh lykg ls og eaf=k;ksa osQ foHkkxksa dk forj.k djrk gS vkSj mlh dh lykg ij
og fdlh Hkh ea=kh dks vinLFk Hkh dj ldrk gSA
jk"Vªifr loksZPp U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k rFkk vU; U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr
djrk gSA lHkh U;kf;d fu;qfDr;ksa dks djrs le; og eq[; U;k;k/h'k ls ijke'kZ djrk gSA blosQ
vfrfjDr og loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ fdlh Hkh U;k;k/h'k ls ftls og Bhd le>rk gS] ijke'kZ dj ldrk
gSA mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k rFkk U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr djrs le; og jkT;iky dh Hkh
lykg gksrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr esa og jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh ls Hkh ijke'kZ djrk
gSA ijarq vc loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ 1993 osQ fu.kZ; osQ vuqlkj ftldh 1999 esa iqu% O;k[;k dh xbZ]
jk"Vªifr lHkh U;kf;d fu;qfDr;ksa osQ ekeys esa loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ ofj"Bre U;k;k/h'kksa dh ukelwph
[k.M dh lykg dks ekuus ds fy, ckè; gSA eq[; U;k;k/h'k dh vè;{krk okys bl [kaMihB dks
loksZPp U;k;ky; dk dksysft;e dgk tkrk gSA

105
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku

ljdkj dh lajpuk jk"Vªifr Hkkjr osQ egkU;k;koknh] egkys[kk ijh{kd] eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr lfgr vU; vk;qDrksa] la?kh;
yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k ,oa lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA og jkT;ksa osQ jkT;iky rFkk osQUnz 'kkflr
{ks=kksa osQ mijkT;ikyksa dh Hkh fu;qfDr djrk gSA ;s lHkh fu;qfDr;ka iz/ku ea=kh rFkk la?kh; ea=kh ifj"kn
dh lykg ls dh tkrh gSaA
jk"Vªifr l'kL=k lsukvksa dk iz/ku lsukifr gksrk gSA bl ukrs og Fky] ty rFkk ok;q lsuk vè;{kksa dh
fu;qfDr;ka djrk gSA jk"Vªifr ;qn~/ dh ?kks"k.kk rFkk 'kkafr lfU/ Hkh dj ldrk gSA jk"Vªkè;{k gksus osQ ukrs]
fVIi.kh og ns'k osQ fons'k laca/h ekeyksa dh Hkh ns[kHkky djrk gSA og nwljs ns'kksa osQ fy, Hkkjr osQ jktnwrksa
rFkk mPp vk;qDrksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS rFkk nwljs ns'kksa osQ jktnwrksa vkSj vk;qDrksa dk Lokxr djrk gSA
lHkh owQVuhfrd dk;Z fons'kksa esa gekjs nwrkokl rFkk jktnwrksa osQ ekè;e ls jk"Vªifr osQ uke ls gh gksrs
gSaA lHkh varjkZ"Vªh; laf/;ka ,oa le>kSrs mlh osQ uke ls gh gksrs gSaA
og la?kh; laln n~okjk ikfjr lHkh dkuwuksa dks ykxw djrk gSA dsUnzh; ea=kh&ifj"kn dh lykg ls vius
}kjk fu;qDr lHkh vf/dkfj;ksa dks tSls jkT;iky vkSj jktnwrksa dks og gVk ldrk gS ;k okfil cqyk
ldrk gSA
jk"Vªifr vius lkjs dk;Z iz/kuea=kh dh lykg ls djrk gSA iz/kuea=kh osQUnz ljdkj n~okjk fy, x, lHkh
fu.kZ;ksa dh lwpuk jk"Vªifr dks nsrk jgrk gSA ;fn jk"Vªifr pkgs rks dk;Zikfydk osQ fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; ij
iqufoZpkj osQ fy, iz/ku ea=kh dks osQoy ,d ckj dg ldrk gSA og fdlh ea=kh osQ fu.kZ; ij iqufoZpkj
osQ fy, Hkh ea=kheaMy dks dg ldrk gSA ijarq iqufoZpkj osQ fy, nks ckj ugha dg ldrkA
10.3.2 fo/k;h 'kfDr;ka
laln dk vfHkUu vax gksus osQ ukrs] jk"Vªifr dks vusd fo/k;h 'kfDr;ka izkIr gSaA ;s 'kfDr;ka bl izdkj
gS% jk"Vªifr laln osQ lnuksa osQ vf/os'ku vkeaf=kr dj ldrk gS ;k mudh cSBd LFkfxr dj ldrk
gSA og laln dk vf/os'ku o"kZ esa de ls de nks ckj cqyk ldrk gS ijarq fdUgha Hkh nks l=kksa osQ chp
Ng ekl ls vf/d dk varj ugha gksuk pkfg,A jk"Vªifr dks ;g 'kfDr izkIr gS fd og iz/kuea=kh dh
fliQkfj'k ij og yksd lHkk dks dk;Zdky dh lekfIr ls iwoZ Hkax dj ldrk gSA lkekU; fLFkfr esa
og yksd lHkk ikap o"kZ osQ i'pkr gh Hkax djrk gSA og jkT; lHkk esa 12 lnL;ksa dks euksuhr djrk
gS tks lkfgR;] foKku] dyk rFkk lekt lsok osQ {ks=k esa fof'k"V Kku j[krs gSaA ;fn yksd lHkk esa
vkaXy&Hkkjrh; leqnk; dk mfpr izfrfuf/Ro u gks] rks bl leqnk; osQ nks lnL;ksa dks yksd lHkk esa
euksuhr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn fdlh lk/kj.k fo/k;d osQ ekeys esa yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk esa
lgefr u cu ik, rks jk"Vªifr nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr cSBd cqyk ldrk gSA vHkh rd ,slh rhu la;qDr
cSBdsa cqykbZ tk pqdh gS (foLr`r ppkZ osQ fy, ns[ksa ikB 11)A jk"Vªifr dks laln dks lEcksf/r djus
rFkk lans'k Hkstus dk vf/dkj izkIr gSA og izR;sd o"kZ gksus okyh laln osQ nksuksa lnu dh izFke cSBd
,oa vke pquko osQ ckn gksus okyh laln dh izFke cSBd dks lacksfèkr djrk gSA mu lEcks/uksa esa
rRdkyhu ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dk o.kZu gksrk gSA
laln }kjk ikfjr izR;sd fo/s;d jk"Vªifr dh Lohd`fr osQ fy, mlosQ ikl Hkstk tkrk gSA og Lohd`fr
iznku djrk gS vFkok iqufoZpkj osQ fy, llan dks okfil Hkst ldrk gSA ;fn laln bl fo/s;d dks
iqu% ikfjr dj nsrh gS rks jk"Vªifr dks Lohd`fr nsuh gh iM+rh gSA jk"Vªifr dh Lohd`fr osQ fcuk dksbZ
Hkh fo/s;d dkuwu ugha cu ldrkA tc laln dk vf/os'ku ugha gks jgk gksrk gS rks jk"Vªifr vè;kns'k
tkjh dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj osQ vè;kns'k dks dkuwu dh 'kfDr izkIr gksrh gSA ,sls vè;kns'k dks laln
osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ lEeq[k] tc vf/os'ku izkjEHk gks] j[kk tkuk t:jh gSA ;fn vè;kns'k u rks laln

106
 la?kh; dk;Zikfydk
ekWM~;wy - 3
}kjk Lohdkj fd;k tk, vkSj u gh mls jk"Vªifr okfil ys] rks laln osQ vxys l=k osQ izkjEHk gksus ls ljdkj dh lajpuk
Ng lIrkg dh lekfIr ij bls Lo;aeso jn~n le>k tkrk gSA izk;% vè;kns'k osQ LFkku ij dkuwu cukus
osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk fo/s;d izLrkfor fd;k tkrk gSA
10.3.3 foÙkh; 'kfDr;ka
lHkh /u fo/s;d jk"Vªifr dh iwoZ vuqefr ls gh yksdlHkk esa izLrkfor fd, tk loQrs gSaA Hkkjr dh
vkdfLed fuf/ ij jk"Vªifr dk vf/dkj gksrk gSA blh ls og fdlh Hkkoh ;k vkdfLed dk;Z osQ fVIi.kh
fy, vfxze jkf'k iznku dj ldrk gSA okf"kZd ctV rFkk jsy ctV jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr ls gh yksd
lHkk esa izLrkfor fd, tkrs gSaA ;fn ljdkj pyrs foRrh; o"kZ osQ chp esa ;g vuqHko djsa fd mls
okf"kZd ctV esa vuqekfur jkf'k ls vf/d jkf'k pkfg,] rks og iwjd ctV Hkh izLrkfor dj ldrh
gSA /u fo/s;dksa dks dHkh Hkh iqufoZpkj osQ fy, laln esa okfil ugha Hkstk tk ldrkA izR;sd ikap o"kZ
osQ i'pkr jk"Vªifr foRr vk;ksx dk xBu dj ldrk gSA ;g vk;ksx oqQN foRrh; ekeyksa esa jk"Vªifr
dks viuh fliQkfj'ksa fo'ks"k rkSj ij osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa esa dsUnzh; djksa osQ caVokjs osQ ckjs esa izLrqr djrk
gSA jk"Vªifr egkys[kk ijh{kd dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ izkIr dj mls lnu esa izLrqr djokrk gSA
Hkkjr dh vkdfLed fuf/% ;g osQUnzh; ljdkj dh ,slh fuf/ gS ftlls fdlh vko';d
vkdfLed [kpsZ oQks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl ij jk"Vªifr dk iw.kZ fu;a=k.k gksrk gS vkSj og
blh esa ls iSlk fudkyus dh vkKk nsrk gSA

10.3.4 U;kf;d 'kfDr;ka

vki igys i<+ pqosQ gS fd jk"Vªifr loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k rFkk vU; U;k;k/h'kksa dh
fu;qfDr djrk gSA og mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k rFkk vU; U;k;k/h'kksa dh Hkh fu;qfDr djrk
gSA og egkU;k;oknh lfgr osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ fof/ vf/dkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA jk"Vªkè;{k osQ
:i esa loksZPp U;k;ky; vFkok mPp U;k;ky; }kjk la?kh; dkuwuksa dks rksM+us osQ fy, nks"kh ik, x,
vijkf/;ksa dks jk"Vªifr dks {keknku djus] fdlh naM dks de djus vFkok oqQN le; osQ fy, LFkfxr
djus dk vf/dkj gSA og dksVZ ek'kZy }kjk nafMr fdlh Hkh vijk/h osQ naM oQks {kek dj ldrk gSA
jk"Vªifr dh {keknku dh 'kfDr osQ varxZr og ml O;fDr dks Hkh {kek dj ldrk gS ftls e`R;q naM
fn;k x;k gSA ijarq ,slk osQoy fof/ ea=kky; dh lykg ij gh fd;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr dks oqQN
fo'ks"kkfèkdkj Hkh izkIr gSaA og dkuwu ls mij gS rFkk ml ij fdlh izdkj dk iQkStnkjh eqdnek ugha
pyk;k tk loQrkA

10.4 jk"Vªifr dh fLFkfr

jk"Vªifr dk in [;kfr vkSj xkSjo dk gS u fd okLrfod 'kfDr;ksa dk inA mldks izkIr 'kfDr;ksa dk
iz;ksx og Lo;a ugha djrk cfYd jk"Vªifr osQ uke ls ea=kh&ifj"kn }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn og
ea=khifj"kn dh bPNk osQ fojQ¼ dk;Z djrk gS rks ;g laoS/kfud ladV ekuk tkrk gSA blosQ fy, ml
ij egkfHk;ksx pyk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj mls gVk;k Hkh tk ldrk gSA blfy, jk"Vªifr osQ ikl iz/kuea=kh
dh ckr ekuus ds vfrfjDr vkSj dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA vkf[kjdkj iz/kuea=kh dk;Zikfydk dk eqf[k;k
gSA iz/kuea=kh jk"Vªifr osQ lkFk fujarj lEidZ cuk, j[krk gSA
ea=kh&ifj"kn yksdlHkk osQ izfr mRrjnk;h gksrk gS vkSj osQoy vfo'okl dk izLrko ikfjr gksus ij gh
gVkbZ tk ldrh gSA ijarq lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj ea=kh&ifj"kn jk"Vªifr osQ izlkn dky rd dk;Z djuh

107
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku

ljdkj dh lajpuk jg ldrh gSA lafo/ku osQ 42osa la'kks/u osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr ea=kh&ifj"kn osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj dk;Z
djus osQ fy, ckè; gSA og Lora=k :i ls dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA
jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;ka vkSipkfjd gSaA iz/kuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa ea=kh&ifj"kn gh okLrfod dk;Zikfydk gSA
lafo/ku osQ pokyhlosa la'kks/u osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr laln }kjk ikfjr fdlh fo/s;d dks iqu% fopkj
osQ fy, okfil Hkst ldrk gSA ;fn fo/s;d iqu% ikfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS_ rks jk"Vªifr dks viuh
Lohd`fr nsuh gh iM+rh gSA lafoèkku lHkk esa Mk- ch vkj vEcsMdj us Bhd dgk Fkk] **jk"Vªifr dh
fVIi.kh fLFkfr fcYdqy ogh gS tks fczfV'k lafo/ku esa jktk dh gksrh gSA** ijarq okLrfodrk esa Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr
ek=k jcj dh eqgj ugha gSA lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh lqj{kk dk nkf;Ro jk"Vªifr dk gSA
og uofu;qDr iz/kuea=kh dks fu/kZfjr le; osQ vanj fo'okl dk er izkIr djus osQ fy, dg ldrk
gSA ns'k dk lkjk iz'kklu jk"Vªifr osQ uke ls pyk;k tkrk gSA og fdlh Hkh ea=kh ls dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh
izkIr dj ldrk gSA ea=kh&ifj"kn }kjk fy, x, lHkh fu.kZ;ksa dh lwpuk jk"Vªifr dks Hkst nh tkrh gSA
mls iz'kklu ls lacafèkr lHkh tkudkjh Hkh nh tkrh gSaA jk"Vªifr in dh mi;ksfxrk dk irk mlh ckr
ls yx tkrk gS fd mls ljdkj dks ijke'kZ] izsj.kk vFkok izksRlkgu rFkk psrkouh nsus dk vf/dkj gSA
bl lanHkZ esa jk"Vªifr ,d ijke'kZnkrk] fe=k rFkk vkykspd osQ :i esa mHkj dj lkeus vkrk gSA
fu"d"kZ osQ rkSj ij ge jk"Vªifr dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu Mk- vEcsMdj osQ 'kCnksa esa bl izdkj dj ldrs
gSa] ^^Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr jkT;kè;{k rks gS ijarq 'kklukè;{k ugha] og jk"Vª dk izfrfuf/ rks gS ijarq jk"Vª
ij 'kklu ugha djrkA og jk"Vª dk izrhd gSA iz'kklu esa mldk LFkku osQoy ,d vkSipkfjd vè;{k
dk gSA**

10.5 mijk"Vªifr
Hkkjr ossQ lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj ,d mijk"Vªifr dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh xbZ gSA Hkkjr osQ mijk"Vªifr dk
fuokZpu ,d fuokZpd e.My }kjk gksrk gS] ftlesa laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ lnL; 'kkfey gksrs gSaA ;g
fuokZpu vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/Ro osQ vk/kj ij ,dy laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh osQ }kjk xqIr ernku ls gksrk
gSA og laln osQ fdlh lnu ;k jkT; fo/kf;dk dk lnL; ugha gks ldrkA mijk"Vªifr cuus osQ fy,
fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk,a gksuh pkfg,%
og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gks] ftldh vk;q 35 o"kZ ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A og fdlh ykHkdkjh in ij
vklhu u gks rFkk jkT; lHkk dk lnL; cuus dh ;ksX;rk,a j[krk gksA mijk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu ikap o"kZ
osQ fy, gksrk gSA og dk;Zdky lekIr gksus ls iwoZ Hkh jk"Vªifr dks fyf[kr lwpuk nsdj R;kx i=k ns
ldrk gSA jkT; lHkk] yksdlHkk dh lgefr ls cgqer }kjk izLrko ikfjr djosQ ikap o"kZ dh vof/
ls igys mijk"Vªifr dks gVk;k tk ldrk gSA
10.5.1 mijk"Vªifr osQ dk;Z
mijk"Vªifr jkT; lHkk dk insu lHkkifr gksrk gS ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd tks Hkh mijk"Vªifr cusxk og
jkT; lHkk osQ lHkkifr osQ :i esa viuk nkf;Ro fuHkk,xkA mlosQ dk;ksZa esa lnu esa O;oLFkk cuk, j[kuk]
lnL;ksa dks cksyus rFkk iz'u iwNus dh vuqefr nsuk vkSj fo/s;dksa rFkk vU; izLrkoksa ij ernku djokuk
gSA mijk"Vªifr jkT; lHkk dk lnL; ugha gksrkA bl fy, og lnu esa ernku ugha dj ldrkA ijarq ;fn
fdlh fo/s;d osQ i{k ;k foi{k esa ernku osQ le; erksa dh la[;k cjkcj gks tk, rks og viuk
fu.kkZ;d er ns ldrk gS rkfd dksbZ fu.kZ; fudy losQA
tc dHkh e`R;q] R;kx i=k ;k egkfHk;ksx osQ dkj.k jk"Vªifr dk in [kkyh gks tkrk gS] rks mijk"Vªifr

108
 la?kh; dk;Zikfydk
ekWM~;wy - 3
dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr dk dk;Z djrk gS tks N% eghus ls vf/d ugha gks ldrkA bl dky esa mls jk"Vªifr ljdkj dh lajpuk
dh iwjh 'kfDr;ka izkIr gksrh gaSA dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa og jkT; lHkk dk lHkkifRkRo ugha dj
ldrkA
;fn jk"Vªifr vLFkkbZ :i ls viuk dk;Z djus esa vlEkFkZ gks] rks fcuk dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr cus]
mijk"Vªifr mlosQ nkf;Roksa dks fuHkkrk gSA

fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 10.3
(d) Hkkjr dh l'kL=k lsukvksa dk loksZPp lsukifr dkSu gS\
([k) ea=kh&ifj"kn osQ lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr fdldh fliQkfj'k ij dh tkrh gS\
(x) jk"Vªifr dks vinLFk djus osQ fy, viukbZ tkus okyh izfØ;k dks D;k dgrs gSa\
(?k) jkT; lHkk osQ fdrus lnL; jk"Vªifr n~okjk euksuhr fd, tkrs gSa\
(Ä) mijk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu esa ernkrk dkSu gksrs gSa\
(p) jk"Vªifr dh fdlh ,d U;kf;d 'kfDr dk ms[k dhft,A
(N) jk"Vªifr dh iwoZ vuqefr ls] izk;% fdl izdkj osQ fo/s;d yksd lHkk esa izLrkfor fd, tkrs gSaA

10.6 iz/kuea=kh rFkk ea=kh&ifj"kn

jk"Vªifr dh dk;Zikfydk laca/h 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx ea=kh&ifj"kn djrh gSA lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr
osQ dk;ksZa esa lg;ksx vkSj ijke'kZ osQ fy, iz/kuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa ,d ea=kh&ifj"kn gksxk ftlosQ fcuk
jk"Vªifr viuk dk;Z ugha pyk ldrkA jk"Vªifr ns'k dk laoS/kfud vè;{k gS ijarq iz/kuea=kh ljdkj dk
okLrfod vè;{k gksrk gSA
10.6.1 iz/kuea=kh dh fu;qfDr
iz/kuea=kh dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gS ijarq mls iz/kuea=kh pquus dh Lora=krk ugha gksrh gSA lkekU;r;k]
mls cgqer izkIr ny osQ usrk dks gh ljdkj cukus osQ fy, vkeaf=kr djuk iM+rk gSA ;fn fdlh Hkh
,d ny dks Li"V cgqer izkIr ugha gskrk rks og ml O;fDr dks vkeaf=kr djrk gS ftls nks ;k nks ls
vfèkd nyksa osQ leFkZu ls yksd lHkk esa cgqer izkIr gSA ;|fi ,slk Hkh gqvk gS tc jkT; lHkk osQ fdlh
lnL; dks iz/kuea=kh cuk;k x;kA ,slk rc gqvk tc Jherh bafnjk xka/h dks 1966 esa igyh ckj
izèkkuea=kh cuk;k x;k FkkA tc 1997 esa banzoqQekj xqtjky iz/ku ea=kh cus ;k tc jkT; lHkk osQ lnL;
Mk- eueksgu flag 2004 esa iz/kuea=kh cusA 1996 esa ,pMh nsoxkSM+k fdlh Hkh lnu osQ lnL; ugha Fks
ysfdu iz/kuea=h cus ij ckn esa os jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; cu x,A
iz/kuea=kh osQ ijke'kZ ls ea=kh&ifj"kn osQ lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr n~okjk dh tkrh gSA eaf=k;kas dk
p;u djrs le; iz/kuea=kh ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd fofHkUu {ks=kksa] /kfeZd vkSj tkfrxr leqnk;ksa dks
mfpr izfrfuf/Ro feysA xBca/u dh ljdkj esa lHkh ?kVd nyksa dks mfpr izfrfuf/Ro nsuk gh iM+rk
gSA izèkkuea=kh eaf=k;ksa esas foHkkxksa dks ckaVus esa fu.kZ; ysrk gS rFkk viuh bPNk ls muesa ifjorZu Hkh dj

109
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku

ljdkj dh lajpuk ldrk gSA ea=kh cuus osQ fy, fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa esa ls fdlh ,d dk lnL;
vo'; gksuk pkfg,A ;fn dksbZ O;fDr laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu dk lnL; ugha gS rks og Hkh N% ekl
osQ fy, ea=kh cu ldrk gSA ,sls ea=kh dks N% eghus osQ vanj pquko thr dj laln osQ fdlh ,d lnu
dk lnL; cuuk gksxk vU;Fkk mls ea=kh in NksM+uk iM+rk gSA lHkh ea=kh lkewfgd rFkk O;fDrxr :i
ls yksd lHkk osQ izfr mRrjnk;h gksrs gSaA
ea=kh&ifj"kn esa nks izdkj osQ ea=kh gksrs gSA ;s gS% dSfcusV ea=kh rFkk jkT; ea=khA dSfcusV ea=kh izk;% ny
fVIi.kh rFkk ?kVd nyksa osQ ofj"B lnL; gksrs gSaA jkT; eaf=k;ksa dks dSfcusV eaf=k;ksa osQ ckn dk ntkZ izkIr gSA
oqQN jkT; eaf=k;ksa osQ ikl fdlh foHkkx dk Lora=k dk;ZHkkj gksrk gS tks dsUnzh; eaf=k;ksa dks lg;ksx iznku
djrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh eaf=k;ksa osQ lg;ksx osQ fy, mieaf=k;ksa dh Hkh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA
dsUnzh; eaf=k;ksa osQ vfrfjDr ckdh ea=kh lkekU;r;k eaf=ke.My dh cSBd esa Hkkx ugha ysrsA eaf=ke.My
dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk iz/kuea=kh djrk gSA lHkh uhfrxr fu.kZ; eaf=ke.My }kjk fy, tkrs gSaA iz/kuea=kh
dks ;g vf/dkj izkIr gS fd og eaf=k;ksa osQ foHkkxksa esa ifjorZu dj losQ vFkok mUgsa R;kx i=k nsus osQ
fy, dg ldrk gSA ;fn iz/kuea=kh dh e`R;q gks tk, rks iwjk eaf=kifj"kn in eqDr gks tkrk gSA ,slk bl
fy, gksrk gS D;ksafd iz/kuea=kh eaf=kifn"kn dk xBu Hkh djrk gS vkSj mldk usr`Ro HkhA iwjk ea=kh&ifj"kn
yksdlHkk osQ izfr mRrjnk;h gksrk gSA
10.6.2 iz/kuea=kh osQ dk;Z ,oa 'kfDr;ka
iz/kuea=kh dsUnzh; ljdkj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ ,oa 'kfDr'kkyh vf/dkjh gksrk gSA og ljdkj dk vè;{k
rFkk yksd lHkk dk usrk gksrk gSA og jk"Vªifr dk izeq[k lykgdkj rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa osQ fy, ns'k
dk lqLi"V izoDrk gksrk gSA mldh Hkwfedk vrqyuh; gSA og ns'k osQ iz'kklu dks fn'kk&funsZ'k iznku djrk
gSA ea=kh&ifj"kn dk vè;{k gksus osQ ukrs] og mu eaf=k;ksa dk p;u djrk gS ftUgsa jk"Vªifr }kjk ea=kh
in dh 'kiFk fnyokbZ tkrh gSA okLro esa eaf=k;ksa dk p;u iz/kuea=kh gh djrk gS vkSj os rc rd vius
in ij cus jgrs gSa tc rd iz/kuea=kh dk fo'okl muesa cuk gqvk gSA iz/kuea=kh eaf=k;ksa esa foHkkxksa dk
foHkktu djrk gS vkSj viuh bPNk ls muosQ foHkkxksa esa ifjorZu Hkh dj ldrk gSA iz/kuea=kh fdlh ea=kh
dks gVk Hkh ldrk gS vFkok mls R;kxi=k nsus osQ fy, Hkh dg ldrk gSA
iz/kuea=kh eaf=ke.My dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djrk gS rFkk dk;Zokgh dks pykrk gSA eaf=ke.My dk
vè;{k gksus osQ ukrs og blosQ fu.kZ;ksa dks dkiQh gn rd izHkkfor Hkh dj ldrk gSA og fofHkUu eaf=k;ksa
osQ dk;ksZa esa leUo; LFkkfir djrk gSA ;fn eaf=k;ksa esa dksbZ vlgefr gks] rks mls Hkh iz/kuea=kh gh
lqy>krk gSA iz/kuea=kh jk"Vªifr rFkk eaf=ke.My osQ chp dh dM+h gSA eaf=ke.My osQ fu.kZ;ksa dks jk"Vªifr
rd igqapkrk gSA ljdkj dh lHkh uhfr;ksa ls jk"Vªifr dks voxr djkrk gSA fcuk iz/kuea=kh dh vuqefr
osQ dksbZ Hkh ea=kh jk"Vªifr ls ugha fey ldrkA jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkus okyh lHkh egRoiw.kZ fu;qfDr;ka
iz/kuea=kh dh lykg ls gh gksrh gSA mlh osQ ijke'kZ ls] jk"Vªifr laln dk vf/os'ku cqykrk gS] LFkfxr
dj ldrk gS vkSj ;gak rd fd yksdlHkk dks Hkax Hkh dj ldrk gSA
laln esa iz/kuea=kh ljdkj dk izeq[k izoDrk rFkk mldh uhfr;ksa dk izfrj{kd gksrk gSA tc dksbZ ea=kh
vius dk;ksZa osQ fy, laln esa ;k laln ls ckgj cpko i{k j[kus esa vLkeFkZ gksrk gS] rks iz/kuea=kh gh
lgk;rk djrs gSaA iz/kuea=kh ljdkj dk usrk gSA jk"Vª mlls ekxZ n'kZu dh vk'kk j[krk gSA vke pquko
osQ le; iz/kuea=kh gh turk dks tukns'k nsus osQ fy, dgrk gSA ns'k dh vkrafjd rFkk okg~; uhfr;ksa
osQ fu/kZj.k esa iz/kuea=kh dh Hkwfedk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA og n{ksl (lkoZQ)] la;qDr jk"Vª rFkk
xqV&fujis{k ns'kksa dh cSBdksa esa Hkkx ysdj varjk"Vªh; {ks=k esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA nwljs ns'kksa

110
 la?kh; dk;Zikfydk
ekWM~;wy - 3
osQ lkFk gksus okys lHkh varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrs ,oa laf/;ka iz/kuea=kh dh lgefr ls gh lEiUu gksrh gSaA og ljdkj dh lajpuk
ns'k dh uhfr;ksa dk izeq[k izoDrk gksrk gSA ljdkj rFkk laln nksuksa esa iz/kuea=kh dks ,d fof'k"V LFkku
izkIr gSA ;gh mls ,d cgqr gh l'kDr vf/dkjh cuk nsrk gSA mldh fLFkfr ,oa 'kfDr;ka mlosQ O;fDrRo
ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA tokgj yky usg: vFkok bafnjk xka/h tSls Lrj okyk O;fDr ,sls O;fDr ls lnSo
vf/d izHkko'kkyh gksxk ftlesa nwjnf'kZrk dh deh gS vFkok tks leFkZu osQ fy, vius ny ls ckgj osQ
yksxksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA iz/kuea=kh u osQoy laln dk cfYd jk"Vª dk Hkh usrk gksrk gSA iz/kuea=kh dks
vius ny dks lHkh lnL;ksa dk LoSfPNd lg;ksx izkIr djuk gksrk gSA vYila[;d ljdkj esa] iz/kuea=kh
fVIi.kh
dks ckgj ls leFkZu ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gS ftlls mldh izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk esa jQdkoV vk ldrh
gSA

10.7 eaf=kifj"kn rFkk eaf=ke.My

eaf=kifj"kn rFkk eaf=ke.My tSls 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx] izk;% ,d nwljs osQ fy, dj fy;k tkrk gSA okLrfodrk
esa ,slk ugha gSA lafo/ku osQ 44osa la'kks/u ls iwoZ eaf=ke.My 'kCn dk iz;ksx lafo/ku esa ugha fd;k x;k
FkkA vkb,] ge eaf=kifj"kn rFkk eaf=ke.My esa varj tkusaA buesa eq[; varj bl izdkj gS% eaf=kifj"kn esa
lHkh izdkj osQ ea=kh gksrs gS tSls dSfcusV ea=kh rFkk jkT; ea=kh tcfd eaf=ke.My esa osQoy ofj"B ea=kh
gksrs gSA blesa eaf=k;ksa dh la[;k 15 ls 20 osQ chp gksrh gS tcfd eaf=kifj"kn esa 70 ls Hkh vf/d ea=kh
gks ldrs gSaA lEiw.kZ eaf=kifj"kn dh cSBd dHkh&dHkh gh gksrh gSA nwljh vksj eaf=ke.My dh cSBd
vko';drkuqlkj ckj&ckj gksrh jgrh gSA ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa dk fu/kZj.k eaf=ke.My gh
djrk gS u fd eaf=kifj"kn A bl izdkj eaf=ke.My eaf=kifj"kn osQ uke ls gh dk;Z djrk gS rFkk mlh
dh vksj ls dk;Z djrk gSA
10.7.1 eaf=ke.My osQ dk;Z ,oa 'kfDr;ka
eaf=ke.My dh 'kfDr;ka fo'kky rFkk ftEesnkfj;ka vusd gSaA jk"Vªifr dh lHkh dk;Zikfydk laca/h
'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx iz/kuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=ke.My djrk gSA eaf=keaMy ns'k dh vkrafjd ,oa fons'kh
uhfr osQ fu/kZj.k laca/h lHkh izeq[k fu.kZ; ysrk gSA yksxksa dks csgrj thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ka miyC/ djkus
osQ fy, Hkh eaf=ke.My uhfr;ka fu/kZfjr djrk gSA ;g jk"Vªh; foRr ij fu;a=k.k j[krk gSA ljdkj }kjk
fd, tkus okyk lkjk [kpZ rFkk vko';d jktLo tqVkuk bldh ftEesnkjh gSA jk"Vªifr }kjk laln esa fn,
tkus okys vfHkHkk"k.k dh fo"k; oLrq Hkh eaf=ke.My rS;kj djrk gSA tc laln dk vf/os'ku u gks jgk
gks] rks jk"Vªifr }kjk vè;kns'k tkjh djokus dk nkf;Ro Hkh blh ij gSA iz/kuea=kh osQ ekè;e ls eaf=ke.My
dh lykg ij jk"Vªifr laln osQ vf/os'ku cqykrk gSA laln osQ dk;ZØe dh :ijs[kk Hkh eaf=ke.My
}kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA

ikBxr iz'u 10.4

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) Hkkjr esa ljdkj dk vè;{k Hkkjr dk ------------------------------- gksrk gSA
jk"Vªifr] iz/kuea=kh] eq[; U;k;k/h'kA
([k) eaf=k;ksa osQ foHkkxksa dk foHkktu rFkk fd, tkus okys ifjorZu----------------------djrk gSA
iz/kuea=kh] jk"Vªifr] mijk"VªifrA
(x) eaf=ke.My dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk ---------------------------------------------djrk gSA
yksdlHkk vè;{k] iz/kuea=kh] jk"VªifrA

111
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku

ljdkj dh lajpuk (?k) jk"Vªifr dh dk;Zikfydk lac/

a h 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx --------------------------------}kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
eaf=kifj"kn] iz/kuea=kh dk;kZy;] dsUnzh; lfpoA
(Ä) ---------------------------------------------osQ fyf[kr vuqjks/ ij jk"Vªifr }kjk yksd lHkk Hkax dh tk ldrh gSA
(p) jk"Vªifr }kjk laln esa fn;k tkus okyk vfHkHkk"k.k -------------------------------osQ }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
mijk"Vªifr] osQUnzh; eaf=ke.My] iz/kuea=kh dk;kZy;A
fVIi.kh (N) eaf=kifj"kn -------------------------------------osQ izfr mRrjnk;h gksrh gSA
yksdlHkk] jkT; lHkk] lalnA

10.8 eaf=k;ksa dk mRrjnkf;Ro

ge igys i<+ pqosQ gSa fd jk"Vªifr dks ijke'kZ rFkk lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, ,d eaf=kifj"kn gksrh gS ftldk
usr`Ro iz/kuea=kh djrk gSA lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj ea=kh jk"Vªifr osQ izlkn dky rd vius in ij cus jgrs
gSaA ijarq okLro esa os yksdlHkk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gSa vkSj yksd lHkk gh mUgsa gVk ldrh gSA oLrqr% ;g
lafo/ku esa dgk x;k gS fd eaf=kifj"kn osQoy yksd lHkk osQ izfr mRrjnk;h gS] nksuksa lnuksa osQ izfr ughaA
eaf=kifj"kn mÙkjnkf;Ro lalnkRed ljdkj dk ,d vko';d y{k.k gSA eaf=kifj"knh; nkf;Ro osQ fl¼kar
osQ nks vk;ke gSa% lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro rFkk O;fDrxr mRrjnkf;RoA
10.8.1 lkewfgd mRrjnkf;Ro
gekjs lafo/ku esa ;g Li"V dgk x;k gS fd eaf=kifj"kn lkewfgd :i ls yksd lHkk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h
gksxhA bl dk okLrfod vFkZ ;g gS fd ea=kh yksd lHkk osQ izfr osQoy O;fDrxr :i ls gh mÙkjnk;h
ugha vfirq lkewfgd :i ls Hkh gSaA lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ nks fufgr vFkZ gSaA igyk ;g fd eaf=kifj"kn
dk izR;sd lnL; eaf=ke.My osQ izR;sd fu.kZ; dh ftEesnkjh Lohdkj djrk gSA eaf=kifj"kn osQ lHkh
lnL; bdB~Bs rSjrs gSa] rFkk bdB~Bs Mwcrs gSaA tc eaf=ke.My }kjk dksbZ fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gS rks izR;sd
ea=kh dks fcuk fdlh f>>d osQ mldk leFkZu djuk gksxkA ;fn dksbZ ea=kh] eaf=ke.My osQ fu.kZ; ls
lger ugha gSa rks mlosQ fy, osQoy ,d fodYi cprk gS fd og eaf=kifj"kn ls R;kxi=k ns nsA lkewfgd
mÙkjnkf;Ro dk Lrj ;g gS fd ea=kh ljdkj osQ lkFk ernku djsa] ;fn iz/kuea=kh vkxzgiwoZd dgs rks
mldk leFkZu djsa] vkSj ckn esa laln esa ;k vius fuokZpu {ks=kksa esa vius bl fu.kZ; dh vkykspuk dks
bl vk/kj ij jn~n u djsa fd og bl fu.kZ; ls lger ugha FkkA nwljk ;g fd iz/kuea=kh osQ fojQ¼
vfo'okl dk izLrko ikfjr gksuk lewps eaf=kifj"kn ds fojQ¼ vfo'okl gSA blh izdkj] yksd lHkk esa
fdlh ljdkjh fo/s;d ;k ctV osQ fojQ¼ cgqer gksuk] lkjs eaf=kifj"kn osQ fojQ¼ vfo'okl gS u fd
osQoy fo/s;d izLrkfor djus okys osQ fojQ¼A
10.8.2 O;fDrxr mÙkjnkf;Ro
;|fi ea=kh yksd lHkk osQ izfr lkewfgd :i ls mRrjnk;h gksrs gaS] rFkkfi os yksd lHkk osQ izfr O;fDrxr
:i ls Hkh mRrjnk;h gSaA iz/kuea=kh vFkok eaf=ke.My dh lgefr osQ fcuk] ;fn fdlh ea=kh n~okjk fd,
x, fdlh dk;Z dh vkykspuk gksrh gS vkSj mls laln n~okjk Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk] rks O;fDrxr
mRrjnkf;Ro ykxw gksrk gSA blh izdkj ;fn fdlh ea=kh dk O;fDrxr O;ogkj vHknz vFkok iz'ukRed gks]
rks ljdkj ij dksbZ izHkko iM+s fcuk] mls R;kx i=k nsuk gksxkA ;fn dksbZ ea=kh ljdkj ij cks> cu tkrk
gS vFkok iz/kuea=kh osQ fy, fljnnZ cu tkrk gS] rks mls in NksM+us osQ fy, dgk tk ldrk gSA
vfo'okl izLrko% ;g izLrko fo/kf;dk osQ fdlh lnL; }kjk eaf=kifj"kn osQ fojQ¼ fuEu lnu
esa vfHkO;DRk vfo'okl gSA ;fn fo/kf;dk bls ikfjr dj nsrh gS rks eaf=kifj"kn dks R;kx i=k nsuk
iM+rk gSA
112
 la?kh; dk;Zikfydk
ekWM~;wy - 3
ljdkj dh lajpuk
vkius D;k lh[kk
Hkkjr us lalnkRed 'kklu izk.kh dks viuk;k gS ftlesa jk"Vªifr ns'k dk laoS/kfud vè;{k gksrk gSA
izèkkuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn okLrfod dk;Zikfydk gSA Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dk vizR;{k fuokZpu
vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/Ro osQ vk/kj ij ,dy laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh }kjk ,d fuokZpd eaMy }kjk gksrk
gS ftlesa laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa rFkk jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ lHkh fuokZfpr lnL;ksa }kjk ,d tfVy iz.kkyh
}kjk gksrk gS tks ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd osQUnzh; laln vkSj jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ erksa dk ewY; fVIi.kh
leku gksA
jk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky ikap o"kZ dk gksrk gSA og iqu% Hkh pquko yM+ ldrk gSA og vof/ iwjh gksus ls
igys Hkh R;kx i=k ns ldrk gS vFkok mls egkfHk;ksx }kjk gVk;k Hkh tk ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr dks fo'kky
'kfDr;ka izkIr gSaA mldh 'kfDr;ksa dks fo/k;h] dk;Zikfydk laca/h] foRrh; rFkk U;kf;d 'kfDr;ksa esa
oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijarq mldh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx iz/kuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn }kjk fd;k
tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr dks dbZ fo'ks"kk/fdkj izkIr gSa vkSj og iz'kklu osQ {ks=k esa viuk izHkko Mky ldrk
gSA mls lwpuk izkIr djus] ijke'kZ djus vkSj psrkouh nsus dk vf/dkj izkIr gSA og eaf=kifj"kn osQ fy,
ekxZn'kZd rFkk ijke'kZnkrk Hkh gSA iz/kuea=kh ljdkj dk okLrfod vè;{k gksrk gSA bldh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr
djrk gSA jk"Vªifr dks yksd lHkk osQ cgqer ny osQ usrk vFkok oqQN nyksa osQ xBca/u osQ usrk dks iz/
kuea=kh fu;qDr djuk iM+rk gSA
iz/kuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn jk"Vªifr dks blosQ nkf;Ro ogu esa lykg o lg;ksx nsrh gSA eaf=kifj"kn
esa nks Lrjksa osQ ea=kh gksrs gSa& dSfcusV ea=kh rFkk jkT; ea=khA iz/kuea=kh dh lykg ls jk"Vªifr eaf=k;ksa dh
fu;qfDr djrk gSA
iz/kuea=kh ns'k dk usrk gksrk gSA og ns'k osQ iz'kklu osQ fy, mRrjnk;h gksrk gSA og eaf=ke.My dh cSBdksa
dh vè;{krk djrk gSA ea=khifj"kn mldh ns[kjs[k esa dk;Z djrh gSA lHkh jk"Vªh; o varjkZ"Vªh; eapksa ij
og Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA iz/kuea=kh jk"Vªifr rFkk eaf=kifj"kn osQ chp dM+h dk dke djrk gSA
iz/kuea=kh fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa osQ dk;ksZa dk è;ku j[krk gS rFkk muesa leUo; cuk, j[krk gSA og rc rd
vius in ij cuk jgrk gS tc rd mls yksd lHkk esa cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr gSA jk"Vªifr n~okjk dh
tkus okyh lHkh egRoiw.kZ fu;qfDr;ka] iz/ku ea=kh dh fliQkfj'k ij gksrh gSaA
eaf=ke.My ljdkj dh vkarfjd ,oa fons'k uhfr;ka fu/kZfjr djrk gSA ;g fofHkUu foHkkxksa osQ dk;ksZa esa
rkyesy LFkkfir djrk gSA jk"Vªh; foRr ij bl dk iw.kZ fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh /u fo/s;d dks yksd
lHkk esa osQoy ea=kh gh izLrkfor dj ldrs gaSA

ikBkar iz'u
1. jk"Vªifr dh fuokZpu izfØ;k dh O;k[;k dhft,A
2. Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr in osQ fy, ;ksX;rkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A mldk dk;Zdky fdruk gksrk gS rFkk
og oSQls vius in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gS\
3. Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dh fo/k;h 'kfDr;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
4. Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dh Hkwfedk rFkk 'kfDr;ksa dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
5. Hkkjr osQ mijk"Vªifr osQ dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft,A
6. Hkkjr osQ iz/kuea=kh dh fu;qfDr fdl izdkj gksrh gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A
7. Hkkjr osQ iz/kuea=kh dh 'kfDr;ka] dk;Z rFkk Hkwfedk dh O;k[;k dhft,A

113
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku

ljdkj dh lajpuk 8. eaf=kifj"kn rFkk eaf=ke.My esa varj dhft,A

9. eaf=k;ksa osQ lkewfgd rFkk O;fDrxr mRrjnkf;Ro dk o.kZu dhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

10.1
fVIi.kh 1- ?kµ 35 o"kZ
2. dµ yksd lHkk
3. [kµfo/ku ifj"kn
10.2
1. xµ5 o"kZ
2. ?kµllan dk dksbZ Hkh lnu
3. [kµHkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k
10.3
(d) jk"Vªifr
([k) iz/kuea=kh
(x) egkfHk;ksx
(?k) 12 (ckjg)
(Ä) laln lnL;
(p) vijkf/;ksa dks {kek djus dk vf/dkj
(N) /u fo/s;d (foRr fo/s;d)
10.4
(d) iz/kuea=kh
([k) iz/kuea=kh
(x) iz/kuea=kh
(?k) eaf=kifj"kn
(Ä) eaf=ke.My
(p) osQUnzh; (la?kh;) eaf=ke.My
(N) yksdlHkk
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 10.1.1 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 10.1 ns[ksa
3. [k.M 10.3.2 ns[ksa
4. [k.M 10.3.1 ns[ksa
5. [k.M 10.3 vkSj 10.4 ns[ksa
6. [k.M 10.5 ns[ksa
7. [k.M 10.6.1 ns[ksa
8. [k.M 10.6.2 ns[ksa
9. [k.M 10.7.1 ns[ksa
10. [k.M 10.8 ns[ksa
114
 Hkkjrh; laln ekWM~;wy - 3
ljdkj dh lajpuk

11
Hkkjrh; laln fVIi.kh

Hkkjrh; laln dk voyksdu

vkius fiNys ikB esa i<+k gS fd Hkkjr esa lalnkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh gS ftlesa iz/kuea=kh rFkk eaf=kifj"kn
lkewfgd :i ls laln osQ fupys lnu vFkkZr yksdlHkk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gSaA fdlh Hkh lalnkRed
ljdkj esa laln lcls egRoiw.kZ vax gksrk gSA turk vius izfrfuf/;ksa dks laln lnL;ksa osQ :i esa
fuokZfpr djrh gS vkSj ;s izfrfuf/ turk dh vksj ls dkuwu cukrs gSa rFkk dk;Zikfydk ij fu;a=k.k cuk,
j[krs gSaA iz/kuea=kh rFkk mldh eaf=kifj"kn lkewfgd :i ls laln osQ fupys lnu vFkkZr yksdlHkk osQ
izfr mÙkjnk;h gSA iz/kuea=kh rFkk mldh eaf=kifj"kn rc rd lHkh ekeyksa esa loksZifj gksrh gS tc rd
mUgsa yksd lHkk dk fo'okl izkIr gksrk gSA laln (osQoy yksdlHkk) pkgs rks iz/kuea=kh vkSj mldh
eaf=kifj"kn osQ fojQ¼ vfo'okl dk izLrko ikfjr djosQ mUgsa lÙkk ls vinLFk dj ldrh gSA bl izdkj
gekjh lalnh; O;oLFkk esa laln dk ,d izeq[k LFkku gSA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z crk ik,axs fd Hkkjrh; laln jk"Vªifr rFkk nksuksa lnuksa ls feydj curh gS_
115
ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk z jkT;lHkk rFkk yksdlHkk dh jpuk dk o.kZu dj losQaxs_
z Hkkjrh; laln osQ dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dj losQaxs_
z Hkkjrh; laln esa fof/fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dk o.kZu dj losQaxs_ rFkk
z nksuksa lnuksa dh 'kfDr;ka rFkk dk;ksaZ dh rqyuk dj losQxa s rFkk ;g LFkkfir dj ik,axs fd nksuksa lnuksa
esa ls yksdlHkk vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh gSA
fVIi.kh
11.1 laln dh jpuk
laln osQ nks lnu gS& jkT;lHkk rFkk yksdlHkkA jkT;lHkk mijh lnu gS vkSj Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu jkT;ksa
dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS tcfd yksdlHkk fuEu lnu gSA bls yksdfiz; lnu Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd
;g Hkkjr dh turk dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA jk"Vªifr laln dk vfHkUu vax gksrk gS ;|fi og fdlh
Hkh lnu dk lnL; ugha gksrk gSA laln dk vfHkUu vax gksus osQ ukrs jk"Vªifr dh oqQN fo'ks"k 'kfDr;ka
rFkk dk;Z gSa ftUgsa vki fiNys ikB esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA bl ikB esa vki laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dk foLr`r
vè;;u djsaxsA
11.1.1. jkT;lHkk% lnL;rk rFkk fuokZpu
jkT;lHkk vFkok laln dk mPp lnu ,d LFkk;h laLFkk gS D;ksafd mls Hkax ugha fd;k tk ldrkA jkT;
lHkk dh lnL;rk 250 ls vf/d ugha gks ldrhA buesa ls 12 lnL; jk"Vªifr }kjk euksuhr fd, tkrs
gSa tks dyk] lkfgR;] foKku] f'k{kk ;k lekt lsok] vkfn osQ {ks=k esa [;kfr izkIr O;fDr gksrs gSa vkSj
ckdh lHkh lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu gksrk gSA orZeku esa ;g la[;k 245 gSA
jkT;lHkk Hkkjrh; la?k esa jkT;ksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djus okyh laLFkk gSA jkT;lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu
vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/Ro osQ vk/kj ij ,dy laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh }kjk jkT;ksa dh fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ
lHkh fuokZfpr lnL;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ijarq lHkh jkT;ksa osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k leku ugha gksrhA mudh
la[;k jkT;ksa dh tula[;k osQ vk/kj ij fuf'pr dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj cM+s jkT;ksa dks vf/d rFkk
NksVs jkT;ksa dks de izfrfuf/Ro izkIr gksrk gSA tgka mÙkj izns'k tSls cM+s jkT;ksa dks 31 LFkku fn, x, gSa
ogha] flfDde rFkk f=kiqjk tSls NksVs jkT; osQoy ,d izfrfuf/ Hkst ldrs gSaA fnYyh dh fo/ku lHkk
jkT;lHkk osQ fy, rhu lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu djrh gS tcfd ikaMhpsjh dh fo/kulHkk osQoy ,d lnL;
Hkstrh gSA ckdh osQUnz iz'kkflr {ks=kksa dk jkT;lHkk esa dksbZ izfrfuf/ ugha gksrkA
11.1.2 ;ksX;rk,a
jkT;lHkk dk lnL; cuus osQ fy, ;ksX;rk,a bl izdkj gSa%
1. og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg, rFkk mldh vk;q de ls de 30 o"kZ gksuh pkfg,A
2. mls 'kiFk ;k izfrKku ysuk gksrk gS fd og Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku osQ izfr fu"Bk rFkk fo'okl cuk,
j[ksxkA
3. bl izdkj] tu izfrfuf/ vf/fu;e 1951 osQ vuqlkj bldk iathdj.k ml jkT; dh ernkrk lwph
esa gksuk pkfg, tgka ls og fuokZpu yM+ jgk gSA ijarq 2003 esa jkT; lHkk osQ fy, fuokZpu esa nks
izkoèkku tksMs+ x, ga&S - (i) dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh; ukxfjd] pkgs og fdlh Hkh jkT; dk jgus okyk D;ksa u gks]
jkT;lHkk osQ fy, pquko yM+ ldrk gSA (ii) pquko [kqyh ernku O;oLFkk }kjk lEiUu djk,a tkrs gSAa

116
 Hkkjrh; laln ekWM~;wy - 3
11.1.3 dk;Z&vof/ ljdkj dh lajpuk
jkT;lHkk osQ lHkh lnL;ksa dh vof/ Ng o"kZ osQ fy, lqjf{kr gksrh gSA blosQ ,d frgkbZ lnL; izR;sd
nks o"kZ osQ i'pkr~ lsokfuo`Rr gks tkrs gSaA os ;fn pkgsa rks iqu% pquko yM+ ldrs gSaA ijarq ;fn dksbZ lnL;
eè;kof/ pquko esa fuokZfpr gksrk gS rks og osQoy 'ks"k cph vof/ osQ fy, gh jkT;lHkk dk lnL;
gksxkA bl izdkj dh fuokZpu izfØ;k jkT;lHkk dh fujarjrk lqfuf'prrk cuk, j[krh gSA
11.1.4 jkT;lHkk osQ inkf/dkjh fVIi.kh
Hkkjr dk mijk"Vªifr jkT;lHkk dk insu (vius in osQ dkj.k) lHkkifr gksrk gSA og jkT;lHkk dh cSBdksa
dh vè;{krk djrk gSA mldh vuqifLFkfr esa] milHkkifr] ftl dk fuokZpu lnL; vius esa ls gh djrs
gS cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djrk gSA milHkkifr dks jkT;lHkk osQ lnL;ksa }kjk cgqer osQ vfo'okl er }kjk
vinLFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijarq lHkkifr (mijk"Vªifr) dks gVkus osQ fy, jkT;lHkk esa ml le; osQ
lnL;ksa }kjk cgqer ls izLrko ikfjr djosQ rFkk yksdlHkk dh lgefr ls gh gVk;k tk ldrk gSA
mijk"Vªifr jkT;lHkk dk insu lHkkifr gksrk gSA og jkT;lHkk dk lnL; ugha gksrkA og izk;% er nsus
dk vf/dkjh ugha gksrkA osQoy xfrjks/ dh fLFkfr esa ernku dj ldrk gSA
xfrjks/ og fLFkfr gS tc fdlh fo/s;d vFkok izLrko osQ i{k vkSj foi{k esa leku er iMa+sA
,slh fLFkfr esa ihBklhu vf/dkjh (lHkkifr) i{k ;k foi{k esa viuk fu.kkZ;d er nsdj xfrjks/
dks lekIr dj ldrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 11.1

(d) jkT;lHkk dh vf/dre lnL; la[;k fdruh gks ldrh gS\
([k) jk"Vªifr fdrus lnL;ksa dks jkT;lHkk esa euksuhr dj ldrk gS\
(x) jkT;lHkk osQ lnL;ksa osQ fuokZpu esa dkSu ernku dj ldrk gS\
(?k) jkT;lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh dk;Z&vof/ fdruh gksrh gS\
(M+) jkT;lHkk dk lnL; cuus osQ fy, U;wure vk;q fdruh gS\
(p) jkT;lHkk dk insu lHkkifr dkSu gksrk gS\

11.1.5 yksdlHkk dh lnL;rk rFkk fuokZpu

jkT;lHkk dh rjg] yksdlHkk ,d LFkkbZ lnu ugha gSA bldk fuokZpu izR;{k :i ls turk }kjk
lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkf/dkj osQ vk/kj ij gksrk gSA yksdlHkk dh vf/dre lnL; la[;k 550 gks
ldrh gS ftlesa ls 530 lh/s jkT;ksa ls fuokZfpr gksrs gSaA tcfd 'ks"k 20 lnL; osQUnz iz'kkflr {ks=kksa
ls fuokZfpr gksrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr nks vkaXy Hkkjrh; lnL;ksa dks jk"Vªifr euksuhr djrk gS ;fn mls
yxrk gks fd lekt osQ ml oxZ dks lnu esa i;kZIr izfrfuf/Ro ugha feyk gSA
yksdlHkk esa oqQN lhVsa vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, lqjf{kr j[kh xbZ gSaA izkjEHk
esa lafo/ku ykxw gksus osQ le;] ;g izko/ku osQoy 10 o"kZ osQ fy, j[kk x;k Fkk ftls ckn esa fofHkUu
lafo/ku la'kks/uksa }kjk dbZ ckj nl&nl o"kZ dj osQ c<+k fn;k x;k gSA mUukflosa lafo/ku la'kks/u }kjk
bls lafo/ku ykxw gksus ls 60 o"kZ rd c<+k fn;k x;k gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, LFkkuksa osQ
117
ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk vkj{k.k ls ;g vfHkizk; gS fd bu LFkkuksa osQ fy, osQoy vuqlwfpr tkfr vFkok tutkfr osQ yksx gh
pquko yM+ ldrs gSaA ijarq gekjs ;gka la;qDr fuokZpd e.My gS vkSj vkjf{kr {ks=kksa osQ lHkh ernkrk fcuk
fdlh tkfr vFkok tutkfr ls tqM+s gksus osQ vk/kj ij ernku djrs gSaA tkfr vFkok tutkfr osQ vkèkkj
ij ernkrkvksa esa dksbZ foHkktu ugha fd;k tkrk gSA yksdlHkk esa izfrfuf/Ro dk vk/kj tula[;k gSA
blfy, mRrj izns'k tks fd Hkkjr dk lokZf/d tula[;k okyk izns'k gS] ogk¡ ls 80 lnL; pqus tkrs
gaS tcfd fet+ksje] ukxkySaM rFkk flfDde yksdlHkk esa osQoy ,d&,d lnL; gh Hkstrs gSaA fnYyh ls
lkr lnL; fuokZfpr gksrs gSaA
fVIi.kh
yksdlHkk osQ pquko gsrq tula[;k osQ vk/kj ij jkT;ksa dk foHkkTku ,d lnL;h; {ks=kksa esa fd;k tkrk
gSA
11.1.6 ;ksX;rk,a
laln }kjk cuk, x, dkuwu osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr osQ lHkh ukxfjd ftudh vk;q 18 o"kZ ;k mlls mQij
gS] yksdlHkk osQ pquko esa ernku djus osQ vf/dkjh gSaA Hkkjr dk dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd yksdlHkk dk lnL;
cu ldrk gS ;fn og fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk,a iwjh djs%
1. mldh vk;q 25 o"kZ ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A
2. mls 'kiFk vFkok izfrKku osQ ekè;e ls ;g ?kks"k.kk djuh gksxh fd og Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku osQ
izfr lPph fu"Bk ,oa fo'okl j[krk gS rFkk og Hkkjr dh laiHz kqrk ,oa v[k.Mrk dks v{kq..k cuk,
j[ksxkA
3. mlesa os lHkh ;ksX;rk,a gS tks le;&le; ij laln }kjk fu/kZfjr dh tk,axhA
4. lqjf{kr LFkku osQ fy, pquko yM+us okyk O;fDr okafNr 'krksZa osQ vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr vFkok
vuqlwfpr tutkfr ls gksuk pkfg,A
11.1.7 dk;Z&vof/
yksdlHkk dh lkekU; vof/ ikap o"kZ gksrh gSA ijarq ikap o"kZ dh vof/ iwjh gksus ls iwoZ Hkh jk"Vªifr
eaf=kifj"kn dh lykg ij bls Hkax dj ldrk gSA jk"Vªh; vkikrdky dh fLFkfr esa bldh vof/ ,d
ckj esa ,d o"kZ dj osQ c<+kbZ Hkh tk ldrh gSA ijarq vkikrdky lekIr gksus osQ i'pkr ;g vof/ Ng
ekl ls vf/d ugha gks ldrhA dbZ ckj yksdlHkk dks mldh vof/ iwjh gksus ls igys Hkax dj fn;k
tkrk gS tSls 1998 esa fuokZfpr ckjgoha yksdlHkk 1999 esa Hkax dj nh xbZ FkhA
11.1.8 yksdlHkk osQ inkf/dkjh
vè;{k ,oa mikè;{k% yksdlHkk osQ lHkkifr dks vè;{k dgk tkrk gSA mls lnu osQ lnL; fuokZfpr
djrs gSaA ;fn yksdlHkk Hkax dj nh tk,] rks Hkh og rc rd vè;{k cuk jgrk gS tc rd fd vxyk
lnu mlosQ LFkku ij u;k vè;{k ugha pqu ysrkA mldh vuqifLFkfr esa] mikè;{k ftldk fuokZpu Hkh
lnu gh djrk gS] cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djrk gSA vè;{k rFkk mikè;{k nksuksa dks] yksd lHkk esa ml
le; osQ lnL;ksa osQ cgqer }kjk ikfjr izLrko ls vinLFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
yksdlHkk vè;{k dh oqQN 'kfDr;ka rFkk dk;Z uhps fn, tk jgs gSa%
1. vè;{k dk eq[; dk;Z lnu dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djuk rFkk mUgsa vuq'kkflr <ax ls pykuk

118
 Hkkjrh; laln ekWM~;wy - 3
gSA mldh vkKk osQ fcuk dksbZ lnL; lnu esa cksy ugha ldrkA og fdlh Hkh lnL; dks viuk ljdkj dh lajpuk
Hkk"k.k lekIr djus osQ fy, dg ldrk gS vkSj ;fn lnL; ,slk u djs rks og vkns'k ns ldrk
gS fd mlosQ Hkk"k.k dk vfHkys[ku u fd;k tk,A
2. lHkh fo/s;d] fjiksVZ rFkk izLrko vè;{k dh vuqefr ls gh izLrkfor fd, tkrs gaSA og fo/s;d
;k izLrko ij ernku djokrk gSA og Lo;a ernku esa Hkkx ugha ysrkA ijarq tc Hkh xfrjks/ dh
fLFkfr iSnk gks tkrh gS vFkkZr i{k rFkk foi{k nksuksa vksj osQ er leku gks tkrs gaS] rks og viuk]
fu.kkZ;d er Mky ldrk gSA ijarq mlls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd ernku djrs le; mldh fVIi.kh
fu"i{krk rFkk Lora=krk cuh jgsA
3. lHkh lalnh; ekeyksa esa mldk fu.kZ; vafre gksrk gSA og lalnh; izfØ;k osQ mYya?ku laca/h mBk,
x, iz'uksa ij Hkh viuk fu.kZ; nsrk gS tks vafre gksrk gSA
4. og lnL;ksa osQ vf/dkjksa rFkk fo'ks"kkf/dkjksa dh j{kk djrk gSA
5. ;fn dksbZ lnL; ny cny ysrk gS] rks og mldh lnL;rk jn~n dj ldrk gSA og lnL;ksa osQ
R;kxi=k Hkh Lohdkj djrk gSA
6. tc Hkh yksdlHkk rFkk jkT;lHkk dk la;qDr vf/os'ku gksrk gS] og mldh vè;{krk djrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 11.2

(d) yksdlHkk dh vf/dre lnL; la[;k D;k gks ldrh gS\
([k) fdl jkT; ls yksdlHkk osQ vf/dre lnL; fuokZfpr gksrs gSa\
(x) jk"Vªifr }kjk vf/d ls vf/d fdrus vkaXy&Hkkjrh; lnL; yksdlHkk esa euksuhr fd, tk
ldrs gS\
(?k) yksdlHkk esa lekt osQ fdl oxZ osQ fy, LFkku vkjf{kr fd, x, gSa\
(M+) yksdlHkk osQ fuokZpu esa ernku dkSu dj ldrk gS\
(p) yksdlHkk dks dkSu Hkax dj ldrk gS\

11.2 laln osQ dk;Z

Hkkjrh; laln osQ dk;Z ,oa 'kfDr;kas dks fo/k;h] dk;Zikfydk laca/h] foRrh; rFkk vU; Jsf.k;ksa esa
oxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
11.2.1 fo/k;h dk;Z
ewyr;k laln dkuwu cukus okyh laLFkk gSA igys osQ ,d ikB esa vkius i<+k gS fd osQanz vkSj jkT;ksa esa
'kfDr&foHkktu fd;k x;k gS ftlosQ fy, rhu lwfp;ka gSa& la?k lwph] jkT; lwph] rFkk leorhZ lwphA
la?k lwph esa of.kZr fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dk vf/dkj osQoy laln dks gSA vki tkurs gSa fd la?k
lwph esa 97 fo"k; gSaA jkT; fo/kf;dkvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk] laln Hkh leorhZ lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu
cuk ldrh gSA ;fn leorhZ lwph osQ fdlh fo"k; ij laln rFkk jkT; nksuksa dkuwu cukrs gSa vkSj nksuksa

119
ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk }kjk cuk, dkuwu esa varfoZjks/ gS] rks osQUnz }kjk cuk, x, dkuwu dks ekU;rk nh tk,xhA ,slk dksbZ fo"k;
ftldk mYys[k fdlh Hkh lwph esa ugha fd;k x;k rks ,slh vfof'k"V 'kfDr;ka laln osQ ikl gSaA
bl izdkj laln dh dkuwu fuekZ.k laca/h 'kfDr;ka cgqr foLr`r gSaA blosQ varxZr la?k lwph] leorhZ lwph
rFkk oqQN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jkT; lwph esa of.kZr fo"k; Hkh vk tkrs gaSA
11.2.2 dk;Zikfydk laca/h dk;Z
fVIi.kh lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh esa fo/kf;dk rFkk dk;Zikfydk esa ?kfu"B laca/ gksrk gSA vius lHkh dk;ksZa osQ
fy, dk;Zikfydk fo/kf;dk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA iz/kuea=kh lfgr eaf=kifj"kn O;fDrxr rFkk
lkewfgd :i ls laln osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA laln vfo'okl izLrko dks Lohdkj dj eaf=kifj"kn
dks inP;qr dj ldrh gSA Hkkjr esa ,slk dbZ ckj gqvk gSA ,slk 1999 esa gqvk tc vVy fcgkjh cktis;h
dh ljdkj osQoy ,d er ls yksd lHkk esa fo'okl er izkIr djus esa vliQy jgh vkSj mlus R;kxi=k
ns fn;kA vr% vfo'okl er ;k fo'okl er laln }kjk dk;Zikfydk ij fu;a=k.k cuk, j[kus osQ fy,
lokZfèkd dBksj rjhoQk gSA bldk iz;ksx osQoy fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh fd;k tkrk gSA fuR; izfr osQ
dk;skZa esa Hkh laln dbZ izdkj ls dk;Zikfydk ij viuk fu;a=k.k cuk, j[krh gSA muesa ls oqQN bl
izdkj gSa%
(d)osQUnzh; ljdkj ls lacaf/r ekeyksa esa fdlh Hkh fo"k; osQ ckjs esa] lkaln iz'u vFkok iwjd iz'u
iwN ldrs gSaA laln osQ izR;sd dk;Z fnol dk igyk ?kaVk iz'udky dk gksrk gS ftlesa eaf=k;ksa
dks lkalnksa }kjk iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus gksrs gSaA
([k);fn lnL; ljdkj }kjk fn, x, mÙkjksa ls larq"V ugha gksrs] rks os ml fo"k; ij vyx ls ppkZ
djus dh ekax dj ldrs gSaA
(x) laln dbZ izLrkoksa osQ ekè;e ls Hkh dk;Zdkfj.kh ij fu;a=k.k cuk, j[krh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
è;kukd"kZ.k izLrko ;k LFkxu izLrko oqQN ,sls lk/u gSa ftuosQ }kjk yksd egRo osQ rRdkyhu
vR;ko';d ekeys mBk;s tkrs gSaA ljdkj bu izLrkoksa dks cM+h xEHkhjrk ls ysrh gS D;ksafd blesa
ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dh dM+h vkykspuk dh tkrh gS ftldk izHkko turk ij iM+rk gSA laln osQ le{k
vkf[+kj rks ljdkj dks tkuk iM+rk gS vkSj ;fn bl izdkj dk dksbZ izLrko ikfjr gks tkrk gS rks
ljdkj fuafnr ekuh tkrh gSA
fuank dk izLrko % bl izLrko dk vFkZ ljdkj dh rhoz fuank gS ijarq blesa eaf=kifj"kn dks
R;kxi=k nsus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA
(?k) ctV vFkok /u fo/s;d] ;gka rd fd fdlh lk/kj.k fo/s;d dks Hkh vLohdkj djosQ yksd
lHkk eaf=kifj"kn esa viuk vfo'okl izdV dj ldrh gSA
11.2.3 foÙkh; dk;Z
laln egRoiw.kZ foRrh; dk;Z djrh gSA bls ljdkjh /u dk laj{kd ekuk tkrk gSA ;g osQanzh; ljdkj
dh lEiw.kZ vk; ij fu;a=k.k cuk, j[krh gSA fcuk laln dh vkKk osQ dksbZ /u jkf'k O;; ugha dh tk
ldrhA ;g Lohd`fr okLrfod O;; ls iwoZ ;k fiQj fdlh vlk/kj.k fLFkfr esa O;; osQ i'pkr yh
tk ldrh gSA laln gj o"kZ ljdkj osQ vk;&O;; vFkkZr ctV dks Loho`Qfr iznku djrh gSA

120
 Hkkjrh; laln ekWM~;wy - 3
11.2.4 fuokZpu laca/h dk;Z ljdkj dh lajpuk
laln osQ lHkh fuokZfpr lnL; jk"Vªifr osQ pquko gsrq fuokZpd eaMy osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA blfy,]
jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu esa os Hkkx ysrs gSaA os mijk"Vªifr dk Hkh pquko djrs gSaA yksdlHkk vius vè;{k
rFkk mikè;{k dk rFkk jkT;lHkk vius milHkkifr dk fuokZpu djrh gSA
11.2.5 vinLFk djus dh 'kfDr
fVIi.kh
laln dh igy ij dbZ egRoiw.kZ mPpLrjh; vf/dkfj;ksa dks muosQ in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr
osQ jk"Vªifr dks egkfHk;ksx dh izfØ;k ls vinLFk fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlosQ ckjs esa vki ikB 10 esa
i<+ pqosQ gSaA ;fn laln osQ nksuksa lnu fo'ks"k cgqer ls (ikB 12 vkSj 15 ns[ksa) izLrko ikfjr djsa rks
loksZPp U;k;ky; vFkok mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dks jk"Vªifr }kjk inP;qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
11.2.6 lafo/ku la'kks/u laca/h dk;Z
lafo/ku osQ vf/dka'k Hkkxksa esa la'kks/u fo'ks"k cgqer }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijarq oqQN izko/ku ,sls
gaS ftuesa laln }kjk la'kks/u osQ fy, jkT;ksa dk leFkZu Hkh vko';d gSA rFkkfi Hkkjr osQ ,d la?k jkT;
gksus osQ ukrs laln dh la'kks/u laca/h 'kfDr;ka vR;ar lhfer j[kh xbZ gSaA loksZPp U;k;ky; us vius
,d fu.kZ; esa ;g dgk gS fd laln lafo/ku dk ewy <kapk ugha cny ldrhA vki ,d vU; ikB esa
lafoèkku la'kks/u laca/h izfØ;k dks igys gh i<+ pqosQ gSaA
11.2.7 fofo/ dk;Z
mijksDr dk;ksZa osQ vfrfjDr laln dbZ vU; dk;Z Hkh djrh gS tks bl izdkj gaS%
(d) ;|fi vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk djus dh 'kfDr jk"Vªifr dh gS] rFkkfi vkikrdky dh lHkh ,slh
?kks"k.kkvksa dks Lohd`fr laln gh iznku djrh gSA yksdlHkk rFkk jkT;lHkk nksuksa dh Lohd`fr
vko';d gSA
([k) fdlh jkT; ls oqQN {ks=k vyx djosQ nks ;k nks ls vf/d jkT;ksa dks feykdj laln fdlh u, jkT;
dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSA ;g fdlh jkT; dh lhek,a vFkok uke esa Hkh ifjorZu dj ldrh gSA
oqQN Ok"kZ iwoZ (2002) esa NÙkhlx<+] >kj[k.M rFkk mRrjkapy(vc mÙkjk[kaM) u, jkT; cuk, x;sA
(x) laln fdlh u, jkT; dk foy; Hkkjrh; la?k esa dj ldrh gS tSls 1975 esa flfDde dks Hkkjr
esa foy; fd;k x;kA
(?k) laln jkT; fo/ku ifj"kn dks lekIr dj ldrh gS vFkok bldk fuekZ.k Hkh dj ldrh gSA ijarq
;g osQoy lacaf/r jkT; osQ vuqjks/ ij gh fd;k tkrk gSA
gekjh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh la?kkRed izd`fr osQ dkj.k ;|fi laln dh 'kfDr;ka lhfer gSa] rFkkfi
bls vusd dk;Z djus gksrs gSaA viuk nkf;Ro fuHkkrs le;] bls turk dh vkdka{kkvksa rFkk vko';drkvksa
dk iwjk è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA ns'k esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd la?k"kksZa dks gy djus dk ekè;e
laln gSA fons'k uhfr fuekZ.k tSls jk"Vªh; egRo osQ fo"k;ksa ij tuer fuekZ.k djus esa Hkh ;g lgk;rk
iznku djrh gSA

121
ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk
ikBxr iz'u 11.3
(d) ml lwph dk D;k uke gS ftl ij dkuwu cukus dk vf/dkj osQoy laln dks gS\
([k) jkT; lwph esa mfYyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu dkSu cukrk gS\
(x) leorhZ lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dk vf/dkj fdldks gS\
fVIi.kh (?k) Hkkjrh; la?k esa fdlh u, jkT; osQ foy; dk vf/dkj fdls izkIr gS\

11.3 laln esa dkuwu cukus dh izfØ;k

tSlk fd igys Hkh dgk tk pqdk gS fd laln eq[;r;k dkuwu cukus okyh laLFkk gSA dksbZ Hkh izLrkfor
dkuwu] laln esa ,d fo/s;d osQ :i esa izfrLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA laln esa ikfjr gksus rFkk jk"Vªifr
dh Lohd`fr osQ i'pkr ;g dkuwu cu tkrk gSA vc vki ;g vè;;u djsxa s fd laln fdl izdkj dkuwu
cukrh gSA laln osQ le{k vkus okys fo/s;d nks izdkj osQ gksrs gaSA (v) lk/kj.k fo/s;d (c) èku
vFkok foRr fo/s;dA vc ge bu nksuksa izdkj osQ fo/s;dksa dks dkuwu cukus dh izfØ;k dk o.kZu djsaxsA
11.3.1 lk/kj.k fo/s;d
laln osQ izR;sd lnL; dks lk/kj.k fo/s;d izLrkfor djus dk vf/dkj gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k osQ vkèkkj
ij fo/s;d nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa&ljdkjh fo/s;d vkSj xSj&ljdkjh fo/s;dA ea=kh ljdkjh fo/s;d
izLrkfor djrs gS vkSj tks fo/s;d fdlh ea=kh }kjk is'k ugha fd;k tkrk gS og xSj&ljdkjh fo/s;d
gksrk gS ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ,slk fo/s;d fdlh lakln }kjk izLrkfor fd;k x;k gS u fd fdlh
ea=kh }kjkA laln dk vf/drj le; ljdkjh fo/s;dksa dks fuiVkus esa yx tkrk gSA fo/s;d dks dbZ
voLFkkvksa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA
(d) izFke okpu fo/s;d dh izfrLFkkiuk osQ lkFk&lkFk] fo/s;d dk izFke okpu izkjEHk gks tkrk
gSA ;g voLFkk cM+h ljy gksrh gSA ftl ea=kh dks fo/s;d izLrkfor djuk gksrk gS] og vè;{k
dks lwfpr djrk gSA vè;{k ;g iz'u lnu osQ le{k j[krk gSA tc Lohd`fr izkIr gks tkrh gS tks
lkekU;r;k èofu er ls gks tkrh gS] rks lacaf/r ea=kh dks fo/s;d dks izfrLFkkfir djus osQ fy,
cqyk;k tkrk gSA
([k) f}rh; okpu% ;g lcls egRoiw.kZ voLFkk gSA lkekU; ppkZ osQ i'pkr lnu osQ ikl pkj
fodYi gksrs gSa% (i) lnu Lo;a fo/s;d ij foLr`r /kjkokj ppkZ djs (ii) fo/s;d lnu dh izoj
lfefr dks Hkst ns (iii) nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr lfefr dks Hkst ns (iv) tuer tkuus osQ fy, turk
esa forfjr djsA ;fn fo/s;d izoj lfefr vFkok la;Dq r izoj lfefr dks lkSia k tkrk gS] rks lacfa èkr
lfefr fo/s;d dk foLr`r fujh{k.k djrh gSA izR;sd /kjk dk fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA lfefr
pkgs rks og fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa rFkk fof/osrkvksa ls Hkh mudh jk; ys ldrh gSA iwjs fopkj foe'kZ
osQ i'pkr lfefr viuh fjiksVZ lnu dks Hkst nsrh gSA
(x) r`rh; okpu% f}rh; okpu iwjk gks tkus osQ i'pkr] ea=kh fo/s;d dks ikfjr djus osQ fy, lnu
ls vuqjks/ djrk gSA bl voLFkk esa izk;% dksbZ ppkZ ugha dh tkrhA lnL; osQoy fo/s;d fojks/
;k ikfjr djus osQ fy, fo/s;d dk leFkZu vFkok mldk fojks/ dj ldrs gSaA blosQ fy,
mifLFkr rFkk ernku djus okys lnL;ksa dk lk/kj.k cgqer vko';d gSA
122
 Hkkjrh; laln ekWM~;wy - 3
2. f}rh; lnu esa fo/s;d% fdlh ,d lnu ls fo/s;d ikfjr gks tkus osQ i'pkr mls nwljs lnu ljdkj dh lajpuk
esa Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA ;gka ij Hkh ogh rhu okpuksa okyh izfØ;k viukbZ tkrh gS ftl dk ifj.kke
bl izdkj gks ldrk gS%&
(d) fo/s;d ikfjr dj fn;k tk, vkSj fiQj mls jk"Vªifr dh Lohd`fr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA
([k) fo/s;d esa dqN la'kks/u djosQ mls ikfjr fd;k tk,A fo/s;d igys ikfjr djus okys lnu dks
Hkh okil Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA bl n'kk esa igyk lnu la'kks/uksa ij fopkj djsxk vkSj ;fn mUgsa fVIi.kh
Lohdkj dj ysrk gS rks fo/s;d jk"Vªifr dh Lohd`fr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn igyk
lnu la'kks/uksa dks ekuus ls euk dj ns] rc bls xfrjks/ ekuk tkrk gSA
(x) nwljk lnu fo/s;d dks vLohdkj dj ldrk gS ftldk vFkZ xfrjks/ gSA nksuksa lnuksa esa bl
xfrjks/ dks lekIr djus osQ fy, jk"Vªifr nksuksa lnuksa dk la;qDr vf/os'ku cqykrk gSA ,sls la;qDr
vfèkos'ku cgqr de gksrs gaS vkSj ,slk osQoy vHkh rd rhu ckj gh gqvk gS tks ngst fojksèkh vf/
fu;e 1959] cSad lsok vk;ksx (fujLrhdj.k) vf/fu;e 1978 rFkk vkradokn jksdus osQ fy,
2002 osQ vf/fu;e dks ikfjr djrs le; cqyk;k x;k FkkA
(?k) fo/s;d ij jk"Vªifr }kjk Lohd`fr%& nksuksa lnuksa vFkok nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr cSBd ls
foèks;d ikfjr gksus osQ i'pkr bls jk"Vªifr dh Lohd`fr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr osQ
ikl Hkh oqQN fodYi gksrs gSaA (v) og viuh Lohd`fr iznku djs ftlosQ lkFk gh fo/s;d dkuwu
cu tkrk gSA (c) jk"Vªifr Lohd`fr nsus ls iwoZ ifjorZu gsrq oqQN lq>ko nsA bl n'kk esa fo/s;d
blh lnu dks okfil Hkstk tkrk gS tgka og izkjEHk gqvk FkkA ijarq ;fn nksuksa lnu jk"Vªifr osQ
lq>ko eku ysa ;k u ekusa vkSj fo/s;d iqu% ikfjr djosQ jk"Vªifr dks Hkst ns rks jk"Vªifr osQ ikl
Lohd`fr iznku djus osQ vfrfjDr vkSj dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA
11.3.2 /u fo/s;d@foRr fo/s;d
os fo/s;d ftudk laca/ foRr ;k /u ls gksrk gS tSls VSDl yxkuk] ljdkjh O;; djuk] ½.k izkIr
djuk] vkfn] /u fo/s;d dgykrs gSaA ;fn ;g fu.kZ; u gks ik, fd dksbZ fo/s;d /u fo/s;d gS
;k ugha] rks vè;{k dk fu.kZ; vafre gksrk gSA lk/kj.k fo/s;d dh rjg] /u fo/s;d dks ikfjr djus
osQ fy, Hkh mUgha rhu voLFkkvksa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA ijarq blesa oqQN vU; 'krsZa tqM+h gSaA os gSa (I) /
u fo/s;d osQoy yksdlHkk esa gh izLrkfor fd;k tk ldrk gS] jkT;lHkk esa ugha vkSj og Hkh jk"Vªifr
dh iwoZ vuqefr ls (ii) yksdlHkk ls ikfjr gksus osQ i'pkr bls jkT;lHkk dks Hkstk tkrk gSA jkT;lHkk osQ
ikl bl ij fopkj djus rFkk ikfjr djus osQ fy, osQoy 14 fnu dk le; gksrk gSA (iii) jkT;lHkk
/u fo/s;d dks vLohdkj ugha dj ldrh gSA bls ;k rks fo/s;d ikfjr djuk gksrk ;k fiQj oqQN lq>ko
nsus gksrs gSaA (iv) ;fn jkT;lHkk oqQN lq>ko nsrh gS rks fo/s;d yksdlHkk osQ ikl okfil vk tkrk gSA
yksdlHkk bu lq>koksa dks eku Hkh ldrh gS vkSj ugha HkhA fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkrh esa] foèks;d jkT;lHkk
esa okfil ugha Hkstk tk,xk cfYd bls lh/k jk"Vªifr osQ ikl mldh Lohd`fr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tk,xkA
(v) ;fn jkT;lHkk 14 fnu rd fo/s;d dks okil ugha Hkstrh rks ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd foèks;d nksuksa
lnuksa }kjk ikfjr gks x;k gSA blfy, bls jk"Vªifr dks gLrk{kjksa osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA
/u fo/s;d os fo/s;d gksrs gSa ftu dk laca/ foRrh; ekeyksa ls gksrk gS tSls ljdkj }kjk dj
yxkuk] dj gVkuk] fdlh dj esa ifjorZu djuk vFkok ½.k ysus dks fu;af=kr djuk vFkok Hkkjr
ljdkj }kjk fd, x, fdlh foRrh; bdjkj laca/h dkuwu esa la'kks/u djuk ;k lafpr fuf/ vFkok
vkdfLed fuf/ ls lacaf/r ekeykA

123
ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk
11.3.3 ctV
lkoZtfud /u ls gksus okys vk; rFkk O;; dk okf"kZd foRrh; C;ksjk ctV dgykrk gSA ;g fo/s;d
ugha gksrk gSA izfr o"kZ okf"kZd ctV foRr ea=kh }kjk yksdlHkk esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ctV rS;kj djuk
,d cgqr cM+k dk;Z gSA ctV dks foRr ea=kh vius ea=kky; dh lgk;rk ls cukrk gS] ijarq blesa iwjh
ljdkj lfEefyr gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa ctV nks Hkkxksa esa izLrkfor fd;k tkrk gS& jsy ctV rFkk lkekU;
ctVA
fVIi.kh
(i) ctV izLrqr djuk%&lkekU;r;k jsy ctV jsyea=kh }kjk iQjojh osQ rhljs lIrkg esa izLrqr fd;k
tkrk gS tcfd lk/kj.k ctV izk;% iQjojh osQ vafre dk;Z fnol ij izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA lkèkkj.k
ctV izLrqr djrs le; foRr ea=kh }kjk Hkk"k.k fn;k tkrk gS ftlosQ i'pkr og /u fo/s;d
izLrkfor djrk gS ftlesa ljdkj }kjk dj yxkus osQ lHkh izLrko 'kkfey gksrs gSaA ctV dh izLrqqfr
okys fnu bl ij dksbZ ppkZ ugha gksrh blfy, izLrkfor gksus osQ iQkSju ckn lnu dh cSBd lekIr
gks tkrh gSA o"kZ 1993&94 ls Hkkjr esa foHkkxh; izoj lfefr;ksa dh ,d u;h O;oLFkk 'kq: dh
xbZ gSA la?k ljdkj osQ lHkh e=kky;ksa rFkk foHkkxksa dh lfefr;ksa dk xBu yksdlHkk }kjk fd;k
tkrk gSA ;s izoj lfefr;ka vuqnku dh ekaxksa ij fopkj djus osQ i'pkr viuh&viuh fliQkfj'kksa
dks yksdlHkk dks Hkst nsrh gSaA ctV ij lkekU; ppkZ osQ i'pkr nksuksa lnu yxHkx rhu lIrkg
osQ fy, LFkfxr dj fn, tkrs gSaA bl dky esa ea=kky;ksa dh foHkkxh; lfefr;ka ctV dh ekaxks
dh tkap iM+rky djrh gSa vkSj viuh fliQkfj'kksa dks Hkh rS;kj djrh gSAa blls iwjs lnu dk le;
cprk gSA vr% iwjh yksdlHkk vuqnku ekaxksas ij ,d&,d djosQ ppkZ ugha djrhA lnu dh cSBd osQ
fy, U;wure lnL;ksa dh mifLFkfr dh vfuok;Zrk x.kiwfrZ dgykrh gSA ;g lnu dh oqQq y lnL;
la[;k dk nloka Hkkx gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd yksdlHkk ;k jkT;lHkk dh cSBd osQoy rHkh
gks ldrh gS tc de ls de lnu dh oqQYk lnL; la[;k osQ 1@10 lnL; mifLFkr gksAa

ikBxr iz'u 11.4

(d) ljdkjh fo/s;d fdls dgrs gSa\
([k) xSj&ljdkjh ;k futh lnL; fo/s;d D;k gksrk gS\
(x) futh lnL;ksa osQ fo/s;dksa ij ppkZ dc gksrh gSA
(?k) fdl fo/s;d dks jkT;lHkk esa izLrkfor ugha fd;k tk ldrk\
(M+) laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr cSBd dc gksrh gS\
(p) laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dh x.kiwfrZ D;k gS\

11.4 jkT;lHkk rFkk yksdlHkk% ,d rqyukRed vè;;u

vki igys i<+ pqosQ gS fd laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dh jpuk vyx&vyx rjhoQksa ls gksrh gSA la?kkRedrk
dh n`f"V ls jkT;lHkk Hkkjrh; la?k osQ jkT;ksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djrh gS tcfd yksdlHkk Hkkjr dh turk
dkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd nksuksa lnuksa dh fuokZpu izfØ;k fHkUu&fHkUu gSA jkT;ksa dh fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ

124
 Hkkjrh; laln ekWM~;wy - 3
lnL; jkT;lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu djrs gSa tcfd yksdlHkk osQ pquko esa yksx izR;{k :i ls Hkkx ljdkj dh lajpuk
ysrs gSaA jkT;lHkk ,d LFkkbZ lnu gS tcfd yksdlHkk dk xBu ikap o"kZ dh fuf'pr vof/ osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA laoS/kfud n`f"V ls nksuksa lnuksa osQ laca/ksa dk lgh vè;;u rhu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls fd;k tk
ldrk gS tks bl izdkj gSa%&
1. oqQN 'kfDr;ka rFkk dk;Z ,sls gSa ftuesa yksdlHkk jkT;lHkk ls vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh gS tSls fdlh
/u fo/s;d dks izLrkfor rFkk ikfjr djuk ,oa vfo'okl izLrko ikfjr djosQ eaf=kifj"kn dks
vinLFk djukA fVIi.kh
2. oqQN {ks=kksa esa jkT;lHkk dks ,dkf/dkj izkIr gS ftuesa yksdlHkk dk dksbZ vf/dkj ugha gksrk] tSls
jkT;lHkk }kjk jkT; lwph osQ fdlh fo"k; dks jk"Vªh; egRo dk ?kksf"kr djuk rkfd laln ml ij
dkuwu cuk losQA
3. oqQN {ks=kksa esa nksuksa dh 'kfDr;ka leku gSaA tSls /u fo/s;d osQ vfrfjDr vU; fo/s;dksa dks ikfjr
djuk] vkikrdky dh Lohd`fr nsuk] LFkxu izLrko rFkk vU; izLrkoksa dks ykukA
nksuksa lnuksa osQ lHkh lnL;ksa dks lkalnksa osQ {ks=kh; fodkl fuf/ esa ls gj o"kZ nks&nks djksM+ jQi, feyrs
gSaA ;g /u lh/k laln lnL; dks nsus dh ctk, lEcfU/r ftyk eq[;ky; dks fn;k tkrk gS ftldk
iz;ksx lkaln vius {ks=k osQ fodkl osQ fy, dj ldrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 11.5

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,A
(d) ctV osQoy-------------------------------lHkk esa izLrkfor gksrk gSA
([k) osQoy-----------------------------lHkk }kjk gh ubZ vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dks izkjEHk djus dh Lohd`fr
nh tk ldrh gSA
(x) laln osQ izR;sd lnL; dks vius {ks=k osQ fodkl osQ fy, izfr o"kZ-------------------jQi, feyrs gaSA

vkius D;k lh[kk

bl ikB esa vkius i<+k fd laln ns'k dh loksZPp osQUnzh; fo/kf;dk gSA bl osQ nks lnu gSa& yksdlHkk
rFkk jkT;lHkk vkSj jk"Vªifr laln dk vfHkUu vax gksrk gSA jkT;lHkk ,d LFkk;h lnu gS ftls dHkh Hkh
Hkax ugha fd;k tk ldrkA jkT;lHkk osQ izR;sd lnL; dk dk;Zdky Ng o"kZ gksrk gS ijarq izR;sd nks
o"kZ osQ i'pkr ,d frgkbZ lnL; lsokfuo`r gks tkrs gaSA jkT;lHkk Hkkjrh; la?k esa jkT;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo
djrh gSA bldh rqyuk esa] yksdlHkk ;k fupys lnu dh vof/ ikap o"kZ dh gksrh gS ysfdu jk"Vªifr
ikap lky dh vof/ ls igys Hkh mls Hkax dj ldrk gSA yksdlHkk osQ lnL; lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkf/
dkj osQ vk/kj ij turk }kjk izR;{k :i ls pqus tkrs gSaA jkT;lHkk dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk mijk"Vªifr
djrk gS tcfd yksdlHkk esa ;g dk;Z vè;{k djrk gSA vkius yksdlHkk vè;{k dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ ckjs
esa i<+k gqvk gSA vkius ;g Hkh i<+k gS fd nksuksa lnuksa esa x.kiwfrZ osQ fcuk dksbZ Hkh cSBd ugha gks ldrh
vkSj ;g x.kiwfrZ gS dqy lnL; la[;k dk nloka HkkxA vki ;g tkudkjh Hkh foLr`r :i ls izkIr dj
pqosQ gSa fd laln dh fo/k;h] dk;Zikfydk laca/h] foRrh;] fuokZpu laca/h] U;kf;d rFkk fefJr

125
ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk 'kfDr;ka rFkk dk;Z D;k gSaA vc vki nksuksa lnuksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u dj ;g LFkkfir dj ldrs
gSa fd yksdlHkk jkT;lHkk ls vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1. jkT;lHkk osQ xBu rFkk blosQ lnL;ksa dks pquus dh izfØ;k dk o.kZu dhft,A
fVIi.kh 2. yksdlHkk vè;{k dh 'kfDr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
3. Hkkjr esa dkuwu cukus dh izfØ;k dk o.kZu dhft,A
4. laln osQ dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
5. laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ laca/ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
6. fuEufyf[kr ij laf{kIr fVIif.k;ka fyf[k,A
a. jkT;lHkk dh lnL;rk osQ fy, ;ksX;rk,a
b. f}rh; okpu
c. ctV

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

11.1
(d) 250
([k) 12
(x) jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ fuokZfpr lnL;
(?k) 6 o"kZ -- ,d frgkbZ gj nks o"kZ osQ i'pkr lsokfuo`Rr
(M+) 30 o"kZ
(p) mijk"Vªifr
11.2
(d) 550
([k) mÙkj izns'k
(x) nks
(?k) vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr
(M+) Hkkjr osQ lHkh ukxfjd ftudh vk;q 18 o"kZ ;k mlls Åij gksA

126
 Hkkjrh; laln ekWM~;wy - 3
(p) jk"Vªifr ljdkj dh lajpuk
11.3
(d) la?k lwph
([k) jkT; fo/kf;dk,a
(x) laln rFkk jkT; fo/kf;dkvksa (nksuksa dks) fVIi.kh
(?k) laln
11.4
(d) ljdkj osQ fdlh ea=kh }kjk izLrkfor dksbZ Hkh fo/s;d ljdkjh fo/s;d dgykrk gSA
([k) fdlh ea=kh }kjk izLrkfor u gksdj ;fn dksbZ fo/s;d fdlh lnL; }kjk izLrkfor fd;k tkrk
gS rks mls xSj&ljdkjh vFkok futh lnL; fo/s;d dgk tkrk gSA
(x) futh lnL;ksa okys fo/s;dksa ij ppkZ osQoy 'kqØokj dks gksrh gSA
(?k) /u fo/s;d jkT;lHkk esa izLrkfor ugha fd, tk loQrsA
(M+) fdlh lk/kj.k fo/s;d dks ikfjr djrs le; iSnk gksus okys xfrjks/ dks lekIr djus osQ fy,
nksuks lnuksa dh la;qDr cSBd cqykbZ tkrh gSA
(p) lnu dh oqQy lnL; la[;k dk nloka HkkxA
11.5
(d) yksdlHkk
([k) jkT;lHkk
(x) nks djksM+ jQi,
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 11.1.1 ns[kssa
2. [k.M 11.1.8 ns[kssa
3. [k.M 11.2 ns[kssa
4. [k.M 11.3 ns[kssa
5. [k.M 11.4 ns[kssa
6. [k.M (d) 11.1.2 ns[kssa
7. [k.M ([k) 11.3.1 ns[kssa
8. [k.M (x) 11.3.3 ns[kssa

127
 ekWM;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk

12
fVIi.kh Hkkjr dk loksZPp U;k;ky;

Hkkjr dk loksZPp U;k;ky; ns'k dk mPpre U;k;ky; gSA ;g Hkkjrh; U;k; O;oLFkk dh 'kh"kZLFk laLFkk
gSA vkius fiNys nks ikBksa esa i<+k gS fd la?kh; fo/kf;dk] ftls laln dgrs gSa] la?k lwph rFkk leorhZ
lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij ns'k osQ fy, dkuwu cukrh gSA jk"Vªifr] eaf=kifj"kn rFkk vf/dkjh oxZ ls cuh gekjh
dk;Zikfydk bu dkuwuksa dks ykxw djrh gSA ljdkj osQ rhljs vax vFkkZr U;k;ikfydk dh Hkwfedk Hkh
mruh gh egRoiw.kZ gSA og >xM+ksa dks fuiVkrh gS ,oa dkuwuksa dh O;k[;k djrh gSA ;g ewy vf/dkjksa
dh j{kk djrh gS rFkk lafo/ku osQ laj{kd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA bl ikB esa vki i<+saxs fd Hkkjr
esa ,d ,dy ,oa ,dhd`r U;k; O;oLFkk gS vkSj loksZPp U;k;ky; Hkkjr dk mPpre U;k;y; gSA

Hkkjr dk loksZPp U;k;ky;

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z tkus ik,axs fd Hkkjr esa ,d ,dy rFkk ,dhd`r U;k; O;oLFkk gS_
z Hkkjr osQ loskZPp U;k;ky; dh jpuk rFkk xBu dk o.kZu dj ik,axs_

128
 Hkkjr dk loksZPp u;k;ky; ekWM;wy - 3
z Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk vf/dkj {ks=k dh O;k[;k dj losQaxs_ ljdkj dh lajpuk
z lafo/ku osQ laj{kd rFkk ewy vf/dkjksa osQ j{kd osQ :i esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh Hkwfedk dk
egRo le> losQaxs_
z tku ik,axs fd gekjs vf/dkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, tufgr ;kfpdk,a fdruh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrh gSaA
fVIi.kh
12.1 ,dy ,dhd`r U;k; iz.kkyh
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh fo'ks"krkvksa okys ikB esa vki ;g rks igys gh i<+ pqosQ gSa fd gekjh U;k;ikfydk
dh ;g fof'k"Vrk gS fd iwjs ns'k osQ fy, ,d gh ,dhd`r U;k; iz.kkyh gSA ,dy U;k;ikfydk Js.khc¼
U;k;ky;ksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djrh gSA blesa ,dy ,dhd`r U;k; iz.kkyh osQ 'kh"kZ ij loksZPp U;k;ky;
gS rFkk jkT;ksa osQ Lrj ij mPp U;k;ky; gSaA mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ uhps vusd v/huLFk U;k;ky; gaS tSls
ftyk U;k;ky; rFkk lS'ku tt dk U;k;ky; tks Øe'k% nhokuh rFkk iQkStnkjh eqdnesa lqurs gSAa
Hkkjrh; U;k; iz.kkyh

Hkkjr dk loksZPp U;k;ky;

mPp U;k;ky;

v/huLFk U;k;ky;

12.2 loksZPp U;k;ky;

loksZaPp U;k;ky; Hkkjr dk mPpre U;kf;d izkf/dj.k gSA blesa eq[; U;k;k/h'k osQ vfrfjDr 30
U;k;kèkh'k gksrs gSaA ;fn laln vko';d le>s rks U;k;k/h'kksa dh la[;k c<+k ldrh gSA le;&le; ij
laln us U;k;k/h'kksa dh la[;k c<+kbZ gSA izkjEHk esa mPpre U;k;ky; esa ,d eq[; U;k;k/h'k rFkk lkr
vU; U;k;k/h'k FksA eq[; U;k;k/h'k dks Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/h'k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tc dHkh Hkh
loksZPp U;k;ky; esa dksbZ LFkku [kkyh gksrk gS vFkok mlosQ [kkyh gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gS rks eq[;
U;k;k/h'k lfgr pkj vU; ofj"B U;k;kèkh'k] dbZ ukeksa ij ppkZ djus osQ i'pkr mu ukeksa dh fliQkfj'k
djrs gSa ftUgsa loksZPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k fu;qfDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g O;oLFkk loksZPp
U;k;ky; dh igys 1993 vkSj fiQj 1999 dh lafo/ku ihB }kjk fd, x, fu.kZ; ij vk/kfjr gSA
lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr dk vf/dkj vHkh Hkh jk"Vªifr osQ
ikl gS] ijarq loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ 1999 osQ fu.kZ; us jk"Vªifr dks eq[; U;k;k/h'k dh lykg ekuus
dks ckè; dj fn;k gSA vc ;g 'kfDr U;k;k/h'kksa osQ lewg osQ ikl pyh xbZ gS ftls dkyhft;e dgk
tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr dh Hkwfedk vkSipkfjd jg xbZ gS fd og fof/ ea=kky; }kjk Hksts x, ,oa loksZPp
U;k;ky; }kjk ukfer O;fDr dh fu;qfDRk djsA
12.2.1 ;ksX;rk,a] dk;Zdky RkFkk inP;qfr
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr loksZPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k cuus osQ ;ksX; gS ;fn og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gS rFkk
fuEufyf[kr 'krksZa dks iwjk djrk gS%

129
 ekWM;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk og de ls de iakp o"kZ osQ fy, fdlh ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d mPp U;k;ky;ksa dk U;k;k/h'k
jg pqdk gks
vFkok
og de ls de nl o"kZ rd fdlh ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d mPp U;k;ky; dk mPpre U;k;ky;
esa odkyr dj pqdk gksA
fVIi.kh vFkok
jk"Vªifr dh n`f"V esa dksbZ iz[;kr U;k;kfon~ gksA
loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k rFkk vU; U;k;k/h'k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd vius in ij cus jgrs
gSaA dksbZ U;k;k/h'k dk;Zdky iwjk gksus ls igys Hkh R;kxi=k ns ldrk gSA vLkk/kj.k fLFkfr esa] fdlh
U;k;k/h'k oQks lsokfuo`fr dh vk;q iwjh gksus ls igys Hkh vinLFk fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq blosQ fy,
fu/kZfjr izfØ;k dks viukuk gksxkA vr% loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ fdlh U;k;k/h'k dks mldh vl{kerk
o dnkpkj osQ vk/kj ij jk"Vªifr }kjk gVk;k tk ldrk gS ;fn laln osQ nksuksa lnu vyx&vyx izLrko
ikfjr dj nsa ftlosQ fy, ,d gh l=k esa mifLFkr rFkk ernku djus okys lnL;ksa dh oqqQy la[;k dk
2@3 cgqer gksuk vko';d gSA vHkh rd loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ fdlh U;k;k/h'k dks gVkus osQ fy, ,slh
izfØ;k dk iz;ksx osQoy ,d ckj fd;k x;k gSA ijarq fiQj Hkh mls gVk;k ugha tk ldk D;ksafd laln
ml izLrko dks ikfjr ugha dj ldhA blls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa
dk dk;Zdky lqjf{kr gS vkSj dk;Zikfydk mUgsa viuh bPNk vuqlkj ugha gVk ldrhA dksbZ O;fDr tks
loksZPp U;k;ky; esa U;k;kèkh'k osQ :i esa dk;Zjr jgk gS ns'k Hkj esa dgha Hkh odkyr ugha dj ldrkA
loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa oQks laln }kjk le;&le; ij fu/kZfjr osru HkRrs fn, tkrs gSaA
12.2.2 vfHkys[k U;k;ky;
loksZPp U;k;ky; ,d izdkj dk vfHkys[k U;k;ky; gSA ;g nks izdkj ls gSA blosQ lHkh fu.kZ; vkSj
iQSlys ;gka ij latksdj j[ks tkrs gSa ftUgsa ns'k osQ lHkh U;k;ky;ksa }kjk lanHkZ osQ :i esa iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS ,oa bUgsa dkuwu osQ leku ekU;rk izkIr gSA vfHkys[k U;k;ky; osQ :i esa bls fdlh Hkh O;fDr
dks U;k;ky; dk fujknj ;k ekugkfu djus ij naM nsus dk vf/dkj gSA

ikBxr iz'u 12.1

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) loksPZ p U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr------------------------------------djrk gSA
(jk"Vªifr] iz/kuea=kh] fof/ ea=kky;)
([k) loksPZ p U;k;ky; esa eq[; U;k;k/h'k lfgr---------------------------------------U;k;k/h'k gksrs gSAa
(23 /25 / 30)

(x) loksZPp U;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'k----------------o"kZ dh vk;q osQ i'pkr lsokfuo`Rk gks tkrs gSaA
(60/62/65)

130
 Hkkjr dk loksZPp u;k;ky; ekWM;wy - 3
(?k) -----------------------------osQ {ks=k esa fof'k"V [;kfr izkIr fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks jk"Vªifr loksZPp U;k;ky; ljdkj dh lajpuk
dk U;k;k/h'k fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA
(f'k{kk@dkuwu@jktuhfr)

12.3 loksZPp U;k;ky; dk vf/dkj {ks=k

loksZPp U;k;y; }kjk eqdneksa dks lquus vkSj iSQlyk djus osQ vf/dkj ;k 'kfDr dks U;kf;d vf/dkj fVIi.kh
{ks=k dgrs gSaA loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ rhu izdkj osQ vf/dkj {ks=k gSa tSls izkjfEHkd vFkok ewy] vihy
lacaèkh RkFkk ea=k.kk laca/h vf/dkj {ks=kA
12.3.1 izkjfEHkd vFkok ewy {ks=kkf/dkj
oqQN eqdnesa ,sls gaS tks osQoy loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;{ks=k esa gh vkrs gSaA blls ;g vfHkizk; gS fd
,sls eqdnesa osQoy loksZPp U;k;ky; esa gh izkjEHk gksrs gSa vFkkZr ftUgsa igyh ckj osQoy loksZPp
U;k;ky; esa gh nk;j fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk os fdlh vU; U;k;ky; esa nk;j ugha fd, tk loQrsA ewy
U;k;kf/dkj esa vkus okys eqndesa bl izdkj gSa%
(i) (d) ,sls eqdnesa ftuesa ,d vksj osQUnzh; ljdkj rFkk nwljh vksj ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d jkT;
ljdkjsa gksaA
([k) ,sls eqdnesa ftuesa ,d vksj osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ vfrfjDr ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d jkT;
ljdkjsa gksa vkSj nwljh vksj ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d jkT; ljdkjsa gkasA
(x) ,sls eqdnesa ftuesa nks ;k nks ls vf/d jkT;ksa osQ chp fookn gksA

(ii) ekSfyd vf/dkjksa osQ laj{k.k rFkk ykxw djus osQ fy, loksZPp U;k;ky; dks fo'ks"k vf/dkj fn,
x, gaS ftlosQ fy, mls funsZ'k vFkok vkns'k nsus dk vf/dkj gSA
(iii) tufgr ;kfpdk,a (ih-vkbZ-,y-) Hkh lh/s loksPZ p U;k;ky; esa lquh tk ldrh gaAS (;g ,d ,slk
vfèkdkj gS tks lafo/ku esa o£.kr ugha gS)A
12.3.2 vihy laca/h {ks=kkf/dkj
fdlh Hkh fupyh vnkyr }kjk fn, x, fu.kZ; osQ fojQ¼ dh xbZ vihy dks fdlh mPp vnkyr n~okjk
lquus dh 'kfDr dks vihy laca/h U;k;kf/dkj dgk tkrk gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; dk vihy laca/h
vfèkdkj {ks=k cgqr fo'kky gSA ;g mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ fojQ¼ vihy lqu ldrk gSA vr%
loksZPp U;k;ky; esa dh xbZ vihy vafre vihy gksrh gSA ;fn fdlh eqdnes esa mPp U;k;ky; }kjk
fn, x, fu.kZ; ls dksbZ ,d i{k larq"V ugha gS] rks og loksZPp U;k;ky; esa ml fu.kZ; osQ fojQ¼ vihy
dj ldrk gSA ;g vihysa nhokuh] iQkStnkjh rFkk laoS/kfud ekeyksa ls lacaf/r gks ldrh gSaA
(i) nhokuh ekeys

lEifRr] fookg] /u] le>kSrs ;k fdlh lsok laca/h >xM+ksa osQ ekeys nhokuh eqdnesa dgykrs gSaA ;fn
fdlh nhokuh ekeyksa esa yksd egRo dk dksbZ ,slk izeq[k dkuwuh fcUnq gS ftldh O;k[;k loksZPp
U;k;ky; n~okjk okafNr gS] rks mPp U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; osQ fojQ¼ loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk
ldrh gSA igys ,sls nhokuh ekeyksa dh foRrh; lhek osQoy 20]0000 jQ- rd Fkh ijarq 1972 esa fd,
x, lafo/ku osQ rhlosa la'kks/u osQ vuqlkj vc loksZPp U;k;yk; esa dh tkus okyh nhokuh vihy osQ
fy, dksbZ fuEure jkf'k fu/kZfjr ugha gSA
131
 ekWM;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk (ii) iQkStnkjh ekeys

dbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iQkStnkjh ekeyksa esa mPp U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; osQ fojQ¼ loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy
dh tk ldrh gSA
;fn dksbZ mPp U;k;ky; fupyh vnkyr }kjk nks"keqDr ?kksf"kr fd, x, O;fDRk dks e`R;q naM lquk ns]
rks ,sls O;fDr dks bl fu.kZ; osQ fojQ¼ loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy djus dk vf/dkj gSA
fVIi.kh ;fn mPp U;k;ky; fdlh fupyh vnkyr ls fdlh eqdnes dks vius ;gka eaxk ys vkSj ml O;fDr
dks nks"kh djkj nsrs gq, e`R;q naM lquk ns] rks ,sls ekeys esa Hkh loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh
gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkh vf/dkj Lo:i vkSj mPp U;k;ky; ls fcuk fdlh izek.ki=k osQ vihy nk;j
dh tk ldrh gSA
mijksDr nks fLFkfr;ksa osQ vfrfjDr Hkh loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gS ;fn dksbZ mPp
U;k;ky; ;g izek.ki=k ns fd eqdnek loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy djus ;ksX; gSA
;fn dksbZ mPp U;k;ky; fdlh ekeys esa ;g izekf.kr djus ls badkj dj ns fd ekeyk loksPZ p U;k;ky;
esa vihy osQ ;ksX; gS] rks lacaf/r O;fDRk loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy nk;j djus osQ fy, loksZPp
U;k;ky; ls gh fo'ks"k vuqefr izkIr dj ldrk gSA ijarq loksZPp U;k;ky; bl izdkj dh fo'ks"k vuqefr
cgqr gh de ekeyksa esa nsrk gSA
(iii) laoS/kfud ekeys

laoS/kfud ekeys u rks nhokuh >xM+s gksrs gSa vkSj u gh iQkStnkjh vijk/A ;g ,slk eqdnek gS ftlosQ
dkj.k lafo/ku dh fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ls O;k[;k djuk gksrk gS] fo'ks"krkSj ij ekSfyd vf/dkjksa ls
lacaf/r O;k[;k vFkok vFkZ fudkyukA ,sls ekeyksa dh lquokbZ loksZPp U;k;yk; esa osQoy rHkh gks
ldrh gS ;fn mPp U;k;ky; ;g izekf.kr djs fd ekeyk laoS/kfud lokyksa ls lacaf/r gSA
;fn mPp U;k;y; ;g izekf.kr djus ls euk dj ns fd ekeyk loksZPp U;k;ky; esa tkus ;ksX; gS] rks
loksZPp U;k;ky; viuh LoSfPNd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ,sls fdlh ekeys esa ftls og mfpr
le>rk gS] vihy osQ fy, fo'ks"k vuqefr ns ldrk gSA
12.3.3 ea=k.kk laca/h U;k;kf/dkj
bl vf/dkj dk vFkZ ;g gS fd loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ijke'kZ nsus dk vf/dkj gS] ;fn mlls ijke'kZ
ekaxk tk,A ea=k.kk laca/h vf/dkj {ks=k osQ varxZr jk"Vªifr fdlh Hkh dkuwu laca/h vFkok yksd egRo
osQ iz'u ij loksPZ p U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ ekax ldrk gSA ijarq loksPZ p U;k;ky; ijke'kZ nsus osQ fy, ckè;
ugha gSA nwljh vksj] ;fn ijke'kZ ;k er Hkst fn;k tk,] rks mls ekuuk ;k u ekuuk jk"Vªifr osQ fy,
Hkh ckè;dkjh ugha gSA vkt rd tc Hkh loksZPp U;k;ky; us dksbZ ijke'kZ fn;k gS] jk"Vªifr us mls lnSo
Lohdkj fd;k gSA v;ksè;k esa ftl LFkku ij ckcjh efLt+n cukbZ xbZ Fkh] ml LFkku ij igys eafnj
Fkk ;k ugha] tc bl ij loksZPp U;k;ky; dh jk; ekaxh xbZ rks mlus viuh jk; nsus ls badkj dj fn;k FkkA

12.4 lafo/ku dk laj{kd

Hkkjr dk lafo/ku ns'k dk loksZPp dkuwu gS vkSj loksZPp U;k;ky; bldk O;k[;krk rFkk laj{kd gSA
;g dk;Zikfydk ;k fo/kf;dk dks blosQ fdlh Hkh izko/ku dk mYy?kau ugha djus nsrkA ;g ljdkj
osQ fdlh Hkh dk;Z dk] ftlls ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dk mYy?kau gksrk gS] U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dj ldrk

132
 Hkkjr dk loksZPp u;k;ky; ekWM;wy - 3
gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; dh bl 'kfDr dks U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dgrs gSa ftlosQ ckjs esa ge vkxkeh ikBksa ljdkj dh lajpuk
esa foLrkj ls i<+saxsA ;fn loksZPp U;k;ky; dks yxs fd lafo/ku osQ fdlh izko/ku dk mYy?kau gks jgk
gS rks ;g lacaf/r dkuwu dks vlaoS/kfud vFkok voS/ ?kksf"kr dj ldrk gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ
U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu osQ blh vf/dkj osQ vk/kj ij bls lafo/ku dk laj{kd dgk tkrk gSA bls
Lora=krkvksa dk leFkZd vkSj yksdra=k dk j[kokyk dgk tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh
Hkwfedk rFkk dk;Z fo'kky ,oa foLr`r gaSA
12.4.1 ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dk laj{kd fVIi.kh
loksZPp U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksa nksuksa dks funsZ'k nsus] vkns'k nsus rFkk laoS/kfud mipkjksa osQ
vf/dkj dk iz;ksx djus dk vf/dkj gSA ;g canh izR;{khdj.k] ijekns'k] izfr"ksèk] vf/dkj i`PNk]
mRizs"k.k ys[k osQ :i esa gSA ;gh vkns'k loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dk laj{kd rFkk izgjh
cuk nsrs gSaA ;fn fdlh dkuwu dk mYya?ku gksrk gS vFkok vf/dkj dk guu gksrk gS] rks U;k;ky;
laoS/kfud fu;eksa osQ ikyu dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA bl izdkj Hkkjr osQ ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd vf/dkj
lqjf{kr gaSA ;fn fo/kf;dk }kjk ikfjr dksbZ Hkh dkuwu ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dk guu djrk gS] rks loksZPp
U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/dkj gS fd og bls voS/ ?kksf"kr dj nsA blus ,sls dbZ dkuwu jn~n fd, gSa ftuls
ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dk guu gksrk FkkA blls ;g Li"V gS fd fdl izdkj loksZPp U;k;ky; us lnSo
ekSfyd vf/dkjksa osQ laj{kd osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;k gSA
;kfpdk (fjV) %;g ,d vkns'k gS tks fdlh fupyh vnkyr ;k jkT; osQ vf/dkjh dks fn;k
tkrk gS rkfd og yksxksa osQ vf/dkj okfil fnykus osQ fy, mfpr dk;Zokgh djsA
12.4.2 vius fu.kZ; ij iqufoZpkj
;fn loksZPp U;k;ky; dks oqQN u, rF; vFkok u, izek.k feysa ;k ;g fo'okl gks tk, fd mlosQ
iwoZ fu.kZ;ksa esa dksbZ Hkwy gqbZ gS rks mls ;g vf/dkj izkIr gS fd og vius iwoZ fu.kZ; ij iqufoZpkj djs
vkSj vius fu.kZ; dks cny losQA ;g izk;% rc fd;k tkrk gS tc dksbZ iqufoZpkj osQ fy, ;kfpdk nk;j
djrk gSA lkekU;r;k iqufoZpkj djus okyh ihB iwoZ fu.kZ; nsus okyh ihB ls cM+h gksrh gSA

ikBxr iz'u 12.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) loksZPp U;k;ky; esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d jkT;ksa osQ chp >xM+s dk ekeyk blosQ -------------------
U;k;{ks=k osQ varxZr vkrk gSA
(izkjfEHkd] vihy laca/h] ea=k.kk laca/h)
([k) loksPZ p U;k;ky; jk"Vªifr dks ijke'kZ nsus osQ fy, ---------------------------------(ckè; gS] ckè; ugha gS)a
(x) Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dh O;k[;k djus dh vafre 'kfDr -------------------------- osQ ikl gSA
(mPp U;k;ky;] loksZPp U;k;ky;] vFkok ls'ku U;k;ky;)

12.5 U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu

;g ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlosQ }kjk U;k;ikfydk ;g ij[krh gS fd O;oLFkkfidk }kjk cuk;k x;k dksbZ
dkuwu vFkok dk;Zikfydk dk dksbZ dk;Z lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj gS ;k ughaA U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dh ;g
'kfDr lcls igys la;qDr jkT; vejhdk osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; dks izkIr gqbZ FkhA vc bldk iz;ksx [kqys

133
 ekWM;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk rkSj ij Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; ;k dbZ vU; ns'kksa esa Hkh gksrk gSA gekjs mPp U;k;ky; Hkh bldk
iz;ksx djrs gSaA U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd fo/kf;dk }kjk cuk;k x;k izR;sd dkuwu
loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk tkapk vkSj ij[kk tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ osQoy ;g gS fd U;k;ky; dks tc dHkh
Hkh volj feysxk og dkuwu dk iqujkoyksdu djsxkA ;g nks izdkj ls lEHko gSA izFke ;g fd tc
Hkh fdlh dkuwu dh oS/rk dks pqukSrh nh tk,xh] U;k;ky; mldk iqujkoyksdu djsxkA ,d nwljh fLFkfr
Hkh gS ftlesa loksPZ p U;k;ky; vFkok mPp U;k;ky; dks fdlh dkuwu dk iqujkoyksdu djus dk volj
izkIr gksrk gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vFkok laLFkk ;g vuqHko djs fd mlosQ vf/dkjksa dk guu gks jgk gS
fVIi.kh ;k fdlh dkuwu osQ varxZr mls feyus okyk ykHk mls ugha fn;k tk jgk] rks ,slh ;kfpdk dh tkap
djrs le; U;k;ky; bl urhts ij igqap ldrk gS fd ftl dkuwu osQ varxZr jkgr ekaxh tk jgh gS]
og vius vki esa vlaoS/kfud gSA
Hkkjr tSls fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=kd ns'k esa] U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dh 'kfDRk turk osQ vf/dkjksa dks lqj{kk
iznku djrh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr loksZPp U;k;ky; lafo/ku osQ fofHkUu izko/kuksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA
bldk fu.kZ; ns'k dk dkuwu le>k tkrk gSA
vkb,] vc ge ;g tkuus dk iz;kl djsa fd loksZPp U;k;ky; fdl izdkj ukxfjd Lora=krkvksa vkSj
fo'ks"kr;k ekSfyd vf/dkjksa osQ laj{kd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA lekurk dk vf/dkj ,d egRoiw.kZ
vfèkdkj gS tks dkuwu osQ lEeq[k lekurk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA lekurk osQ vf/dkj dk vFkZ
fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa rFkk O;ogkj esa vlekurk dh vuqifLFkfr Hkh gSA blfy,] loksZPp U;k;ky; us laj{kkRed
HksnHkko osQ uke ij fn;k tkus okys vkj{k.k rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa dks mfpr Bgjk;k gSA Lora=krk osQ vfèkdkj
us ge lc dks dbZ izdkj dh Lora=krk nh gSA ijarq izsl dh Lora=krk dk mYys[k lafo/ku esa ugha fd;k
x;kA blfy, loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd izsl dh Lora=krk osQ vf/dkj dks fopkj ,oa
vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk osQ vf/dkj osQ varxZr le>k tk,A bl izdkj U;k;ky; us Lora=krk osQ
vfèkdkj dk foLrkj dj fn;kA loksPZ p U;k;ky; us tkudkjh ;k lwpuk izkIr djus osQ vf/dkj dks cgqr
egRoiw.kZ ekuk D;ksafd blls ge yksdra=k rFkk fodkl dh lgHkkfxrk dh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ys ldrs gSaA
U;k;ky; us ;g Hkh dgk gS fd vuqPNsn 21 osQ varxZr thou osQ vf/dkj osQ varxZr f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj
rFkk LoPN i;kZoj.k Hkh lfEefyr gSaA
eqdneksa dk fu.kZ; nsus esas gksus okyh nsjh osQ ckjs esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dk er gS fd fu.kZ; nsus esa nsjh
djus dk vFkZ gS U;k; nsus esa nsjh djukA U;k;ky; dk er ;g Hkh gS fd rhozrk ls eqdnes dk iSQlyk
djuk] vfHk;qDrksa dks tekur ij NksM+uk] fu/Zu O;fDr;ksa dks fu%'kqYd dkuwuh lgk;rk nsuk Hkh ekSfyd
vf/dkj esa 'kkfey gSaA
yksxksa osQ vf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dh 'kfDRk dk iz;ksx djrs gq, loksZPp
U;k;ky; us dbZ ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; fn, gSaA blus vYila[;dksa osQ Hkk"kk;h vf/dkj] yksxksa osQ /kfeZd
Lora=krk osQ vf/dkj rFkk deZpkfj;ksa vkSj fngkM+h etnwjksa osQ Hkys osQ fy, lqj{kk iznku dh gSA
blus ca/qvk etnwjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, rFkk efgykvksa]cPpksa ,oa lekt osQ vHkkoxzLr oxksZa dks 'kks"k.k ls
cpkus osQ fy, Hkh dk;Zokgh dh gSA
fuLlansg] loksZPp U;k;ky; us vius U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu osQ vf/dkj dk iz;ksx djrs gq, thou osQ
fofHkUu {ks=k esa gekjs vf/dkjksa dh j{kk dh gSA blus dbZ egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; fn, gSaA U;kf;d lfØ;rkokn
osQ izHkko esa U;k;ky; us dbZ funsZ'k fn, gSa tSls i;kZoj.k osQ iznw"k.k dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, fnYyh
esa lkoZtfud ;krk;kr okguksa esa lh,uth xSl dk iz;ksx i;kZoj.k dks nwf"kr djus osQ LFkku ij LoPN
cukus osQ fy, furkar vfuok;Z gSA blh izdkj yksxksa osQ thou dks lqjf{kr cukus osQ fy, blus nqifg;k
pkydksa rFkk ihNs cSBus okyh lokjh nksuksa osQ fy, gSyesV dk iz;ksx vfuok;Z dj fn;k gSA
U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dh 'kfDr turk osQ vf/dkjksa dks egRoiw.kZ lqj{kk iznku djrh gSA ;g lafo/ku
dk mYya?ku ugha gksus nsrhA ubZ&ubZ O;k[;kvksa }kjk lafo/ku osQ izko/kuksa dks u;k :i fn;k gSA bl izdkj
blus lafo/ku dh j{kk osQ lkFk bldk foLrkj Hkh fd;k gSA
134
 Hkkjr dk loksZPp u;k;ky; ekWM;wy - 3
ljdkj dh lajpuk
12.6 tufgr ;kfpdk (PIL)

izkjfEHkd nkSj esa loksZPp U;k;ky; lfgr U;k;ikfydk osQoy mUgha osQ eqdnesa lquus osQ fy, Lohdkj
djrh Fkh tks izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls izHkkfor gksrs FksA ;g osQoy ewy rFkk vihy laca/h vf/dkj {ks=k
osQ gh eqdneas lqurh Fkh vkSj mu ij iSQlyk lqukrh FkhA ijarq ckn esa U;k;ikfydk tufgr ;kfpdkvksa
ij vk/kfjr eqdneas Hkh lquus yxhA bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd os yksx Hkh ftudk fdlh ekeys ls dksbZ
lh/k laca/ ugha gS] U;k;ky; esa dksbZ tufgr dk ekeyk yk ldrs gSaA ;g U;k;ky; dk fo'ks"kkf/dkj
gS fd og ml tufgr ;kfpdk dks Lohdkj djs ;k u djsA tufgr ;kfpdk dh voèkkj.kk dks U;k;ewfrZ fVIi.kh
ih,u Hkxorh us 'kq: fd;k FkkA tufgr ;kfpdk vc blfy, egRoiw.kZ cu xbZ gS D;ksafd blls lekt
osQ fu/Zu rFkk detksj oxksZa dks lqxerk ls U;k; feyus yxk gSA i=kdkjksa] odhyksa rFkk lekt lsodksa]
;gka rd dh lekpkj i=kksa dh fjiksVksZa osQ vk/kj ij Hkh] loksZPp U;k;ky; us vusd tufgr ;kfpdk,a
Lohdkj dh gSaA vkb,] ;g tkuus osQ fy, fd tufgr ;kfpdkvksa us fdl izdkj yksxksa dks U;k; fnyok;k
gS] oqQN mnkgj.k ns[ksaA
tufgr ;kfpdkvksa osQ }kjk voS/ :i ls canh cuk, x, yksxksa dks] ftu ij eqdnesa py jgs gSa] mUgsa
dbZ vf/dkj fnyk, x, gSaA loksZPp U;k;ky; us dbZ dSfn;ksa dks fcuk eqdnek pyk, gh O;fDrxr
Lora=krk osQ vk/kj ij fjgkbZ osQ vkns'k fn, gaS D;kasfd O;fDrxr Lora=krk fdlh U;kf;d O;oLFkk vFkok
ukSdj'kkgh dh v{kerk ;k v;ksX;rk ls de ugha dgh tk ldrhA
loksZPp U;k;ky; us ca/qvk etnwjksa] tutkfr;ksa] xanh cfLr;ksa osQ fuokfl;ksa] ukjh m¼kj x`gksa esa jgus okyh
efgykvksa] cky lq/kj x`gksa osQ cPpksa rFkk cky etnwjksa dks eqDr djkus osQ fy, dbZ dne mBk, gSaA
i;kZoj.k osQ iznw"k.k osQ ekeys esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us dkuiqj] fnYyh rFkk oqQN vU; LFkkuksa ij oqQN
iSQfDVfj;ksa osQ can djus osQ vkns'k fn, gSaA loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk vf/dkf/d fu.kZ; ysus osQ dkj.k
tufgr ;kfpdkvksa dk {ks=k dkiQh c<+ x;k gSA vc dksbZ Hkh O;fDRk osQoy ,d i=k osQ ekè;e ls
U;k;ky; rd igqap ldrk gS vkSj ;fn loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ;g fo'okl gks tk, fd ekeyk tufgr
dk gS] rks og mlh i=k dks ;kfpdk eku lquokbZ osQ funsZ'k ns ldrk gS rkfd tufgr dh j{kk dh tk
losQA tufgr ;kfpdkvksa dh bl izfØ;k us U;kf;d lfØ;rkokn dks c<+kok fn;k gSA
ikBxr iz'u 12.3
(d) U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu fdls dgrs gSa\
([k) tufgr ;kfpdk ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
(x) loksZPp U;k;ky; dh dkSu&lh 'kfDr ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djrh gSa\

vkius D;k lh[kk

Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g lEiw.kZ :i ls ,dy rFkk ,dhd`r U;k; O;oLFkk gSA
loksZPp U;k;ky; ns'k dk mPpre U;k;ky; gSA blesa eq[; U;k;k/h'k lfgr 30 vU; U;k;k/h'k gaSA
buosQ uke loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa osQ ,d lewg }kjk p;fur dj lq>k, tkrs gSaA ;s U;k;kèkh'k
65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd vius in ij cus jgrs gSaA bUgsa vinLFk djus osQ fy, ,d tfVy izfØ;k viukbZ
tkrh gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; izkjfEHkd rFkk vihy laca/h U;k;{ks=k osQ varxZr eqdnes lqurk gSA ;g
lafoèkku dk laj{kd rFkk ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dk j{kd gSA ;g vfHkys[k U;k;ky; osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk
gS rFkk U;k;ky; dk vuknj ;k ekugkfu djus ij fdlh O;fDr dks naM Hkh ns ldrk gSA

135
 ekWM;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk ;fn dksbZ dkuwu lafo/ku osQ fojQ¼ tk jgk gks rks U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djosQ]
loksZPp U;k;ky; mls voS/ ;k xSj dkuwuh ?kksf"kr dj ldrk gSA
;g lafo/ku dh mu /kjkvksa dh O;k[;k djrk gS tks Li"V ugha gksrhaA
;g tufgr ;kfpdkvksa }kjk yksxksa dks U;k; fnyokus oQh fn'kk esa vR;f/d lgk;d gSA blh osQ
ifj.kkeLo:i] U;kf;d lfØ;okn dks c<+kok feyk gSA

fVIi.kh
ikBkar iz'u
1. loksZPp U;k;ky; oQh jpuk rFkk xBu dk o.kZu dhft,A
2. loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ fdlh U;k;k/h'k dks oSQls vinLFk fd;k tk ldrk gS\
3. loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ izkjfEHkd rFkk vihy laca/h U;k;{ks=k dh O;k[;k dhft,A
4. ^^loksZPp U;k;ky; Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk laj{kd rFkk ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dk j{kd gSA** O;k[;k
dhft,A
5. gekjs nSfud thou esa tufgr ;kfpdkvksa osQ egRo dh O;k[;k dhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

12.1
(d) jk"Vªifr
([k) 30
(x) 65
(?k) dkuwu
12.2
(d) izkjfEHkd
([k) ckè; ugha gSA
(x) loksZPp U;k;ky;
12.3
(d) loksZPp U;k;ky; dh fdlh dkuwu dh laoS/kfud oSèkrk ij[kus dh 'kfDr
([k) tufgr osQ ekeyksa dh lquokbZ
(x) U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 12.1 vkSj 12.2.2. ns[kssa
2. [k.M 12.2.1 ns[kssa
3. [k.M 12.3.1 vkSj 12.3.2 ns[kssa
4. [k.M 12.4, 12.4.1 vkSj 12.4.2 ns[kssa
5. [k.M 12.6. ns[kssa

136
 jkT;ksa esa dk;Zikfydk ekWM~;wy - 3
ljdkj dh lajpuk

13
jkT;ksa esa dk;Zikfydk fVIi.kh

vki igys i<+ pqosQ gSa fd Hkkjr 28 jkT;ksa rFkk 7 osQanz 'kkflr {ks=kksa dk la?k gS vkSj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku
osQ fuekZrkvksa us Hkkjr osQ fy, la?kkRed O;oLFkk dks viuk;k FkkA ,slh O;oLFkk esa dk;Zikfydk f}Lrjh;
gksrh gS% la?k rFkk jkT;A vkius nlosa ikB esa la?kh; dk;Zikfydk osQ ckjs esa i<+k gSA
jkT; osQ Lrj ij lkekU;r% osQanzh; izkjQi dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,] jk"Vªifr osQ LFkku ij jkT;iky ukeek=k
osQ vè;{k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS tcfd okLrfod 'kfDr;ka eq[;ea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn osQ
ikl gksrh gSaA jkT; Lrj ij eaf=kifj"kn osQ lHkh lnL; vius dk;ksZa rFkk =kqfV;ksa osQ fy,] O;fDrxr rFkk
lkewfgd :i esa jkT; osQ fupys lnu osQ izfr mRrjnk;h gksrs gSaA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ i'pkr vki%
z jkT;iky dks fu;qDr djus dh fof/ tku ik,axs_
z jkT;iky in osQ fy, ;ksX;rk,a] dk;Zdky rFkk fo'ks"kkf/dkjksa dh O;k[;k dj ik,axs_
z jkT;iky dh Lofoosd dh 'kfDr;ksa lfgr vU; lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dk o.kZu dj losaQxs_
z jkT;iky dh fLFkfr rFkk Hkwfedk dk ewY;kadu dj ik,axs_
z crk ik,axs fd eq[;ea=kh dk p;u@fu;qfDr oSQls gksrh gS_
z eaf=kifj"kn dh fu;qfDr rFkk mlosQ xBu dh fof/ dk o.kZu dj ik,axs_
z eq[;ea=kh lfgr eaf=kifj"kn osQ dk;Z ,oa 'kfDr;ksa dh O;k[;k dj loasQxs_
z jkT; Lrj ij jkT;iky rFkk eaf=kifj"kn osQ chp laca/ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj loasQxsA

137
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk

Hkkjr dk jktuSfrd ekufp=k

fVIi.kh

ORISSA

13.1 jkT;iky
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj izR;sd jkT; osQ fy, ,d jkT;iky gksxkA ;fn vko';drk iM+s rks ,d gh
O;fDr nks ;k nks ls vf/d jkT;ksa osQ fy, Hkh jkT;iky cuk;k tk ldrk gSA izR;sd jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk
laca/h 'kfDr;ka ogka osQ jkT;iky essa fufgr gksrh gSaA og bu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx izR;{k vFkok v/huLFk
vf/dkfj;ksa osQ ekè;e ls dj ldrk gSA
13.1.1 jkT;iky% fu;qfDr] ;ksX;rk,a] dk;Zdky] bR;kfn
fdlh jkT; osQ jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA fdlh jkT;iky dks mlh jkT;
esa ;k fdlh nwljs jkT; esa iqu% fu;qfDr djus ij dksbZ ikcanh ugha gSA blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd jkT;iky
fuokZfpr ugha gksrk ijarq fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA jkT;iky cuus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk,a gksuh
pkfg,%
1. mls Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg,A

2. og de ls de 35 o"kZ dk gksuk pkfg,] vkSj

3. vius dk;Zdky esa fdlh vU; ykHk okys in ij ugha jg ldrkA

fdarq ;fn dksbZ O;fDr laln osQ fdlh lnu vFkok jkT; fo/kf;dk dk vFkok jk"Vªh; ;k jkT; Lrj
ij eaf=kifj"kn dk lnL; gS vkSj mls jkT;iky fu;qDr dj fn;k tkrk gS rks og ea=khifj"kn dk lnL;
ugha jgrk vFkkZr ineqDr ekuk tkrk gSA jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr ikap o"kZ osQ fy, dh tkrh gS ijarq izk;%
jk"Vªifr dh bPNk rd vius in ij cuk jgrk gSA og viuk dk;Zdky lekIr gksus ls iwoZ R;kxi=k ns

138
 jkT;ksa esa dk;Zikfydk ekWM~;wy - 3
ldrk gS vFkok jk"Vªifr }kjk le; ls igys gVk;k Hkh tk ldrk gSA okLro esa jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr ljdkj dh lajpuk
djrs le; ;k mls inP;qr djrs le; jk"Vªifr iz/kuea=kh osQ ijke'kZ dks ekurk gSA mls fu'kqYd vkokl
fn;k tkrk gS] ftls jktHkou dgrs gSaA mlosQ osru] HkRrs] rFkk vU; lqfo/kvksa dk fu/kZj.k le;&le;
ij dkuwu cuk dj fd;k tkrk gS fdarq mUgsa fdlh Hkh jkT;iky osQ dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku de ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA
13.1.2 jkT;iky% 'kfDr;ka] fLFkfr rFkk Hkwfedk
fVIi.kh
jkT;iky dh 'kfDr;ka ,oa dk;Z eq[;r% nks Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVs tk ldrs gSa& (i) jkT; dk izeq[k gksus osQ
ukrs (ii) osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ izfrfuf/ osQ :i esaA jkT; dk eqf[k;k gksus osQ ukrs bldh 'kfDr;ksa osQ
varxZr] vki bldh dk;Zikfydk laca/h] fo/k;h] foRrh; rFkk {keknku djus dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ ckjs esa
i<+sxsA ge lcls igys jkT;iky dh bUgha 'kfDr;ksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u djsaxsA
(d) dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;k¡
jkT; esa lHkh dk;Zikfydk laca/h dk;Z jkT;iky osQ uke ls gh gksrs gaSA og u osQoy eq[;ea=kh dh
fu;qfDr djrk gS cfYd eq[;ea=kh dh lykg ls vU; eaf=k;ksa dks Hkh fu;qfDr djrk gSA LFkkfir ijEijk
osQ vuqlkj fo/ku lHkk esa cgqer izkIr ny osQ usrk dks vFkok fdlh Hkh ny dks Li"V cgqer u feyus
dh fLFkfr esa oqqQN nyksa osQ xBca/u osQ usrk dsk ljdkj cukus osQ fy, vkeaf=kr djrk gSA og eq[;ea=kh
dh lykg ls vU; eaf=k;ksa esa foHkkxksa dk foHkktu djrk gSA jkT;iky jkT; osQ egkU;k;oknh vkSj jkT;
osQ yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k ,oa lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr Hkh djrk gSA
og mPp U;k;ky; oQks NksM+dj jkT; osQ lHkh U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS fdUrq mPp
U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dh jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;qfDr djrs le; jkT;iky ls ijke'kZ fy;k tkrk gSA
jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dk izeq[k gksus osQ ukrs vius drZO;ksa dk fuoZgu djus osQ fy, jkT;iky eq[;ea=kh
osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn ls ijke'kZ ,oa lgk;rk ysrk gSA
([k) fo/k;h 'kfDr;ka
jkT;iky jkT; fo/ku lHkk dk ,d vfHkUu vax gS rFkk mldh vusd fo/k;h 'kfDr;ka Hkh gSaA mls jkT;
fo/ku eaMy dh cSBd cqykus ;k LFkfxr djus dk vf/dkj gSA og pkgs rks eq[;ea=kh ,oa eaf=kifj"kn
osQ ijke'kZ ij fo/ku lHkk dks Hkax Hkh dj ldrk gSA
og jkT; dh fo/ku lHkk dks vFkok nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr cSBd dks lEcksf/r dj ldrk gSA og
fdlh ,d lnu vFkok nksuksa lnuksa dks lans'k Hkst ldrk gSA ;fn jkT;iky osQ fopkj esa vkaXy Hkkjrh;
leqnk; dks jkT; fo/ku lHkk esa mfpr izfrfuf/Ro u feyk gks] rks jkT;iky bl leqnk; osQ ,d lnL;
dks fo/ku lHkk osQ fy, euksuhr dj ldrk gSA (jkT; fo/kf;dk dh foLr`r tkudkjh osQ fy, ikB
la[;k 14 dks nsf[k,)
ftu jkT;ksa esa fo/ku ifj"kn gS] ogka dk jkT;iky fo/ku ifj"kn dh oqQy lnL; la[;k osQ 1@6 lnL;ksa
dks euksuhr djrk gSA ;s euksuhr lnL; lkfgR;] dyk] foKku] lgdkfjrk vFkok lekt lsok esa [;kfr
izkIr O;fDr gksrs gSaA
fdlh Hkh fo/s;d dks dkuwu cuus osQ fy, jkT;iky dh Lohd`fr vko';d gSA bl laca/ esa jkT;iky
osQ ikl fuEufyf[kr fodYi gaS%
(d) jkT;iky fo/s;d dks Lohd`fr iznku djs] ,slk gksus ij fo/s;d dkuwu cu tkrk gSA

139
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk ([k) og fo/s;d dks Lohd`fr nsus oQh ctk, vius ikl j[k ys rks bl fLFkfr esa fo/s;d dkuwu ugha
cu ikrkA
(x) jkT;iky oqQN la'kks/uksa lfgr fo/s;d dks iqufoZpkj osQ fy, okil Hkst ldrk gSA ;fn lnu bl
fo/s;d dks la'kksf/r djosQ ;k ewy :i ls ikfjr dj jkT;iky osQ ikl Hkst ns] rks og Lohd`fr nsus
ls euk ugha dj ldrkA
(?k) og fo/s;d dks jk"Vªifr osQ fopkjkFkZ lqjf{kr j[k ldrk gSA
fVIi.kh
;fn jkT; fo/kf;dk dk vf/os'ku u py jgk gks] rks jkT;iky dks vè;kns'k tkjh djus dk vf/dkj
gS fdarq bl izdkj osQ vè;kns'k oQks fo/ku e.My dh vxyh lHkk izkjEHk gksus osQ Ng lIrkg osQ vanj
Lohd`fr feyuk vko';d gS] vU;Fkk vè;kns'k izHkkoh ugha jgrkA jkT; fo/ku lHkk vè;kns'k osQ LFkku
ij fu/kZfjr vof/ esa ,d Uk;k dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA
dk;Zikfydk laca/h 'kfDr;ksa dh rjg fo/k;h 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx Hkh okLro esa eq[;ea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa
eaf=kifj"kn }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
(x) foRrh; 'kfDr;ka

1. jkT;iky dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk dksbZ /u fo/s;d jkT; fo/ku lHkk esa izLrqr ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA
2. jkT; dk okf"kZd ctV rFkk vuqiwjd ctV] jkT;iky osQ uke ls gh] fo/ku lHkk esa izLrqr fd;k
tkrk gSA
3. jkT; dh vkdfLed fuf/ ij jkT;iky dk fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA
(?k) {keknku dh 'kfDr

jkT;iky osQ ikl U;k;ky; }kjk nf.Mr fdlh vijk/h dks ml jkT; osQ fdlh dkuwu osQ fojQ¼ vijk/
djus ij feys n.M dks ekiQ] LFkfxr vFkok de djus dh 'kfDr gSA
(Ä) Lofoosd dh 'kfDr;ka

tSlk fd igys dgk tk pqdk gS fd jkT;iky viuh dk;Zdkjh laca/h] fo/k;h] foÙkh; rFkk U;kf;d
'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs le; eq[;ea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn ls ijke'kZ rFkk lg;ksx ysrk gSA mldh
;g 'kfDr;ka mls vius jkT; osQ vè;{k osQ ukrs feyh gqbZ gSaA mldh oqQN vU; 'kfDr;ka Hkh gSa tks mls
osQanzh; ljdkj osQ izfrfuf/ osQ :i esa feyh gqbZ gSaA bu 'kfDr;ksa dks Lofoosd dh 'kfDr;ka Hkh dgrs
gSaA ,slk oqQN fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gksrk gS tc jkT;iky eaf=kifj"kn osQ ijke'kZ osQ fcuk dksbZ dk;Z
djrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd jkT;iky dh ,slh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx mldh bPNk
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;s 'kfDr;ka gSa%
1. ;fn jkT;iky osQ fopkj esa jkT; esa laoS/kfud ra=k foiQy gks pqdk gks rks og mldh lwpuk rqjar
jk"Vªifr dks nsdj] jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw djus dh fliQkfj'k dj ldrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa eaf=kifj"kn
dh lykg u ysdj] jkT;iky Lo;a fu.kZ; djrk gSA blfy, bls Lofoosd laca/h 'kfDr dgk tkrk
gSA ;fn jkT;iky dh fliQkfj'k jk"Vªifr }kjk Lohdkj dj yh tkrh gS rks vuqPNsn 356 osQ varxZr
jk"Vªifr ladV dky dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gS vkSj eaf=kifj"kn dks Hkax dj fn;k tkrk gSA fo/ku lHkk
Hkh ;k rks Hkax dj nh tkrh gS vFkok LFkfxr dj nh tkrh gSA bl dky esa jkT;iky jk"Vªifr osQ
vfHkdrkZ osQ :i esa 'kklu djrk gSA
140
 jkT;ksa esa dk;Zikfydk ekWM~;wy - 3
2. ,d ifjfLFkfr ;g Hkh gks ldrh gS fd jkT;iky fdlh fo/s;d dks jk"Vªifr osQ fopkjkFkZ lqjf{kr ljdkj dh lajpuk
j[kuk pkgsA D;ksafd jkT;iky ;g fu.kZ; Lo;a vius vki ysrk gS] blfy, ;g Hkh mldh Lofoosd
dh 'kfDr gSA jkT;iky dh Lofoosd dh 'kfDr;ka vlkekU; vkSj ladV dky osQ fy, j[kh xbZ
gSaA fdarq ns[kk ;g x;k gS fd bu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx u osQoy ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gqvk gS cfYd
lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh fooknkLin rjhosQ ls fd;k x;k gS] ftlls dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ laca/
esa ruko iSnk gqvk gSA
fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 13.1
1. fdlh jkT; osQ jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
(d) jk"Vªifr

([k) mijk"Vªifr

(x) iz/kuea=kh

(?k) Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k

2. jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr fdrus o"kZ osQ fy, dh tkrh gS\

(d) pkj o"kZ

([k) ikap o"kZ

(x) Ng o"kZ

(?k) lkr o"kZ

3. eq[;ea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn fdlosQ izfr mRrjnk;h gksrh gS\
(d) fo/kulHkk

([k) fo/kuifj"kn

(x) jkT;iky

(?k) jk"Vªifr

4. jkT; esa fdlosQ }kjk vè;kns'k tkjh fd;k tkrk gS\

(d) jkT;iky

([k) jkT; x`gea=kh

(x) eq[;ea=kh

(?k) jk"Vªifr

5. fdldh fliQ+kfj'k ij jkT;iky fo/kulHkk dks Hkax dj ldrk gSA

(d) jkT; dk x`gea=kh

141
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk ([k) mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/h'k

(x) eq[;ea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn~

(?k) jk"Vªifr

13.1.3 jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk rFkk fLFkfr

fVIi.kh jkT;iky dh 'kfDr;ksa dh lwph ij n`f"V Mkyus ls vki ;g vuqHko djsaxs fd jkT;iky jkT; esa ,d
'kfDRk'kkyh O;fDr gSA tSlk fd vki dks fofnr gS fd lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh esa eaf=kifj"kn jkT;
foèkkf;dk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA blfy, okLrfod 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx eaf=kifj"kn }kjk fd;k tkrk
gS u fd jkT;iky }kjkA jk"Vªifr dh rjg og Hkh eq[;ea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn osQ ijke'kZ ls dk;Z
djrk gS blfy, lkekU;r;k jkT;iky ,d lao/ S kfud vkSipkfjd eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA fdarq
vlk/kj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jkT;iky dks viuh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx vius foosd osQ vk/kj ij djus dk
volj fey tkrk gSA 1967 osQ vke pqukoksa ls tc dbZ nyksa us la;qDr fo/k;d ny dh ljdkj cukus
dk fodYi pquk] jkT;iky dk in] viuh Lofoosd dh 'kfDr osQ dkj.k cgqr fooknkLin cu x;k gSA
jkT;ikyksa us viuh euethZ ls dke fd;k gS vkSj dbZ ckj rks dsUnzh; Lrj ij lRrklhu ny dks izlUu
djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA lafo/ku fo'ks"kKksa osQ vuqlkj rhu {ks=kksa esa jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk cgqr
fooknkLin gks xbZ gaSA os gSa% jk"Vªifr dks ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk djus osQ fy, fliQkfj'k djuk] fdlh
Hkh jktuhfrd ny dks Li"V cgqer izkIr u gksus ij eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr vkSj ny cny dh fLFkfr
esa eq[;ea=kh osQ Hkfo"; dk iSQlyk djukA bu fooknksa osQ ihNs dbZ jkT;ksa esa cgqnyh; eaf=kifj"knksa dk
fuekZ.k] nyxr jktuhfr] ny cny dh leL;k rFkk nyksa dk fo?kVu eq[; dkj.k jgs gSaA iz'kklfud
lq/kj vk;ksx rFkk ljdkfj;k vk;ksx }kjk Hksth xbZ fliQkfj'ksa rFkk lq>ko dkxtksa rd fleV dj jg x,
gSa tcfd okLrfodrk ;g gS fd bu fliQkfj'kksa ij dke djus ls jkT;iky osQ dke esa i{kikr djus
dh lEHkkouk de gks ldrh FkhA
13.2 eq[;ea=kh
izR;sd jkT; esa] jkT;iky osQ nkf;Ro fuoZgu esa lg;ksx vkSj lgk;rk osQ fy,] ,d eaf=kifj"kn gksrh gSA
eq[;ea=kh jkT; esa ljdkj dk eqf[k;k gksrk gSA eq[;ea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn jkT; Lrj ij okLrfod
'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA
13.2.1 eaf=kifj"kn dk xBu
eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk dh tkrh gSA fo/ku lHkk esa cgqer izkIr ny osQ usrk dks
jkT;iky }kjk eq[;ea=kh fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA eq[;ea=kh dh fliQkfj'k ij ckdh eaf=k;ksa dh
fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA ea=khifj"kn esa 'kkfey fd, tkus okys eaf=k;ksa osQ fy, jkT; fo/kf;dk osQ
fdlh ,d lnu dk lnL; gksuk vko';d gSA dksbZ O;fDr tks jkT; fo/kf;dk dk lnL; ugha gS
mls ea=kh fu;qfDr fd;k tk ldrk gS ijarq mls Ng eghus osQ vanj jkT; fo/kf;dk dk lnL;
fuokZfpr gksuk vfuok;Z gS vU;Fkk mldk ea=kh in lekIr gks tkrk gSA eaf=k;ksa esa foHkkxkas dk
foHkktu] eq[;ea=kh dh lykg ls jkT;iky }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
13.2.2 eq[;ea=kh osQ dk;Z
eq[;ea=kh jkT; dh eaf=kifj"kn dk eqf[k;k gksrk gSA eq[;ea=kh dh laoS/kfud fLFkfr yxHkx iz/kuea=kh

142
 jkT;ksa esa dk;Zikfydk ekWM~;wy - 3
tSlh gksrh gSA jkT; osQ iz'kklu esa eq[;ea=kh dh Hkwfedk cM+h egRoiw.kZ gSA mlosQ dk;ksZa dh ppkZ ge ljdkj dh lajpuk
bl izdkj dj ldrs gSa%
1. eq[;ea=kh jkT; ljdkj dk okLrfod eqf[k;k gSA mlh dh fliQkfj'k ij eaf=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr
jkT;iky }kjk dh tkrh gSA jkT;iky eaf=k;ksa osQ foHkkxksa dk foHkktu Hkh eq[;ea=kh dh lykg ij
gh djrk gSA
2. eq[;ea=kh eaf=ke.My dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djrk gSA og fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa esa leUo; cukrk
fVIi.kh
gS rFkk eaf=kifj"kn dk ekxZ n'kZu djrk gSA
3. jkT; ljdkj osQ dkuwu rFkk uhfr;ka cukus esa eq[;ea=kh dh Hkwfedk izeq[k gksrh gSA mldh Lohd`fr
ls gh dksbZ ea=kh lnu esa fo/s;d izLrkfor djrk gSA og fo/ku lHkk osQ vanj rFkk ckgj] nksuksa
txg ljdkj dh uhfr;kas dk eq[; izoDrk gksrk gSA
4. lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj iz'kklu] jktdh; ekeys rFkk izLrkfor fo/s;dksa osQ ckjs esa jkT;iky dks
tkudkjh nsus dk nkf;Ro eq[;ea=kh dk gSA
5. tc Hkh jkT;iky pkgrk gS] eq[;ea=kh dks mijksDr fo"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa jkT;iky dks tkudkjh nsuh
gksrh gSA
6. ,slk dksbZ fo"k; ;k ekeyk ftl ij fdlh ea=kh us fu.kZ; fy;k gks ijarq ml ij eaf=kifj"kn us fopkj
ugha fd;k gks] jkT;iky dh bPNk ij eq[;ea=kh }kjk eaf=kifj"kn esa fopkjkFkZ j[kk tkrk gSA
7. jkT;iky vkSj eaf=ke.My osQ chp lapkj dk ,d ek=k lsrq eq[;ea=kh gksrk gSA eaf=kifj"kn }kjk fy,
x, lHkh fu.kZ;ksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djus dk vf/dkj jkT;iky dks gSA
mijksDr dk;ksZ ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd okLrfod 'kfDr;ka] eq[;ea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn osQ ikl
gksrh gSaA eaf=kifj"kn jkT; dh okLrfod dk;Zikfydk gSA jkT; eaf=kifj"kn dh fLFkfr eq[;r;k bl ckr
ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd lRrk/kjh ny dh fo/ku lHkk esa D;k 'kfDr gS vkSj eq[;ea=kh dk O;fDrRo dSlk
gSA eq[;ea=kh dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh 'kfDr'kkyh gks tkrh gS ;fn mlh dk jktuhfrd ny dsUnz esa Hkh lRrk
esa gksA tc rd eq[;ea=kh vkSj eaf=kifj"kn dks fo/ku lHkk eas cgqer dk fo'okl izkIr gS] os jkT; esa
okLrfod 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

13.3 jkT;iky rFkk eq[;ea=kh osQ chp laca/

jkT;iky jkT; dk laoS/kfud izeq[k gSA jkT; osQ lHkh dk;Zikfydk laca/h dk;Z mlh osQ uke ls gksrs
gSaA jkT;iky eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr djrk gS vkSj fiQj mldh fliQkfj'k ij eaf=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk
gSA jkT; iz'kklu oQks lqpk# :i ls pykus dh ftEesnkjh jkT;iky dh gSA ;g ns[kuk Hkh mlh dk nkf;Ro
gS fd jkT; iz'kklu lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj py jgk gS fd ughaA ;fn og ;g vuqHko djs fd jkT; esa
laoS/kfud ra=k vliQy gks pqdk gS vFkok iz'kklu lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj cuk, fu;ekas dk ikyu ugha
dj jgk gS rks og osQUnz ljdkj dks jkT; esa ladV dky dh ?kks"k.kk djus dh fliQkfj'k dj ldrk gSA
og viuh fjiksVZ esa jk"Vªifr dks jkT; esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw djus dk ijke'kZ ns ldrk gSA ;fn jk"Vªifr
larq"V gks tkrk gS rks og vuqPNsn 356 osQ varxZr vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk dj nsrk gS ftls lkekU;r;k
jk"Vªifr 'kklu dgrs gSaA ?kks"k.kk osQ i'pkr] jkT; iz'kklu ij osQUnz dk fu;a=k.k gks tkrk gS vkSj jkT;iky
osQUnz osQ izfrfuf/ osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA eaf=kifj"kn dks Hkax dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj fo/ku lHkk
;k rks Hkax vFkok LFkfxr dj nh tkrh gSA

143
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj jkT; dk iz'kklu lqpk# :i ls pykus osQ fy, jkT;iky osQ lg;ksx rFkk lgk;rk
osQ fy, eq[;ea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa ,d eaf=kifj"kn dh O;oLFkk gksxh rkfd og vius nkf;Ro dk ogu dj
losQ] flok; ml fLFkfr osQ tc lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj mls Lofoosd osQ vk/kj ij dke djuk gksrk gSA
tc eq[;ea=kh foèkku lHkk esa fo'okl er izkIr dj ysrk gS rc jkT;iky dk foosdkf/dkj de gks tkrk
gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa eq[;ea=kh jkT; dk okLrfod izeq[k gksrk gS tcfd jkT;iky osQoy laoS/kfud
izeq[k jg tkrk gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gaS fd jkT;iky dh nksgjh Hkwfedk gSA jkT; dk laoS/kfud izeq[k
gksus osQ ukrs og eaf=kifj"kn osQ ijke'kZ ls dk;Z djrk gS vkSj osQUnz ljdkj osQ izfrfuf/ osQ :i esa Hkh
fVIi.kh
og dk;Z djrk gSA jkT;iky rFkk eq[;ea=kh osQ vkilh laca/ jkT; osQ jktuhfrd rFkk laoS/kfud
okrkoj.k ij fuHkZj djrs gaSA lkekU;r;k jkT;iky jkT; dk ukeek=k dk izeq[k gS ijarq jk"Vªifr 'kklu
osQ le; og osQUnz ljdkj dk izfrfuf/ cu tkrk gS vkSj jkT; iz'kklu dk Hkkj laHkky ysrk gSA laoS/
kfud Hkkouk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, jkT;iky dks ,d izdkj ls dsUnzh; ljdkj dh vka[kas rFkk dku Hkh
dgk tk ldrk gSA pwafd mldh fu;qfDr] inP;qfr vkSj LFkkukarj.k osQUnz ljdkj }kjk gksrk gS] vr% og
dsUnz ljdkj rFkk lRrk/kjh ny dk vkKkdkjh cuk jgrk gSA ,d ckr rks Li"V gS fd jkT;iky dk dk;Z
osQoy ,d vEik;j tSlk gh ugha gS tks osQoy ;g ns[ks fd [ksy laoS/kfud izko/kuksa rFkk mlesa fufgr
Hkkoukvksa osQ vuqlkj [ksyk tk jgk gS vFkok ughaaA

ikBxr iz'u 13.2

1. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,A
(d) eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
…..……………………………………………………………………
([k) jkT; esa eaf=k;ksa dks fu;qfDr osQ fy, dkSu pqurk gS\
…..……………………………………………………………………
2. dks"Bd esa ls mi;qDr 'kCnksa }kjk fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A
(d) jkT;iky eaf=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr----------------- dh lykg ij djrk gSA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iz/kuea=kh] eq[;ea=kh] mijk"Vªifr)
([k) jkT; eaf=ke.My dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------djrk gSA
(jkT;iky] eq[;ea=kh] fo/ku lHkk vè;{k)
(x) eaf=kifj"kn -------------------------------------------------------------------osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA
(jkT;iky] eq[;ea=kh] fo/ku lHkk)
(?k) eq[;ea=kh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gksrk gSA

(jkT; dk izeq[k] ljdkj dk izeq[k)

144
 jkT;ksa esa dk;Zikfydk ekWM~;wy - 3
ljdkj dh lajpuk
vkius D;k lh[kk
jkT; dk izeq[k jkT;iky gksrk gS ftldh fu;qfDr dsUnzh; eaf=kifj"kn dh fliQkfj'k ij jk"Vªifr }kjk dh
tkrh gSA bldk dk;Zdky ikap o"kZ gS ijarq vof/ iwjh gksus ls igys Hkh jkT;iky dks vinLFk fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
og dk;Zdkjh fo/k;h] foRrh;] U;kf;d rFkk foosdkf/dkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dk Hkh iz;ksx djrk gSA fVIi.kh
jkT;iky dh foosdkf/dkj dh 'kfDr us mls fooknkLin cuk fn;k gSA iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx rFkk
ljdkfj;k vk;ksx us bls fu"i{k cukus osQ fy, iz;kl fd, gSa ijarq dksbZ Bksl ifj.kke ugha fudykA jkT;
Lrj ij eq[;ea=kh ljdkj dk okLrfod izeq[k gSA mldh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk gksrh gSA ftl O;fDr
dks fo/ku lHkk esa cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr gksrk gS] mls jkT;iky }kjk eq[;ea=kh fu;qDr fd;k tkrk
gSA ckdh eaf=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr eq[;ea=kh dh fliQkfj'k ij jkT;iky }kjk dh tkrh gSA eq[;ea=kh eaf=kifj"kn
dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djrk gSA og jkT; ljdkj osQ fy, uhfr;ksa dk fu/kZj.k djrk gSA og jkT;iky
rFkk vius eaf=k;ksa osQ chp lEidZ lsrq dk dk;Z djrk gSA og fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa osQ dk;ksZa esa leUo;
LFkkfir djrk gSA lkekU;dky esa] jkT;iky viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx eq[;ea=kh osQ ijke'kZ ls djrk gSA
ijarq tc jkT;ksa esa laoS/kfud ra=k foiQy gks tkrk gS] rks jkT;iky vius foosdkf/dkj dk iz;ksx djrs
gq,] jk"Vªifr dks laoS/kfud vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk djus dh fliQkfj'k djrk gS ftls jk"Vªifr 'kklu
dgk tkrk gSA bl vkikrdky (ladV dky) esa og jk"Vªifr dh vksj ls jkT; dk iz'kklu pykrk
gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1. jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr fdl izdkj gksrh gS\
2. jkT;iky fdu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrk gS\
3. D;k jkT;iky dk dksbZ foosdkf/dkj gS\ mldh foosdkf/dkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
4. jkT;iky dh fLFkfr rFkk Hkwfedk crkb,A
5. jkT; eaf=kifj"kn fdl izdkj xfBr gksrh gS\
6. eq[;ea=kh osQ dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft,A
7. jkT;iky dk eq[;ea=kh osQ lkFk laca/ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

13.1
1. jk"Vªifr

2. ikap o"kZ

3. fo/ku lHkk

145
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk 4. jkT;iky

5. eq[;ea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=kifj"kn

13.2
1. (d) jkT;iky

([k) eq[;ea=kh
fVIi.kh
2. (d) eq[;ea=kh

([k) eq[;ea=kh

(x) fo/ku lHkk

(?k) ljdkj dk izeq[k

ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr

1. [k.M 13.1.1 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 13.2 ns[ksa
3. [k.M 13.1.2 ns[ksa
4. [k.M 13.1.3 ns[ksa
5. [k.M 13.3 ns[ksa
6. [k.M 13.3.1 ns[ksa
7. [k.M 13.3.2 ns[ksa
8. [k.M 13.4 ns[ksa

146
 jkT; foèkku eaMy ekWM;wy - 3
ljdkj dh lajpuk

14
jkT; fo/ku eaMy fVIi.kh

Hkkjr ,d la?k jkT; gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gksrk gS fd blesa ,d dsUnzh; ljdkj rFkk dbZ jkT; ljdkjsa
gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS fd osQUnzh; ljdkj jkT; ljdkjksa ls vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh gSA vktdy Hkkjrh;
la?k esa 28 jkT; gSa vkSj izR;sd esa ,d&,d fo/ku e.My gSA vki X;kjgosa ikB esa] Hkkjr dh laln]
tks dsUnzh; Lrj ij dkuwu cukus okyh laLFkk gS] osQ ckjs esa igys gh i<+ pqosQ gSaA jkT; fo/ku e.My
jkT; Lrj ij dkuwu cukus okyh laLFkk gSA bl ikB esa vki jkT; fo/ku e.My dh jpuk] ;ksX;rk,a]
lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu] 'kfDr;ka rFkk dk;Z vkSj fo/ku e.My osQ nksuksa lnuksa dh 'kfDRk;ksa dk rqyukRed
vè;;u djsaxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki
fo/ku lHkk rFkk fo/ku ifj"kn dh jpuk dk o.kZu dj ik,axs_
fo/ku e.My osQ lnL;ksa dh ;ksX;rk,a crk ik,axs_
jkT; fo/ku e.My dh 'kfDr;ksa ,oa dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dj ik,axs_
nksuksa lnuksa osQ ikjLifjd laca/ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj ik,axs_
crk ik,axs fd fo/ku lHkk fo/ku ifj"kn ls vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh gSA

14.1 jkT; fo/ku e.My dh lajpuk

vf/drj jkT;ksa osQ fo/ku e.My esa jkT;iky rFkk fo/ku lHkk gksrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd bu jkT;ksa
esa ,d lnuh; fo/kf;dk gSA dbZ jkT;ksa esa fo/ku e.My osQ nks lnu gksrs gSa& fo/ku lHkk vkSj foèkku
ifj"knA tgka nks lnu gksrs gSa mls f}lnuh; fo/kf;dk dgrs gSaA
ik¡p jkT;ksa esa f}lnuh; fo/kueaMy gaSA fo/ku lHkk dks fupyk lnu ;k yksdfiz; lnu dgk tkrk gSA
fo/ku ifj"kn dks mijh lnu dgrs gSaA ftl izdkj dsUnzh; Lrj ij yksdlHkk dks vR;ar 'kfDr'kkyh
cuk;k x;k gS mlh izdkj jkT;ksa esa fo/ku lHkk dks 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k x;k gSA

147
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk 14.1.1 fo/ku lHkk
izR;sd jkT; esa ,d fo/ku lHkk gSA ;g jkT; dh turk dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL;
lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkf/dkj osQ vk/kj ij izR;{k :i ls turk }kjk fuokZfpr fd, tkrs gSaA mudk
fuokZpu jkT; esa iathd`r lHkh o;Ld ukxfjd ernkrkvksa }kjk izR;{k :i ls gksrk gSA 18 o"kZ ;k mlls
mij dh vk;q osQ lHkh L=kh vkSj iqjQ"k ernkrk lwph esa 'kkfey gksus osQ ;ksX; gSaA os jkT; fo/ku lHkk
osQ lnL;ksa dks pquus osQ fy, ernku djrs gSaA lnL; fuokZpu {ks=kksa osQ vk/kj ij fuokZfpr fd, tkrs
fVIi.kh gSaA izR;sd jkT; dks mrus gh ,d lnL;h; fuokZpu {ks=kksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS ftrus lnL; pqus tkus gSaA yksd
lHkk dh rjg ;gka Hkh oqQN LFkku vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ fy, rFkk oqQN LFkku vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ
fy, vkjf{kr fd, tkrs gSaA ;g ml jkT; esa bu oxksZa dh tula[;k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
jkT; fo/ku lHkk dk lnL; cuus osQ fy, ,d O;fDr esa fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk,a gksuh pkfg,%
og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gks_
og 25 o"kZ dk gks_
ml dk uke ernkrk lwph esa gksuk pkfg,
fdlh ykHk osQ in ij vFkok ljdkjh in ij dk;Zjr u gksA
fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 500 ls vf/d rFkk 60 ls de ugha gks ldrhA fdarq cgqr NksVs
jkT;ksa dks U;wure la[;k ls Hkh de lnL; j[kus dh Lohd`fr nh xbZ gSA tSls xksok dh fo/kulHkk esa
osQoy 40 lnL; gSaA 2002 esa mRrjkapy dks mRrj izns'k esa ls vyx dj nsus osQ ckn Hkh ;g ,d cgqr
cM+k jkT; gS] blfy, bldh fo/ku lHkk dh lnL; la[;k vc Hkh 403 gSaA ;fn fdlh jkT; dh foèkku
lHkk esa vkaXy Hkkjrh; leqnk; dk mfpr izfrfuf/Ro u gks] rks jkT;iky dks ;g vf/dkj izkIr gS fd
og bl leqnk; dk ,d lnL; euksuhr dj losQA yksdlHkk dh rjg ;gka Hkh oqQN LFkku vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa o tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr gksrs gSaA fo/ku lHkk dk dk;Zdky ikap o"kZ dk gksrk gSA ijarq
eq[;ea=kh dh lykg ij jkT;iky vof/ iwjk gksus ls igys Hkh bldks Hkax dj ldrk gSA vuqPNsn 356
osQ varxZr ;fn jk"Vªifr fdlh jkT; esa laoS/kfud ladV dh fLFkfr esa vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk djs rks
Hkh jk"Vªifr foèkku lHkk dks Hkax dj ldrk gSA vuqPNsn 352 osQ varxZr jk"Vªh; vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk
gksus ij laln foèkku lHkk osQ dk;Zdky dks ,d ckj esa ,d o"kZ rd c<+k ldrh gSA
14.1.2 vè;{k (lHkkifr)
fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; viuk lHkkifr fuokZfpr djrs gSa ftls vè;{k dgk tkrk gSA vè;{k lnu osQ
cSBdksa dk lHkkifRkRo djrk gS ,oa bldh dk;Zokgh dks pykrk gSA og lnu dk vuq'kklu cuk, j[krk
gS rFkk lnL;ksa dks iz'u iwNus rFkk cksyus dh Lohd`fr iznku djrk gSA og fo/s;dksa rFkk vU; izLrkoksa
ij ernku djkrk gS rFkk ifj.kke ?kksf"kr djrk gSA fdarq er Lkeku gksus dh fLFkfr esa og viuk fu.kkZ;d
er ns ldrk gSA vè;{k dh vuqifLFkfr esa mikè;{k cSBdksa dk lHkkifrRo djrk gSA mikè;{k Hkh lnL;ksa
}kjk vius esa ls gh pquk tkrk gSA
;fn fdlh fo/s;d vFkok izLrko osQ i{k vkSj fojks/ esa er leku gksa rks mls VkbZ dgk tkrk
gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa VkbZ rksM+us osQ fy, vFkkZr xfrjks/ lekIr djus osQ fy,] vè;{k viuk
fu.kkZ;d er ns ldrk gSA

148
 jkT; foèkku eaMy ekWM;wy - 3
ljdkj dh lajpuk
ikBxr iz'u 14.1
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) Hkkjrh; la?k esa ------------------------------------------------ jkT; gSAa (18, 25, 28)
([k) fo/ku lHkk dk lnL; cuus osQ fy, U;wure vk;q -------------------------------------o"kZ gSA (21, 25, 30)
(x) jkT;iky----------------------------------------------ls ,d lnL; fo/ku lHkk osQ fy, euksuhr dj ldrk gSA fVIi.kh
(vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vkaXy&Hkkjrh; leqnk;)
(?k) fo/ku lHkk dk dk;Zdky-------------------------------------o"kZ gSA (4] 5] 6)
(M+) lnu esa ernku osQ le; VkbZ gksus dh fLFkfr es-a -------------------------------viuk fu.kkZ;d er ns ldrk
gSA (jkT;iky] eq[;ea=kh] vè;{k)

14.1.3 fo/ku ifj"kn

fo/ku ifj"kn jkT; fo/kf;dk dk mPp lnu gSA vf/drj jkT;ksa esa fo/ku ifj"kn ugha gSaA cgqr de
jkT;ksa esa f}lnuh; fo/kf;dk gSA vktdy ikap jkT;ksa] tSls mÙkj izns'k] fcgkj] dukZVd] egkjk"Vª rFkk
tEew ,oa d'ehj esa fo/ku ifj"kn gSa tcfd 23 jkT;ksa esa osQoy ,d lnu gS vFkkZr osQoy fo/ku lHkkA
fo/ku ifj"kn fczfV'k dky dh fojklr gSA ;fn fdlh jkT; dh fo/ku lHkk tgka fo/ku ifj"kn ugha
gS] viuh oqQYk lnL; la[;k osQ cgqer rFkk mifLFkr ,oa ernku esa Hkkx ysus okys lnL;ksa osQ nks frgkbZ
cgqer ls ikfjr djosQ f}rh; lnu vFkkZr fo/ku ifj"kn cukus dk izLrko laln osQ ikl Hksts] rks laln
ml fLFkfr esa fo/ku ifj"kn dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSA blh izdkj ;fn fdlh jkT; esas fo/ku ifj"kn
gS ijarq os pkgrs gSa fd bls lekIr dj fn;k tk, rks lacaf/r jkT; dks fo'ks"k cgqer ls ,d izLrko
ikfjr dj laln dks Hkstuk gksrk gSA vc laln ,d izLrko ikfjr djsxh fd nwljk lnu lekIr dj fn;k
tk,A blh rjhosQ ls iatkc] vka/z izns'k] rfeyukMq rFkk if'pe caxky ls fo/ku ifj"kn lekIr dj nh
xbZ gSA lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj fo/ku ifj"kn osQ lnL;ksa dh oqQy la[;k fo/ku lHkk dh oqQy lnL; la[;k
osQ ,d frgkbZ ls vf/d ugha gksuh pkfg, ijarq ;g la[;k de ls de 40 gksuh pkfg,A tEew rFkk
d'ehj bl fu;e dk viokn gSa tgka ifj"kn dh lnL; la[;k osQoy 36 gSA
fo/ku ifj"kn dk lnL; cuus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk,a gksuh pkfg,%
og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gks_
30 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIr dj pqdk gks_
jkT; dk iathd`r ernkrk gks_
mlosQ ikl dksbZ ykHk dk in u gksA
fo/ku ifj"kn vkaf'kd :i ls fuokZfpr rFkk vkaf'kd :i ls euksuhr gksrh gSA vf/drj lnL;
vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/Ro osQ vk/kj ij ,dy laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh }kjk vizR;{k :i ls pqus tkrs gSaA
fo/ku ifj"kn dh jpuk bl izdkj gS%
ifj"kn osQ ,d frgkbZ lnL; fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL;ksa }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA

149
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk blosQ ,d frgkbZ lnL; ,d fuokZpd e.My }kjk fuokZfpr gksrs gSa ftlesa uxj fuxe] uxj ifj"kn]
ftyk cksMZ rFkk jkT; dh vU; LFkkuh; 'kklu dh laLFkkvksa osQ izfrfuf/ gksrs gSaA
oqQy lnL;ksa dk ckjgoka Hkkx jkT; osQ Lukrdksa }kjk fuokZfpr gksrk gS ftu dks Lukrd cus de
ls de rhu o"kZ gks pqosQ gksaA
oqQy lnL;ksa dk ckjgoka Hkkx jkT; osQ mu vè;kidksa }kjk fuokZfpr gksrk gS ftudk vè;kiu dk
vuqHko de ls de rhu o"kZ dk gks rFkk os mPp ekè;fed ;k mlls mQij osQ Lrj osQ 'kS{kf.kd
fVIi.kh
laLFkkvksa esa i<+krs gksaA
'ks"k] yxHkx NBk Hkkx jkT;iky }kjk euksuhr fd, tkrs gSaA ;s og yksx gksrs gSa tks lkfgR;] foKku]
dyk] lgdkjh rFkk lkekftd {ks=k esa [;kfr izkIr O;fDr gksaA osQUnz esa jkT;lHkk dh rjg] foèkku
ifj"kn Hkh ,d LFkkbZ lnu gSA ;g dHkh Hkax ugha gksrk gSA blosQ lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ gSA
izR;sd nks o"kZ osQ i'pkr blosQ ,d frgkbZ lnL; lsok&fuo`r gks tkrs gSaA lsok&fuo`Rk gksus okys
lnL; iqu% pquko yM+ ldrs gSaA ;fn fdlh lnL; osQ ejus ls vFkok R;kx i=k nsus ls dksbZ LFkku
fjDr gksrk gS rks mldk pquko osQoy cps gq, dk;Zdky osQ fy, gksrk gSA
14.1.4 fo/ku ifj"kn osQ lHkkifr
fo/ku ifj"kn dk vè;{k lHkkifr dgykrk gS ftls lnL;ksa }kjk gh pquk tkrk gSA fo/ku ifj"kn dh
dk;Zokgh lHkkifr pykrk gSA og cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djrk gS vkSj lnu esa vuq'kklu cuk, j[krk gSA
lnL; gksus osQ ukrs erkf/dkj osQ vfrfjDr xfrjks/ dh fLFkfr esa og viuk fu.kkZ;d er Hkh ns ldrk
gSA mldh vuqifLFkfr esa] milHkkifr lnu dh vè;{krk djrk gSA mldk fuokZpu Hkh lnL;ksa esa ls
mUgha osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
14.1.5 fo/ku e.My osQ l=k
jkT; fo/ku e.My dk l=k o"kZ esa de ls de nks ckj vo'; gksrk gS vkSj nksuksa l=kksa osQ chp Ng
eghus ls vf/d dk varj ugha gksuk pkfg,A jkT; fo/ku e.My dk l=k jkT;iky cqykrk gS rFkk LFkfxr
Hkh dj ldrk gSA og fo/ku lHkk vFkok nksuksa lnuksa dks (;fn jkT; esa fo/ku ifj"kn gS) vke pquko
sosQ i'pkr igys l=k dh izkjfEHkd cSBd esa vkSj izR;sd o"kZ osQ igys l=k osQ igys fnu lEcksf/r djrk
gSA bl lEcks/u esa ljdkj dh mu uhfr;ksa dh ppkZ gksrh gS ftu ij fo/ku e.My esa cgl gksuh gSA
jkT; fo/ku e.My osQ lnL;ksa osQ fo'ks"kkf/dkj laln lnL;ksa tSls gh gksrs gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 14.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) fo/ku ifj"kn oQh lnL;rk osQ fy, U;wure vk;q ----------------------- o"kZ gSA (25] 30] 35)
([k) fo/ku ifj"kn osQ lnL;ksa dk dk dk;Zdky ----------------------- o"kZ gSA (4]5] 6)
(x) fo/ku ifj"kn osQ ,d frgkbZ lnL; izR;sd-----------------------------------o"kZ osQ i'pkr lsokfuo`Rk gks tkrs
gSAa (2] 3] 4)
(?k) fo/ku ifj"kn osQ fuekZ.k vFkok lekIr djus dk vf/dkj--------------------------------dks gSA
(M-) -------------------------------------esa f}lnuh; fo/kf;dk gSA (iatkc] gfj;k.kk] mÙkj izn's k)

150
 jkT; foèkku eaMy ekWM;wy - 3
14.2 jkT; fo/ku e.My osQ dk;Z ,oa 'kfDr;ka ljdkj dh lajpuk

14.2.1 dkuwu cukus laca/h dk;Z

laln dh rjg] jkT; fo/ku e.My dk dk;Z Hkh dkuwu cukuk gSA bldks jkT; lwph rFkk leorhZ lwph
esa of.kZr fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij dkuwu cukus dk vf/dkj gSA laln rFkk jkT; fo/kf;dk nksuksa dks leorhZ
lwph osQ fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij dkuwu cukus dk vf/dkj izkIr gSA ijarq ;fn ,d gh fo"k; ij laln }kjk
cuk, x, dkuwu vkSj fo/ku e.My }kjk cuk, x, dkuwu esa fojks/ gks] rks laln }kjk cuk;k x;k dkuwu fVIi.kh
ekuk tk,xkA fo/s;d nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa] lk/kj.k fo/s;d rFkk /u fo/s;dA lk/kj.k fo/s;d nksuksa
esa ls fdlh Hkh lnu esa izLrkfor fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijarq /u fo/s;d igys fo/ku lHkk esa gh
izLrkfor fd;k tk ldrk gSA nksuksa lnuksa ls fo/s;d ikfjr gksus osQ i'pkr jkT;iky osQ ikl mls
Lohd`fr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA jkT;iky pkgs rks fo/k;d iqufoZpkj osQ fy, okfil Hkst ldrk
gS ijarq ;fn fo/ku e.My bls iqu% ikfjr dj ns rks jkT;iky dks Lohd`fr iznku djuh iM+rh gSA vki
i<+ pqosQ gaS fd ;fn laln dk vf/os'ku u py jgk gks vkSj fdlh dkuwu dh furkar vko';drk gks
rks jk"Vªifr vè;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gSA blh izdkj fo/kue.My osQ l=k osQ u gksus dh fLFkfr esa]
jkT;iky Hkh fdlh jkT; fo"k; osQ fy, vè;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gSA vè;kns'k esa dkuwu dk cy gksrk
gSA tkjh fd, x, vè;kns'k dks fo/kue.My dh cqykbZ x;h cSBd esa j[kk tkrk gSA ;g cSBd cqyk,
tkus osQ Ng lIrkg ckn fu"izHkkoh gks tkrh gS ;fn fo/ku e.My bldks blls iwoZ vLohdkj u dj nsA
14.2.2 foRrh; 'kfDr;ka
fo/ku e.My jkT; osQ foRr ij fu;a=k.k cuk, j[krk gSA dksbZ Hkh /u fo/s;d igys fo/ku lHkk esa
izLrkfor fd;k tkrk gSA /u fo/s;dksa esa ljdkj }kjk O;; fd, tkus okys /u dh Loho`Qfr] djksa dks
yxkus vFkok gVk, tkus lac/a h izLrko] rFkk ½.k lac/
a h izLrko vkrs gSAa ,sls fo/s;d ea=kh }kjk jkT;iky
dh iwoZ vuqefr ls izLrkfor fd, tkrs gSaA /u fo/s;d fdlh lnL; }kjk futh :i esa izLrkfor ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA dksbZ fo/s;d /u fo/s;d gS vFkok ugha] ;g fu.kZ; fo/ku lHkk dk vè;{k nsrk gSA
fo/ku lHkk }kjk /u fo/s;d ikfjr gksus osQ i'pkr fo/ku ifj"kn esa Hkst fn;k tkrk gS ftls 14 fnu
osQ vanj ikfjr djosQ ;k fcuk ikfjr fd, fo/s;d okil Hkstuk gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa /u foèks;d
nksuksa lnuksa }kjk ikfjr ekuk tkrk gSA vc fo/s;d dks jkT;iky osQ ikl mldh Lohd`fr osQ fy, Hkst
fn;k tkrk gSA jkT;iky Lohd`fr nsus ls euk ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd fo/;sd izLrkfor djus ls iwoZ
mldh vuqefr ys yh xbZ gSA
14.2.3 dk;Zikfydk ij fu;a=k.k
la?k ljdkj dh rjg] jkT; fo/kf;dk Hkh dk;Zikfydk ij fu;a=k.k j[krh gSA jkT; dh eaf=kifj"kn
lkewfgd :i ls fo/ku lHkk osQ izfr mRrjnk;h gksrh gS vkSj tc rd mls fo/ku lHkk osQ cgqer dk
leFkZu izkIr gksrk gS eaf=kifj"kn vius in ij cuh jgrh gSA bls osQoy rHkh vinLFk fd;k tk ldrk
gS tc fo/ku lHkk blosQ fojQ¼ vfo'okl dk izLrko ikfjr djs vFkok fdlh ljdkjh fo/s;d dks
jn~n djsA vfo'okl izLrko osQ vfrfjDr iz'u rFkk iwjd iz'u iwNdj] dke jksdks izLrko }kjk vFkok
è;kukd"kZ.k izLrko }kjk fo/kf;dk dk;Zikfydk ij fu;a=k.k cuk, j[krh gSA
14.2.4 pquko laca/h dk;Z
fo/ku lHkk osQ lHkh fuokZfpr lnL; jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu djus osQ fy, fuokZpd eaMy osQ lnL;

151
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk gksrs gSaA bl izdkj os Hkkjrh; x.kra=k osQ jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa viuh fgLlsnkjh fuHkkrs gSaA (ikB la[;k 10
nsf[k,)A fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; vius&vius jkT;ksa ls jkT; lHkk osQ fy, laklnksa dk Hkh fuokZpu djrs gSaA
ftu jkT;ksa esa fo/ku ifj"kn gS] ogka blosQ ,d frgkbZ lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu Hkh fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; gh
djrs gSaA bu lHkh fuokZpuksa esa fo/kulHkk osQ lnL; ,dy laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh osQ vk/kj ij ernku
djrs gSaA
14.2.5 laoS/kfud dk;Z
fVIi.kh
vki Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa la'kks/u laca/h izfØ;k osQ ckjs esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA la?kh; fo"k;ksa esa la'kks/u osQ fy,
laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa esa fo'ks"k cgqer rFkk vk/s ls vf/d jkT;ksa dk vfHkleFkZu gksuk pkfg,A vfHkleFkZu
dk izLrko jkT; fo/ku e.My }kjk lk/kj.k cgqer ls ikfjr fd;k tkrk gSA fo/ku e.My ds vfHkleFkZu
osQ fcuk lafo/ku esa fdlh izdkj la'kks/u laHko ugha gSA

ikBxr iz'u 14.3

1- fjDr LFkku Hkfj,%
(d) jkT; fo/kf;dk------------------------------------lwph esa of.kZr fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu ugha cuk ldrhA
(la?k] jkT;] leorhZ)
([k) /u fo/s;d dks fo/ku lHkk esa -------------------------------------- dh iwoZ vuqefr ls gh izLrkfor fd;k tk
ldrk gSA (jk"Vªifr] jkT;iky]eq[;ea=kh)
(x) fo/ku ifj"kn dks /u fo/s;d--------------------------------fnu osQ vanj ykSVkuk gksrk gSA
(14] 30] 90)
(?k) eaf=kifj"kn rc rd vius in ij cuk jgrk gS tc rd mls --------------------------dk fo'okl izkIr gSA
(jkT;iky] fo/ku lHkk] fo/kuifj"kn)
2- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa dk mÙkj nhft,A
(d) dkSu iqf"V djrk gS fd dksbZ fo/s;d] /u fo/s;d gS vFkok ugha\
([k) jkT;ksa esa vè;kns'k tkjh djus dk vf/dkj fdls izkIr gS\
(x) jkT; fo/ku lHkk osQ fuokZfpr lnL; fdl&fdl osQ ernku esa Hkkx ysrs gSa\

14.3 fo/ku e.My dh 'kfDr;ksa dh lhek,a

jkT; fo/ku e.My }kjk dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr dbZ izdkj ls lhfer dj nh xbZ gSA tSlk fd mij o.kZu
fd;k tk pqdk gS fd jkT; fo/ku eaMy] jkT; lwph rFkk leorhZ lwph osQ fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij dkuwu
cuk ldrk gSA ijarq leorhZ lwph osQ fdlh fo"k; ij jkT; }kjk cuk, x, dkuwu ,oa osQUnz }kjk cuk, x,
dkuwu osQ chp Vdjko dh fLFkfr esa osQanz esa laln }kjk cuk;k x;k dkuwu ykxw gksrk gSA jkT; fo/ku e.My
}kjk ikfjr fdlh foèks;d dks viuh Lohd`fr nsus ls iwoZ jkT;iky mls jk"Vªifr osQ fopkjkFkZ Hkst ldrk
gSA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij] ;fn fdlh mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa dks de djus laca/h izLrko gks rks ,slk

152
 jkT; foèkku eaMy ekWM;wy - 3
foèks;d jk"Vªifr osQ fopkjkFkZ Hkstuk furkar vko';d gSA oqQN vU; ekeyksa esa Hkh jkT; fo/kf;dk esa ljdkj dh lajpuk
fo/s;d izLrkfor djus ls iwoZ jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr vko';d gS] tSl&s jkT; osQ vanj vFkok vU; jkT;ksa
osQ lkFk okf.kT; rFkk O;kikj dh Lora=krk ij izfrca/ yxkus ls lacaf/r izLrkoA vuqPNsn 352 osQ varxZr
jk"Vªh; vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk osQ i'pkr jkT; lwph osQ lHkh fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dk vf/dkj laln
dks fey tkrk gS] pkgs fo/ku e.My vfLrRo esa gks ;k ughaA laoS/kfud ladV dh fLFkfr esa vuqPNsn
356 osQ varxZr tc jkT; dh yksdfiz; ljdkj fxj tkrh gS rks jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw dj fn;k tkrk gSA
bl fLFkfr esa ml jkT; osQ fy, dkuwu cukus dk vf/dkj vkikrdky osQ tkjh jgus rd laln osQ ikl fVIi.kh
pyk tkrk gSA viuk jk"Vªh; nkf;Ro fuHkkus osQ fy, laln jkT; lwph osQ fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij dkuwu
cuk ldrh gSA ;fn jkT; lHkk nks frgkbZ cgqer ls izLrko ikl dj ns fd jkT; lwph dk dksbZ fo"k;
jk"Vªh; egRo dk gS rks laln ml ij lky Hkj osQ fy, dkuwu cuk ldrk gSA lkFk gh nks ;k nks ls
vf/d jkT;ksa osQ vuqjks/ ij jkT; lwph osQ fdlh fo"k; ij laln dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA ekSfyd vf/
dkj Hkh jkT; fo/ku e.My dh dkuwu fuekZ.k laca/h 'kfDr;ksa dks lhfer djrs gSaA fo/ku eaMy ,slk
dksbZ dkuwu ugha cuk ldrh ftlls tu lk/kj.k osQ vf/dkjksa dks Bsl igqaprh gksA ;fn jkT; foèkku
e.My }kjk cuk;k x;k dksbZ Hkh dkuwu lafo/ku osQ vuq:i ugha gksrk vFkok ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dk guu
djrk gS] rks mPp U;k;ky; vFkok loksZPp U;k;ky; bls jn~n dj ldrk gSA

14.4 fo/ku e.My osQ nksuksa lnuksa dh rqyuk

yksdlHkk dh rjg] fo/ku lHkk Hkh vf/d izHkko'kkyh lnu gSA fo/ku lHkk dh rqyuk esa fo/ku ifj"kn
dh 'kfDr;ka dkiQh de gSa pkgs lk/kj.k fo/s;d dk gh iz'u D;ksa u gksA /u fo/s;d osQ vfrfjDr
ckdh lHkh fo/s;dksa osQ ikfjr djus esa Hkh fo/ku ifj"kn dh 'kfDr;ka dkiQh de gSaA foèkku lHkk rFkk
fo/ku ifj"kn dh rqyukRed fLFkfr bl izdkj gS%
14.4.1 lk/kj.k fo/s;d osQ laca/ esa
laln esa ;fn nksuksa lnuksa osQ chp fdlh lk/kj.k fo/s;d dks ysdj lgefr u gks rks jk"Vªifr nksuksa lnuksa
dh la;qDr cSBd cqykrk gS vkSj ;fn ogka cgqer ls fo/s;d ikfjr gks tk,] rks mls nksuksa lnuksa ls ikfjr
le>k tkrk gSA ijarq la;qDr cSBd dh ;g O;oLFkk jkT;ksa esa ugha gSA
;|fi lk/kj.k fo/s;d fo/ku e.My osQ fdlh Hkh lnu esa izLrkfor fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkkfi nksuksa
lnuksa dh 'kfDr;ka leku ugha gSaA ;fn dksbZ fo/s;d fo/ku lHkk ls ikfjr gksrk gS] rks mls fopkjkFkZ
fo/ku ifj"kn esa Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA tc fo/ku ifj"kn fcuk fdlh la'kks/u osQ bls ikfjr dj nsrh gS
rks fo/s;d jkT;iky osQ ikl mldh Lohd`fr osQ fy, Hkst nsrk gSA ;fn fo/s;d ifj"kn }kjk jn~n dj
fn;k tkrk gS vFkok fo/s;d ij ifj"kn rhu eghus rd fopkj u djs vFkok oqQN la'kks/u djosQ
foèks;d ikfjr dj ns ftlls fo/ku lHkk lger u gks] rks fo/ku lHkk mlh l=k esa ;k vxys l=k esa
foèks;d dks iqu% ikfjr dj ldrh gSA blosQ i'pkr fo/s;d fiQj fo/ku ifj"kn dks Hkst fn;k tkrk
gSA ;fn fo/ku ifj"kn ,d eghus osQ vanj fo/s;d ikfjr dj osQ ugha Hkstrh rks bls nksuksa lnuksa ls
ikfjr ekuk tkrk gS vkSj jkT;iky dh Lohd`fr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd
fo/ku ifj"kn fdlh fo/s;d dks vf/dre pkj eghus rd jksd ldrh gSA
14.4.2 foRr fo/s;d osQ laca/ esa
yksd lHkk dh rjg dksbZ Hkh foRr fo/s;d igys fo/ku lHkk esa j[kk tkrk gSA ;g fo/ku ifj"kn esa
izLrkfor ugha fd;k tk ldrkA fo/ku lHkk vè;{k ;g izekf.kr djrk gS fd dksbZ fo/s;d /u foèks;d

153
 ekWM~;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk gS vFkok ughaA fo/ku lHkk ls fo/s;d ikfjr gksus osQ i'pkr fo/ku ifj"kn dks Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA fo/
ku ifj"kn dks bl ij ppkZ osQ fy, 14 fnu feyrs gSaA ;fn ifj"kn fo/s;d ikfjr dj ns rks bls jkT;iky
osQ ikl Lohd`fr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn ifj"kn }kjk 14 fnu osQ vanj fo/s;d okil ugha
Hkstk tkrk rks bls ifj"kn }kjk Hkh ikfjr ekuk tkrk gSA ;fn ifj"kn fo/s;d esa oqQN ifjorZu@la'kksèku
lq>krh gS vkSj fo/ku lHkk dks Hkst nsrh gS rks fo/ku lHkk mu lq>koksa dks Lohdkj dj Hkh ldrh gS
vkSj ugha HkhA blosQ i'pkr fo/s;d jkT;iky dks mldh Lohd`fr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gS ftls ekuus
osQ fy, og ckè; gksrk gSA
fVIi.kh
14.4.3 dk;Zikfydk ij fu;a=k.k
jkT; eaf=kifj"kn osQoy fo/ku lHkk osQ izfr mRrjnk;h gksrh gS vkSj rc rd vius in ij cuh jgrh
gS tc rd mls fo/ku lHkk osQ cgqer dk fo'okl izkIr jgrk gSA ;|fi fo/ku ifj"kn osQ lnL; iz'u
iwN ldrs gS]a dke jksdks ;k LFkxu izLrko j[k ldrs gSa vFkok è;kukd"kZ.k izLrko Hkh yk ldrs gSa rFkkfi
foèkku ifj"kn eaf=kifj"kn dks vinLFk ugha dj ldrhA
14.4.4 pquko laca/h dk;Z
osQoy fo/ku lHkk osQ fuokZfpr lnL; gh jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu esa Hkkx ys ldrs gSaA os fuokZpd e.My
dk lnL; gksus osQ ukrs ernku dj ldrs gSAa ijarq fo/ku ifj"kn osQ lnL; jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu esa ernku
ugha dj ldrsA lHkh jkT;ksa esa jkT; lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu Hkh fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; gh djrs
gSa] fo/ku ifj"kn osQ ughaA mijksDr ppkZ ls ,d ckr rks Li"V gks tkrh gS fd fo/ku ifj"kn 'kfDrghu
rFkk izHkkoghu lnu gSA ;g ,d xkS.k lnu cu pqdk gSA blhfy, vf/drj jkT; ,d lnuh; fo/kf;dk
osQ i{k esa gSaA ijarq ifj"kn fcYdqy fn[kkok ek=k Hkh ugha gSA ;g fo/ku lHkk }kjk tYnckth esa yk,
x, fo/s;dksa ij vad'q k dk dk;Z djrh gS vkSj fo/s;dksa dh dfe;ksa rFkk detksfj;ksa dks mtkxj djrh gSA
;g fo/ku lHkk osQ cks> dks Hkh de djrh gS D;ksfa d dbZ fo/s;d fo/ku ifj"kn esa izLrkfor fd, tkrs gSAa

vkius D;k lh[kk

jkT; fo/kf;dk jkT;iky] fo/ku ifj"kn rFkk fo/ku lHkk ls feydj curh gSA vf/drj jkT;ksa esa ,d
lnuh; fo/ku e.My gSA ;s fo/ku e.My jkT;iky rFkk fo/ku lHkk ls feydj curk gSA fdlh jkT;
esa fo/ku ifj"kn dk fuekZ.k ;k mls lekIr djus dk vf/dkj laln dks izkIr gSA fo/ku ifj"kn vkaf'kd
:i ls vizR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr gksrh gS rFkk oqQN Hkkx euksuhr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g jkT; lHkk dh rjg
LFkk;h lnu gS tks dHkh Hkh Hkax ugha gksrkA bl osQ lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky Ng o"kZ gksrk gSA izR;sd nks
o"kZ osQ i'pkr ,d frgkbZ lnL; lsokfuo`Rr gks tkrs gSaA
fo/ku ifj"kn dh lnL;rk osQ fy, U;wure vk;q 30 o"kZ rFkk fo/ku lHkk osQ fy, 25 o"kZ gSA
foèkkulHkk osQ lnL; turk }kjk lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkf/dkj osQ vk/kj ij izR;{k :i ls pqus tkrs
gSaA bu dk dk;Zdky ikap o"kZ gksrk gSA ijarq eaf=kifj"kn dh lykg ij bls vof/ iwjh gksus ls igys Hkh
Hkax fd;k tkrk gSA laoS/kfud ladV dh fLFkfr esa] eaf=kifj"kn dks jk"Vªifr pkgs rks bls Hkax dj ldrk
gSA jkT; fo/kf;dk osQ dk;ksZa esa dkuwu cukuk] dk;Zikfydk rFkk foRr ij fu;a=k.k cuk, j[kuk] pquko
lacaèkh rFkk laoS/kfud nkf;Ro fuHkkuk 'kkfey gSA
fo/ku lHkk dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA lk/kj.k fo/s;d] /u fo/s;d] dk;Zikfydk ij fu;a=k.k
vkSj jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu laca/h dk;ksZa esa fo/ku ifj"kn dh 'kfDr fo/ku lHkk ls de gSA

154
 jkT; foèkku eaMy ekWM;wy - 3
ljdkj dh lajpuk
ikBkar iz'u
1. fo/ku lHkk osQ xBu ,oa jpuk dk o.kZu dhft,A

2. jkT; fo/ku e.My dh 'kfDRk;ksa ,oa dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft,A

3. jkT; fo/kf;dk dh 'kfDr;ksa dh lhekvksa dk mYys[k dhft,

fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj
14.1
(d) 28 jkT;
([k) 25 jkT;
(x) vkaXy&Hkkjrh; leqnk;
(?k) 5 o"kZ
(M+) vè;{k
14.2
(d) 30 o"kZ
([k) 6 o"kZ
(x) 2 o"kZ
(?k) laln
(M+) mÙkj izns'k
14.3
1. (d) la?k
([k) jkT;iky
(x) 14 fnu
(?k) fo/ku lHkk
2. (d) fo/ku lHkk dk vè;{k
([k) jkT;iky
(x) jk"Vªifr] jkT;lHkk osQ lnL; rFkk fo/ku ifj"kn osQ 1@3 lnL;A
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 14.1.1 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 14.2 ns[ksa
3. [k.M 14.3 ns[ksa

155
 ekWM;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk

15
fVIi.kh mPp U;k;ky; vkSj
v/huLFk U;k;ky;

vkius Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa vè;;u fd;kA loksZPp U;k;ky; ls uhps jkT;
Lrj ij mPp U;k;ky; lcls cM+h bdkbZ gksrs gSaA ;s mPp U;k;ky; Hkkjrh; U;kf;d iz.kkyh dk ,d
vax gksrs gSa tks loksPZ p U;k;ky; osQ fn'kk&funs'Z kksa dk ikyu djrs gSAa fdlh jkT; esa lcls cM+k U;k;ky;
gksus osQ dkj.k ;s mPp U;k;ky; vU; v/huLFk U;k;ky;ksa dks fn'kk&funsZ'k nsrs gSaA mPp U;k;ky;
eq[;r% vihy djus osQ fy, gksrs gSaA ftyk Lrj osQ U;k;ky;ksa osQ iSQlys osQ f[kykiQ vihy ;s mPp
U;k;ky; lqurs gSaA v/huLFk U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;k/h'kksas dh fu;qfDr] ;ksX;rk rFkk dk;Z iz.kkyh] vkfn bu
mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ij gh gksrk gSA bl vè;k; essa vki mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ ckjs esa i<s+axsA
vki buosQ v/huLFk U;k;ky;ksa rFkk ftyk&Lrj vkSj ls'ku dksVZ osQ ckjs esa Hkh i<+asxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z mPp U;k;ky;kssa osQ laxBu osQ ckjs esa tku losaQxs_
z mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj U;k; iz.kkyh osQ ckjs esa tku losaQxs_
z ewy vf/dkjksa dh j{kk esa mPp U;k;ky; dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa tku losaQxs_
z v/huLFk ;k fuEu&Lrjh; U;k;ky;ksa dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh osQ ckjs esa tku losaQxsA

15.1 jkT; mPp U;k;ky;

orZeku esa 28 jkT;ksa rFkk 7 osQUnz 'kkflr izns'kksa osQ fy, 21 mPp U;k;ky; gSaA mPp U;k;ky; jkT;&Lrj
ij lcls cM+s gksrs gSa] ijUrq Hkkjrh; U;kf;d iz.kkyh dk ,d vax gksus osQ dkj.k ;s loksZPp U;k;ky;
osQ fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA

156
 mPp U;k;ky; vkSj vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; ekWM~;wy - 3
15.1.1 laxBu ljdkj dh lajpuk

izR;sd jkT; dk ,d mPp U;k;ky; gksrk gSA nks ;k nks ls vfèkd jkT;ksa osQ fy, ,d la;qDr mPp
U;k;ky; Hkh gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkSj paMhx<+ osQ osQUnz 'kkflr izns'k osQ fy,
osQoy ,d mPp U;k;ky;] paMhx<+ eas gSA blh izdkj xqokgkVh esa fLFkr mPp U;k;ky; lkr mÙkj&iwohZ
jkT;ksµ
a vle] ukxkySMa ] ef.kiqj] es?kky;] fetksje] f=kiqjk vkSj v#.kkpy izn's k osQ fy, gSA ;|fi fnYyh
,d jkT; ugha gS ijUrq bldk ,d vyx mPp U;k;ky; gSA izR;ssd mPp U;k;ky; esa ,d eq[; U;k;k/ fVIi.kh
h'k vkSj vU; U;k;k/h'k gksrs gSaA U;k;k/h'kksa dh la[;k vyx&vyx jkT; esa fHkUu&fHkUu gks ldrh gSA
mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'k Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSa rFkk U;k;k/h'kksa dh la[;k
Hkh jk"Vªifr gh fu/kZfjr djrs gSaA
fdlh jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[;
U;k;k/h'k vkSj ml jkT; osQ jkT;iky dh lykg ls djrk gSA vU; U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr osQ fy,
jk"Vªifr loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k] jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k rFkk
ml jkT; osQ jkT;iky ls lykg ysrk gSA U;k;k/h'kksa dks ,d mPp U;k;ky; ls nwljs mPp U;k;ky;
eas Hkh LFkkukarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA LFkkukarj.k esa Hkh jk"Vªifr dks loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[;
U;k;k/h'k ls lykg ysuh gksrh gSA laoS/kfud :i ls jk"Vªifr gh ;s fu;qfDr;ka djrk gSA ijUrq
1993 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, iSQlys osQ vuqlkj okLrfod p;u rks loksZPp U;k;ky;
osQ ofj"B U;k;k/h'kksa }kjk eq[; U;k;k/h'k dh vè;{krk esa loksZPp U;k;ky; gh djrk gSA bldh
fliQkfj'kksa dks jk"Vªifr udkj ugha ldrkA
15.1.2 ;ksX;rk] dk;Zdky rFkk U;k;k/h'kksa dks in ls gVkuk
mPp U;k;ky; esa fdlh O;fDr dks U;k;k/h'k gksus osQ fy, mleas fuEu ;ksX;rk,a gksuh pkfg,%
(i) og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA

(ii) ftyk ;k mlls fuEu Lrj osQ U;k;ky; esa de ls de nl o"kks± rd og U;k;k/h'k osQ in ij
jgk gksA
;k
fdlh ,d ;k vf/d mPp U;k;ky;ksa ;k mPpre U;k;ky; eas mlus yxkrkj nl o"kksZa rd odkyr
dh gksA
,d ckj mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k fu;qDr gksus osQ ckn os 62 o"kZ dh vk;q rd in ij cus jgrs
gSaA lsokfuo`fÙk osQ ckn mUgsa ;k rks loksZPp U;k;ky; esa U;k;k/h'k fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k os
mPpre U;k;ky; ;k fdlh ,sls mPp U;k;ky; esa odkyr dj ldrs gSa ftlesa os U;k;k/h'k u jg
pqosQ gksaA
fdlh Hkh mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'k dks 62 o"kZ dh vk;q ls igys Hkh gVk;k tk ldrk gS ;fn og
vl{ke gS vFkok mldk nqO;Zogkj fl¼ gks tk;sA ;fn laln osQ nksuksa lnu vyx&vyx ,d gh l=k
esa oqQy lnL; la[;k osQ iw.kZ cgqer rFkk mifLFkr lnL;ksa osQ nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls izLrko ikfjr dj
nsa rks U;k;k/h'k dks in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk izLrko jk"Vªifr dks is'k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fiQj
jk"Vªifr ml U;k;k/h'k dks gVk nsrk gSA ;g izfØ;k Bhd oSlh gh ftlosQ }kjk loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ
U;k;kèkh'kksa dks gVk;k tkrk gSA

157
 ekWM;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk
ikBxr iz'u 15.1
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,%
(d) orZeku esa Hkkjr esa oqQy -------------------------------------- mPp U;k;ky; gSaA (18, 20, 21)
([k) osQUnzh; 'kkflr izn's k -------------------------------------- dk viuk vyx mPp U;k;ky; gSA (paMhx<+] neu
fVIi.kh vkSj }hi] fnYyh)
(x) mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr -------------------------------------- djrk gSA (jkT;iky] jk"Vªifr]
izèkkuea=kh)
(?k) mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dh lsokfuo`fÙk vk;q --------------------------------------o"kZ gSA (60, 62, 65)

15.2 mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ka vkSj U;k;&{ks=k

mPp U;k;ky; osQ ikl oqQN ekeyksa esa lh/h lquokbZ vkSj iSQlys dk vf/dkj gSA bls izkjfEHkd
{ks=kkfèkdkj dgrs gaSA tc fdlh fuEu U;k;ky; osQ iSQlys osQ fojQ¼ lquokbZ mPp U;k;ky; eas gksrh
gS rks bls vihyh; {ks=kkf/dkj dgrs gSaA mPp U;k;ky; vihy djus dk U;k;ky; gSA fupys Lrj osQ
U;k;ky;ksa osQ iSQlys osQ fo#¼ flfoy vkSj iQkStnkjh ekeys mPp U;k;ky; esa yk, tk ldrs gSaA
15.2.1 izkjfEHkd {ks=kkf/dkj
mPp U;k;ky; dk izkjfEHkd {ks=kkf/dkj dkiQh lhfer gSA ewy vf/dkjksa osQ guu laca/h ekeys mPp
U;k;ky;ksa ;k loksZPp U;k;ky; esa izkjEHk fd;s tk ldrs gSaA mPp U;k;ky; bu vf/dkjksa dks iqu% ykxw
djus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd bUgsa vkns'k dgrss gSaA
tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j djus dk vf/dkj% vkius ewy vf/dkjksa ls lacaf/r vè;k; esa laoS/kfud
mipkjksa osQ vf/dkj osQ varxZr i<+k gksxk fd mPp U;k;ky; vkSj loksZPp U;k;ky; bl rjg osQ vkns'k
ns ldrs gSaA ,slk ml ifjfLFkfr esa gks ldrk gS tc jkT; ;k fdlh vU; }kjk ewy vf/dkjksa dh mis{kk
dh tk jgh gksA lafo/ku us mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks ;s vkns'k nsus dk vf/dkj fn;k gSA ;s U;k;ky; ,sls
vkns'k ns ldrs gSa tks ml jkT; ljdkj osQ fdlh O;fDr ;k inkf/dkjh osQ fy, fn'kk&funsZ'k dh rjg
gksrs gSaA bu vkns'kksa dk mYys[k vè;k; 6 esa gS ftuosQ }kjk yksxksa osQ ewy vfèkdkjksa dks ykxw fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g 'kfDr mPp U;k;ky; osQ izkjfEHkd {ks=kkf/dkj osQ varxZr vkrh gS tks fdlh Hkh rjg
loksZPp U;k;ky; dh ,slh gh 'kfDr osQ fojQ¼ ugha gSA
mPp U;k;ky; vius izkjfEHkd {ks=kkf/dkj osQ varxZr fdlh Hkh lkaln ;k fo/k;d osQ pquko osQ fo#¼
dh xbZ ;kfpdk ij lquokbZ dj ldrk gSSA mPp U;k;ky; ;fn ikrk gS fd ml lkaln ;k fo/k;d us
Hkz"V izdkj ls pquko thrk gS rks og ml pquko dks jí dj ldrk gSA jkT; osQ lHkh fuEu&Lrjh;
U;k;ky; ml jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ funsZ'kkssa ij dk;Z djrs gSaA
fuEu Lrjh; U;k;ky;ksa osQ iSQlyksa osQ fo#¼ ekeyksa dh lquokbZ mPp U;k;ky; djrk gSA flfoy
ekeyksa esa ftudh vuqekfur jkf'k 5 yk[k ls Åij gks mudh lquokbZ mPp U;k;ky; esa gksrh gSA

158
 mPp U;k;ky; vkSj vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; ekWM~;wy - 3
dksbZ Hkh ikVhZ tks ftyk&Lrj U;k;ky; osQ iSQlys ls vlger gks] og mPp U;k;ky; esa vihy ljdkj dh lajpuk
dj ldrk gSA isVSUV vkSj fMtkbZu] mÙkjkfèkdkj] Hkwfe&vfèkxzg.k rFkk vfHkHkkod cuus laca/h
ekeys dh vihy Hkh mPp U;k;ky; eas lquh tkrh gSaA
mPp U;k;ky; ls'ku dksVZ osQ vkijkf/d ekeyksa dh lquokbZ djrk gSA ;fn ls'ku dksVZ esa dksbZ
O;fDr vijkèkh lkfcr gksrk gS rks og blosQ fo#¼ vihy dj ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh jkT; Hkh
ltk c<+kus osQ fy, ls'ku dksVZ ls vihy dj ldrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; ls'ku dksVZ osQ iSQlys
fVIi.kh
Lohdkj Hkh dj ldrk gS ;k ltk osQ izdkj dks cny ldrk gS ;k nks"kh dks eqDr Hkh dj ldrk
gSA ijUrq ;fn ls'ku dksVZ fdlh nks"kh dks ltk&,&ekSr nsrk gS rks vfHk;qDr dks iQaklh nsus ls igys
mPp U;k;ky; ls iqf"V djk;h tkrh gSA nks"kh }kjk vihy u fd;s tkus osQ ckn Hkh jkT; ml ekeys
dks mPp U;k;ky; eas iqf"V osQ fy, Hkst nsrk gSA
15.2.2 mPp U;k;ky; eas ekeyksa dk LFkkukarj.k
;fn mPp U;k;ky; dks ;g larqf"V gks tk;s fd v/huLFk U;k;ky; osQ le{k izLrqr eqdnes esa
lafo/ku dh O;k[;k dh vko';drk gS rks ,sls ekeyksa dks mPp U;k;ky; Lo;a gh ml v/huLFk
U;k;ky; ls vius gkFk eas ys ysrk gSA ekeys dh tkap osQ ckn ;k rks mPp U;k;ky; mldk fuiVkjk
Lo;a djrk gS ;k funsZ'kksa osQ lkFk mlh v/huLFk U;k;ky; dks ml ekeys dks lkSai nsrk gSA
15.2.3 v/huLFk U;k;ky;ksa dk v/h{k.k
U;kf;d vFkok iz'kklfud lHkh ekeyksas esa mPp U;k;ky; vius v/huLFk lHkh U;k;ky;ksa ij fujh{k.k
,oa fu;a=k.k dk vf/dkj j[krk gSA viuh bu 'kfDr;ksa osQ vUrxZr ;g vius v/huLFk fdlh Hkh
U;k;ky; ls oqQN Hkh tkudkjh ekax ldrk gS_ v/huLFk U;k;ky; dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh osQ fy, lkekU;
fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh dj ldrk gSA ;g lc mPp U;k;ky; le;&le; ij dj ldrk gSA ;fn vko';d
gks rks ;g v/huLFk U;k;ky; osQ inkf/dkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr] inkoufr] inksUufr ,oa vodk'k ls lacafèkr
fu;e dkuwu cukrk gSA
15.2.4 vfHkys[k U;k;ky;
loksZPp U;k;ky; dh rjg mPp U;k;ky; ,d vfHkys[k U;k;ky; Hkh gSSA mPp U;k;ky; osQ iSQlyksa
dks fupys Lrj osQ U;k;ky; ekuus osQ fy, ckè; gSaA viuh mis{kk vkSj voekuuk osQ fy, mPp
U;k;ky; naM nsus dh Hkh 'kfDr j[krk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 15.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,%
(d) ;|fi ______________ ,d jkT; ugha gSa] ijUrq bldk ,d mPp U;k;ky; gSA
([k) mPp U;k;ky; dh vuqefr osQ fcuk fdl ltk dks v/huLFk U;k;ky; ykxw ugha dj ldrk\
.……………………………………………………………………........................

159
 ekWM;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk 15.3 ftyk Lrj ij v/huLFk U;k;ky;

v/huLFk U;k;ky;

fVIi.kh flfoy dksVZ~l vkijkf/d U;k;ky; jktLo U;k;ky;

ftyk tt ;k ls'ku tt ;k ftyk jktLo cksMZ

ftyk vkSj ls'ku tt tt vkSj ls'ku

mi&U;k;k/h'k ikfjokfjd vk;qDr] dySDVj

DksV~Zl

eqafliQ rglhynkj

lw{e ekeys U;k;ky; uk;c rglhynkj

eSVkª siksfyVsu eftLVªVs
;k
izFke Js.kh eftLVªsV
f}rh; Js.kh eftLVªVs
r`rh; Js.kh eftLVªsV

Hkkjr osQ izR;sd ftys esa fofHkUu izdkj osQ v/huLFk ;k fuEu&Lrjh; U;k;ky; gSaA ;s flfoy dksVZ]
iQkStnkjh dksVZ~l rFkk jktLo dksVZ~l gSaA buesa Øe'k% flfoy] vkijkf/d rFkk jktLo lacaf/r ekeyksa
dh lquokbZ gksrh gSA
flfoy ekeys os ekeys gSa ftuesa nks ;k nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa eas tk;nkn dks ysdj >xM+k gSA fdlh
le>kSrs dk mYya?ku] rykd ;k edku ekfyd&fdjk;snkj osQ >xM+ksa dk Hkh flfoy dksVZ esa fuiVkjk
fd;k tkrk gSA buesa fdlh izdkj dh l”kk ugha nh tkrh D;ksafd dkuwu dk dksbZ mYyaa?ku bu ekeyksa
eas ugha fd;k tkrkA
vkijkf/d ekeys dkuwu osQ mYya?ku ls lacaf/r gksrs gSaA buesa pksjh] MoSQrh] cykRdkj] tscdrjh]
'kkjhfjd vk?kkr rFkk gR;k] vkfn vkrs gSaA ;s ekeys jkT; dh rjiQ ls iqfyl }kjk vfHk;qDr osQ f[kykiQ
fupyh vnkyrksa esa nk;j fd;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj osQ ekeyksa esa ;fn vfHk;qDr dks nks"kh ik;k tkrk gS
rks mls naM osQ :i esa gtkZuk] tsy ;k ekSr dh ltk Hkh gks ldrh gSA
jktLo ekeys ftys esa o`Qf"k Hkwfe ij jktLo ls lacafèkr ekeys gSaA

15.3.1 U;k;k/h'kkssa dh fu;qfDr vkSj ;ksX;rk

v/huLFk U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;k/h'kkasa dh fu;qfDr ml jkT; dk jkT;iky ml jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ

160
 mPp U;k;ky; vkSj vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; ekWM~;wy - 3
eq[; U;k;k/h'k dh lykg ij djrk gSA vktdy] vfèkdka'k jkT;ksa esa U;kf;d vf/dkfj;ksa dk p;u ljdkj dh lajpuk
jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk vk;ksftr izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kkvksa osQ ekè;e ls gksrk gSA mUgsa jkT;iky }kjk
vafre :i ls fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tks de ls de 7 o"kks± ls odkyr dj jgk gks ;k jkT; vFkok osQUnzh; ljdkj esa dk;Zjr
gks] og ftyk U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k cuus dk ik=k gS c'krsZ fd og okaNuh; U;kf;d ;ksX;rk j[krk gksA
15.3.2 flfoy dksVZ~l fVIi.kh

nhokuh ekeykasa dh lquokbZ osQ fy, ftyk tt U;k;ky; fdlh ftys dk loksZPp flfoy U;k;ky; gksrk
gSA bls ge cgq/k ls'ku tt ;k ftyk U;k;ky; osQ uke ls Hkh tkurs gS]a tc ;g ftyk Lrj ij fnokuh vkSj
vkijkf/d ekeyksa dh lquokbZ djrk gSA bl U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'k jkT; osQ jkT;iky }kjk fu;qDr fd;s
tkrs gSAa
ftyk tt U;k;ky; osQ uhps vU; mi&U;k;k/h'k osQ ,d ;k vf/d U;k;ky; Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
ikfjokfjd U;k;ky; Hkh LFkkfir fd, x, gSa tks ikfjokfjd ekeyksa tSlsµrykd] cPpksa dh
vfHkHkkodrk] vkfn ekeyksa dh lquokbZ djrs gSaA muosQ uhps eqafliQ U;k;ky; rFkk lw{e ekeys osQ dksVZ
LFkkfir gksrs gSa ftuesa de jkf'k ls lacfa èkr ekeyksa dh lquokbZ gksrh gSA lw{e ekeys U;k;ky;ksa osQ iSQlyksa
osQ fo#¼ vkSj dgha vihy ugha dh tk ldrhA ;s lHkh U;k;ky; fnokuh >xM+ksa dh lquokbZ djosQ
iSQlyk lqukrs gSaA
ftyk U;k;ky; osQoy mi&U;k;k/h'k osQ iSQlyksa osQ fo#¼ dh xbZ vihysa gh ugha lqurk cfYd
fcYoqQy u;s ekeys Hkh lh/s ;gk¡ izkjEHk gksrs gSaA bl U;k;ky; osQ iSQlyksa osQ fo#¼ jkT; osQ mPp
U;k;ky; eas vihy dh tk ldrh gSA

15.3.3 iQkStnkjh U;k;ky;

ls'ku tt dk U;k;ky; (ftls ls'ku dksVZ Hkh dgrs gSa) ftys esa iQkStnkjh ekeyksa dh lquokbZ dk lcls
cM+k U;k;ky; gSA bl U;k;ky; osQ uhps izFke] f}rh; o r`rh; Js.kh eftLVªsVksa dh vnkyrsa gksrh gaSA
egkuxjh; 'kgjksa tSlsµfnYyh] eqacbZ] dydÙkk] pSUubZ] vkfn esas bUgsa eSVªksiksfyVu eftLVªsV dgrs gSa A
bu lHkh iQkStnkjh U;k;ky;ksa esa vfHk;qDRk ij eqdnek pyk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj nks"kh ik;s tkus ij dkuwu
osQ rgr ltk Hkh nh tk ldrh gSA
vkijkf/d U;k;ky;ksa eas dkuwu osQ mYya?ku ls lacafèkr ekeyksa dh lquokbZ gksrh gSA bueas pksjh] MoSQrh]
cykRdkj] tscdrjh] 'kkjhfjd vk?kkr vkSj gR;k] vkfn 'kkfey gSaA bu ekeyksa esa nks"kh dks l”kk nh tkrh
gS tks fd tqekZuk] tsy ;k e`R;qnaM gks ldrh gSA
lkekU;r% izR;sd vfHk;qDr dks iqfyl }kjk eftLVªsV osQ le{k is'k fd;k tkrk gSA eftLVªsV NksVs&eksVs
ekeyksa dk rqjar fuiVkjk dj ldrk gSA ijUrq ;fn eftLVªsV ekeys dks xaHkhj le>rk gS rks og vfHk;qDr
ij ls'ku dksVZ eas eqdnek pykrk gSA
tSlk fd igys crk;k tk pqdk gS fd ;fn fdlh vijk/h dks ls'ku dksVZ }kjk e`R;qnaM fn;k x;k gS
rks osQoy mPp U;k;ky; }kjk ltk dh iqf"V osQ ckn gh mls e`R;q naM fn;k tk ldrk gSA
15.3.4 jktLo U;k;ky;
jktLo U;k;ky; jkT; esa Hkwfe jktLo ls lacafèkr ekeyksa dks ns[krs gSaA jkT; esa lcls Å¡pk jktLo
161
 ekWM;wy - 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk
U;k;ky; jktLo cksMZ gksrk gSA blosQ vUrxZr vk;qDr U;k;ky;] dySDVlZ] rglhynkj vkSj lgk;d
rglhnynkj gksrs gSaA jktLo cksMZ mu lHkh ekeyksa dh lquokbZ djrk gS ftuesa fupyh vnkyr osQ iSQlys
osQ fo#¼ vihy dh tkrh gSA
Hkwfe jktLo% ;g ,d izdkj dk dj gS tks ljdkj fdlkuksa ls Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe ij yxkrh gSA

fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 15.3
(d) ftys osQ loksZPp flfoy U;k;ky; dk uke crkbZ;sA
.……………………………………………………………………
([k) ftys eas lcls cM+k iQkStnkjh U;k;ky; dkSu&lk gksrk gS\
.……………………………………………………………………
(x) fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(i) ___________ U;k;ky; osQ iSQlyksa osQ fo#¼ dgha Hkh vihy ugha dh tk ldrhA

(ii) jkT; esa jktLo&laca/h lcls cM+k U;k;ky;______________ gSA

vkius D;k lh[kk

gekjh U;k;ikfydk dk fof'k"V xq.k ;g gS fd ;g ,dy laxfBr U;k; O;oLFkk gSA
mPp U;k;ky; jkT; esa lcls cM+k U;k;ky; gksrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; esa U;k;k/h'kksa dh la[;k
vyx&vyx jkT;kasa esa cnyrh gSA mUgsa jk"Vªifr fu;qDr djrk gSA laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dh vuq'kalk ij
jk"V~ifr }kjk mUgsa gVk;k tk ldrk gS] vU;Fkk os 62 o"kZ dh vk;q rd in ij cus jgrs gSaA
mPp U;k;ky; osQ ikl izkjfEHkd ,oa vihyh; {ks=kkf/dkj gksrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; ekSfyd vf/dkjksa
dk j{kd gSA ;g ,d vfHkys[k U;k;ky; Hkh gS rFkk bloQh voekuuk djus ij l”kk Hkh ns ldrk gSA
28 jkT;ksa rFkk 7 la?kh; {ks=kksa osQ fy, oqQy 21 mPp U;k;ky; gSaA
izR;sd ftys esa v/huLFk nhokuh] ikfjokfjd] iQkStnkjh vkSj jktLo U;k;ky; gksrs gSaA fupyh vnkyrksa
osQ iSQlyksa osQ fo#¼ dh xbZ ;kfpdk,a jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; esa lquh tkrh gSaA

ikBkar iz'u
1. mPp U;k;ky; dh lajpuk dk mYys[k dhft,A
2. mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'k dks fdl izdkj gVk;k tk ldrk gS\
3. mPp U;k;ky; osQ izkjfEHkd {ks=kkf/dkj dk o.kZu dhft,A
4. mPp U;k;ky; osQ vihyh; {ks=kkf/dkj dk mYys[k dhft,A

162
 mPp U;k;ky; vkSj vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; ekWM~;wy - 3
5. fdlh ftys eas fupyh vnkyrksa dk xBu fdl izdkj gksrk gSA ljdkj dh lajpuk

6. fdlh ftys esa nhokuh U;k;ky; fdl izdkj iQkStnkjh U;k;ky;ksa ls 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;Z iz.kkyh esa
fHkUu gSa\

ikBxr iz'ukas osQ mÙkj

fVIi.kh
15.1
(d) 21
([k) fnYyh
(x) jk"Vªifr
(?k) 62
15.2
(d) fnYyh
([k) e`R;qnaM
15.3
(d) ftyk U;k;k/h'k dk U;k;ky; (ftyk U;k;ky;)
([k) jkT;h; U;k;k/h'k dk U;k;ky; (ls'ku dksVZ)
(x) (i) lw{e ekeys lacaf/r U;k;ky;
(ii) jktLo cksMZ

ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr

(1) [k.M 15-1-1 ns[ksa

(2) [k.M 15-1-2 ns[ksa

(3) [k.M 15-2-1 ns[ksa

(4) [k.M 15-2-2 ns[ksa

(5) [k.M 15-3-1 ns[ksa

(6) [k.M 15-3-2 o 15-3-3 ns[ksa

163
 ekWM~;wy- 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk

16
fVIi.kh LFkkuh; 'kklu% 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k

vius nSfud thou esa vkidks vkèkkjHkwr lqfoèkkvksa tSls ty vkiwfrZ] ukfy;ksa (ikuh dh fudklh)] dwM+s
osQ fuiVkjk] tu LokLF; vkSj liQkbZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vkius ,slh xfrfofèk;ksa dks ns[kk gksxk
tSls xyh dh ykbZV~l dks yxkuk vFkok Bhd djuk] lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k vFkok ejEer djuk ;k xkao
osQ rkykc dk uohuhdj.kA ;g lc dkSu djrk gS\ vkiosQ fnekx esa rqjar osQUnzh; vFkok jkT; ljdkj
ugha vkrhA ;g LFkkuh; ljdkj gksrh gS tks rqjar fnekx esa vkrh gSA
bl ikB esa vki fofHkUu Lrjksa ij LFkkuh; 'kklu osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki
z ;g vuqHko dj losQaxs fd LFkkuh; 'kklu dh xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=kksa esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk gS_
z lafoèkku osQ 73osa vkSj 74osa la'kksèku dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dj losaQxs_
z LFkkuh; fudk;ksa (xzkeh.k) vkSj 'kgjh laxBu vkSj dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dj losQaxs_
z LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ foRrh; lalkèkuksa dks tku ik,axs_
z LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dj losQaxs_
z yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k osQ midj.k osQ :i esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa osQ dk;ksZa dk ewY;kadu
dj losQaxsA

16.1 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;

gekjs dLcksa vkSj 'kgjksa esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dh laLFkk,a gksrh gSa ftUgsa uxjikfydk,a vkSj uxj fuxe dgrs
gSaA ,d 'kgjh {ks=k izk;% l?ku vkSj vfèkd vkcknh okyk {ks=k gksrk gSA uxj ikfydk iz'kklu vkèkkjHkwr

164
 LFkkuh; 'kklu% 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k ekWM~;wy - 3
ukxfjd lqfoèkk,a tSls ty vkiwfrZ] ikuh dh fudklh] dwM+s dk fuiVku] tu LokLF;] izkFkfed f'k{kk] ljdkj dh lapjuk
lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj j[k&j[kko rFkk liQkbZ vkfn dk izcaèku djus osQ fy, vko';d gksrk gSA
yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj] uxjikfydkvksa] ftudk pquko LFkkuh; yksx djrs gSa] dks dj yxkus] turk ls dj
vkSj tqekZuk olwyus dk vfèkdkj nsrh gSA Hkou&fuekZ.k] lM+d fuekZ.k ,oa owQM+s osQ fuiVku dks fu;fer
dj os uxj thou dks lqO;ofLFkr djrs gSaA ukjh ,oa cky fodkl] >qXxh cfLr;ksa dk fodkl dk;Z Hkh
buosQ ekè;e ls gksrk gSA uxjikfydkvksa us 'kgjh fodkl ,oa tu lqfoèkkvksa osQ LFkkuh; izcaèku esa yksxksa
dh Hkkxhnkjh dks laHko cuk;k gSA fVIi.kh

16.2 74osa lafoèkku la'kksèku }kjk fd, x, lqèkkj

le;&le; ij osQUnzh; ljdkj }kjk 'kgjh fudk;ksa esa lqèkkj ykus gsrq fu;qDr vk;ksxksa ,oa desfV;ksa dh
fliQkfj'kksa vkSj lq>koksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i lafoèkku dk 74oka la'kksèku ,DV 1992 ykxw fd;k x;kA igys
jkT; ljdkjsa vius LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dk viuh bPNkuqlkj izcaèk djus dks Lora=k FkhaA bl la'kksèku us 'kgjh
Lo'kklh laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk] muosQ l'kDrhdj.k vkSj mudh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks oSèkkfud :i fn;kA bl
,DV osQ eq[; izkoèkkuksa dks nks oxksZa& vfuok;Z vkSj ,sfPNd] esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA vfuok;Z
izkoèkkuksa esa ls oqQN] tks lHkh jkT;ksa osQ fy, vko';d gSa] fuEufyf[kr gSa%&
(i) NksVs] cM+s vkSj cgqr cM+s 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa Øe'k% uxj iapk;rksa] uxj ifj"knksa vkSj uxj fudk;ksa dk
xBu djukA
(ii) 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, mudh tula[;k osQ
vuqikr esa lhVsa vkjf{kr djukA
(iii) efgykvksa osQ fy, ,d frgkbZ lhVsa vkjf{kr djukA
(iv) 73osa la'kksèku osQ vuqlkj] iapk;rh jkt Lo'kklh laLFkkvksa osQ pquko djokus gsrq xfBr jkT; pquko
vk;ksx 'kgjh LFkkuh; Lo'kklh laLFkkvksa osQ Hkh pquko djok,xkA
(v) iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa osQ foRrh; ekeyksa dks ns[kus osQ fy, xfBr jkT; foRr vk;ksx LFkkuh;
'kgjh Lo'kklh fudk;ksa osQ foRrh; ekeyksa dks Hkh ns[ksxkA
(vi) 'kgjh LFkkuh; Lo'kklh fudk;ksa dk dk;Zdky ikap o"kZ fuf'pr fd;k x;k gS vkSj tYnh Hkax gks
tkus dh fLFkfr esa u, pquko Ng eghus osQ Hkhrj djokus gksrs gSaA
oqQN ,sfPNd izkoèkku tks jkT;ksa ij ckè;dkjh ugha gSa] ijarq ftudksa jkT;ksa }kjk ykxw djus dh
vis{kk dh tkrh gS&
(i) bu fudk;ksa esa la?k ,oa jkT; foèkkf;dk osQ lnL;ksa dks erkfèkdkj iznku djukA
(ii) fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks vkj{k.k iznku djukA
(iii) djksa] 'kqYdksa] lhek 'kqYd vkSj iQhl] bR;kfn osQ lacaèk esa foRrh; 'kfDr;ka iznku djukA
(iv) uxjh; Lo'kklu dh laLFkkvksa dks Lok;r cukuk vkSj bl ,DV }kjk lafoèkku esa tksM+h xbZ 12oha
vuqlwph esa ntZ oqQN vFkok lHkh dk;ksaZ dks djus vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl gsrq ;kstuk,a cukus osQ fy,
'kfDr;kas dk gLrkUrj.kA
74osa la'kksèku osQ vuqlkj vc lHkh jkT;ksa esa uxj fuxeksa vkSj uxjh; Lo'kklu dh laLFkkvksa dks leku
:i ls ,d gh izdkj ls fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA ijarq vkidks ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd LFkkuh; Lo'kklu
165
 ekWM~;wy- 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk vHkh rd jkT; lwph dk ,d fo"k; gSA bl izdkj 73oka vkSj 74oak la'kksèku LFkkuh; LOk'kklu osQ lacaèk
esa jkT;ksa dks ,d <kapk iznku djrs gSaA
bl rjg ik¡p lky osQ fu;fer varjky osQ ckn LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dk pquko djkus osQ fy, gj jkT; esa
,d pquko vk;ksx gksrk gSA LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ foRr dks fu;fer djus osQ fy, ,d foÙk vk;ksx gksrk
gSA uxj fuxe vkSj uxjikfydkvksa esa vuqlfw pr tkfr ,oa tu&tkfr osQ fy, lhVsa vkjf{kr gksrh gSAa 'kgjh
vkSj xzkeh.k lHkh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa fL=k;ksa osQ fy, ,d frgkbZ lhVsa vkjf{kr gSaA
fVIi.kh
16.3 laxBu
uxj ikfydk {ks=k esa {ks=kh; fuokZpu {ks=kksa ls izR;{k pquko }kjk pqus yksxksa ls uxj Lo'kklu dh laLFkk,a
xfBr gksrh gSaA ijarq fdlh jkT; dh foèkkf;dk dkuwu cuk dj fdlh uxj fudk; esa uxj iz'kklu esa
fo'ks"k Kku vFkok vuqHko j[kus okys yksxksa] jkT;lHkk osQ lnL;ksa] yksdlHkk rFkk jkT; dh foèkku lHkk
,oa foèkku ifj"kn osQ lnL;ksa dks tks ml {ks=k dk izfrfufèkRo djrs gSa] tks fd iwjk ;k ml {ks=k dk
,d Hkkx gks] rFkk okMZ desVh osQ vè;{kksa osQ izfrfufèkRo dk izkoèkku Hkh dj ldrh gSA
lekt osQ detksj oxksZa rFkk efgykvksa osQ l'kDrhdj.k osQ fy, ,sls lewgksa gsrq lhVsa vkjf{kr djuk bl
lafoèkku la'kksèku dk ,d egRoiw.kZ izkoèkku gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa rFkk efgykvksa osQ
fy, vè;{k osQ in Hkh vkjf{kr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj fnYyh uxj fuxe osQ ikap o"kZ osQ dk;Zdky esa de
ls de ,d o"kZ osQ fy, egkikSj dk in fdlh efgyk vkSj ,d vU; o"kZ osQ fy, fdlh vuqlwfpr
tkfr osQ ik"kZn osQ fy, vkjf{kr gSA
'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ laxBu dks le> ikus osQ fy, ge uhps fnYyh uxj fuxe dk cgqr laf{kIr
C;kSjk nsrs gSaA ;g fuxe ubZ fnYyh osQ FkksM+s ls Hkkx dks NksMdj tgka la?kh; ljdkj fLFkr gS] iwjh fnYyh
{ks=k dks ns[krh gSA fuxe osQ 134 fuokZfpr lnL; gSa (ik"kZn)A mUgsa lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ
vkèkkj ij ,d lnL;h; okMZ ls lhèks izR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr fd;k tkrk gSA efgykvksa vkSj vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa osQ fy, dbZ lhVsa vkjf{kr dh tkrh gSaA bUgsas ikap o"kZ osQ fy, pquk tkrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr
blesa fnYyh foèkku lHkk }kjk euksuhr 15 lnL; gksrs gSaA fuxe dbZ desfV;kasa osQ ekè;e ls dke djrh
gSA LFkk;h lfefr muesa lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA fuxe dk jktuhfrd eqf[k;k egkikSj gksrk gS ftls ik"kZn ,d
o"kZ osQ fy, pqurs gSAa ,d iz'kklfud vfèkdkjh] ftls fuxek;qDr dgk tkrk gS] bldk iz'kklfud eqf[k;k
gksrk gSA vfèkdka'k uxj fuxe blh izfreku ij vkèkkfjr gSaA

16.4 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ dk;Z

fdlh fuxe vkSj uxj fudk; osQ laxBu oQks nks Hkkxksa (d) fopkjd ([k) dk;Zdkjh Hkkx esa foHkkftr
djus dh lkekU; ijEijk jgh gSA fuxe ifj"kn vFkok uxjikfydk cksMZ ;k ifj"kn ftlesa yksxksa }kjk
fuokZfpr izfrfufèk gksrs gSa] og fopkjd vFkkZr fopkj&foe'kZ djus okyk Hkkx gksrk gSA ;g fdlh
foèkkf;dk dh rjg dke djrk gSA ;g lkekU; uxj uhfr;ksa vkSj fu"iknu ij ppkZ vkSj cgl djrk gS]
'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk; dk ctV ikfjr djrk gS] VSDl yxkus ls lEcfUèkr lalkèku mRiUu djus] lsokvksa
dh njsa fuf'pr djus vkSj uxj iz'kklu osQ vU; igyqvksa ij O;kid uhfr;k¡ cukrk gSA ;g uxj ikfydk
osQ iz'kklu ij fuxkg j[krk gS vkSj dk;Zikfydk dks mlosQ }kjk fd, x, vFkok u fd, x, dk;ksZa osQ
fy, mÙkjnk;h ekurk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn ty vkiwfrZ Bhd <ax ls ugha dh tk jgh gS vFkok
;fn dksbZ laØked jksx iQSyrk gS rks ;g fopkjd Hkkx vFkkZr ml {ks=k dk fuokZfpr izfrfuf/ iz'kklu
dh Hkwfedk dh vkykspuk djrk gS vkSj lqèkkj osQ mik; crkrk gSA uxj ikfydk osQ iz'kklu osQ dk;Zdkjh

166
 LFkkuh; 'kklu% 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k ekWM~;wy - 3
Hkkx dh ns[kHkky vfèkdkjh ,oa vU; LFkk;h deZpkjh djrs gSaA fuxeksa esa fuxek;qDr dk;Zdkjh vè;{k ljdkj dh lapjuk
gksrk gS rFkk vU; lHkh foHkkxh; vfèkdkjh tSls vfHk;Urk] foRrh; vfèkdkjh] LokLF; vfèkdkjh bR;kfn
blosQ fu;a=k.k vkSj fujh{k.k esa dk;Z djrs gSaA fnYyh vFkok eqEcbZ tSls cM+s uxj fuxeksa osQ vk;qDr izk;%
vkbZ-,-,l vfèkdkjh gksrs gSaA uxj ikfydkvksa esa dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkjh dh fLFkfr Hkh blh izdkj dh gksrh
gS vkSj og uxj laLFkk osQ iwjs iz'kklu dks ns[krk gSA
uxj ikfydk osQ dk;ksZa dks izk;% vfuok;Z vkSj ,sfPNd dk;ksZa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gSA vfuok;Z dk;Z
os dk;Z gksrs gSa ftUgsa uxj ikfydkvksa dks vo'; djuk pkfg,A bl Js.kh esa ty vkiwfrZ] xfy;ksa esa izdk'k fVIi.kh
O;oLFkk] ikuh fudklh vkSj lhoj] dwM+k bdB~Bk djuk vkSj mldk fuiVku] laØked jksxksa dh jksdFkke
vkSj fu;a=k.k tSls dk;Z vkrs gSaA oqQN vU; vfuok;Z dk;ksZa esa tu Vhdkdj.k] izlwfr] ,oa cky dY;k.k
dsUnzksa lfgr vLirkyksa vkSj nok[kkuksa dh ns[kHkky] [kk| inkFkksZa esa feykoV dh tkap djuk] xanh cfLr;ksa
dks gVkuk] fctyh dh vkiwfrZ] 'e'kku vkSj dczfLrku dh ns[kHkky rFkk uxj ;kstuk] vkfn lfEefyr
gSaA oqQN jkT;ksa esa bu dk;ksZa esa ls oqQN jkT; ljdkj Hkh vius ikl ys ldrh gSA
,sfPNd dk;Z os dk;Z gSa ftUgsa uxj ikfydk,a vius gkFk esa ys ldrh gSa&;fn dks"k miyCèk gksA bUgsa
de izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA m¼kj&x`g ,oa vukFkky;] de vk; oxZ osQ fy, ?kj cukuk] ukxfjd
vfHkuanu vk;ksftr djuk] bykt dh lqfoèkkvksa dk izkoèkku] bR;kfn oqQN ,sfPNd dk;Z gSaA
uxjikfydkvksa dh rqyuk esa uxj fuxe vfèkd dk;Z djrs gSaA fnYyh] eqEcbZ] cM+ksnjk] iq.ks] vgenkckn
tSls uxj fuxe vius fofHkUu uxj fodkl dk;ZØeksa tSls lkoZtfud ifjogu] lkoZtfud ikdZ] [kqys
LFkyksa lfgr fpfM+;k?kj vkSj nwèk rFkk fctyh vkiwfrZ rd osQ fy, tkus tkrs gSaA
16.4.1 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ foRrh; lalkèku
uxj fuxe vkSj uxjikfydk,a uxj ikfydk dkuwuksa esa fd, izkoèkkuksa osQ vuqlkj vusd izdkj osQ Ðksrksa
ls vius lalkèku tqVkrh gSAa muosQ vius jktLo lkèkuksa esa (i) djksa (ii) 'kqYd vkSj tqekZus (iii) uxj ikfydk
osQ m|eksa tSls Hkwfe] rkykcksa] cktkjksa] nqdkuksa] bR;kfn ls gksus okyh vk; lfEefyr gSA blosQ vfrfjDr
;s fudk; jkT; ljdkj ls vuqnku izkIr djrs gSaA
Hkwfe vkSj Hkouksa ij lEifRr dj vfèkdka'k 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh vk; dk eq[; Ðksr gSA muosQ
}kjk yxk, x, vU; djksa esa foKkiu dj vkSj O;kolkf;d dj bR;kfn gSaA if'peh Hkkjr esa pqaxh vHkh
Hkh uxj ikfydkvksa dh vk; dk eq[; Ðksr gSA vc bl VSDl dks lekIr djus dh izo`fRr gS D;ksafd
blls fuckZèk ;krk;kr osQ pyu esa ckèkk vkrh gSA uxjikfydk osQ fu;eksa vkSj dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djus
okyksa ls tqekZuk Hkh fy;k tkrk gSA uxj ikfydk dh nqdkuksa] cktkjksa vkSj foJke x`gksa ls uxj ikfydk
dks izk;% vPNk jktLo izkIr gksrk gSA jkT; viuh uxj fudk;ksa dks mudh jktLo fLFkfr lqèkkjus osQ fy,
vuqnku nsrs gSaA jkT; dh vuqnku lgk;rk rnFkZ vkèkkj ij gks ldrh gS vFkok ;g oqQN fuf'pr fl¼karksa
osQ vkèkkj ij gks ldrh gS tSls tula[;k dk vkdkj] xanh cfLr;ksa dh la[;k] dLcs dh fLFkfr] bR;kfnA
'kgjh fudk;ksa }kjk ,df=kr fd, tkus okys oqQN dj ,oa 'kqYd gSa&lEifRr dj] ty dj] lhoj dj]
vfXu dj] okguksa ,oa i'kqvksa ij dj] fFk;sVj dj] lEifRr LFkkukUrj.k ij dj] 'kgj esa ykbZ xbZ oqQN
oLrqvksa ij pqaxhdj] f'k{kk dj vkSj O;olk; djA
tqekZus ,oa 'kqYd vk; osQ oqQN vU; lzkrs gSa tSls r[r vkSj pcwrjksa ij rgcktkjh 'kqYd] lkbfdy fjD'kk]
lkbfdy ij ykbZlsUl 'kqYd] uxjikfydk dh nqdkuksa dk fdjk;k rFkk uxjikfydk osQ dkuwu rksM+us okyksa
ij tqekZukA

167
 ekWM~;wy- 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk
ikBxr iz'u 16.1
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) fnYyh vkSj eqEcbZ tSls egkuxjksa esa--------------------------------------muosQ 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk; gSaA
(uxj fuxe] uxj ikfydk,a] uxj iapk;rsa)
fVIi.kh ([k) LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa vc ---------------------------------------- lhVsa efgykvksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr gSaA
(vkèkh@ ,d frgkbZ@ ,d pkSFkkbZ)
(x) jkT; pquko vk;ksx ---------------------------------------------- osQ pquko djokrs gSAa
(jkT;iky@foèkku lHkk@ uxj fuxe vkSj uxj ikfydkvksa)
(?k) LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dk lkekU; dk;Zdky -------------------------- o"kZ gSA
(rhu@ pkj@ ikap)
(Ä) uxj fuxe osQ iz'kklfud eqf[k;k dk inuke ------------------------------------------ gSA
(pS;jeSu@ egkikSj@ fuxe vk;qDr)
(p) -------------------------------- 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dk ,d vfuok;Z dk;Z gSA
(vukFkky;ksa dk j[k&j[kko@ de vk; oxZ osQ fy, ?kjksa dk fuekZ.k@ ihus osQ ikuh dh vkiwfrZ)
(N) --------------------------------- 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh vk; dk ,d eq[; Ðksr gSA
( lEifRr dj@ vfXu dj@ f'k{kk dj)

16.5 iapk;rh jkt laLFkk,a

iapk;rh jkt dh voèkkj.kk u osQoy iqjkus Hkkjrh; fo'okl ^^iap esa Hkxoku jgrk gS** ;k ^^iap
ijes'oj** ij gh vkèkkfjr gS vfirq egkRek xkaèkh }kjk iwjs mRlkg ls bldk leFkZu fd;k x;kA og yksxksa
osQ lHkh oxksZa vkSj fuEure Lrj rd yksdra=k esa fo'okl j[krs FksA xk¡èkh th gj rcosQ dh rkdr rFkk
r`.kewy yksdra=k esa fo'okl j[krs FksA og fliZQ xzke iapk;r ls gh laHko FkkA
iapk;rh jkt dk egRo
fczfV'k ;qx rd iapk;rksa us xkaoksa osQ lkekftd thou esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS vkSj xzkeh.kksa
osQ chp dbZ NksVs fooknksa dks Hkh lqy>k;k gSA fczfV'k jkt osQ vUrxZr vnkyrksa] dkuwuksa vkSj jktLo laxgz
dh ubZ O;oLFkk osQ dkj.k iapk;rksa dh iqjkuh 'kfDRk vkSj lEeku lekIr gks x;hA ;|fi Lora=k Hkkjr
osQ lafoèkku esa jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar la?kh; vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dks xzke iapk;rksa dks laxfBr
djus rFkk mUgsa ,slh 'kfDr;ka vkSj lrk nsus osQ iz;kl djus osQ funsZ'k nsrk gS] tks mUgsa Lo'kklu dh bdkbZ
osQ :i esa dk;Z djus osQ fy, vko';d gks] ijarq jkT;ksa us iapk;rh jkt dks xaHkhjrk ls ugha fy;kA vc
mUgsa laoSèkkfud ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA

168
 LFkkuh; 'kklu% 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k ekWM~;wy - 3
16.5.1 cyoar jk; esgrk desVh vkSj v'kksd esgrk desVh dh fliQkfj'ksa ljdkj dh lapjuk
cyoar jk; esgrk desVh (1957) us iapk;rh jkt osQ f=kLrjh; <kaps esa yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k osQ
rjhosQ lq>k,A bldk vFkZ Fkk fd iapk;rh jkt dks rhu Lrjksa ij LFkkfir fd;k tk,A mUgsa i;kZIr 'kfDr;k¡
vkSj lalkèku iznku fd, tkus pkfg,A iapk;rh jkt osQ rhu Lrj bl izdkj Fks%
z ftyk Lrj ij ftyk ifj"kn
z CykWd Lrj vFkok eè;orhZ Lrj ij CykWd lfefr fVIi.kh
z xkao osQ Lrj ij xzke iapk;r
bl ;kstuk esa iapk;r lfefr lcls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ FkhA ;g rhuksa laLFkk;sa (fudk;) vkil esas tqM+h
gqbZ Fkha D;ksafd fupyh laLFkk dks mQij dh laLFkk esa blosQ vè;{k osQ ekè;e ls izfrfufèkRo izkIr FkkA
cyoar jk; esgrk desVh osQ iapk;rh jkt osQ izfr:i dks lcls igys 1959 esa jktLFkku esa ykxw fd;k
x;kA ckn esa vU; jkT;ksa us Hkh bldk vuqlj.k fd;kA izkjEHk esa yksx vkSj jkT; nksuksa gh iapk;rh jkt
osQ izfr mRlkfgr FksA ijarq 'kh?kz gh ljdkjh mnklhurk vkSj jktuhfrd gLr{ksi osQ dkj.k iapk;rh jkt
dh laLFkkvksa dk iru gksus yxkA
ljdkj }kjk iapk;rh jkt dh leh{kk gsrq xfBr v'kksd esgrk desVh us 1978 esa viuh fjiksVZ lkSaihA
bl desVh dk ekuuk Fkk fd iapk;rh jkt us xzkeh.k yksxksa esa jktuhfrd tkx:drk iSnk dh Fkh] ijarq
;g vkfFkZd fodkl yk ikus esa liQy ugha jgh FkhA cyoar jk; esgrk desVh osQ foijhr v'kksd esgrk
desVh us f}Lrjh; iapk;rh jkt dk lq>ko fn;kA ;s nks Lrj bl izdkj Fks%&
z ftyk Lrj ij ftyk ifj"kn
z e.My iapk;r] xzke iapk;r vkSj iapk;r lfefr osQ chp ,d iz'kklfud bdkbZA f}Lrjh; iz.kkyh
esa eq[; cy ftyk ifj"kn ij Fkk u fd igyh desVh dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj iapk;r lfefr ijA
ijarq 1980 esa turk ljdkj osQ fxj tkus osQ dkj.k v'kksd esgrk desVh dh fliQkfj'kksa dks ykxw
ugha fd;k tk ldkA
fcgkj] mÙkj izns'k vkSj rfeyukMq tSls jkT;ksa us dkiQh le; rd iapk;rksa osQ pquko ugha djok,A
mlh le; osQUnzh; ljdkj us fodkl dk;Z Øeksa dks vius gkFk esa ysus osQ fy, dbZ ubZ ,tsfUl;ka
tSls ftyk xzkeh.k fodkl vfHkdj.k xfBr dh vkSj bu dk;ZØeksa esa iapk;rksa dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha
FkhA iapk;rksa osQ vius ikl fodkl ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, dksbZ iSlk ugha FkkA
16.5.2 73osa la'kksèku dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a
1992 esa vfèkfu;fer 73osa lafoèkku la'kksèku us iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk] l'kDrhdj.k vkSj
dk;Z iz.kkyh osQ fy, laoSèkkfud izkoèkku fd,A bl la'kksèku osQ oqQN izkoèkku jkT;ksa osQ fy, ckè;dkjh
Fks tcfd vU; dks lEcfUèkr jkT; dh foèkkf;dk osQ foosd ij NksM+ fn;k x;kA bl la'kksèku dh izeq[k
fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa&
u;s dkuwu dh oqQN vfuok;Z vko';drk,a gSa%&
z xzke lHkkvksa dk xBuA
z ftyk] CykWd vkSj xzke Lrjksa ij iapk;rh jkt osQ f=kLrjh; <kaps dh jpukA

169
 ekWM~;wy- 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk z lHkh Lrjkas ij yxHkx lHkh inksa dks lhèks pquko }kjk HkjukA
z iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa osQ fy, pquko yM+us dh U;wure vk;q 21 o"kZ djukA
z ftyk vkSj CykWd Lrj ij vè;{k (pS;jeSu) in dks vizR;{k pquko }kjk HkjukA
z iapk;rksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, lhVksa dk mudh tula[;k osQ
vuqikr esa vkj{k.k djuk vkSj iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa osQ fy, ,d frgkbZ lhVsa vkjf{kr djukA
fVIi.kh z izR;sd jkT; esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa osQ pquko djokus osQ fy, jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx dk xBu
djukA
z iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gS_ ;fn vofèk iwjh gksus ls igys os Hkax gkas rks u,
pquko Ng ekl osQ Hkhrj djokuk] vkSj
z izR;sd jkT; esa ,d jkT; foRr vk;ksx dk izR;sd 5 o"kZ esa xBu djuk (d`i;k 74osa lafoèkku
la'kksèku dks nsa[ks)
oqQN ,sls izkoèkku tks ckè;dkjh ugha gS] ijarq osQoy ekxZn'kZd gSa%&
z osQUnzh; vkSj jkT; foèkkf;dkvksa dks bu laLFkkvkas esa er nsus dk vfèkdkj nsukA
z fiNM+s oxZ dks vkj{k.k iznku djukA
z iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks VSDl vkSj 'kqYd yxkus osQ lacaèk esa foRrh; 'kfDr;ka nh tkuh pkfg,
vkSj iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks Lok;r fudk; cukus osQ fy, iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A

16.6 iapk;rksa dh lajpuk

73osa la'kksèku osQ vuqlkj iapk;rh jkt iz.kkyh f=kLrjh; <kaps okyh gS tks izR;sd Lrj osQ fy, lhèks pquko
ij vkèkkfjr gSA ;s rhu Lrj gSa& xkao] eè;orhZ vkSj ftyk LrjA chl yk[k ls de vkcknh okys jkT;ksa
dks eè;orhZ Lrj ls NwV nh xbZ gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd mUgsa eè;orhZ Lrj u j[kus dh Lora=krk gSA iapk;r
osQ lHkh lnL; izR;{k :i ls pqus tkrs gSaA jkT; foèkku lHkk vkSj laln dk Hkh ftyk vkSj eè;orhZ
Lrj ij izfrfufèkRo fn;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn jkT; crykuk pkgs rksA eè;orhZ Lrj dh iapk;rksa dks izk;%
iapk;r lfefr dgk tkrk gSA xzke iapk;r osQ vè;{k (ljiap) dks CykWd vkSj ftyk Lrj dh iapk;r
eas lfEefyr djus osQ izkoèkku fd, x, gSaA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k
dk mYys[k igys fd;k tk pqdk gSA ijarq ;gka ;g vko';d gS fd oqQy lhVksa dk ,d frgkbZ efgykvksa
osQ fy, vkjf{kr fd;k x;k gS vkSj bl dksVs esa ls ,d frgkbZ vuqlfw pr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlfw pr tutkfr;ksa
dh efgykvksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr gSaA vkjf{kr lhVksa dks vyx&vyx iapk;r {ks=k osQ pquko {ks=kksa esa
ckjh&ckjh ls ?kqek dj fuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA jkT; foèkku lHkk,a vU; fiNM+s oxZ osQ fy, Hkh vfrfjDr
vkj{k.k iznku dj ldrh gSaA
(i) dk;Zdky

la'kksèku iapk;rksa osQ fujUrj vfLrRo dk izkoèkku djrk gSA fdlh iapk;r dk lkekU; dk;Zdky ikap
o"kZ gSA ;fn dksbZ iapk;r igys Hkax gksrh gS rks mlosQ fy, Ng eghus osQ vanj pquko djok, tkrs gSaA
iapk;rksa osQ pquko djokus] muosQ fujh{k.k] funsZ'ku ,oa fu;a=k.k ,oa ernkrk lwph rS;kj djus osQ fy,
jkT; Lrjh; pquko vk;ksx dk izkoèkku gSA

170
 LFkkuh; 'kklu% 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k ekWM~;wy - 3
(ii) iapk;rksa dh 'kfDr;ka vkSj nkf;Ro ljdkj dh lapjuk
jkT; foèkku lHkk,a iapk;rksa dks ,slh 'kfDr;ka vkSj vfèkdkj ns ldrh gSa tks mUgsa r`.kewy Lrj ij
Lo'kklu dh laLFkk cuus osQ fy, vko';d gksaA mUgsa vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj lkekftd U;k; osQ fy,
;kstuk,a cukus dk nkf;Ro lkSaik tk ldrk gSA 29 egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa tSls d`f"k] izkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed
f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj liQkbZ] xkzeh.k vkokl] detksj oxksZa dk dY;k.k] ou {ks=k bR;kfn ,oa bl izdkj
osQ vU; fo"k;ksa ij vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj lkekftd U;k; dh ;kstuk,a muosQ }kjk cukbZ tk ldrh gSaA
fVIi.kh
16.7 iapk;rh jkt osQ rhu Lrj
(i) xzke Lrj ij iapk;r

;g iapk;rh jkt dk vkèkkj vFkok vkèkkjHkwr Lrj gSA fdlh ,d xkao vFkok xkaoksa osQ lewg osQ fy,
iapk;r esa (d) xzke lHkk] (izR;{k yksdra=k dh izrhd) vkSj ([k) xzke iapk;r gksrh gSaA
(a) xzke lHkk

izR;{k yksdra=k dh laLFkk xzke lHkk dks ekU;rk nsuk] 73osa la'kksèku dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA xkaoksa
osQ lHkh o;Ld fuoklh xzke lHkk osQ lnL; gksrs gSAa vr% ns'k esa izR;{k yksdra=k dh ;g vosQyh laLFkk gSA
lkekU;r% xzke lHkk dh o"kZ esa nks cSBosaQ@lHkk,a gksrh gSaA bu lHkkvksa esa xzke lHkk yksxksa dh vke lHkk
gksus osQ ukrs iapk;rksa dh okf"kZd vk;&O;; dk O;kSjk] ys[kk fujh{k.k vFkok iapk;rksa dh iz'kklfud
fjiksVZ dks lqurh gSA ;g iapk;rksa }kjk fy, tkus okyh ubZ fodklkRed ifj;kstukvksa dks Hkh Lohd`fr
iznku djrh gSA ;g xkao osQ xjhc yksxksa dh igpku djus esa Hkh lgk;rk iznku djrh gS rkfd mUgsa
vkfFkZd lgk;rk nh tk losQA
(b) xzke iapk;r

ns'k esa iapk;rh jkt dk fupyk Lrj xzke Lrjh; iapk;r gSA vfèkdka'k jkT;ksa esa bls xzke iapk;r osQ :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA xzke iapk;r osQ lnL; turk }kjk izR;{k :i ls pqus tkrs gSaA xzke iapk;r osQ lnL;ksa
dh la[;k dks xkao dh tula[;k osQ vkèkkj ij fuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA vr% ;g izR;sd xkao osQ fy,
fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA ,dy lnL; pquko {ks=k osQ vkèkkj ij pquko djok, tkrs gSaA tSlk fd igys
mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd oqQYk lhVksa dh la[;k dk ,d frgkbZ efgykvksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr gS vkSj oqQN
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, ftuesa ,d frgkbZ vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa dh
efgykvksa osQ fy, gSA
vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa xzke iapk;rksa osQ vè;{k dks vyx&vyx uke ls tSls ljiap] izèkku vFkok eqf[k;k
iqdkjk tkrk gSA ,d mikè;{k Hkh gksrk gSA nksuksa oQks iapk;r osQ lnL; pqurs gSaA xzke iapk;ras lkèkkj.kr;k
eghus esa ,d ckj viuh cSBoQ djrh gSaA iapk;rsa lHkh Lrjksa ij viuk dke pykus osQ fy, lfefr;ka
xfBr djrh gSaA
(ii) iapk;r lfefr%

iapk;rh jkt dk nwljk vFkok eè;e Lrj iapk;r lfefr gS tks xkze iapk;r vkSj ftyk ifj"kn osQ
chp dh dM+h gSA iapk;r lfefr dh lnL; la[;k Hkh lfefr {ks=k dh tula[;k ij fuHkZj djrh

171
 ekWM~;wy- 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk gSA iapk;r lfefr esa oqQN lnL; lhèks fuokZfpr gksrs gSaA xzke iapk;rksa osQ vè;{k iapk;r lfefr osQ
insu lnL; gksrs gSaA ijarq lHkh iapk;rksa osQ vè;{k ,d gh le; ij iapk;r lfefr osQ lnL; ugha
gksrsA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ,d le; ij oqQN gh xzke iapk;rksa osQ vè;{k blosQ lnL; gksrs gSaA
oqQN iapk;rksa esa {ks=k ls lacafèkr foèkk;dksa] foèkku ifj"kn osQ lnL;ksa vkSj lkalnksa dks Hkh lfefr osQ
lnL; osQ :i esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA iapk;r lfefr osQ vè;{k dks izk;% izR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr
lnL;ksa esa ls pquk tkrk gSA
fVIi.kh (iii) ftyk ifj"kn

ftyk Lrj ij ftyk ifj"kn iapk;rh jkt dk lcls mPp Lrj gSA bl laLFkk osQ vyx oqQN lnL;
izR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr fd, tkrs gSa ftudh la[;k ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; esa vyx gksrh gS D;ksfa d
;g Hkh tula[;k ij vkèkkfjr gSA iapk;r lfefr;ksa osQ vè;{k ftyk ifj"kn osQ insu lnL; gksrs
gSaA ftyk ls lacaèk j[kus okys lkaln] foèkku lHkk vkSj foèkku ifj"kn osQ lnL;ksa dks Hkh ftyk
ifj"kn dk lnL; ukekafdr fd;k tkrk gSA
ftyk ifj"kn osQ pS;jilZu] ftls vè;{k dgk tkrk gS] dks izR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr lnL;ksa esa ls
pquk tkrk gSA okbZl pS;jeSu ;k mikè;{k dks Hkh blh izdkj pquk tkrk gSA ftyk ifj"kn dh ehfVax
ekl esa ,d ckj dh tkrh gSA fo'ks"k ekeyksa ij ppkZ osQ fy, fo'ks"k cSBosQa dh tk ldrh gSaA
fo"k; lfefr;ka Hkh cukbZ tkrh gaSA
insu lnL; blfy, in ij ugha gksrk fd mls fuokZfpr fd;k x;k gS vfirq mlosQ ikl nwljk
dksbZ in gksus osQ dkj.k og in dk gdnkj gksrk gSA

16.7.1 iapk;rh jkt LkaLFkkvksa osQ dk;Z

iapk;rh jkt laLFkk,a os lc dk;Z djrh gSa ftUgsa jkT; dkuwuksa esa iapk;rh jkt osQ fy, fu/kZfjr fd;k
x;k gSA lkekU; :i ls mlosQ dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%&
(i) xzke iapk;r osQ dk;Z

oqQN jkT; xzke iapk;r osQ vfuok;Z vkSj ,sfPNd dk;ksaZ esa Hksn djrs gSa tcfd vU; jkT; ,slk ugha djrsA
liQkbZ] lkoZtfud lM+dksa dh liQkbZ] lkoZtfud oqQvksa dk fuekZ.k] xfy;ksa esa izdk'k dh O;oLFkk]
lkekftd LokLF; rFkk izkFkfed vkSj izkS<+ f'k{kk bR;kfn ls lacafèkr ukxfjd dk;Z xzke iapk;rksa osQ
vfuok;Z dk;Z gSaA ,sfPNd dk;Z iapk;rksa osQ lalkèkuksa ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA os ,sls dk;Z dj vFkok ugha
Hkh dj ldrs tSls lM+dksa osQ nksuksa nksuksa vksj o`{k yxokuk] i'kq iztuu osQUnz LFkkfir djuk] cky vkSj
izlwfr dY;k.k osQUnz LFkkfir djuk] o`Qf"k dks c<+kok nsuk] bR;kfnA
73osa la'kksèku osQ ckn xzke iapk;r osQ dk;ksZa dk {ks=k foLr`r gqvk gSA iapk;r {ks=k dh okf"kZd fodkl
;kstuk,a cukuk] okf"kZd ctV] izkd`frd vkinkvksa esa jkgr dk;Z] lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij vfrØe.k gVkuk]
xjhch gVkus osQ dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw djuk ,oa ns[k&js[k djus tSls dk;Z vc iapk;rksa }kjk fd, tkus dh
vk'kk dh tkrh gSA xzke lHkk osQ ekè;e ls ykHkkfUor gksus okyksa dk p;u] lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh]
xSj ikjEifjd mQtkZ Ðksr] ifj"o`Qr pwYgs] ck;ks&xSl IykUV~l Hkh oqQN jkT;ksa esa xzke iapk;rksa dks lkSai fn,
x, gSaA

172
 LFkkuh; 'kklu% 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k ekWM~;wy - 3
(ii) iapk;r lfefr osQ dk;Z ljdkj dh lapjuk
iapk;r lfefr;ka fodkl dk;ksZa dk osQUnz gSaA CykWd fodkl vfèkdkjh muosQ 'kh"kZ in ij gksrk gSA o`Qf"k]
Hkwfe lqèkkj] ikuh osQ laxzg.k dk fodkl] rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk bR;kfn tSls dk;Z budks lkSais
x, gSaA nwljs izdkj osQ dk;ksZa dk lacaèk oqQN fof'k"V ;kstukvksa dks ykxw djus ls gS ftuosQ fy, èkujkf'k
fuf'pr gksrh gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd iapk;r lfefr dks fuf'pr ifj;kstukvksa ij iSlk [kpZ djuk gksrk
gSA LFkku vFkok ykHkHkksfx;ksa dks pquus dk vfèkdkj iapk;r lfefr osQ ikl miyCèk gSA
(iii) ftyk ifj"kn osQ dk;Z fVIi.kh
ftyk ifj"kn ftys dh iapk;r lfefr;ksa dks tksM+rh gSA ;g mudh xfrfofèk;ksa osQ lkFk rky esy djrh
gS vkSj mudh dk;Z iz.kkyh dk fujh{k.k djrh gSA ;g ftyk dh ;kstuk,a cukrh gS vkSj jkT; ljdkj
dks izLrqr djus osQ fy, lfefr dh ;kstukvksa dk ftyk ;kstukvksa esa lekdyu djrh gSA ftyk ifj"kn
iwjs ftys osQ fodkl dk;ksaZ dh ns[kHkky djrh gSA ;g d`f"k mRiknu dks c<+kus] Hkw ty lalkèkuksa osQ nksgu]
xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k dks c<+kus rFkk forj.k vkSj jkstxkj iznku djus okyh xfrfofèk;ksa dks 'kq: djus]
lM+osaQ cukus rFkk vU; lkoZtfud dk;ksZa dks vius gkFk esa ysrh gSA ;g izkd`frd vkinkvksa ,oa vHkko
osQ nkSjku jkgr dk;Z tSls dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z] vukFkky;ksa vkSj fuèkZu x`g] jSu clsjs] efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa
osQ dY;k.k] bR;kfn osQ dk;Z Hkh djrh gSA
blosQ lkFk gh ftyk ifj"kn osQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk izk;ksftr dk;ZØeksa osQ varxZr fn, x, dk;ksZa
dks Hkh djrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk osQUnz }kjk izk;ksftr ,d cM+h ;kstuk gS ftlosQ
fy, iSlk lhèks fn;k tkrk gSA bldk mn~ns'; jkstxkj osQ volj miyCèk djkuk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 16.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) iapk;rh jkt voèkkj.kk dh iSjoh-----------------------us dh FkhA
EkgkRek xkaèkh] tokgj yky usgjQ] ljnkj iVsy
([k) f=kLrjh; iz.kkyh dh lcls igys -----------------------desVh us odkyr dh FkhA
v'kksd esgrk desVh@cyoar jk; esgrk@lqjs'k esgrk
(x) iapk;rh jkt dk eè;orhZ Lrj ------------------------ gSA
ftyk ifj"kn@ iapk;r lfefr@ xzke iapk;rA
(?k) 73osa la'kksèku us LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ foÙk dks fu;fer djus osQ fy, -------------------------------- dk
izkoèkku fd;kA
jkT; ;kstuk cksMZ] jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx] jkT; for vk;ksxA
(Ä) iapk;r lfefr {ks=kksa esa fodkl xfrfofèk;ksa esa rkyesy djus osQ fy,------------------mÙkjnk;h gSA
ftyk eftLVªsV] mi e.My vfèkdkjh] [k.M fodkl vfèkdkjh

173
 ekWM~;wy- 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk (p) --------------------------- izR;{k yksdra=k dh izrhd gSA
xzke lHkk] xzke iapk;r] ftyk ifj"kn
(N) iapk;r lfefr;ksa osQ vè;{k ------------------------------------ osQ insu lnL; gksrs gSaA
U;k; iapk;r@ xzke lHkk@ ftyk ifj"knA

fVIi.kh
16.8 iapk;rksa dh vk; osQ lzksr
iapk;rsa viuk dke rHkh izHkko'kkyh <ax ls dj ldrh gSa tc muosQ ikl i;kZIr foRrh; lalkèku gksaA
lalkèkuksa osQ fy, iapk;rsa eq[;r% jkT; ljdkj osQ vuqnku ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA muosQ ikl dj yxkus
dh 'kfDr Hkh gksrh gS vkSj viuh vFkok fufgr lEifRk ls Hkh oqQN vk; gksrh gSA jkT; ljdkj }kjk yxk,
x, ,oa ,df=kr fd, x, VSDlksa] 'kqYdksa vkSj izos'k dj esa ls mUgsa fgLlk fey ldrk gSA vkb;s] ge
vc ns[ksa fd iapk;rksa osQ ikl vius dk;Z djus osQ fy, D;k lalkèku miyC/ gSaA
(i) xzke iapk;r

vfèkdka'k jkT;ksa esa VSDl yxkus dh 'kfDr xzke iapk;rksa osQ ikl gSA x`g dj] i'kqvksa ,oa vpy lEifRr
ij dj] O;olkf;d iQlysa] ikuh fudklh ij VSDl] xkao esa csps x, mRikn ij dj] ?kjksa esa fn, x,
ikuh ij dj] izdk'k miyCèk djkus ij dj rFkk iapk;r }kjk yxk, x, oqqQN 'kqYd iapk;r }kjk yxk,
x, dj gSaA iapk;rsa vLFkk;h :i ls yxs fFk;sVj ij euksjatu dj] i'kqvksa ij rFkk fdjk;s osQ fy, pyk,
tkus okys xSj ;kaf=kd okguksa ij Hkh VSDl yxk ldrh gSaA
xzke iapk;rksa dks mudh lEifr tSls eSnku] pkjkxkg] taxyksa bR;kfn ls Hkh vk; osQ :i esa dks"k izkIr
gksrk gSA xkscj] dwM+k vkSj tkuojksa osQ e`r 'kjhjksa dks cspus ls Hkh xzke iapk;r oQks vk; gksrh gSA os jkT;
osQ Hkw&jktLo esa Hkh viuk fgLlk izkIr djrs gSaA
(ii) iapk;r lfefr

iapk;r lfefr vius }kjk iznku dh xbZ lqfoèkkvksa ij VSDl yxk ldrh gS tSls is; ty vFkok flapkbZ
osQ fy, fn, x, ikuh] izdk'k izcaèkksa] vius izcaèk esa j[ks x, iqyksa] bR;kfn ijA iapk;r lfefr dh lEifr
esa lkoZtfud Hkou] vius dks"k ls fufeZr vkSj j[k&j[kko okyh lkoZtfud lM+osaQ vkSj lkjh Hkwfe vFkok
ljdkj }kjk LFkkukUrfjr vU; lEifr lfEefyr gksrh gSaA iapk;rsa viuh lEifRr ls vk; izkIr djrh gSaA
os jkT; ljdkj ls vuqnku Hkh izkIr djrh gSaA ftyk iapk;rsa vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa Hkh eè;orhZ Lrjksa }kjk
ykxw gksus okyh ;kstukvksa osQ fy, iSlk LFkkukUrfjr djrh gSaA

Vksy VSDl muls fy;k tkrk gS tks fdlh lqfoèkk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA blfy, fdlh iqy ij ls
xqtjus okyksa ls ,d ukeek=k dh jkf'k iqy osQ Vksy VSDl osQ :i esa yh tk ldrh gSA

(iii) ftyk ifj"kn~

ftyk ifj"kn~ Hkh VSDl yxkus dk vfèkdkj j[krh gSA os Ng ekl ls xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dkjksckj djus okyksa
ij] nykyksa ij] muosQ }kjk LFkkfir ekfdZV esa vk<+r djus okyksa ij rFkk bl ekfdZV esa lkeku dh fcØh
ij VSDl yxk ldrh gSA ftyk ifj"kn Hkw&jktLo ij Hkh VSDl yxk ldrh gSA tc dksbZ fodkl ;kstuk

174
 LFkkuh; 'kklu% 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k ekWM~;wy - 3
mls lkSaih tkrh gS rks vko';d dks"k Hkh iznku fd;k tkrk gSA os jkT; ljdkj ls vuqnku Hkh izkIr djrh ljdkj dh lapjuk
gSa] èkekFkZ laLFkkvksa ls nku izkIr dj ldrh gSa vkSj ½.k Hkh ys ldrh gSaA

16.9 iapk;rh jkt dk ewY;kdau

xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa Lrjksa ij r`.kewy Lrj ij yksdra=k dh voèkkj.kk iQy&iwQy ugha ikbZ bl
vliQyrk osQ ihNs oqQN eq[; dkj.k iz'kklu dk jktuhfrdj.k] fuokZfpr laLFkkvksa esa vijkfèk;ksa dk
izos'k] O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj] tkrh; vkSj oxhZ; foHkktu] tu dY;k.k osQ mij LokFkZ dks izkFkfedrk vkSj fVIi.kh
pqukoh vukpkj gSaA 73oka la'kksèku vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa] fiNM+s oxksZa vkSj efgykvksa
osQ fy, lhVsa vkjf{kr djosQ xkaoksa osQ <kaps esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ykuk pkgrk gSA ijarq mfpr f'k{kk dh
deh] izf'k{k.k vkSj vkfFkZd Lora=krk dh deh osQ dkj.k ;s lewg viuh 'kfDr izdV djus eas vleFkZ
gSAa fuj{kjrk] xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh eq[; ckèkk,a gSAa bu leL;kvksa ls tw>us osQ fy, vko';d dne mBkus
cgqr t:jh gSa ftlls lgHkkxh fodkl gks losQA ;|fi efgykvksa osQ fy, lhVksa osQ vkj{k.k dks muosQ
iqjQ"k lkfFk;ksa&vfèkdka'kr% muosQ ifr;ksa us xyr iz;ksx fd;k gS] ijarq fuf'pr :i ls blus efgykvksa
dks oqQN gn rd l'kDr fd;k gSA og vius vfèkdkjksa vkSj nkf;Roksa osQ izfr vfèkd tkx:d gksrh tk
jgh gSa vkSj oqQN ekeyksa esa rks viuh 'kfDr iznf'kZr dj jgh gSaA fu'p; gh ;g cgqr ldkjkRed fodkl
gSA
uohure lafoèkku la'kksèkuksa us LFkkuh; Lo'kklh fudk;ksa osQ foRrh; lalkèkuksa oQks O;kid fd;k gSA fiQj
Hkh mUgsa iSls dh deh gSA mUgsa dj yxkus dh 'kfDr nh xbZ gS ij os i;kZIr dj ,df=kr ugha dj ikrsA
vr% lalkèkuksa dh deh osQ dkj.k iapk;rsa Lo'kklh laLFkkvksa osQ :i esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkus vFkok
xzkeh.k {ks=k esa vkfFkZd fodkl djus esa liQy ugha gqbZ gaSA iapk;rksa ij jkT; ljdkj osQ vusd fu;a=k.k
gSAa jkT; ljdkjksa dks muosQ izLrko jn~n djus vkSj mUgsa Hkax djus rd dk vfèkdkj gSA ijarq 73osa la'kksèku
us jkT;ksa osQ fy, ;g vfuok;Z dj fn;k gS fd os iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa osQ Hkax gksus osQ Ng ekl osQ
vanj muosQ pquko djok;saA
;g vko';d gS fd yksx yksdrkaf=kd <ax ls fuokZfpr iapk;rksa esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh djsaA bls xzke lHkk
osQ ekè;e ls lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA xzke lHkkvksa osQ ekè;e ls yksx iapk;rks als iz'u dj ldrs
gSa vkSj Li"Vhdj.k dh ekax dj ldrs gSaA xzke lHkk yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa vkSj izkFkfedrkvksa esa
rkyesy dj ldrh gS vkSj xzke fodkl dh fn'kk Hkh fu;ksftr dj ldrh gSA xzke lHkk,a r``.kewy Lrj
ij yksdra=k lajf{kr djus dh Hkwfedk liQyrkiwod Z fuHkk ldrh gSa ;fn mUgsa i;kZIr vfèkdkj iznku fd,
tk,aA xzkeh.k {ks=k dk lEiw.kZ vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd fodkl etcwr iapk;rksa ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA fuEure Lrj ij yksdra=k dh cqfu;kn osQ :i esa iapk;rksa dks muesa fo'okl trkdj rFkk mUgsa i;kZIr
iz'kklfud vkSj foRrh; 'kfDr;ka nsdj ,oa yksxksa dh lfØ; lrdZrk vkSj Hkkxhnkjh dks izksRlkfgr djosQ
l'kDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 16.3

izR;sd iz'u osQ ckn fn, x, dks"Bd ls lgh mÙkj pqfu, :
(d)xkscj] dwM+k vkSj tkuojksa osQ e`r 'kjhjksa osQ foØ; ls vk; dkSu izkIr djrk gS\
(ftyk ifj"kn@iapk;r lfefr@ xzke iapk;r)

175
 ekWM~;wy- 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk ([k)Vksy VSDl D;k gS\
(lkoZtfud lEifr osQ foØ; ij dj@iqy vFkok lM+d iz;ksx djus ij dj@fctyh ij dj)
(x) deh'ku ,tsUVksa (nykyksa@vk<+fr;ksa) ij VSDl dkSu yxkrk gS\
(ftyk ifj"kn@iapk;r lfefr@U;k; iapk;r)
(?k) vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ fy, lhVsa vkjf{kr djus dk D;k mn~ns';
fVIi.kh FkkA
(vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fodkl osQ fy,@lg;ksx c<+kus osQ fy, xk¡o osQ lkekftd <akps dks cnyus osQ
fy,)
(Ä) Lo'kklh laLFkkvksa osQ :i esa iapk;rsa viuh Hkwfedk iwjh djus esa D;ksa v{ke gSaA
(lalkèkuksa dh deh@;qokvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dh deh@ jktuhfrd oxZ dk gLr{ksi)
(p) dkSu&lh laLFkk yksdrkaf=kr <ax ls fuokZfpr izfrfufèk;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk lqfuf'pr dj ldrh gS\
(jkT; foèkku lHkk@ftyk ifj"kn@xzke lHkk)

vkius D;k lh[kk gS

'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk; rhu izdkj osQ gSa% egkuxjksa esa uxj fuxe] eè;e vkSj NksVs dLcksa esa uxj ikfydk,a
vkSj v¼Z'kgjh vkckfn;ksa esa uxj iapk;rsAa lHkh izdkj osQ 'kgjh LFkkuh; 'kkldksa dks yksxksa }kjk pquko {ks=kksa
osQ vkèkkj ij yksdrkaf=kr <ax ls pquk tkrk gSA 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk; 'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa osQ fy, uhfr;ka
cukrs gSa] jktLo mxkgrs gSa vkSj viuk ctV ikfjr djrs gSaA 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ jktLo dk lcls
egRoiw.kZ lzksr Hkwfe vkSj Hkouksa ij yxk;k x;k lEifr dj gSA ljdkj ls izkIr lgk;rk vuqnku jktLo
dk ,d vU; lzksr gSA 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk; gekjs 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa vfuok;Z ukxfjd lsok,a vkSj lqfoèkk,a
iznku djrk gS rFkk ;g LFkkuh; Lrj ij r`.kewy yksdra=k dk izfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA
gekjs ns'k esa xzke osQ Lrj ij iapk;r lcls izkphu laLFkk gSA iapk;rsa r`.kewy Lrj ij yksdra=k dh
izkFkfed laLFkkvksa osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh jgh gSaA 73osa la'kksèku us mUgsa laoSèkkfud ntkZ iznku fd;kA
xzkeh.k fodkl dk dk;Z vc iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vc 'kksf"kr oxksZa] vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa] fiNM+s oxksZa vkSj efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls r`.kewy laLFkk,a vkSj etcwr
gksaxhA ;|fi iwjs ns'k esa iapk;rh jkt ,d tSlk ugha gS ysfdu vfèkdka'k jkT;ksa esa f=kLrjh; <kapk gSA ftyk
Lrj ij ftyk ifj"kn] eè;orhZ Lrj ij iapk;r lfefr vkSj fuEure Lrj vFkok xzke Lrj ij xzke
iapk;rA yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k dh iqf"V osQ fy, xzkeh.k turk dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh vkSj lrdZrk
vfuok;Z gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1. 'kgjh LFkkuh; 'kklu D;k gS\
2. 74osa lafoèkku la'kksèku osQ }kjk ykxw fd, x, eq[; lqèkkj D;k gSa\

176
 LFkkuh; 'kklu% 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k ekWM~;wy - 3
3. 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ izeq[k dk;Z fyf[k,A ljdkj dh lapjuk
4. 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh vk; osQ egRoiw.kZ lzksrksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
5. iapk;rh jkt osQ f=kLrjh; <kaps dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A
6. Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku osQ 73osa la'kksèku dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dh la{ksi esa ppkZ dhft,A
7. cyoar jk; esgrk desVh dh fliQkfj'kksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
fVIi.kh
8. yksdra=k dh vkèkkjHkwr laLFkkvksa osQ :i esa iapk;rksa dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dk ewY;kdau dhft,A
vfrfjDr vè;;u
1992 osQ 73osa vkSj 74osa lafoèkku la'kksèku ,DV dks if<+,A
fdlh fudV dh iapk;r esa tkb;s] mlosQ usrkvksa ls ckr djosQ tkfu;s fd iapk;r ml {ks=k
osQ fy, D;k dj jgh gSA yksxksa ls Hkh ckr dhft, vkSj iwfN, fd D;k os iapk;r dh ;kstukvksa
vkSj mldh dk;Z iz.kkyh osQ izfr tkx:d gSaA vkiosQ xkao vFkok fudVorhZ xkao osQ fodkl esa
iapk;r dh D;k Hkwfedk jgh gSA

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

16.1
(d)uxj fuxe
([k),d frgkbZ
(x) uxj fuxe vkSj uxj ikfydk,a
(?k) ikap
(Ä) fuxe vk;qDr
(p) ihus osQ ikuh dh vkiwfrZ
(N) lEifr dj
16.2
(d)egkRek xkaèkh
([k)cyoar jk; esgrk
(x) iapk;r lfefr
(?k) jkT; foRr vk;ksx
(Ä) [k.M fodkl vfèkdkjh
(p) xzke lHkk
(N) ftyk ifj"kn

177
 ekWM~;wy- 3 jktuhfr foKku
ljdkj dh lajpuk 16.3
(d)xzke iapk;r
([k)iqy vkSj lM+osaQ iz;ksx djus ij VSDl
(x) ftyk ifj"kn
(?k) xkao osQ lkekftd <kaps dks cnyus osQ fy,
fVIi.kh
(Ä) lalkèkuksa dh deh
(p) xzke lHkk
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 16.1 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 16.2 ns[ksa
3. [k.M 16.4 ns[ksa
4. [k.M 16.4.1 ns[ksa
5. [k.M 16.7 ns[ksa
6. [k.M 16.5.2 ns[ksa
7. [k.M 16.5.1 ns[ksa
8. [k.M 16.9 ns[ksa

178
 LFkkuh; 'kklu% 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k ekWM~;wy - 3
mPprj ekè;fed ikB~;Øe ljdkj dh lapjuk
jktuhfr foKku
vH;kl osQ fy, iz'u&1
vfèkdre vadµ100 le;&3 ?kaVs
fVIi.kh
funsZ'k&
z lHkh iz'uksa osQ mÙkj vyx&vyx i`"Bksa ij fy[ksa
z vius lHkh ewY;kadu i=kksa ij fuEufyf[kr lwpuk vo'; nsa%
z uke
z ukekadu la[;k
z fo"k;
z vè;;u dk;Z la[;k
z irk
z vius vè;;u dk;Z dk ewY;kadu vius vè;;u osQUnz ij gh fo"k; f'k{kd }kjk djk;sa rkfd vkidks vkidh miyfCèk
osQ ckjs esa lgh funsZ'k fey losQA

viuk ewY;kadu i=k jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku dk;kZy; esa u Hkstsa
1. xkuZj }kjk nh xbZ jktuhfr foKku dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A 2
2. ml vkèkkjHkwr 'kCn dks crkb, ftlls ^jkftuhfr* 'kCn fy;k x;k gSA mldk 'kfCnd vFkZ Hkh fyf[k,A 2
3. jktuhfr foKku ,oa jktuhfr esa dksbZ ,d vUrj crkb,A 2
4. ukxfjdksa osQ fdUgha nks ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dk mYys[k dhft,A. 2
5. Lora=krk D;k gS\ 2
6. jk"Vª vFkok jk"Vªh;rk dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A 2
7. izHkqlÙkk (laizHkqrk) dh ifjHkk"kk dhft,A 2
8. Úkal dh Økafr osQ eq[; vkèkkjHkwr fopkjksa dks fyf[k,A 2
9. ^loZgkjkoxZ (etnwj oxZ) dh rkuk'kkgh* ls ekDlZoknh D;k le>rs gSa\ 2
10. ^lR;kxzg* 'kCn dk vFkZ fyf[k,A 2
11. ^jktuhfr 'kfDr dk vè;;u gS* osQ lUnHkZ esa dksbZ nks ifjHkk"kk,¡ nhft,A 4
12. jkT; vkSj ljdkj osQ chp nks vUrj fyf[k,A 4
13. gesa jkT; dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS\ fdUgha nks dkj.kksa dk mYys[k dhft,A 4
14. jkT; osQ mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k dk o.kZu dhft,A 4
15. oxZfoghu vkSj jkT; foghu lekt dk o.kZu dhft,A 4

179
16. xkaèkhth lkè; rFkk lkèku dks ,d gh flDosQ osQ nks igyw D;ksa le>rs Fks\ 4
17. jktuhfr foKku osQ {ks=k dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A 4
18. ^U;k;* 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk nhft, vkSj blosQ fofHkUu vk;keksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 4
19. ^jkT;* D;k gS\ blosQ fofHkUu eq[; rRoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 4
20. jk"Vªh;rk osQ nks eq[; rRoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 2 +2 = 4
21. jktuhfr foKku osQ cnyrs gq, vFkZ dks Li"V dhft,A 8
22. jk"Vªh;rk D;k gS\ jkT; vkSj jk"Vª esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A 2+6
23. mnkjhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A mnkjhdj.k dh fdUgha rhu fopkjèkkjkvksa dks Li"V dhft,A 2+6
24 ekDlZokn D;k gS\ vkt osQ ifjizs{; esa ekDlZokn dh izklafxdrk dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2+6
25. xkaèkhokn dk D;k vFkZ gS\ ik'pkR; lH;rk osQ vkykspd osQ :i esa xkaèkhth dh Hkwfedk dh OI;k[;k dhft, 8

180
 jktuhfr foKku dk mPprj ekè;fed ikB~;Øe
ewyk/kj
ekuo lekt dk vè;;u bruk vklku ugha gS ftruk ge lksprs gSaA lekt lkekftd lacaèkksa dk ,d tfVy usVooZQ gSA lekt
osQ izR;sd O;fDr osQ bu lacaèkksa esa 'kk'or (ekSfyd) ifjorZu vk jgk gSA blhfy, izR;sd lekt bu ifjorZuksa ls lkeatL;
LFkkfir djus osQ fy, ml izfØ;k ;k fofèk dh [kkst esa jgrk gSA jkT; dk mn; vFkok jktuhfrd O;oLFkk bl tfVy izfØ;k
dk ,d Hkkx gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ mís'; vkSj rjhosQ mu dk;ks± rFkk ckèkkvksa dks vkxs c<+krs gSa ftuosQ Lo:i 'kk'or
rFkk O;kid gSaA uohu izfØ;k osQ vèkhu jktuSfrd O;oLFkk osQ mís';ksa dh o`f¼ gksrh gS] ,d cgqr cM+h lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu gksrk gS ftlls thou ;kiu dh n'kkvksa esa mUufr gksrh gSA bl ifjorZu osQ Øe dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,
jktuhfr foKku lekt osQ bl foLr`r {ks=k ls lacafèkr gSA
jktuhfr foKku dk fo"k; Nk=kksa esa mu jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa] tks fd muosQ thou dks vuq'kkflr djrh gSa] osQ izfr fu.kkZ;d
tkx:drk osQ ;ksX; cukus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA bu jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk izknqHkkZo 'kkfUr] vuq'kklu rFkk lg;ksx LFkkfir
djus osQ fy, gqvk gS vU;Fkk ;s lkekftd] uSfrd vkpj.kksa rFkk èkkfeZd fo'oklksa osQ fojksèk ls oqQizHkkfor gksrh jgsaxhA
;g ikB~;Øe mu jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa tks xk¡o] 'kgj] ftyk jk"Vª vkSj fo'o Lrj ij dk;Zjr gSa] osQ ckjs esa Kku iznku djrk
gSA vr% bl ikB~;Øe osQ fofHkUu va'k jk"Vª&jkT;] iapk;rh jkt] ftyk iz'kklu] osQUnz rFkk jkT; dh ljdkj] ;gk¡ rd fd
la;qDr jk"Vª ,oa fo'o O;oLFkk ls lacafèkr gSaA ;g ikB~;Øe mu leL;kvksa vkSj eqn~nksa] ftudk lacaèk jktuhfrd izfØ;k ls
gS rFkk tks mldh dk;Z iz.kkyh osQ nkSjku mRiUu gksrs gSa] ls Hkh ljksdkj j[krk gSA
jktuhfr foKku osQ ikB~;Øe dk lacaèk osQoy jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ls gh ugha gS cfYd bldk lacaèk jktuhfrd fopkjksa ls
Hkh gSA ;s jktuhfrd fopkj yksxksas dh izÑfr] vko';drkvksa] {kerkvksa ftleasa U;k;] Lora=krk] lekurk] vfèkdkj rFkk nkf;Ro
lfEefyr gSa] ls lacaèk j[krs gSaA ;s fopkj jktuhfrd vfèkdkfj;ksa o izfrfufèk;ksa dh vko';drkvksa] mÙkjnkf;Roksa rFkk mudh
dk;Z lhekvksa ls Hkh lacaèk j[krs gSaA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd jktuhfr foKku fofHkUu Lrjksa ij ljdkjh laLFkkvksa osQ dk;Z
vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa osQ fuèkkZj.k ls lacafèkr gSA
jktuhfr foKku dk osQUnz fcUnq jkT;] jk"Vª] lekt] ljdkj vkfn dk vè;;u gSA bl ikB~;Øe osQ varxZr jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h
f'k{kk laLFkku osQ izkjafHkd ewyHkwr vkèkkjksa rFkk lanfHkZr fcUnqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA bl ckr dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gS fd
Nk=kksa dh ;ksX;rk ,oa {kerkvksa dks l'kDr cuk;k tk; vkSj osQoy lS¼kfUrdrk dks c<+kok u nsdj mudh O;kogkfjd tkudkjh
dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk;A mijksDr mís'; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, bl ikB~;Øe esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh vkSj mlosQ foLr`r
vuqHkoksa dks lekfgr fd;k x;k gSA
bl ikB~;Øe dh fo"k;oLrq eq[;r% pkj izèkku rF;ksa dk foospu djrh gSµ (i) lS¼kfUrd <kapk (ii) ljdkj osQ laxBuksa ,oa
vaxksa osQ lanHkZ esa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh :ijs[kk (iii) lafoèkku fØ;kUo;u ls mRiUu izfØ;k,a rFkk mudk O;ogkj rFkk (iv) cká
fo'o ls gekjk lacaèkA
ikB~;Øe osQ mís';
z jktuhfr foKku osQ fl¼kUrksa vkSj ikB~; lkexzh osQ izfr Nk=kksa esa #fp mRiUu djukA
z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa fo|eku n'kZu ,oa mlosQ vkSfpR; dh voèkkj.kkvksa dks tkuus dh le> iznku djukA
z Nk=kksa dks mu laLFkkvksa vkSj vaxksa osQ ckjs esa Li"V djuk ftuosQ }kjk 'kfDr lajfpr gksrh gS rFkk mls dk;Z :i esa ifjf.kr
fd;k tkrk gSA
z Nk=kksa esa fofHkUu jktuhfrd dk;Z iz.kkfy;ksa vkSj muosQ dk;kZUo;u osQ izfr xgu n`f"V fodflr djukA
z jk"Vª vkSj fo'o esa yksdra=k osQ mn; vkSj yksdrU=k osQ egRo ,oa ekU;rkvksa osQ izfr Nk=kksa dks laosnu'khy cukuk ftlls
os yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu osQ izfr ,d mÙkjnk;h ukxfjd ,oa izfrfufèk cu losQA
z ,d LoLFk ukxfjd vkSj jktuhfrd thou osQ fy, vko';d ekU;rkvksa vkSj voèkkj.kkvksa ls voxr djkukA

181
ikB~;Øe lajpuk
jktuhfr foKku dk ;g ikB~;Øe N% izeq[k ekWM;wy esa foHkDr gS] ftuosQ uke gSaµO;fDr vkSj jkT;] Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
fofHkUu igyw] ljdkj dh lajpuk] O;ogkj esa yksdra=k] Hkkjr vkSj fo'o ls lacafèkr vkèkqfud eq[; eqn~nsA blosQ vfrfjDr
Nk=kksa dks nks oSdfYid ekWM;wy esa ls ,d dks pquuk gSµ (i) fo'o O;oLFkk vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª (ii) Hkkjr esa iz'kklfud iz.kkyhA
izR;sd ekWM;wy fiQj ls ;wfuV (bdkbZ) rFkk rRi'pkr ikBksa esa foHkDr gSA
izR;sd bdkbZ (;wfuV) osQ ikB vè;;u&le; vkSj vadkssa osQ vuqlkj fuEu izdkj ls foHkDr gSa%&
dksj ekWM;wy dk bdkbZ vuqlkj foHkktu ikBksa dh vè;;u vadksa dk foHkktu
la[;k ?kaVs izfr izfr
bdkbZ ekWM;
~ y
w
ekWM~;wy 1% O;fDr ,oa jkT; 30
1.1 jktuhfr dk {ks=k 1 7 2
1.2 jk"Vª] jkT; vkSj ljdkj 2 16 7 14
1.3 izeq[k jktuhfrd fl¼kUr 1 7 5
ekWM~;wy 2% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ eq[; rRo 35
2.1 izLrkouk rFkk izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ 1 7 2
2.2 vfèkdkj vkSj drZO; rFkk jkT;
osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd rRo 2 14 5 15
2.3 la?kokn rFkk vkikrdkyhu izkoèkku 2 14 8
ekWM~;wy 3% ljdkj dh lajpuk 50
3.1 la?kh; ljdkj 3 21 8 17
3.2 jkT; ljdkj 3 21 7
3.3 LFkkuh; ljdkj 1 8 2
ekWM~;wy 4% O;ogkj esa yksdra=k 35
4.1 Hkkjr esa pquko iz.kkyh 2 14 4 12
4.2 jktuhfrd ny rFkk ncko 3 21 8
ekWM~;wy 5% izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns 35
5.1 lkEiznkf;drk] tkfr vkSj vkj{k.k 1 9 5
5.2 i;kZoj.k tkx:drk 1 8 4 15
5.3 lq'kklu 1 9 2
5.4 ekuokfèkdkj 1 9 4
ekWM~;wy 6% Hkkjr vkSj fo'o 25
6.1 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr vkSj Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk 1 9 4
6.2 :l vkSj ;w- ,l- ,- osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ lacaèk 1 8 4 12
6.3 Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'k] phu] ikfdLrku ,oa 1 8 4
Jhyadk

182
 oSdfYid ekWM~;wy (f'k{kkFkhZ dks fuEufyf[kr ekWM~;wy esa ls ,d ekWM~;wy pquuk gS)
dksj ekWM~;wy dk bdkbZ vuqlkj foHkktu ikBksa vè;;u vadksa dk foHkktu
dh osQ ?kaVs izfr izfr
la[;k bkdkbZ ekWM;
~ y
w
ekWM~;wy 1% fo'o O;oLFkk vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª 30
1.1 lelkef;d fo'o O;oLFkk 1 8 2
1.2 la;qDr jk"Vª % izeq[k vax vkSj muosQ dk;Z 1 8 5
1.3 la;qDr jk"Vª % 'kkafr vkSj fodkl dk;Z 2 14 8 15
vFkok vFkok vFkok vFkok vFkok
ekWM~;wy 2% Hkkjr esa iz'kklu iz.kkyh
2.1 yksd lsok vk;ksx % la?k ,oa jkT; 1 8 5
2.2 osQUnz] jkT; vkSj ftyk Lrj ij iz'kklfud ra=k 1 8 2 15
2.3 jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk] ukSdj'kkgh rFkk turk dh 2 14 8
f'kdk;rsa vkSj mudk fuokj.kA
oqQy 240 ?kaVs 100

ikB~;Øe fooj.k
ekWM~;wy 1% O;fDr vkSj jkT;
n`f"Vdks.k (mís';) : bl ekWM~;wy dk mís'; f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks rF;ksa vkSj muosQ vFkks± ls voxr djkuk gS] tSlsµjktuhfr vkSj
jktuhfr foKkuA blesa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks ukxfjd] jk"Vª] jkT; vkSj ljdkj osQ fofHkUu rF;ksa ls ifjfpr djk;k x;k gSA bl ekWM~;wy
esa jktuhfr osQ izeq[k fl¼kUrksa ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k gS ftlls f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa mnkjokn] ekDlZokn rFkk xkaèkhokn osQ izfr le>
dk fodkl gks losQA
1.1 jktuhfr dk {ks=k
• jktuhfr vkSj jktuhfr foKku esa vUrj
• ukxfjd] lekt] jkT; vkSj jk"Vª dh voèkkj.kk,¡A
1.2 jk"Vª] jkT; vkSj ljdkj
• jk"Vª dh voèkkj.kk
• jkT;µvFkZ vkSj mlosQ rRo
• lekt] jk"Vª] jkT; vkSj ljdkj esa vUrj
1.3 izeq[k jktuhfrd fl¼kUr
• mnkjokn
• ekDlZokn
• xk¡èkhokn
lgk;d JO; 1 n`'; dk;ZØe
• izeq[k jktuhfrd fl¼kUr

183
ekWM~;wy 2% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ eq[; igyw
n`f"Vdks.k (mís';)% bl ekWM~;wy dk eq[; mís'; Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk esa fn;s x;s vkn'kks± vkSj fl¼kUrksa osQ izfr
le> iznku djukA ekWM~;wy dks bl izdkj ;kstukc¼ fd;k x;k gS rkfd Nk=kksa esa Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku esa of.kZr ekSfyd vfèkdkj
,oa drZO;ksa osQ izfr varZn`f"V vFkok iw.kZ Kku dk fodkl gks losQA blesa ukxfjd thou esa ekSfyd drZO;ksa osQ egRo ij Hkh
tksj fn;k x;k gSA ;g mEehn dh tkrh gS fd f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa og le> iSnk gks ftlls os tku losaQ fd osQUnz vFkok jkT; dh
ljdkjsa viuh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk fuèkkZj.k lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsnksa vkSj funssZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj dj jgh gSa ;k ughaA lafoèkku
esa of.kZr funsZ'kksa dk mís'; Hkkjr esa ,d dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA bl ekWM~;wy esa of.kZr osQUnz ,oa jkT;ksa osQ
lacaèkksa esas la?kh; 'kklu dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks Hkh lkekfgr fd;k x;k gSA blosQ vfrfjDr bl ekWfM~;y
w esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks ;g Hkh voxr
djk;k x;k gS fd ladVdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls mcjus osQ fy, vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr ykxw djus osQ D;k izkoèku gSAa
2.1 izLrkouk vkSj eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡
• lafoèkku lHkk
• izLrkouk
• izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• ,d ,slk vkfM;ks (JO;) dk;ZØe rS;kj fd;k tk; tks izLrkouk eas fn;s x;s vkn'kks± vkSj fl¼kUrksa dks Li"V dj
losQA
2.2 vfèkdkj] drZO; vkSj jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd rRo
• ekSfyd vfèkdkj
• ekSfyd drZO;
• jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd rRo
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh igpku vkSj mudk o.kZu djrh gqbZ ,d fiQYeA
• vuqPNsn 51 ^,* esa of.kZr X;kjg ekSfyd drZO;ksa dh igpku vkSj mudk o.kZu djrh gqbZ ,d fiQYeA
2.3 la?kokn vkSj vkikrdkyhu izkoèkku
• Hkkjr esa la?kokn
• osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ lacaèk
• vkikrdky lacaèkh izkoèkku
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• lekurk dk vfèkdkj
• Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj
` • 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vfèkdkj
• èkkfeZd Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj
• laLÑfr ,oa f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj
• laoSèkkfud mipkjksa dk vfèkdkj

184
ekWM~;wy 3 % ljdkj dh lajpuk
mís';% bl ekWM~;wy dk mís'; f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks Hkkjr esa osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa dh ljdkjksa osQ rhu vaxksa vkSj muosQ dk;ks± osQ fo"k;
esa voxr djkuk gSA ;g ekWM~;wy iapk;rh jkt rFkk 'kgjh LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dh lajpuk vkSj muosQ dk;ks± osQ ckjs esa Hkh voxr
djkrk gSA
3.1 osQUnz ljdkj
• jk"Vªifr] izèkkuea=kh] eaf=kifj"kn]
• laln% nksuksa lnuksa dk xBu] muosQ dk;Z vkSj vkilh lacaèk
• loksZPp U;k;ky;% lajpuk ,oa {ks=kkfèkdkj] U;kf;d leh{kk vkSj ih-vkbZ-,y- (tufgr ;kfpdk)
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• ftl rjg ls LowQy vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ Nk=k ;qok laln dks eap ij iznf'kZr djrs gSa mlh rjg dh ,d fiQYe
laln dh dk;Zfofèk dks iznf'kZr djrh gqbZ cukbZ tk;A
3.2 jkT; ljdkj
• jkT;iky] eq[;ea=kh rFkk efU=kifj"kn
• foèkkueaMy&xBu vkSj dk;Z
• mPp&U;k;ky;] vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; rFkk yksd vnkyr
3.3 LFkkuh; ljdkj
• iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk
• 'kgjh LFkkuh; ljdkj
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• ,d JO; dk;ZØe iapk;rh jkt dk o.kZu djrs gq, cukbZ tk;A
ekWM~;wy 4 % yksdra=k dk;Z iz.kkyh
mís';% bl ekWM~;wy esa Hkkjr dh yksdrkaf=kd iz.kkyh dh dk;Zfofèk osQ izfr tkx#drk ykus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k
gSA bl ekWM~;wy esa ns'k dh fuokZpu iz.kkyh osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh nsus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA bl ekWM~;wy esa lkoZHkkSfed
o;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ egÙo ij Hkh tksj fn;k x;k gS rFkk Hkkjr esa yksdra=k dh liQyrk osQ fy, jk"Vªh; rFkk {ks=kkh; Lrjksa
ij jktuSfrd nykssa osQ ;ksxnku dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bl ekWM~;wy esa fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk Hkkjr esa Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k pquko
djkus osQ fy, mlosQ egRo vkSj dk;ks± ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA
4.1 Hkkjr esa fuokZpu
• lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj vkSj izfrfufèkRo dh iz.kkfy;k¡
• fuokZpu vk;ksx% laxBu] dk;Z ,oa Hkwfedk
• fuokZpu fofèk vksj pquko lqèkkj
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• Hkkjr esa pquko izfØ;k dks n'kkZrs gq, ,d fiQYe rS;kj dh tk; tks fd pquko ukekadu Hkjus ls ifj.kke ?kksf"kr
gksus rd gksA
• {ks=kokn vkSj {ks=kh; ny
• ncko lewg
• tuer vkSj ehfM;k
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• jktuhfrd nyksa (osQoy jk"Vªh; Lrj ij) dh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, ,dJO; lkexzh rS;kj
dh tk;A
185
ekWM~;wy 5% bl ekWM~;wy esa jk"Vªh; vkSj fo'oLrj ij mHkjrs gq, lacaèkksa ,oa eqn~nksa ij f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks tkuus rFkk le>us dk
volj iznku fd;k x;k gSA bu lacaèkksa vkSj eqn~nksa esa lkEiznkf;drk] tkfr vkSj vkj{k.k] i;kZoj.k tkx:drk] lq'kklu rFkk ekuo
vfèkdkj lfEefyr gSaA
5.1 lkEiznkf;drk] tkfr vkSj vkj{k.k
• lkEiznkf;drk dk vFkZ] dkj.k vkSj lkEiznkf;drk osQ izHkko
• Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa tkfrokn
• vkj{k.k lacaèkh uhfr rFkk jktuhfr
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• ,d JO; dk;ZØe rS;kj fd;k tk; ftlesa Hkkjr esa lkEiznkf;drk dh izÑfr rFkk blls lacafèkr leL;kvksa ij
izdk'k Mkyk tk;A
5.2 i;kZoj.k lacaèkh tkx:drk
• i;kZoj.k dk ßkl
• i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ fy, fd;s x;s ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjh iz;RuA
5.3 lq'kklu
• lq'kklu dh voèkkj.kk
• lq'kklu esa ckèkk,¡
• lq'kklu osQ fy, mik;
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• ,d JO; dk;ZØe rS;kj fd;k tk; ftlesa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj tula[;k o`f¼ dks lq'kklu osQ ekxZ esa ckèkk osQ :i
essa Li"V fd;k tk;A
5.4 ekuokfèkdkj
• ekuokfèkdkj dk vFkZ vkSj mldk fodkl
• ekuokfèkdkj lacaèkh mYya?ku
• ekuokfèkdkj osQ laj{k.k osQ mik;
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• ekuokfèkdkj dh izÑfr rFkk egRo ij ,d JO; dk;ZØe rS;kj fd;k tk; vkSj mlesa Hkkjr esa ekuo vfèkdkjksa
osQ guu dh ppkZ dh tk;A
ekWM~;wy 6% bl ekWM~;wy esa Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr vkSj mldh fo'o jktuhfr ls c<+rh gqbZ Hkkxhnkjh osQ fo"k; esa Nk=kksa dks
tkx:d fd;k x;k gSA bl ekWM~;wy eas Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ mís'; vkSj fl¼kUrksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª esa Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; iQksje (la;qDr jk"Vª) }kjk fo'o 'kkafr osQ fy, dh x;h Hkkjr
dh cpuc¼rk dk bl ekWM~;wy esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bl ekWM~;wy esa Hkkjr fo'o dh nks izeq[k 'kfDr;ksa ;w-
,l- , vkSj :l rFkk rhu iM+kslh ns'kksaµphu] ikfdLrku o Jhyadk osQ lkFk lacaèkksa dk Hkh fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k
gSA
6.1 • Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ mís'; vkSj fl¼kUr
• Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr esa xqVfujis{krk
• la;qDr jk"Vª eas Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• ,d JO; dk;ZØe rS;kj fd;k tk; ftlesa Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ izeq[k fl¼kUrksa dk o.kZu fd;k tk; rFkk
fons'k uhfr osQ izeq[k eqn~nksa tSls d'ehj] ijek.kq uhfr] vkfn fo"k; ij okrkZ (okn&fookn) dk izk;kstu fd;k
tk,A
6.2 Hkkjr osQ ;w- ,l- ,- rFkk :l osQ lkFk lacaèk
• Hkkjr osQ ,w- ,l- ,- osQ lkFk lacaèk

186
 • Hkkjr osQ :l osQ lkFk lacaèk
6.3 Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh ns'kµphu] ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk
• Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ lacaèkksa osQ izeq[k eqn~ns
• Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dk lacaèk
• Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk dk lacaèk
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy 1 : fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa la;qDr jk"Vª
n`f"Vdks.k% bl ekWM;wy dks bl rjg cuk;k x;k gS fd f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa lelkef;d fo'o O;oLFkk osQ iwoZ 'khr ;q¼ dh le>
iSnk gks losQA bl ekWM~;wy esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks la;qDr jk"Vª vkSj mlosQ izeq[k vaxksa] dk;Z vkSj dk;Zfofèk rFkk la;qDr
jk"Vª osQ 'kkafr dk;ks± osQ fo"k; esa Hkh crk;k x;k gSA bl ekWM~;wy esa la;qDr jk"Vª dh mu izeq[k laLFkkvksa osQ egRo
dk Hkh fo.kZu fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa la;qDr jk"Vª lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl osQ fy, ;U=k vFkok midj.k osQ :i
esa iz;ksx djrk gSA
1.1 lelkef;d fo'o O;oLFkk
• f}&èkzqoh;rk] ,d&èkzqoh;rk rFkk cgq&èkzqoh;rk
• ;q¼] fgalk vkSj vkradokn
• oS'ohdj.k rFkk vkfFkZd vlekurk,¡
1.2 la;qDr jk"Vª&izeq[k vax vkSj muosQ dk;Z
• la;qDr jk"Vª dk mís'; vkSj fl¼kUr
• izeq[k vax vkSj muosQ dk;Z
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• la;qDr jk"Vª osQ izeq[k vaxksa vkSj muosQ dk;ks± ij ,d fiQYe rS;kj dh tk;A
1.3 la;qDr jk"Vª osQ 'kkafr vkSj fodkl lacaèkh dk;Z
• la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk 'kkafr osQ fy, fd;s x;s dk;Z
• lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl ls lacafèkr laLFkk,¡
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
• la;qDr jk"Vª dh izeq[k ,tsfUl;ksa vkSj muosQ dk;ks± ij ,d fiQYe rS;kj dh tk;A
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy 2% Hkkjr dh iz'kkldh; O;oLFkk
mís'; % ;g ekWM~;wy Hkkjr esa iz'kkldh; O;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gSA izFke rks ;g osQUnz vkSj jkT; Lrj ij yksd
lsok vk;ksx ls voxr djkrk gS] nwljs osQanz] jkT; rFkk ftyk Lrj ij iz'kklfud e'khujh dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA
;g ekWM~;wy ukSdj'kkgh osQ drZO;ksa osQ ckjs eas Hkh voxr djkrk gS vkSj jktuhfrd iz'kkldksa ls lacaèk rFkk yksd
f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k dh iz.kkyh osQ fo"k; esa crkrk gSA
1.1 yksd lsok vk;ksx% osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa esa
• ukxfjd lsokvksa dk egRo
• la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx (;w-ih-,l-lh-)] jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx (ih-lh-,l-) la;qDr yksd lsok vk;ksx (TokbaV
ih- lh- ,l-)
lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe
osQUnz] jkT; vkSj ftyk Lrj ij iz'kklfud e'khujh
• osQUnz vkSj jkT; Lrj ij Hkkjr esa yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ dk;ks± vkSj egÙo ij ,d JO; dk;ZØe rS;kj fd;k tk;A

1.2 osQUnz] jkT; vkSj ftyk Lrj ij iz'kklfud e'khujh

• izèkkuea=kh dk dk;kZy; vkSj osQUnzh; lfpoky;
• jkT; lfpoky;
187
 • ftyk iz'kklu

lgk;d JO;@n`'; dk;ZØe

• osQUnz] jkT; vkSj ftyk Lrj ij iz'kklfud e'khujh dk o.kZu djrs gq, ,d JO; dk;ZØe rs;kj fd;k tk;A

1.3 jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh] ukSdj'kkgh rFkk yksd f'kdk;r fuokj.k

• fodkl dk;ks± esa ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkwfedk
• jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk vkSj ukSdj'kkgh esa lacaèk
• iz'kkldh; lqèkkj rFkk yksd f'kdk;r fuokj.k

ewY;kadu O;oLFkk
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh vke ijh{kk i¼fr }kjk ewY;kadu fd;k tk;sxk vkSj V~;wVj ekoZ~QM ,lkbuesUV (Vh-,e-,-) osQ }kjk mudh
fujUrj rFkk O;kid cksèkxE;rk dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk;sxkA
ewY;kadu dh fofèk vofèk vad iz'u i=k

eq[;@la=kkar ijh{kk 3 ?kaVk 100 1

Vh-,e-,--I Vh-,e-,--II Lo;a djuk 25

Vh-,e-,--III (vfuok;Z) Lo;a djuk 25

Vh-,e-,- osQ xzMs l

~ @vad vad&rkfydk (ekoZQlhV) eas vyx ls n'kkZ;s tk;sxa As budks eq[; ijh{kk osQ vadksa osQ lkFk lekfo"V
ugha fd;k tk;sxkA

188
 o;Ld erkfèkdkj% pquko izfØ;k rFkk izfrfufèkRo dh iz.kkfy;k¡ ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k

17
o;Ld erkfèkdkj% pquko izfØ;k rFkk fVIi.kh

izfrfufèkRo dh iz.kkfy;k¡

fiNys ikB esa lafoèkku dh izLrkouk osQ lacaèk esa i<+rs gq, vkius ns[kk gksxk fd lafoèkku dh izLrkouk
esa tks lcls igyh ckr dgh xbZ gS og gS ^ge Hkkjr osQ yksx*A bldk vfHkizk; D;k gS\ bldk vFkZ
gS fd ljdkj dh okLrfod 'kfDr;ka turk esa fufgr gksrh gSa] ftls og vius erkfèkdkj osQ cy ij]
vius izfrfufèk pqudj izkIr djrh gSA izfrfufèk;ksa osQ ekè;e ls turk }kjk 'kklu pyk;k tkrk gSA
lafoèkku dh izLrkouk esa Hkkjr dks turkaf=kd x.kra=k Hkh dgk x;k gSA tura=k dk vFkZ gS fd turk
viuk 'kklu Lo;a pykrh gS rFkk blosQ fy, ljdkj xfBr djus rFkk izfrfufèk;ksa dk pquko djus osQ
fy, le;&le; ij pquko djk, tkrs gSaA ;s pquko ,d fu"i{k pqukora=k (ftls pquko vk;ksx osQ uke
ls tkuk tkrk gS)osQ }kjk o;Ld erkfèkdkj iz.kkyh osQ varxZr laiUu djk, tkrs gSaA bl izdkj] turk
}kjk pqus x, izfrfufèk gh ljdkj cukus ,oa pykus osQ fy, mRrjnk;h gksrs gSaA bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS
fd ^Hkkjr ,d izfrfufèkd tura=k* gSA x.kra=k osQ ckjs esa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr jkT;ksa dk la?k gS]
rFkk bldk izeq[k jk"Vªifr gksrk gS] tks fczVsu osQ jk"Vªkè;{k dh Hkkafr iSr`d in ugha gksrk cfYd og
turk osQ izfrfufèk;ksa }kjk pquk tkrk gSA
bl ikB esa vki tura=k esa o;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ egRo] bldh fofHkUu fofèk;k¡ rFkk Hkkjr esa pquko
,oa izfrfufèkd iz.kkyh osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z tura=k esa lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ vFkZ rFkk egRo dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z izfrfufèkRo dh fofHkUu iz.kkfy;ksa dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z fo'o osQ fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa erkfèkdkj dh fuèkkZfjr vk;q osQ ckjs esa tku ik,axs_ rFkk
z ;g fo'ys"k.k dj losaQxs fd Hkkjr esa ernku dh U;wure vk;q 18 o"kZ gSA

189
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k 17.1 Ok;Ld erkfèkdkj dk vFkZ o egRo
turk }kjk oksV Mkyus rFkk vius izfrfufèk pquus osQ vfèkdkj dks Ok;Ld erkfèkdkj dgrs gS]a ftls vaxt sz h
esa ^,sMYV izsQapkbt* dgk tkrk gSA ^izsQapkbt* 'kCn dh mRifRr izsQap Hkk"kk osQ ^izsaQd* 'kCn ls gqbZ gS]
ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS Lora=kA bl rjg erkfèkdkj dk vFkZ Lora=krkiwoZd vius izfrfufèk dk pquko
djuk gSA ;gh ugha] jktuSfrd lekurk tura=k dk ewy fl¼kar gSA blosQ fy, ;g t:jh gS fd izR;sd

fVIi.kh

er Mkyus osQ fy, iafDr esa izrh{kk djrs yksx

O;fDr osQ er dks leku egRo iznku fd;k tk,A ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks mlosQ fdlh fo'ks"k leqnk;
ls lacafèkr gksus osQ ukrs mls erkfèkdkj ls oafpr fd;k tkrk gS rks mlosQ lekurk osQ vfèkdkj dk guu
gksxkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tura=k dh vkRek rHkh lqjf{kr jg ldrh gS tc rd fd turk dks fcuk fdlh
HksnHkko (lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd) osQ oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj izkIr gksA
ukxfjdksa }kjk vius erkfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djus rFkk viuh ilan dh ljdkj dk pquko djus dh iz.kkyh
dks pquko dgk tkrk gSA izfrfufèk;ksa osQ pquko osQ lacaèk esa ;g Hkh foèkku gS fd laln rFkk foèkku eaMyksa
osQ izfrfufèk;ksa dh pquko izfØ;k ,d fuf'pr le; rd gh ykxw jgrh gS ftlosQ }kjk turk dh 'kfDr;ksa
osQ egRo rFkk uhfr;ksa osQ fuèkkZj.k esa mldh fgLlsnkjh cuk, j[kus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA

17.2 lkoZHkkSfed Ok;Ld erkfèkdkj

lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj dk vFkZ gS fd gj o;Ld efgyk rFkk iqjQ"k dks fcuk fdlh HksnHkko osQ
oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj iznku djukA bl iz.kkyh osQ vèkhu ,d fuèkkZfjr vk;q osQ i'pkr O;fDr dks
oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj izkIr gks tkrk gSA o;Ld erkfèkdkj us èkhjs&èkhjs Lor% ,d lkewfgd dkuwu
dk :i ys fy;k gSA 'kq: esa oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj fliQZ mUgha yksxksa dks izkIr Fkk ftuosQ ikl ;k
rks vpy laifRr gqvk djrh Fkh vFkok tks ljdkj dks dj nsrs FksA oqQN ns'kksa esa rks fliQZ iqjQ"kksa dks gh
oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj izkIr FkkA blosQ foijhr] vc lHkh o;Ld O;fDr;ksa dks laifRr vFkok f'k{kk
osQ vkèkkj ij fdlh HksnHkko osQ fcuk oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj iznku fd;k x;k gS ftls ekuoh; vfèkdkj
dgk x;k gSA dkiQh le; rd] ;gka rd fd fodflr ns'kksa esa Hkh] efgykvksa dks oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj
ugha FkkA chloha lnh osQ nwljs n'kd rd fdlh Hkh ns'k esa lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj ykxw ugha fd;k
x;k FkkA
lcls igys teZuh esa 1919 esa lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ fl¼kar dks ykxw fd;k x;kA 1918
esa fczVsu esa oqQN lhfer efgykvksa dks erkfèkdkj iznku fd;k x;k FkkA èkhjs&èkhjs 21 o"kZ ls mQij osQ

190
 o;Ld erkfèkdkj% pquko izfØ;k rFkk izfrfufèkRo dh iz.kkfy;k¡ ekWM~;wy - 4
iqjQ"kksa rFkk rhl o"kZ ls mQij dh fL=k;ksa dks oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj iznku fd;k x;k] fdarq 1928 esa O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
bl HksnHkko dks lqèkkjk x;kA 1936 esa lksfo;r la?k us lkoZHkkSfed Ok;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ fl¼kar dks
ykxw fd;kA fdarq ;g vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd yxkrkj mnkjrk rFkk cjkcjh osQ ukjs yxkus okyk izQkal
1945 rd vius ukxfjdksa osQ fy, o;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ fl¼kar dk fojksèk djrk jgk vkSj blls Hkh
vk'p;Z dh ckr ;g gS fd fLoVtjySaM tSls izR;{k tura=k okys ns'k esa Hkh efgykvksa osQ oksV osQ
vfèkdkj dks ysdj 1979 rd xfrjksèk cuk jgkA
bu lcdh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa 1950 esa] tc lafoèkku ykxw fd;k x;k rHkh ls o;Ld erkfèkdkj O;ogkj
esa viuk;k x;kA fVIi.kh
erkfèkdkj dh vk;q
vyx&vyx ns'kksa esa oksV Mkyus dh vyx&vyx vk;q fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ gSA MsuekdZ rFkk tkiku esa 25
o"kZ ls mQij dk O;fDr gh oksV Mky ldrk gS] tcfd ukosZa esa ;g vk;q 23 o"kZ gSA ysfdu xszV fczVsu]
vesfjdk rFkk lksfo;r la?k esa ;g vk;q 18 o"kZ fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ gSA
gekjs ns'k esa Hkh vc oksV Mkyus osQ fy, U;wure vk;q 18 o"kZ fuèkkZfjr dj nh xbZ gSA bl izdkj os
lHkh L=kh&iqjQ"k ftudh vk;q 18 o"kZ gS] fcuk fdlh HksnHkko osQ oksV Mkyus osQ vfèkdkjh gSaA erkfèkdkj
dk iz;ksx djus osQ fy, fuEu ;ksX;rkvksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gS%
z og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gks]
z og 18 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh dj pqdk gks]
z og ekufld :i ls LoLFk gks]
z og O;fDr] ftls U;k;ky; }kjk nf.Mr u fd;k x;k gksA

ikBxr iz'u 17.1

1. lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj dk vFkZ gS fd oksV dk vfèkdkj%
(d) lHkh o;Ld efgykvksa rFkk iq#"kksa dks gS_
([k) osQoy iq#"kksa dks gS_
(x) osQoy efgykvksa dks gS_
(?k) vo;Ldksa dks gSA
2. fuEu esa ls fdls oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj izkIr ugha gS\
(d) vo;oLdksa dks_
([k) ekufld :i ls fodykax O;fDr;ksa dks_
(x) ikxy vFkok fnokfy, dks_
(?k) mijksDr lHkh dksA
3. Hkkjr esa ernku dh U;wure vk;q D;k gS\
(d) 16 o"kZ
([k) 18 o"kZ

191
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k (x) 21 o"kZ
(?k) 25 o"kZ
4. fLoVtjySaM us lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj fdl o"kZ ykxw fd;k\
d) 1914
[k) 1945
fVIi.kh x) 1928
?k) 1971

17.3 izfrfufèkRo dh iz.kkfy;k¡

lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj lHkh ukxfjdksa dks muosQ jkT; osQ 'kklu esa 'kkfey gksus dk volj nsrk
gSA os viuk izfrfufèk pqurs gSa tks bu yksxksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djrs gSaA izfrfufèk;ksa osQ pquko osQ
nks eq[; izdkj gSa% {ks=kh; vkSj dk;Zdkjh izfrfufèkRoA
{ks=kh; izfrfufèkRo
vfèkdka'k yksdrkaf=kd ns'kksa esa izfrfufèk pquus dk ;g lcls yksdfiz; rjhdk gSA blosQ varxZr fdlh
{ks=k fo'ks"k osQ ernkrk viuk izfrfufèk pquus osQ fy, er Mkyrs gSaA fuokZpu osQ fy, lEiw.kZ ns'k dks
{ks=kh; bdkb;ksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS rFkk izR;sd fuokZpu {ks=k ls ,d izfrfufèk pquk tkrk gSA laiw.kZ tula[;k
dks fuokZfpr {ks=kksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS ftuesa yxHkx cjkcj ernkrk gksrs gSaA
dk;Zdkjh izfrfufèkRo
dk;Zdkjh izfrfufèkRo dk vFkZ gS fofHkUu O;kolkf;d lewgksa osQ izfrfufèk;ksa dk pquko tSlk fd
vkS|ksfxd deZpkjh] O;kikj txr] odhy] vè;kid] VªkaliksVZj vkfnA bl izdkj oxZ fo'ks"k ls lacafèkr
yksxksa dh vyx&vyx fofoèk bdkb;ka cukbZ tkrh gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vè;kidksa dk ,d fuokZpu {ks=k gks
ldrk gS tks viuk izfrfufèk pqurs gksaA
fuokZpu {ks=k dks O;olk; vkSj dk;Z osQ vkèkkj ij oxhZo`Qr djosQ muls mudk izfrfufèk pquus dks dgk
tkrk gSA {ks=kh; izfrfufèkRo dh rjg ;g fuokZpu {ks=kh; vkèkkj ij ugha cfYd muosQ O;olk; ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk rjhdk gS ftlosQ }kjk fofHkUu O;kolkf;d lewgksa dks izfrfufèkRo izkIr gksrk gSA
fuokZpu {ks=k ernkrkvksa dk og lewg gS tks izfrfufèk dks pqurk gSA ;g lewg fdlh fo'ks"k HkkSxksfyd
{ks=k ls lacafèkr gks ldrk gSA yksd lHkk rFkk jkT; lHkk osQ pqukoksa esa mUgha {ks=kksa osQ ernkrk 'kkfey
gksrs gSaA ijarq jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa laklnksa vkSj foèkku lHkk esa lnL;ksa osQ vyx&vyx fuokZpu {ks=k gksrs
gSaA ,d lnL;h; ;k cgq lnL;h; fuokZpu {ks=k Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
,d lnL;h; fuokZpu {ks=k% tc fdlh fuokZpu {ks=k ls osQoy ,d lnL; dk pquko fd;k tk, rks
mls ,d lnL;h; dgrs gSaA yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa laiw.kZ Hkkjr dks 543 bdkb;ksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA bu
543 {ks=kksa esa ls izR;sd jkT; vkSj osQUnz&'kkflr izns'kksa esa fuf'pr bdkb;k¡ gksrh gSaA ,d lnL;h; foèkk;h
bdkbZ dh iz.kkyh dks Hkkjr] fczVsu] vesfjdk] dukMk] jQl] vkWLVªsfy;k] usiky vkSj ikfdLrku esa viuk;k
x;k gSA
cgqlnL;h; fuokZpu {ks=k% bl iz.kkyh dks lkekU; fVdV iz.kkyh Hkh dgrs gSaA tc fdlh fuokZpu
{ks=k ls ,d ls vfèkd lnL; pqus tkrs gSa mls cgqlnL;h; fuokZpu {ks=k dgrs gSaA bl izdkj dh iz.kkyh
fLoVtjySaM] MsuekdZ] LohMu vkSj bVyh esa gSaA bl iz.kkyh esa laiw.kZ ns'k dks fo'kky fuokZpu {ks=kksa esa
ckaVk tkrk gS vkSj izR;sd bdkbZ ls dbZ izfrfufèk;ksa dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSA jktuSfrd nyksa dks fdlh
Hkh fuokZpu {ks=k ls izkIr erksa osQ vkèkkj ij lhVsa feyrh gSaA

192
 o;Ld erkfèkdkj% pquko izfØ;k rFkk izfrfufèkRo dh iz.kkfy;k¡ ekWM~;wy - 4
cgqlnL;h; iz.kkyh esa vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo viuk;k tkrk gSA fuokZfpr gksus osQ fy, izR;k'kh dks O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
fuèkkZfjr er izkIr djus gksrs gSaA ernkrkvksa dks muosQ {ks=k ls pqus tkus okys lHkh izR;kf'k;ksa osQ fy,
er nsus gksrs gSaA izR;kf'k;ksa osQ uke osQ vkxs os viuk er vafdr djrs gSaA bl rjhosQ dk O;kid vè;;u
vki vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo okys vè;k; esa djsaxsA bl izdkj fdlh ns'k esa izpfyr fuokZfpr iz.kkyh
osQ vuqlkj yksx vius erkfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djrs gSAa vc ge fuokZpu lacèa kh eq[; iz.kkfy;ksa dk vè;;u
djsxa As
lkekU; cgqer iz.kkyh% lkekU; cgqer iz.kkyh osQ varxZr fdlh ,d lnL;h; fuokZpu {ks=k esa lcls
vfèkd er izkIr djus okys izR;k'kh dks fuokZfpr ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA dbZ ckj bl iz.kkyh esa fVIi.kh
cgq&dks.kh; eqdkcyk gks tkrk gS ;fn izR;k'kh ,d ls vfèkd gksa rksA ,sls Hkh dbZ mnkgj.k gSa tgka pkj]
ikap ;k mlls Hkh vfèkd izR;k'kh gksrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa laiw.kZ erksa osQ 50 izfr'kr ls Hkh de er izkIr
djus okyk izR;k'kh fot;h gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa vke pquko esa ,slk gh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA lkekU; cgqer
iz.kkyh fczVsu] vesfjdk] dukMk vkSj vU; oqQN ns'kksa esa izpfyr gSA bl iz.kkyh dks ^ÝLVZ ikLV n iksLV
flLVe* Hkh dgrs gSaA gekjh yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; blh iz.kkyh ls pqus tkrs gSaA

17.5 vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh

vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/Ro pquko iz.kkyh osQ rgr yxHkx lHkh oxksZa osQ izfrfufèk;ksa dks pqus tkus dk iz;kl
fd;k tkrk gS rkfd de ls de gj oxZ dh leL;kvksa dh rjiQ ljdkj dk è;ku vkdf"kZr gksrk jgsA
bl iz.kkyh esa dksbZ Hkh lewg pkgs og jktuhfrd ny gks ;k fiQj fgr lewg vius ernkrkvksa dh la[;k
osQ vuqikr esa izfrfufèk fuokZfpr djok ldrk gSA
ts-,l- fey vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo osQ ,d egku leFkZd jgs gSaA muosQ 'kCnksa esa] ^^fdlh Hkh okLrfod
yksdra=k ftlesa lekurk ij cy fn;k tkrk gS_ fdlh Hkh vFkok izR;sd oxZ dks mudh la[;k osQ vuqikr
esa izfrfufèkRo fn;k tkrk gSA ftl oxZ dks ernkrkvksa dk cgqer izkIr gksxk mlosQ cgqla[;d izfrfufèk
pqus tk,axs ysfdu tgka vYila[;d oxZ osQ ernkrkvksa dh la[;k de gksrh gS ogk¡ muosQ izfrfufèk Hkh
de gh gksaxsA** nwljs 'kCnksa esa bl fuokZpu O;oLFkk esa izR;sd jktuSfrd ny dks mruh gh lhVsa feyrh
gSa ftl vuqikr esa mls er izkIr gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, lkekU; cgqer O;oLFkk esa ;g dbZ ckj ns[kk
x;k gS fd ,d ny dks foèkkueaMy esa lhVsa rks vfèkd izkIr gks tkrh gSa ysfdu mls izkIr erksa dk
izfr'kr de feyk gksrk gS D;ksafd ogka 50 izfr'kr ls de oksV ikus okyk Hkh fuokZfpr ?kksf"kr dj fn;k
tkrk gSA
dHkh&dHkh lkekU; cgqer iz.kkyh esa ,slk Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd ,d foèkku lHkk {ks=k esa fdlh
ikVhZ dks lhVsa rks cgqr fey tkrh gSa fdarq mlosQ oksVksa dk izfr'kr vis{kko`Qr de gksrk gS] ;gka rd
fd 50 izfr'kr ls Hkh de izkIr erksa osQ ckotwn Hkh og ikVhZ lhV thr tkrh gSA 1971 osQ yksd lHkk
pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ dks oqQy 46 izfr'kr oksV gh feys Fks tcfd mls 522 esa ls 351 lhVsa izkIr gqbZ
FkhaA ;g oksVksa dk izfr'kr rks 50 izfr'kr ls Hkh de Fkk] tcfd lhVsa 66 izfr'kr fey xbZ FkhaA bl
deh dks vkuqikfrd pquko iz.kkyh }kjk lqèkkjus dk iz;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo
nks izdkj dk gksrk gS%
1. ,dy laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh
bls ^gs;j flLVe* vFkok ^vkansz ;kstuk* osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl iz.kkyh osQ varxZr ,d ernkrk
osQoy ,d gh er nsus dk vfèkdkjh gksrk gS fdarq ;fn og pkgs rks vius bl oksV dks fdlh
nwljs izR;k'kh dks Hkh cny dj ns ldrk gSA blosQ fy, mls eri=k ij viuh ojh;rk ntZ djuh
iM+rh gSA ;g iz.kkyh fuEu fofèk }kjk dk;Z djrh gS%
(d) bl iz.kkyh esa rhu vFkok mlls vfèkd izR;kf'k;ksa dk gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA

193
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k ([k) ,d ernkrk ojh;rk Øe esa ,d gh oksV dks dbZ izR;kf'k;ksa dks ns ldrk gSA fdarq blosQ fy,
mls eri=k ij 1] 2] 3] vFkok blls vkxs rd viuh bPNkuqlkj ojh;rk fuèkkZfjr djuh gksrh
gSA
(x) ernkrk viuh lHkh ojh;rk,a ,d gh izR;k'kh osQ vkxs ugha fy[k ldrkA
(?k) ojh;rk Øe esa lcls mQij vkus okys izR;k'kh dks gh mldk oksV feyrk gS fdarq ;fn fdlh fLFkfr
esa nks izR;k'kh cjkcj er izkIr dj ysrs gSa rc ,slh fLFkfr esa izR;kf'k;ksa dk dksVk fuèkkZfjr fd;k
fVIi.kh tkrk gS rFkk ml dksVs osQ vkèkkj ij ftldh ojh;rk igys vkrh gS mls og oksV fey tkrk gSA
dksVk fuEufyf[kr lw=k }kjk fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS%
dkVsk = +1
Mkys x, oqqQy erksa dh la[;k
oQqy lhVksa dh l[a; k + 1
eku yhft, fdlh pquko esa oqQy izR;kf'k;ksa dh la[;k rhu gS rFkk oqQy Mkys x, erksa dh la[;k
20]000 gS] rks dksVk gksxk%
20,000
+ 1 = 5001
3 +1
dHkh&dHkh ;fn dksbZ izR;k'kh ml dksVs rd ugha igqap ikrk rks ml lhV dks [kkyh gh NksM+ fn;k tkrk
gSA pquko dh ;g iz.kkyh jkT; lHkk osQ izfrfufèk;ksa osQ pquko osQ fy, viukbZ tkrh gSA ;gh iz.kkyh
Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa Hkh viukbZ tkrh gSA
2. lhfer er O;oLFkk
;g O;oLFkk vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo dh ,d vU; i¼fr gSA bl O;oLFkk osQ varxZr cgqlnL;h;
fuokZpu {ks=k vkrs gSa ftlesa de ls de rhu izR;k'kh gksrs gSa rFkk ,d ernkrk ,d izR;k'kh dks ,d
oksV ns ldrk gSA blosQ ckn gj ernkrk osQ lhVksa osQ vuqlkj oksV ?kVrs tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fdlh
fuokZfpr {ks=k esa 4 lnL;ksa dks pquk tkuk gS rks ,sls esa ernkrk pkgs rks nks ;k rhu izR;kf'k;ksa dks viuk
oksV ns ldrk gS fdarq og vius ikapksa oksV fliQZ ,d gh izR;k'kh dks ugha ns ldrkA ,slk blfy, fd;k
tkrk gS fd vYila[;d oxZ ls de ls de ,d izR;k'kh dk LFkku lqjf{kr cuk;k tk losQA bl rjg
mu ikap esa ls de ls de ,d lhV rks vYila[;d oxZ osQ izfrfufèk;ksa osQ fy, lqjf{kr gks gh tkrh
gSA bl iz.kkyh osQ vèkhu ;fn ,d lhV osQ fy, nks lnL; pquko yM+ jgs gksa rks mlesa ftls lcls
vfèkd er izkIr gksaxs mls fot;h ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tk,xkA fdarq ;fn nks ls vfèkd izR;k'kh pquko eSnku
esa gksa vkSj mlesa ls fdlh us Hkh cgqer izkIr ugha fd;k gks rks ml pquko dks iqu% djk;k tkrk gS tks
fd f}rh; eri=k iz.kkyh osQ }kjk djk;k tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd pquko osQ oqQN gh fnuksa ckn
ernkrkvksa dks iqu% oksV Mkyuk iM+rk gSA

17.6 vU; vYila[;d izfrfufèkRo iz.kkfy;k¡

vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo osQ vfrfjDr foèkkue.Myksa esa vYila[;dksa dks leqfpr izfrfufèkRo iznku djus
osQ fy, oqQN vU; rjhosQ Hkh <wa<+ fudkys x, gSaA vYila[;dksa osQ izfrfufèkRo dh ;s iz.kkfy;k¡
fuEufyf[kr gSa%
1. cgqla[;d er iz.kkyh
bl iz.kkyh esa ernkrk mrus er nsus dk vfèkdkj j[krk gS ftruh fuokZpu {ks=k esa lhVsa fuèkkZfjr gksrh
gSaA bl iz.kkyh esa ernkrkvksa osQ ikl fodYi gksrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh efgyk vFkok iqjQ"k ernkrk vius lHkh
er izR;kf'k;ksa esa ck¡V ldrk gS ;k fiQj lkjs osQ lkjs er ,d gh izR;k'kh dks ns ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ;fn ,d fuokZpu {ks=k ls ikap lnL; pqus tkrs gSa rks ernkrk vius ikap er ikap
izR;kf'k;ksa esa ckaV ldrk gS ;k fiQj ikap er ,d gh izR;k'kh dks ns ldrk gSA bl izdkj bl iz.kkyh

194
 o;Ld erkfèkdkj% pquko izfØ;k rFkk izfrfufèkRo dh iz.kkfy;k¡ ekWM~;wy - 4
esa ,d lqlaxfBr vYila[;d lewg vius ernkrkvksa esa xzke lgefr cukdj vius izR;k'kh osQ i{k esa O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
lkjs er fnyok dj mls ftrok ldrk gSA
2- lhfer er iz.kkyh
;g iz.kkyh mu fuokZpu {ks=kksa esa viukbZ tkrh gS tgka rhu ;k rhu ls vfèkd lnL;ksa dk pquko gksuk
gSA blesa ,d ernkrk ,d ls vfèkd izR;kf'k;ksa dks er ns ldrk gS] ijarq lHkh izR;kf'k;ksa dks ughaA
blfy, bls lhfer er iz.kkyh dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ;fn fdlh fuokZpu {ks=k esa 6 lhVsa gSa rks
izR;sd ernkrk pkj izR;kf'k;ksa dks er ns ldrk gS u fd fdlh ,d izR;k'kh dks lkjs erA fVIi.kh

17.7 iqu% ernku iz.kkyh

pqukoksa esa ;fn fdlh lhV osQ fy, nks izR;k'kh pquko yM+ jgs gksa rks Li"V cgqer (50 izfr'kr $1)
izkIr djus okyk izR;k'kh fot;h gksrk gSA ijarq nks ls vfèkd izR;k'kh gksus ij ,slk Hkh gks ldrk gS fd
fdlh Hkh izR;k'kh dks Li"V cgqer u feysA bl fLFkfr esa] iqu% ernku djk;k tkrk gSA bl iqu% ernku
esa vfèkdre er izkIr djus okys nks izR;kf'k;ksa osQ fy, ernku fd;k tkrk gSA ernku osQ ckn 50
izfr'kr ls vfèkd er izkIr djus okyk izR;k'kh fot;h gksrk gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ ;fn fdlh foèkku lHkk lhV
ij rhu izR;k'kh pquko yM+ jgs gksa rFkk oqQy 12000 oksV Mkys tkus gS] izR;k'kh A dks 5000 oksV] B
dks 4000 rFkk izR;k'kh C dks 3000 oksV feys gSa rks bl fLFkfr esa fdlh Hkh izR;k'kh dks Li"V cgqer
vFkkZr~ 6001 oksV ugha feyrk gSA vr% iqu% ernku vko';d gks tkrk gSA izR;k'kh C ftls lcls de
oksV feys gSa dks vyx djosQ izR;kf'k;ksa A vkSj B osQ fy, ernku djk;k tkrk gSA ;fn iqu% ernku
esa B dks vfèkd er feyrs gSa rks og fot;h gksrk gSA ;g iz.kkyh izQakl esa jk"Vªifr vkSj jk"Vªh; lHkk
osQ fuokZpu osQ fy, iz;qDr dh tkrh gSA

ikBxr iz'u 17.2

fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,
(d) iQLVZ ikLV n iksLV iz.kkyh dks --------------------- osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
([k) cgqlnL;h; iz.kkyh dks ---------------------- iz.kkyh osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
(x) Hkkjr esa ---------------------- iz.kkyh }kjk yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk osQ pquko gksrs gSaA
(?k) vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo dks izkIr djus osQ rjhosQ ------------------------- vkSj -------------------- gSaA
(Ä) vYila[;dksa osQ izfrfufèkRo dks izkIr djus dh fuokZpu i¼fr ---------------- vkSj ------------- gSaA

vkius D;k lh[kk

bl ikB esa vkius i<+k fd o;Ld erkfèkdkj iz.kkyh izfrfufèkd yksdra=k ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA bldk
vFkZ gksrk gS fd ns'k dk gj ukxfjd tks fd ,d fuèkkZfjr vk;q (18 o"kZ) iwjh dj pqdk gksrk gS] pkgs
og iqjQ"k gks ;k efgyk] fdlh tkfr] oxZ] èkeZ] leqnk; vFkok Hkk"kk osQ HksnHkko osQ fcuk oksV Mkyus
dk vfèkdkjh gksrh gSA pqukoks osQ }kjk izR;sd ukxfjd dks viuk izfrfufèk pquus dk vfèkdkj gSA ukxfjdksa
osQ Lora=k rFkk leku oksVksa osQ }kjk ,d laizHkq yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk gksrh gSA
vkius ;g Hkh i<+k gS fd {ks=kh; rFkk O;kolkf;d nks izdkj osQ izfrfufèkRo gksrs gSaA {ks=kh; izfrfufèkRo
osQ vèkhu ns'k dks fofHkUu fuokZpu {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ogka osQ ernkrk viuk izfrfufèk

195
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k pqurs gSaA {ks=kh; pquko izfØ;k Hkkjr esa cgqr izpfyr gS vkSj ;gka ij yksd lHkk rFkk foèkku lHkkvksa
osQ pquko blh izfØ;k osQ varxZr djk, tkrs gSaA O;kolkf;d pquko izfØ;k esa fofHkUu O;olk;ksa ls
lacafèkr O;fDr O;kolkf;d vkèkkj ij viuk izfrfufèk pqurs gSaA
izk;% ,dy izfrfufèkRo okys fuokZpu {ks=kksa esa lkekU; cgqer }kjk izR;kf'k;ksa dks fot;h ?kksf"kr fd;k
tkrk gSA blosQ rgr lokZfèkd er izkIr izR;k'kh dks fot;h ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA fdarq blls bl ckr
dh iqf"V ugha gksrh fd blosQ }kjk lHkh oxksZa ls izfrfufèk pqu fy, x, gSaA blosQ fy, cgqla[;d rFkk
vYila[;dksa dks muosQ oksVksa osQ izfr'kr osQ vkèkkj ij foHkkftr dj vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh dk
fVIi.kh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vYila[;d izfrfufèkRo uked ,d nwljh iz.kkyh Hkh gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS
vYila[;d izfrfufèk;ksa dk pquk tkuk u fd muosQ oksVksa osQ izfr'kr osQ vuqikr esa izfrfufèk;ksa dk pquk
tkukA
lafoèkku esa pquko laiUu djk, tkus osQ fy, ,d fu"i{k pquko vk;ksx dh O;oLFkk gSA blesa ,d eq[;
pquko vk;qDr rFkk ,d vFkok ,d ls vfèkd pquko vk;qDr gksrs gSaA

ikBkar iz'u
1. lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj dk vFkZ vkSj egRo Li"V dhft,A
2. lkekU; cgqer iz.kkyh dh O;k[;k dhft,A
3. vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh dh O;k[;k dhft,A bls fuèkkZfjr djus osQ nks rjhdksa dk mYys[k
dhft,A
4. vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo ls vyx vYila[;dksa osQ izfrfufèkRo dks fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fdUgha nks
rjhdksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

17.1
1- (d)
2- (?k)
3- ([k)
4- (?k)
17.2
(d)lkekU; cgqer iz.kkyh
([k)lkekU; fVdV iz.kkyh
(x) {ks=kh;
(?k) ,dy laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh vkSj lwph iz.kkyh
(Ä) er iz.kkyh vkSj lhfer er iz.kkyh

196
 o;Ld erkfèkdkj% pquko izfØ;k rFkk izfrfufèkRo dh iz.kkfy;k¡ ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 17.1 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 17.4 ns[ksa
3. [k.M 17.5 ns[ksa
4. [k.M 17.6 ns[ksa fVIi.kh

vkb, fd'kksjkoLFkk osQ eqíksa ij fopkj djsa

o;Ld gksus ls iwoZ ekuo 'kjhj esa gksus okys ifjorZu osQ dkj.k D;k gS\a

;s ifjorZu ekuoh; 'kjhj esa ik;s tkus okys gkeksuZ esa gksus okys jklk;fud ifjorZu osQ
dkj.k gksrs gSaA yM+oQs ,oa yM+fd;k¡] nksuksa esa gkeksZu gksrs gaSA ysfdu nksuksa esa gkeksuZ vyx&vyx
ek=kk esa ,oa vyx izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k oqQN ifjorZu yM+osQ vkSj yM+fd;ksa esa
vyx&vyx izdkj osQ gksrs gSAa

197
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k

18
fVIi.kh Hkkjr esa pquko izfØ;k

pquko ns'k osQ izR;sd o;Ld ukxfjd dks ljdkj cukus dh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus ;ksX; cukrk gSA vkius
vo'; ns[kk gksxk fd gekjs ns'k esa pquko dbZ ckj gksrs gSAa buesa yksd lHkk] jkT; lHkk] jkT; fo/ku lHkkvks]a
fo/ku ifj"knksa] Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr rFkk mijk"Vªifr osQ pquko izeq[k gksrs gSaA pquko LFkkuh; fudk;ksa_ tSls
uxj ikfydkvksa] uxj fuxeksa vkSj iapk;rh&jkt laLFkkvksa osQ fy, Hkh gksrs gSaA ;fn vki 18 o"kZ osQ gks pqosQ
gSa rks vkius buesa ls oqQN pqukoksa esa ernku Hkh fd;k gksxkA ;s pquko lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkf/dkj osQ
vk/kj ij djok, tkrs gSa] ftldk vFkZ gS fd 18 o"kZ vFkok mlls vf/d vk;q osQ lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa dks
mudh tkfr] jax] /eZ] fyax vkSj tUe LFkku dk HksnHkko fd, fcuk ernku dk vfèkdkj gSA
pquko ,d tfVy izfØ;k gSA blesa lwfp;ka] fu;e vkSj e'khujh lfEefyr gksrs gSaA ;g ikB vkidks
pquko&fof/ rFkk ukekadu i=k Hkjus] mudh tkap rFkk pquko ls iwoZ jktuhfrd nyksa ,oa mEehnokjksa
(izR;kf'k;ksa) }kjk fd, tkus okys izpkj dh Li"V :i fn[kyk,xkA bl ikB esa vki pquko vk;ksx (fuokZpu
vk;ksx)] Hkkjr esa pquko izfØ;k rFkk pquko lq/kj laca/h oqQN lq>koksa osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z vki Hkkjr osQ fuokZpu vk;ksx dh jpuk dk o.kZu dj losaQxs_
z fuokZpu vk;ksx osQ dk;ksZa dh x.kuk vkSj bldh Hkwfedk Li"V dj losaQxs_
z pquko dk;ZØe dh ?kks"k.kk ls ysdj ifj.kke ?kksf"kr gksus rd dh izfØ;k dks Lej.k dj losaQxs_
z pqukoh izfØ;k osQ fofHkUu pj.kksa dk mYys[k dj losaQxs_
z pquko ls tqM+s vf/dkfj;ksa dh igpku rFkk muosQ dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dj losaQxs_
z pquko izfØ;k dh dfe;ksa dks tku losQaxs rFkk pqukoh lq/kjksa dh vko';drk dks le> losaQxs_ rFkk
z pqukoh lq/kjksa osQ fy, lq>ko ns losQaxs vkSj igys ls fd, x, lq/kjksa dks tku losQaxsA

198
 Hkkjr esa pquko izfØ;k ekWM~;wy - 4
18.1 Hkkjr dk fuokZpu vk;ksx O;ogkj esa yksdra=k

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku fuekZrkvksa us pquko djokus osQ fy, ,d Lora=k pqukoh e'khujh dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;kA
Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa ,d fuokZpu vk;ksx dk izko/ku gS tks lHkh pqukoksa osQ fujh{k.k] funsZ'ku vkSj
fu;a=k.k osQ fy, mRrjnk;h gSA ;g laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa] fo/ku lHkkvksa rFkk jk"Vªifr ,oa mi&jk"Vªifr
in osQ pqukoksa osQ fy, mRrjnk;h gSA blosQ vfrfjDr ;g ernku lwfp;ka cukus] mUgsa la'kksf/r djus rFkk
ernkrk lwfp;ksa osQ j[k&j[kko osQ fy, Hkh mRrjnk;h gSA ;g laln vkSj jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ pqukoksa
osQ fy, pqukoh&{ks=k ifjlhfer djrk gS] pqukoh dk;ZØe fuf'pr djrk gS vkSj pqukoh fookn lqy>krk fVIi.kh
gSA ;g pquko ls lacaf/r vusoQ vU; dk;Z djrk gSA
18.1.1 laxBu
fuokZpu vk;ksx esa ,d eq[; pquko vk;qDr rFkk le;&le; ij jk"Vªifr }kjk euksuhr pquko vk;qDr
gksrs gSaA 1950 esa izFke eq[; pquko vk;qDr fu;qDr fd, tkus osQ ckn ls 1989 rd dksbZ vU; pquko
vk;qDr ugha FkkA eq[; pquko vk;qDr dh lgk;rk osQ fy, dkiQh la[;k esa vf/dkjh gksrs gSaA fuokZpu
vk;ksx 16 vDVwcj 1989 dks cgqlnL;h; cu x;k] tc jk"Vªifr us nks vkSj pquko vk;qDr fu;qDr fd,A
pquko vk;qDrksa esa ofj"B dks eq[; pquko vk;qDr fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
18.1.2 dk;Zdky vkSj gVk;k tkuk
eq[; pquko vk;qDr vkSj vU; pquko vk;qDrksa dks Ng o"kZ dh dk;kZof/ vFkok 65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd]
tks Hkh igys gks] osQ fy, fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vko';d gS fd eq[; pquko vk;qDr rFkk vU;
pquko vk;qDr lHkh izdkj osQ jktuhfrd gLr{ksi ls eqDr gksus pkfg,A blfy, Hkys gh os jk"Vªifr }kjk
fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSa ijarq fiQj Hkh og mUgsa gVk ugha ldrk vkSj mudh fu;qfDr osQ ckn mudh lsok'krksZa
vkSj mudh dk;kZof/ esa ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA eq[; pquko vk;qDr dks vius in ls gVkus osQ
fy, mPpre U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dks gVkus osQ fy, viukbZ tkus okyh izfØ;k dks viuk, fcuk
ugha gVk;k tk ldrkA ijarq vU; pquko vk;qDr vkSj {ks=kh; pquko vk;qDr eq[; pquko vk;qDr osQ uhps
dke djrs gSa] mUgsa jk"Vªifr }kjk eq[; pquko vk;qDr dh fliQkfj'k ij gh gVk;k tk ldrk gSA

18.2 fuokZpu vk;ksx dh 'kfDr;ka vkSj dk;Z

fuokZpu vk;ksx dk izkFkfed dk;Z Hkkjr esa Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k pquko djokuk gSA bl gsrq fuokZpu vk;ksx
osQ fuEufyf[kr dk;Z gSa%&
18.2.1 pquko {ks=kksa dk ifjlheu djuk
pquko izfØ;k dks lqfo/ktud cukus osQ fy, ns'k dks vusd pqukoh {ks=kksa esa ckaVuk gksrk gSA
pquko {ks=k% ;g ,d ,slk {ks=k gS tgka ls izR;k'kh pquko yM+rs gSaA
pquko {ks=kksa osQ ifjlheu dk dke vkerkSj ij ifjlheu vk;ksx djrk gS ftlesa mPpre U;k;ky;
osQ ikap lsokfuo`r vFkok lsokjr U;k;k/h'k gksrs gSa rFkk eq[; pquko vk;qDr bldk insu lnL;
gksrk gSA ifjlheu vk;ksx dks lHkh izdkj dh lfpoky;h lgk;rk fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk iznku dh
tkrh gSA ifjlheu vk;skx dk le;&le; ij ljdkj }kjk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA

199
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k 18.2.2 ernkrk lwfp;ka rS;kj djuk
izR;sd {ks=k dh ,d foLr`r ernkrk lwph gksrh gSA bls ernkrk lwph dgk tkrk gSA fuokZpu vk;ksx laln
rFkk fo/ku lHkk pqukoksa osQ fy, ernkrk lwph rS;kj djrk gSA izR;sd pquko {ks=k dh ernkrk lwph esa
mu lHkh O;fDr;ksa osQ uke ntZ gksrs gSa tks ml pquko esa ernku djus dk vf/dkj j[krs gSaA ernkrk
lwph dks le;&le; ij izk;% lk/kj.k pquko] mipquko vkSj eè;kof/ pqukoksa ls iwoZ la'kksf/r fd;k
tkrk gSA
fVIi.kh
vke pquko ubZ yksd lHkk vFkok fo/ku lHkk xfBr djus osQ fy, gkus okys
pqukoksa dks vke pquko dgk tkrk gSA
mi pquko ;fn fdlh le; yksd lHkk vFkok fo/ku lHkk osQ dk;Zdky osQ
chp fdlh lnL; dh e`R;q vFkok R;kxi=k nsus ls LFkku fjDr gksrk
gS rks ml LFkku@lhV osQ fy, gksus okys pquko dks mipquko dgrs
gSAa
eè;kof/ pquko ;fn yksd lHkk vFkok jkT; fo/ku lHkk dks ikap o"kZ dh dk;kZof/
ls iwoZ Hkax dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ubZ yksd lHkk vFkok fo/ku lHkk
xfBr djus osQ fy, gksus okys pqukoksa dh eè;kof/ pquko dgrs
gSAa
pquko vk;ksx }kjk fu;qDr lax.kdksa }kjk ?kj&?kj tkdj la'kks/u fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lHkh ;ksX; ernkrkvksa
dk iathdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ernkrk osQ :i esa iathd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS ;fn
og v/ksfyf[kr ;ksX;rk,a iwjh djrk gks%
1. og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA

2. mldh vk;q 18 o"kZ dh gksA

3. og ml pquko {ks=k dk fuoklh gksA

18.2.3 jktuhfrd nyksa dks ekU;rk

fuokZpu vk;ksx dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z jktuhfrd nyksa dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; (jk"Vªh;) vFkok jkT;
({ks=kh;) jktuhfrd ny osQ :i esa ekU;rk nsuk gSA ;fn fdlh lk/kj.k pquko esa fdlh ny fo'ks"k dks
fdUgha pkj jkT;ksa osQ oqQYk oS/ erksa dk 6 izfr'kr izkIr gksrk gS rks mls vf[ky Hkkjrh; (jk"Vªh;) ny
osQ :i esa ekU;rk feyrh gSA ;fn ,d ny dks ,d jkT; esa iM+s oS/ erksa dk 4 izfr'kr feyrk gS rks
mls izkarh; vFkok {ks=kh; ny osQ :i esa ekU;rk nh tkrh gSA (vki jktuhfrd nyksa osQ ckjs esa foLrkj
ls ikB la[;k 19 esa i<+saxs)A Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl] Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ] Hkkjrh; dE;qfu"V ikVhZ]
Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ (ekDlZoknh)] cgqtu lekt ikVhZ vkSj jk"Vªoknh dkaxzsl ikVhZ orZeku esa izeq[k
jk"Vªh; ny gSaA
18.2.4 pquko fpg~u vkcafVr djuk
jktuhfrd nyksa osQ ikl fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk vkcafVr pquko fpg~u gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Hkkjrh;
jk"Vªh; dkaxl
sz dk pquko fpg~u gkFk gS] Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dk dey rFkk cgqtu lekt ikVhZ dk pquko
fpg~u gkFkh gSA ;s pquko fpg~u fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls egRoiw.kZ gSa%

200
 Hkkjr esa pquko izfØ;k ekWM~;wy - 4
1. ;g fuj{kj ernkrkvksa osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ ,oa lgk;d gksrs gSa tks mEehnokjksa osQ uke ugha i<+ ldrsA O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
2. ;g ,d gh uke okys nks mEehnokjksa osQ chp varj (Hksn) djus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrs gSaA

18.3 pquko djokus okys vf/dkjh

Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k pquko lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, pquko vk;ksx pquko dk;Z esa lgk;rk djus osQ fy,
gtkjksa pquko bu vf/dkjh fu;qDr djrk gSA vf/dkfj;ksa dks eftLVªsVksa] iqfyl viQljksa] yksd lsodksa]
VkbfiLVksa] Ldwyh vè;kidksa] MªkbZojksa vkSj pijkfl;ksa bR;kfn ls fy;k tkrk gSA buesa ls rhu izeq[k fVIi.kh
vfèkdkjh gSa tks Lor=ak vkSj fu"i{k pquko djokus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSAa os gS&a fjVfuaxZ vkiQhlj]
ihBklhu vf/dkjh vkSj pquko (ernku) vf/dkjhA
18.3.1 fjVfuZax vf/dkjh
izR;sd pquko {ks=k esa lEc¼ jkT; ljdkj ls ijke'kZ djosQ ,d vf/dkjh dks fjVfuZax vf/dkjh dk
inuke fn;k tkrk gSA ,d vf/dkjh dks ,d ls vf/d pquko {ks=kksa dk fjVfuZax vf/dkjh Hkh fu;qDr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA lHkh ukekadu i=k fjVfuZax vf/dkjh dks lkSais tkrs gSaA og i=kksa dh tkap djrk gS
vkSj Bhd ik;s tkus ij mUgsa Lohdkj djrk gSA pquko vk;ksx osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj og pquko fpg~u vkoafVr
djrk gSA og mEehnokjksa }kjk uke okil ysus dks Lohd`fr nsrk gS vkSj vfUre lwph ?kksf"kr djrk gSA
og lHkh ernku osQUnzksa dk fujh{k.k djrk gS] mldh ns[kjs[k esa eri=kksa dh fxurh gksrh gS vkSj var
esa mlosQ }kjk ifj.kke ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA okLro esa fjVfuZax viQlj lEc¼ pquko {ks=k esa fu"i{k vkSj
l{ke pquko lapkyu dk lcls mij dk egRoiw.kZ vf/dkjh gksrk gSA
18.3.2 ihBklhu vf/dkjh
izR;sd {ks=k esa cM+h la[;k esa ernku osQUnz gksrs gSa] izR;sd ernku osQUnz yxHkx ,d gtkj ernkrkvksa osQ
fy, gksrk gSA ,slk izR;sd ernku osQUnz fdlh ,d vf/dkjh osQ varxZr gksrk gS ftls ihBklhu vfèkdkjh
dgk tkrk gSA og vius ernku osQUnz dh lkjh pqukoh izfØ;k dh ns[kjs[k djrk gS vkSj lqfuf'pr djrk
gS fd izR;sd ernkrk dks Lora=k ernku dk volj feysA ernku mijkar og erisfV;ksa dks lhy djkrk
gS vkSj fjVfuZax viQlj rd igaqpkrk gSA
18.3.3 pquko vf/dkjh
izR;sd ihBklhu vf/dkjh dh rhu vFkok pkj pquko vf/dkjh lgk;rk djrs gSaA os ernkrk dk uke
ernkrk lwph esa ns[krs gSa] ernkrk dh maxyh ij u feVus okyh L;kgh yxkrs gSa] mls eri=k nsrs gSa vkSj
lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd izR;sd ernkrk xqIr ernku dj losQA
u feVus okyh L;kgh% ;g L;kgh vklkuh ls ugha feVkbZ tk ldrhA ;g ernkrk osQ nk;sa gkFk dh
igyh maxyh ij yxkbZ tkrh gS rkfd dksbZ erknkrk nksckjk vkdj nwljh ckj ernku u oQj losQA
,slk Nn~e O;fDr;ksa dks jksoQus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 18.1

3 ) fu'kku yxk,aµ
pkj fodYiksa esa ls lgh ij (3
1. Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k pquko djokus dk nkf;Ro

(d) Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;k/h'k ij gSA

201
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k ([k) pquko vk;ksx ij gSA
(x) jk"Vªifr ij gSA
(?k) fu;a=kd ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd ij gSA
2. eq[; pquko vk;qDr dh fu;qfDrµ

(d) Hkkjr dk loksZPp U;k;k/h'k djrk gSA

fVIi.kh
([k) jk"Vªifr djrk gSA
(x) dkuwu ea=kh djrk gSA
(?k) iz/kuea=kh djrk gSA
fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,µ
3. eq[; pquko vk;qDr dks ----------------------------- o"kZ dh vof/ osQ fy, fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA

4. eq[; pquko vk;qDr dks gVkus dh fof/ ----------------------- dks gVkus dh fof/ osQ leku gSA

5. fuEufyf[kr jktuhfrd nyksa vkSj lacafèkr pquko fpg~uksa dk feyku djsa

(d) Hkktik lkbfdy

([k) Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dey
(x) rsyqxq ns'ke gkFk
6. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls eè;kof/ pquko dgrs gSa\

(d) o"kZ osQ eè; esa gksus okys pquko dksA

([k) dk;ZØe ls ckgj pquko djokukA
(x) lÙkk:<+ ikVhZ oQks fo'okl er izkIr u gksus osQ dkj.k vof/ osQ nkSjku dHkh Hkh pquko
djokukA
7. ernkrk gksus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr esa ls D;k vfuok;Z gS&

(d) O;fDr 21 o"kZ dh vk;q dk gksuk pkfg,A

([k) O;fDr Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg,A
(x) O;fDr osQ ikl nloha d{kk mRrh.kZ djus dk izek.k i=k gksuk pkfg,A

18.4 pquko izfØ;k

Hkkjr esa pquko dkuwu rFkk fu/kZfjr fof/ ls gksrs gSa ftlosQ fy, fuEufyf[kr izfØ;k viukbZ tkrh gS_
18.4.1 pquko dh vf/lwph tkjh djuk
ljdkjh rkSj ij pquko dh izfØ;k rc izkjEHk gksrh gS tc pquko vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'k ij yksd lHkk

202
 Hkkjr esa pquko izfØ;k ekWM~;wy - 4
osQ ekeys esa jk"Vªifr vkSj fo/ku lHkk osQ ekeys esa jkT;iky pquko dh vf/lwpuk tkjh djrk gSA O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
mEehnokjksa dks ukekadu i=k tek djkus osQ fy, lkr fnu fn, tkrs gSaA vf/lwpuk tkjh gksus osQ ckn
jfookj dks NksM+ dj lkroka fnu vfUre fnu gksrk gSA ukekadu i=kksa dh tkap lk/kj.kr;k ukekadu Hkjus
dh vafre frfFk osQ ckn gksrh gSA mEehnokj i=kksa dh tkap osQ ckn nwljs fnu viuk uke okil ys ldrk
gSA pquko ukekadu okil ysus osQ ckn osQ chl fnu ls igys ugha gksrkA
18.4.2 ukekadu i=k Hkjuk
fVIi.kh
pquko yM+us osQ bPNqd O;fDr dks ,d fu/kZfjr izi=k Hkjuk gksrk gS ftlesa mls viuk uke] vk;q] Mkd
dk irk vkSj ernkrk lwph esa viuk Øekad fy[kuk gksrk gSA izR;k'kh osQ ukekadu i=k dks izLrkfor rFkk
lefFkZr fdUgha nks ernkrkvksa tks fd mlh pquko {ks=k esa iatho`Qr gks] }kjk fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA
izR;sd izR;k'kh dks 'kiFk Hkh ysuh gksrh gSA blosQ i'pkr ukekadu i=k dks fjVfuZax izkf/dkjh osQ ikl
tek djkuk gksrk gSA
18.4.3 lqj{kk jkf'k (tekur jkf'k)
izR;sd mEehnokj dks ukekadu i=k Hkjrs le; ,d lqj{kk jkf'k Hkh tek djokuh gksrh gSA yksd lHkk
osQ fy, izR;sd mEehnokj dks nl gtkj jQi, rFkk fo/ku lHkk osQ fy, ikap gtkj jQi, dh lqj{kk
jkf'k tek djkuh gksrh gSA ijarq vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ mEehnokjksa dks yksd lHkk
osQ fy, 5000 : vkSj fo/ku lHkk pquko yM+us osQ fy, 2500 jQ- dh lqj{kk jkf'k tek djkuh gksrh
gSA ;fn mEehnokj dks oqQYk Mkys x, oS/ erksa dk 1@6 Hkkx ugha feyrk rks lqj{kk jkf'k tCr gks tkrh
gSA
18.4.4 tkap vkSj uke okil ysuk
fjVfuZax vf/dkjh }kjk izkIr lHkh ukekadu i=kksa dh pquko vk;ksx }kjk fu/kZfjr fnu dks tkap dh tkrh
gSA ,slk ;g lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd lHkh i=k fu/kZfjr fof/ vuqlkj Hkjs x, gSa vFkok
ugha rFkk muosQ lkFk vko';d lqj{kk (tekur) jkf'k Hkh tek djok nh xbZ gSA fjVfuZax vf/dkjh
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh ,d vk/kj ij ukekadu i=k jn~n dj ldrk gSA
(i) ;fn mEehnokj dh vk;q 25 o"kZ ls de gSA
(ii) ;fn mlus lqj{kk jkf'k tek ugha djokbZ gSA
(iii) ;fn mlosQ ikl dksbZ ykHk dk in gSA
(iv) ;fn mldk uke ns'k esa dgha Hkh ernkrk osQ :i esa iathd`r ugha gSA
i=kksa dh tkap iM+rky osQ ckn osQ nwljs fnu uke okil ysus dk vfUre fnu gksrk gSA ;fn ml fnu
jfookj vFkok vodk'k gks rks mlls vxys fnu dks uke okil ysus osQ fy, fuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA
18.4.5 pquko izpkj@vfHk;ku
pquko izpkj og izfØ;k gS ftlosQ ekè;e ls dksbZ mEehnokj ernkrkvksa dks fdlh vU; osQ LFkku ij
Lo;a mls gh er nsus osQ fy, izsfjr djrk gSA bl vof/ esa mEehnokj vius {ks=k esa ;Fkk&lEHko vfèkd
ls vf/d ernkrkvksa dks vius i{k esa ernku djus gsrq izHkkfor djus osQ fy, ;k=kk djrs gSaA fiNys
oqQN le; ls pquko vk;ksx us lHkh ekU;rk izkIr jk"Vªh; ,oa {ks=kh; nyksa dks ljdkjh bysfDVªkfud
ehfM;k vkSj vky bf.M;k jsfM;ks ij viuk izpkj fu'kqYd djus dh lqfo/k iznku dh gSA lHkh
203
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k jktuhfrd nyksa dks fu'kqYd fn;k tkus okyk le; pquko vk;ksx }kjk vkcaafVr fd;k tkrk gSA pquko
izpkj ernku osQ fnu ls 48 ?kaVs igys jQd tkrk gSA pqukoh izfØ;k esa izpkj dh vusd rduhdksa dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA muesa ls oqQN gSa%&
(i) tu lHkk,a djuk
(ii) vius pquko ?kks"k.kk i=k osQ eq[; eqn~nksa dks mtkxj djus okys ipsZ ckaVuk (pquko ?kks"k.kk)A pquko
?kks"k.kk jktuhfrd ny }kjk tkjh ,d nLrkost gS] ftlesa lEcfU/r ny dh uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa
fVIi.kh dh ?kks"k.kk gksrh gS& blosQ ckjs esa vki ikB 19 esa foLrkj ls i<+saxsA
(iii) ny osQ izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa }kjk ?kj&?kj tkdj fuosnu djukA
(iv) fofHkUu jktuhfrd usrkvksa osQ Hkk"k.kksa dks izlkfjr ,oa Vh-oh- ij fn[kk;k tkukA

18.4.6 vkn'kZ vkpkj lafgrk

pquko izpkj dh vof/ esa jktuhfrd nyksa rFkk pquko yM+us okys mEehnokjksa ls jktuhfrd nyksa dh
vkilh lgefr osQ vk/kj ij pquko vk;ksx }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ vkn'kZ vkpkj lafgrk dk ikyu djus dh
vis{kk dh tkrh gSA pquko vk;ksx }kjk pqukoh dk;ZØe ?kksf"kr gksus osQ lkFk gh ;g ykxw gks tkrh gSA
vkpkj lafgrk fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls gS&
(i) jktuhfrd nyksa vkSj pquko yM+ jgs izR;kf'k;ksa (mEehnokjksa) dks pquko izpkj osQ fy, /kfeZd
LFkkuksa dk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A
(ii) pquko izpkj gsrq fn, x, Hkk"k.k fofHkUu /ekasZ] tkfr;ksa vkSj Hkk"kkvksa bR;kfn ls laca/ j[kus okys
fofHkUu leqnk;ksa osQ chp ?k`.kk iSnk djus okys ugha gksus pkfg,A
(iii) pquko osQ fy, ljdkjh e'khujh dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

(iv) pquko dh frfFk ?kksf"kr gksus osQ ckn dksbZ ubZ ;kstuk ?kksf"kr ugha dh tk ldrh vkSj dksbZ ubZ
ifj;kstuk 'kq: ugha dh tk ldrhA
(v) dksbZ Hkh tu lapkj osQ lk/uksa dk i{kikr iw.kZ <ax ls nqjQi;ksx ugha dj ldrkA

18.4.7 [kpsZa dh tkap&iM+rky

;|fi pquko vk;ksx lHkh ekU;rk izkIr jk"Vªh; vkSj izkarh; nyksa dks vius izpkj osQ fy, lhfer le;
dh fu'kqYd lqfo/k iznku djrk gS] ijarq bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd jktuhfrd ny vius izpkj ij oqQN
[kpZ ugha djrsA jktuhfrd ny vkSj mEehnokj vius izpkj vfHk;ku ij cgqr iSlk [kpZ djrs gSa] [kpZ
dh xbZ jkf'k dh tkap djus dk vf/dkj pquko vk;ksx dks gSA lalnh; vkSj fo/ku lHkkvksa dk pquko
ij [kpZ djus dh ,d fuf'pr lhek gSA izR;sd mEehnokj dks pquko ifj.kkeksa dh ?kks"k.kk osQ ckn osQ
45 fnuksa esa vius pqukoh [kpZ dk ys[kk&tks[kk tek djokuk gksrk gSA =kqfV ik, tkus ij vFkok fdlh
mEehnokj }kjk fuf'pr lhek ls vf/d [kpZ fd, tkus ij pquko vk;ksx mfpr dkjZokbZ dj ldrk
gS vkSj fot;h mEehnokj dks v;ksX; Hkh ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr mlosQ pquko dks jn~n fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
18.4.8 ernku] fxurh (x.kuk) ifj.kke ?kksf"kr djuk
ernku djokus osQ fy, izR;sd pquko {ks=k esa cgqr cM+h la[;k esa ernku osQUnz cuk, tkrs gSaA izR;sd

204
 Hkkjr esa pquko izfØ;k ekWM~;wy - 4
pquko osQUnz ij ihBklhu vf/dkj oQk vf/dkjr gksrk gS vkSj mlosQ v/hu dbZ pquko vf/dkjh dke O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
djrs gSaA
ernkrk xqIr :i ls ,d d{k esa ernku djrk gS rkfd dksbZ vU; O;fDr u tku ik, fd mlus fdlds
i{k esa ernku fd;k gSA bls xqIr ernku dgrs gSaA ernku osQ mijkar erisfV;ksa dks mEehnokjks dks ,tsUVksa
dh mifLFkfr esa lhy fd;k tkrk gSA ,tsUV ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd fdlh ernkrk dks ernku osQ
vfèkdkj ls oafpr ugha fd;k x;k gSA 'krZ ;g gS fd ernkrk fu/kZfjr le; lhek esa ernku osQ fy,
vk;k gksA fVIi.kh
18.4.9 bysDVªkfud oksfVax e'khu (bZ-oh-,e-)
pquko vk;ksx us Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k pquko lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, NsM+NkM+ ls eqDr bysDVªkfud oksfVax
e'khuksa dk iz;ksx 'kq: fd;k gSA izR;sd e'khu esa ,d {ks=k osQ lHkh mEehnokjksa osQ uke vkSj pquko fpg~u
gksrs gSaA ,d e'khu esa vf/dre 16 mEehnokjksa osQ uke vk ldrs gSaA ;fn la[;k 16 ls c<+ tk, rks
,d ls vf/d e'khuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn mEehnokjksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/d gks rks
eri=k dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ernku dks viuh ilan osQ mEehnokj dks er nsus osQ fy, mfpr
cVu nckuk gksrk gSA tSls gh cVu nck;k tkrk gS e'khu mlosQ ckn vius vki can gks tkrh gSA rc
nwljs ernkrk dh ckjh vkrh gSA e'khu }kjk dke djokuk vklku gS vkSj blosQ iz;ksx ls er i=kksa rFkk
er isfV;ksa dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA vc fxurh djuk cgqr vklku vkSj rst gksrk gSA 1999 esa fnYyh
yksdlHkk dh lkrksa lhVksa osQ pquko osQ fy, oksfVax e'khuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k vkSj ckn esa fo/ku lHkk
osQ pquko esa Hkh bldk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA 2004 esa yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa iwjs ns'k esa bysDVªkfud e'khuksa
dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA lhy dh xbZ erisfV;ksa vFkok e'khuksa dks leqfpr lqj{kk osQ chp erx.kuk
osQUnzksa ij yk;k tkrk gSA erx.kuk fjVfuZax vf/dkjh dh ns[kjs[k esa rFkk mEehnokj vFkoka mlosQ ,tsUVksa
dh mifLFkfr esa dh tkrh gSA ;fn fdlh er ij vFkok mldh oS/rk ij dksbZ lansg gks rks fjVfuZax
vfèkdkjh dk fu.kZ; vfUre ekuk tkrk gSA tSls gh fxurh iwjh gksrh gS rks lcls vf/d er izkIr djus
okys mEehnokj dks fjVfuZax vf/dkjh fuokZfpr ?kksf"kr djrk gSA

bysDVªkWfud oksfVax e'khu (bZoh,e)

iqueZrnku&;fn ernku osQ le; fdlh ernku osQUnz ij vlkekftd rRo dCtk dj ysrs gSa rks pquko
vk;ksx iwjs {ks=k vFkok oqQN ernku osQUnzksa ij iqueZrnku osQ vkns'k dj ldrk gSA
pquko jn~n djuk% ;fn fdlh ekU;rk izkIr jktuhfrd ny osQ lgh <ax ls ukekafdr mEehnokj dh
ukekadu dh vfUre frfFk osQ ckn vkSj ernku 'kq: gksus ls iwoZ e`R;q gks tkrh gS rks pquko vk;ksx pquko

205
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k jn~n djus osQ vkns'k nsrk gSA ;g osQoy pquko LFkxu gh ugha gksrk vfirq lEcfU/r {ks=k osQ fy, iwjh
pqukoh izfØ;k ukekadu ls ysdj ernku rd u, fljs ls nksgjkbZ tkrh gSA

ikBxr iz'u 18.2

1. pqukoksa osQ fy, vf/lwpuk dkSu tkjh djrk gS&
fVIi.kh (d)pquko vk;ksx
([k)fjVfuZax vf/dkjh
(x) jk"Vªifr
2. ukekadu i=k Hkjus dh vfUre frfFk dkSu&lk fnu gksrk gS&
(d)pkSFkk
([k)ikapok
(x) lkroka
3. pquko dk;ZØe fdrus fnu rd dk gksrk gS&
(d)lkr fnu
([k)20 fnu
(x) ,d eghuk
4. ukekadu i=kksa dks mfpr <ax ls fdrus ernkrkvksa }kjk izLrkfor vkSj vuqeksfnr fd;k tkuk pkfg,&
(d)lEcfU/r {ks=k osQ nks ernkrkvksa }kjk
([k)lEcfU/r {ks=k osQ rhu ernkrkvksa }kjk
(x) lEcfU/r {ks=k osQ pkj ernkrkvksa }kjk
(?k) lEcfU/r {ks=k osQ Ng ernkrkvksa }kjk
5. pquko izpkj dc jksd fn;k tkrk gS&
(d)ernku ls 12 ?k.Vs igys
([k)ernku ls 24 ?k.Vs igys
(x) ernku ls 48 ?k.Vs igys
6. iksfyax cwFk (ernku osQUnz) ij dke djus okys vf/dkjh dkSu gksrs gaS&
(d)pquko vf/dkjh
([k)fjVfuZax vf/dkjh
(x) ihBklhu vf/dkjh

206
 Hkkjr esa pquko izfØ;k ekWM~;wy - 4
7. ,d bZ-oh-,e- vf/dre fdrus mEehnokjksa osQ fy, i;kZIr gksrh gS& O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
(d)nl
([k)16
(x) 20

18.5 Hkkjrh; pquko izfØ;k osQ nks"k (dfe;ka) fVIi.kh

Hkkjrh; pquko izfØ;k dh nqfu;ka Hkj esa iz'kalk gqbZ gSA ftl rjg ls Hkkjr esa pquko djok, tkrs gSa mldh
yksxksa us ljkguk dh gSA ysfdu bl izfØ;k dh viuh oqQN dfe;ka Hkh gSaA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd Lora=k
vkSj fu"i{k pquko lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, pquko vk;ksx osQ iz;klksa osQ ckotwn gekjh pquko izfØ;k
esa oqQN =kqfV;ka gSA oqQN mYys[kuh; =kqfV;ksa ij uhps ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
18.5.1 /u&cy
pqukoksa esa csfglkc iSls dh Hkwfedk ,d xaHkhj leL;k cu xbZ gSA jktuhfrd ny dEifu;ksa vkSj
O;kikfj;ksa ls iSlk ,df=kr djrs gSa vkSj fiQj bl iSls dks ernkrkvksa dks vius i{k esa djus osQ fy,
iz;ksx djrs gSaA O;kikfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku vf/drj udn vkSj fglkc&fdrkc ls ckgj gksrk gSA pquko osQ
nkSjku vU; dbZ Hkz"V rjhosQ tSls fj'or nsuk] csbZekuh vFkok oksVjksa dks Mjkuk&/edkuk] tkyh oksV
Myokuk rFkk ernkrkvksa dks ernku osQUnz rd ykus rFkk okil ys tkus osQ fy, ifjogu vkSj vU; lk/
u eqgS;k djkuk vkfn Hkh viuk, tkrs gSaA pquko osQ nkSjku xjhc bykdksa esa 'kjkc ckaVus dh lwpuk,a vke
ckr gSaA
18.5.2 ckgq&cy
igys vijk/h canwd dh uksd ij ernkrkvksa dks Mjk&/edk dj muls viuh bPNkuqlkj oksV Myokdj
mEehnokjksa dks lg;ksx fn;k djrs FksA vc os Lo;a pquko yM+us osQ }kjk [kqydj lkeus vk x, gSa ftlls
jktuhfr dk vijk/hdj.k gqvk gSA ifj.kke&Lo:i pqukoksa osQ nkSjku fgalk dh ?kVukvksa esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
18.5.3 tkfr vkSj /eZ
izk;% jktuhfrd ny mEehnokjksa dks bl fopkj osQ ckn fVdV nsrs gSa fd D;k og la[;k dh n`f"V ls
cM+h tkfr;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa osQ oksV vkSj lg;ksx izkIr dj ldrk gS rFkk D;k mlosQ ikl i;kZIr lalkèku
gSaA ernkrk Hkh tkrh; vkSj lkEiznkf;d vk/kj ij ernku djrs gSaA izpkj vfHk;ku esa yksxksa dh
lkEiznkf;d fu"Bk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
18.5.4 ljdkjh e'khujh dk nqjQi;ksx
lHkh jktuhfrd nyksa osQ ikl lalk/uksa rd igqp
a us osQ leku volj ugha gksrAs lÙkk:<+ ny lnSo foi{kh
ny ls csgrj fLFkfr esa gksrk gSA vkerkSj ij ;g vkjksi yxrk gS fd lRrklhu ny ljdkjh e'khujh
dk nq#iksx djus ls ugha fgpfdpkrsA
bu lc dkj.kksa ls fgalk] erosQUnzksa ij dCtk djuk] csbZekuh] tkyh ernku] eri=kksa] erisfV;ksa dks cykr
Nhu ys tkuk] okguksa oQks vkx yxk nsus tSlh ?kVuk,a gksrh gSa ftlosQ iQyLo:i yksxksa dk pqukoksa ij
ls fo'okl de gksrk tk jgk gSA
207
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k 18.6 pquko lq/kj
yksdrkaf=kd pqukoh izfØ;k esa turk osQ fo'okl dks iquLFkkZfir djus osQ fy, Øe'k% 1974 vkSj 1990
esa fo'ks"k :i ls pquko lq/kjksa dh ;kstuk dk vè;;u vkSj fliQkfj'k djus osQ fy, fu;qDr dh xbZ
rkjoqQ.Ms lfefr }kjk vusd lq/kjksa dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA bu fliQkfj'kksa esa ls oqQN dks ykxw Hkh fd;k
tk pqdk gSA okLro esa ;g ml le; osQ eq[; pquko vk;qDr Vh-vkj- 'ks"ku dh vè;{krk esa pquko vk;ksx
us Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k pquko djokus osQ fy, dbZ u, mik;kas dks viuk;kA vc rd ykxw fd, x, oqQN
fVIi.kh lqèkkj fuEufyf[kr gSa&
(d) ernku dh vk;q 21 o"kZ ls ?kVkdj 18 o"kZ dj nh xbZ gSA blls oksVjksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼
rFkk ns'k osQ ;qokvksa esa fo'okl izdV fd;k x;k gSA
([k) pqukoksa dks xaHkhjrk ls u ysus okys dbZ mEehnokjksa dks pquko yM+us ls jksdus osQ fy, lqj{kk
jkf'k dks c<+k nsuk ,d vU; cM+k ifjorZu gSA
(x) tkyh ernku vkSj cksxl ernku osQ mUewyu osQ fy, iQksVks igpku i=k 'kq: fd, x, gSaA
(?k) bysDVªkfud oksfVax e'khu dk iz;ksx 'kq: gksus ls ernku osQUnzksa ij dCtk] gsjkisQjh vkSj tkyh
ernku lEHko ugha gks losQxkA bZ-oh-,e- osQ iz;ksx ls oqQN le; ckn pquko djokus osQ [kpZ
dks de djus rFkk fxurh osQ le; csbZekuh dh ?kVuk,a Hkh de gksaxhA
(Ä) oqQy Mkys x, erksa dh la[;k rFkk fxus x, erksa dh la[;k esa varj feyus ij fjVfuZxa vfèkdkjh
lh/s pquko vk;ksx dks lwpuk ns ldrk gSA ,slh fjiksVZ feyus ij pquko vk;ksx fdlh fo'ks"k
ernku osQUnz ij gq, pquko dks voS/ ?kksf"kr dj ldrk gS vkSj u, pquko dh frfFk fuf'pr
dj ldrk gS vFkok ml iwjs pquko {ks=k dk pquko jn~n dj ldrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 18.3

1. Hkkjrh; pquko izfØ;k dh oqQN dfe;ka gSa&
(d) ---------------------------------------- ([k) ----------------------------------------
(x) ---------------------------------------- (?k) ----------------------------------------
2. Hkkjr esa ykxw fd, x, vfr egRoiw.kZ pquko lq/kj gSaµ
(d) ----------------------------------------------------------
([k) ---------------------------------------------------------
(x) ---------------------------------------------------------
(?k) ---------------------------------------------------------

vkius D;k lh[kk

Hkkjr esa Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k pquko djokus osQ fy, lafo/ku }kjk ,d fu"i{k laLFkk ^fuokZpu vk;ksx*
LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA ;g f=klnL;h; laLFkk gSA pquko vk;ksx osQ eq[; dk;Z pquko {ks=kksa dk ifjlheu
djuk] jktuhfrd nyksa dks ekU;rk nsuk] pquko fpg~u vkcafVr djuk] pqukoksa dh ns[kHkky ,oa djokus
osQ fy, deZpkfj;ksa dks fu;qDr djuk vkfn gSaA pquko vk;ksx pquko dk;ZØe dks ?kksf"kr djrk gS vkSj
208
 Hkkjr esa pquko izfØ;k ekWM~;wy - 4
vkn'kZ vkpkj lafgrk tkjh djrk gS ftldk pqukoksa osQ nkSjku vuqikyu gksuk pkfg,A pquko yM+us okys O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
mEehnokj viuk ukekadu i=k Hkjrs gS] muosQ i=kksa dks lEcfU/r fjVfuZax vf/dkjh tkap djrk gS ftlosQ
ckn mUgsa Loho`Qr vFkok vLoho`Qr fd;k tkrk gSA mEehnokj Lo;a Hkh viuk uke okil ys ldrs gSaA
pquko izpkj osQ nkSjku jktuhfrd ny vius pquko ?kks"k.k i=k tkjh djrs gSaA yksxksa dk fo'okl thrus
osQ fy, vusd dne mBk, tkrs gSa_ tSls tulHkk,a] ?kj&?kj tkdj oksV ekaxuk rFkk yksxksa dk fo'okl
thrus osQ fy, bysDVªkfud ehfM;k] Vh-oh vkSj jsfM;ksa dk iz;ksx djukA ernku osQ fnu pquko vk;ksx
;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd ernkrk vius er dk Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k <ax ls iz;ksx dj losQAa fdlh pquko fVIi.kh
{ks=k esa lcls vf/d er izkIr djus okys mEehnokj dks fuokZfpr ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
fiNys fnuksa bysDVªkfud oksfVax e'khu dk iz;ksx 'kq: fd;k x;k gSA bl ifjorZu osQ ldkjkRed ifj.kke
vk, gSa D;ksafd vc tkyh ernku] csbZekuh] ernku osQUnzksa ij dCtk djus tSlh ?kVuk,a lEHko ugha gSa
vkSj fxurh Hkh 'kh?kz gh iwjh dh tk ldrh gSA ;|fi pquko vk;ksx Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k pquko djokus
dk Hkjld iz;kl djrk gS ijarq gekjh pquko O;oLFkk osQ lkeus /u vkSj ckgqcy rFkk vU; Hkz"V rjhosQ
viukus dh leL;k gSA bl lcls cpus osQ fy, le;&le; ij oqQN pqukoh lq/kj ykxw fd, x, gSaA

ikBkar iz'u
1. Hkkjr osQ pquko vk;ksx osQ D;k dk;Z gSa\

2. yksd lHkk vFkok fo/ku lHkk pqukoksa osQ nkSjku viukbZ tkus okyh pqukoh izfØ;k dk la{ksi esa
o.kZu djsaA
3. Hkkjr dh pquko O;oLFkk dh dfe;ksa dks la{ksi esa fy[ksaA O;oLFkk dks csgrj cukus osQ fy, lqèkkj
laca/h lq>ko nhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

18.1
1. ([k) 2. ([k) 3. N% 4. mPpre U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k
5. (d) dey ([k) gkFk (x) lkbfdy
6. (x) 7. ([k)

18.2
1. (x) 2. (x) 3. (x) 4. (d) 5. (x)
6. (d) 7. ([k)

18.3
1. (d) /u&cy
([k) ckgqcy
(x) tkfr vkSj /eZ dh Hkwfedk
(x) ljdkjh e'khujh dk nq#i;ksx
209
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k 2. (d) ernku dh vk;q ?kVkuk
([k) lqj{kk jkf'k dks c<+kuk
(x) iQksVks igpku i=k ykxw djuk
(?k) bysDVªkfud oksfVax e'khu dk iz;ksx O;kid :i ls 'kq: djuk
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
fVIi.kh
1. [k.M 18.2 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 18.4 ns[ksa
3. [k.M 18.5 vkSj 18.6 ns[ksa

fd'kksjksa osQ eqn~nksa ij vkb, fopkj djsa

LoLFk lEcUèk @fe=krk dks oSQls tkuk tk ldrk gS\
fuEufyf[kr }kjk LoLFk lEcUèk cuk, tk ldrs gSa %
9 ijLij
9 fo'okl
9 bZekunkjh
9 lgk;rk
9 fu"i{krk vkSj cjkcjh
9 vyx&vyx igpku
9 ijLij ckrphr osQ vPNs lk/u
vkilh lEcUèk cukus ls igys psrkouh N.P Lo;a ls fuEufyf[kr iz'u iwfN, D;k vkidk lkFkh@fe=k
vki ij ncko Mkyrk gS] vkidks lkspus osQ fy, etcwj djrk gS fd vki vPNs balku ugha gS\ D;k
vkidks vosQysiu dk ,glkl fnykrk gS\ D;k 'kkjhfjd :i ls vFkok ;kSu lEcU/ksa }kjk vkidks gkfu
igqp
¡ rk gS\
;fn gk¡] rks vki vius lkFkh@fe=k ls bl fo"k; esa ckrphr djsAa ;fn blesa vkidks liQyrk ugha feyrh]
rc fdlh ls vius bl lacaèkh@fe=kd osQ ckjs esa fiQj ls fopkj djsaA ,d fo'oLr O;fDr ls vki bl
lacaèk dh ppkZ djsa vkSj lykg ysa] D;k okLro esa vki vius lkFkh ls lqjf{kr gSaA ;fn vkidk lkFkh
vkidks pkgrk gS fiQj Hkh nq[k igq¡prk gS rks ;g mfpr ugha gSA

210
 jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd ny ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k

19
jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd ny fVIi.kh

fiNys ikBksa esa vkius izfrfufèkRo osQ rjhdksa vkSj pquko iz.kkyh osQ ckjs esa i<+k gSA izR;sd yksdrkaf=kd
lekt rFkk lRrkoknh O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd ny gksrs gSaA ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd ny
fopkjksa] vfHkerksa rFkk i¼fr;ksa osQ okgd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA ny] ukxfjdksa vkSj ljdkj osQ chp
rFkk ernkrk vkSj izfrfuèkkRed laLFkkvksa osQ chp dM+h dk dke djrs gSaA okLro esa ,d liQy yksdra=k
dks vius iks"k.k osQ fy, ,d LoLFk nyh; O;oLFkk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA jktuhfrd ny ,sls
midj.k gSa ftuosQ ekè;e ls ukxfjd mu izfrfufèk;ksa dks pqurs gSa tks ljdkj cukrs gSaA os oSdfYid
uhfr;ksa osQ xq.k ,oa [krjksa ls ukxfjdksa dks mUgsa voxr gh ugha djkrs vfirq mUgsa jktuhfrd f'k{kk Hkh
nsrs gSaA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z jktuhfrd nyksa dk egRo le> ik,axs_
z fofHkUu izdkj dh nyh; O;oLFkkvksa dks tku tk,axs_
z Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk Lej.k dj ik,axs_
z jk"Vªh; vkSj {ks=kh; nyksa osQ fl¼karksa vkSj mn~ns';ksa dk o.kZu dj loasQxs_
z izeq[k jktuhfrd nyksa osQ fl¼karksa vkSj mn~ns';ksa dk o.kZu dj losaQxs_ rFkk
z Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus esa bu jk"Vªh; nyksa dh Hkwfedk dks le> losaQxsA

19.1 jktuhfrd nyksa dk vFkZ vkSj Hkwfedk

ekuo tkfr us vius vki dks lewg vkSj blls cM+s :iksa esa laxfBr fd;k gSA jktuhfrd ny ,sls gh
ekuo laxBuksa essa ls ,d gSA vkèkqfud ;qx esa vkn'kZ ljdkj dks fdlh u fdlh izfrfuèkkRed laLFkk osQ
ekè;e ls pyk;k tkrk gSA lHkh izfrfuèkkRed ljdkjksa vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ fy, jktuhfrd nyksa dk gksuk
vko';d gSA

211
 ekWM~;wy- 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k jktuhfrd ny yksxksa dh ,d laxfBr laLFkk gS ftuosQ ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ lEcaèk esa loZekU;
fl¼kar vkSj y{; gksrs gSaA jktuhfrd nyksa dk eq[; mn~ns'; jktuhfrd lÙkk dks izkIr djuk vkSj mls
cuk, j[kuk gksrk gSA ljdkj pykus okys jktuhfrd ny dks 'kkld ny dgrs gSaA ,d la;qDr
(feyh&tqyh) ljdkj esa ,d ls vfèkd 'kkld ny gkss ldrs gSaA foi{k esa cSBus okys vkSj 'kkld ny
osQ dk;ksZa dh vkerkSj ij vFkok fof'k"V eqn~nksa ij vkykspuk ,oa fo'ys"k.k djus okys jktuhfrd ny
dks foi{kh ny dgrs gSaA ,d jktuhfrd ny esa fuEufyf[kr vko';d fo'ks"krk,a gksuh pkfg,%
fVIi.kh i) ;g vkSipkfjd lnL;rk okyh yksxksa dh ,d laxfBr laLFkk gksuh pkfg,A
ii) bldh Li"V uhfr;ka vkSj dk;ZØe gksus pkfg,A
iii) blosQ lnL;ksa dks blosQ fl¼karkas] uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa ls lger gksuk pkfg,A
iv) bldk y{; yksdrkaf=kd rjhosQ ls lÙkk izkIr djuk gksuk pkfg,A
v) bldk Li"V vkSj Lohdk;Z usr`Ro gksuk pkfg,A
vi) bldks foLr`r eqn~nksa vkSj O;kid ljdkjh {ks=kksa ij è;ku osQfUnzr djuk pkfg,A

ikBxr iz'u 19.1

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ
(d) jktuhfrd ny yksxksa dh ,d laxfBr laLFkk gS ftldk eq[; mn~ns'; ------------------------------- gSA
(lÙkk dks izkIr djuk vkSj cuk, j[kuk@ljdkj dk nokc Mkyuk)
([k) fdlh jktuhfrd ny osQ lnL; loZekU;] y{;ksa vkSj n'kZu ls ---------------------------- gksrs gSaA
(lger@ vlger)
(x) ny ------------------------- vkSj ljdkj osQ chp ,d dM+h dk dke djrs gaSA (ukxfjdksa@laLFkkvksa)

19.2 nyh; O;oLFkk osQ izdkj

Hkkjr esa cgqnyh; O;oLFkk gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa vusd jk"Vªh; vkSj {ks=kh; nyksa dk izHkqRo gSA ,sls
ns'k Hkh gSa tgka ,d nyh; O;oLFkk vFkok f}nyh; O;oLFkk gSA iwoZ lksfo;r la?k vkSj ;qxksLykfo;k esa
,d nyh; O;oLFkk FkhA blh izdkj phu esa ,d nyh; O;oLFkk gSA igys teZuh esa Hkh osQoy ,d
nyµukth ikVhZ Fkh vkSj bVyh esa Hkh ,slk gh Fkk tgka dh ,dek=k ikVhZ dks iQkflLV ikVhZ osQ uke ls
tkuk tkrk FkkA f}nyh; O;oLFkk esa nks eq[; jktuhfrd ny gksrs gSaA baXyS.M] la;qDr jkT; vejhdk]
vkLVªsfy;k vkSj U;wthyS.M esa f}nyh; O;oLFkk gSA ogka vU; ny gks ldrs gSa ijarq mudh Hkwfedk izk;%
ux.; gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,_ baXyS.M esa nks eq[; ny yscj ikVhZ rFkk dUtosZfVo ikVhZ gSaA vejhdk
esa nks eq[; ny fjifCydu ikVhZ vkSj MseksØsfVd ikVhZ gSaA Hkkjr dh rjg tkiku] izQkal] teZuh vkSj
fLoVtjyS.M esa cgqnyh; O;oLFkk gSA

212
 jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd ny ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
ikBxr iz'u 19.2
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ
(d) iwoZ lksfo;r la?k esa -------------------------------- O;oLFkk FkhA
(,d nyh;@cgqnyh;)
([k) teZuh esa ------------------------- O;oLFkk gSA fVIi.kh
(f}nyh;@ cgqnyh;)
(x) baXyS.M dh nks izeq[k ikfVZ;ka ------------------------------ikVhZ gSA (dUtosfZ Vo vkSj yscj@fjifCydu vkSj
MseksØsfVd)

19.3 Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk dk fodkl

Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk osQ fodkl dk izkjEHk 1885 esa ,d jktuhfrd eap osQ :i esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;
dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ls gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ izR;qRrj osQ
:i esa rFkk fczfV'k 'kklu ls Lora=krk izkIr djus osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhA
Lora=krk osQ ckn yksdrkaf=kd lafoèkku viukus osQ lkFk 1952 esa lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj ij
vkèkkfjr izFke vke pqukoksa osQ n`f"Vxr ,d ubZ nyh; O;oLFkk mHkjh gqbZA fiNys ikB esa vkius
lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj osQ fo"k; esa foLrkj ls i<+k gSA Lora=krk osQ ckn osQ le; esa nyh;
O;oLFkk fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa vFkok pj.kksa ls xqtjh gSA
igyh fLFkfr dks ,d ny osQ izHkqRo dk nkSj dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa esa osQoy (1956&59
esa osQjy dk viokn NksM+dj) dkaxzsl ny dk 'kklu jgk gSA nwljh fLFkfr (1967&75) esa Hkkjr us
cgqnyh; O;oLFkk osQ mn~Hko dks ns[kkA 1967 osQ foèkku lHkk pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl vkB jkT;ksa esa ijkftr
gqbAZ bu jkT;ksa esa igyh ckj xSj dkaxsl
z h nyksa us la;qDr ljdkj cukbZA 1969 esa dkaxsl
z (vks) rFkk dkaxsl
z
(,u) osQ :i esa fo?kVu gqvkA ijarq 1971 osQ eè;kofèk pquko thrus osQ ckn dkaxzsl ,d ckj fiQj
,d izeq[k rkdr cu xbZA rc vkikr dky (1975&77) dk ;qx vk;k ftls Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dk
loZlÙkkoknh ;qx dgk tkrk gSA
vkikr dky gVus osQ lkFk gh dkaxzsl dk izHkqRo Hkh lekIr gks x;kA 1977 osQ vke pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl
dks turk ikVhZ us ijkftr fd;kA dbZ jktuhfrd nyksa osQ foy; osQ iQyLo:i turk ikVhZ vfLrRo
esa vkbZ FkhA ysfdu 1980 osQ vke pqukoksa osQ ckn dkaxzsl iqu% lRrk esa ykSV vkbZ vkSj 1989 rd lRrk
esa cuh jghA
turk ikVhZ% eksjkjth nslkbZ osQ usr`Ro okyh dkaxzsl (vks)] pj.k flag osQ usr`Ro okys yksdny]
txthou jke osQ usr`Ro okys dkaxzsl iQkj MseksØslh] tktZ iQukZaMhl osQ usr`Ro esa lektokfn;ksa vkSj
,y- osQ- vMokuh osQ usr`Ro okys tula?k osQ foy; ls mHkj dj vkbZA
1989 osQ pqukoksa esa us'kuy izaQV us Hkktik vkSj oke nyksa osQ lg;ksx ls ljdkj cukbZ ijarq ;s nksuksa ny
viuk dk;Zdky iwjk ugha dj ik;s vkSj nloha yksdlHkk osQ fy, ebZ&twu 1991 esa pquko djok, x,A
dkaxzsl us fiQj ls osQUnz esa ljdkj cukbZA 1996 osQ vke pqukoksa esa Hkktik lcls cM+h ikVhZ osQ :i esa

213
 ekWM~;wy- 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k mHkj dj vkbZ vkSj mls osQUnz esa ljdkj cukus dk volj feykA pwfa d ;g fuèkkZfjr le; esa viuk cgqer
fl¼ ugha dj ldh blfy, bls R;kxi=k nsuk iM+kA dkaxzsl vkSj Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ (ekDlZoknh)
osQ ckgjh leFkZu osQ vkèkkj ij cuh 13 nykas dh la;qDr ekspkZ ljdkj Hkh viuk dk;Zdky iwjk ugha
dj ikbZA ;|fi 1998 osQ pqukoksa osQ ckn Hkktik osQ usr`Ro esa cuh la;qDr ljdkj dks 1999 osQ pqukoksa
us nksckjk ljdkj cukus dk volj iznku fd;k ftlus cgqnyh; xBucaèku jk"Vªh; turkaf=kd xBcaèku
(,u-Mh-,-) osQ :i esa viuk dk;Zdky iwjk fd;kA
fVIi.kh 2004 osQ 14osa vke pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl lcls cM+s ny osQ :i esa mHkj dj vkbZ vkSj osQUnz esa oke ekspsZ
osQ leFkZu ls xBca/u dh ljdkj cukbZA 1989 esa izkjEHk gq, Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk dk nkSj vHkh
Hkh py jgk gS vkSj bls feyhµtqyh vFkok xBca/u dh jktuhfr dk nkSj dgk tkrk gSA dksbZ Hkh ny
bl nkSj esa vius ne ij osQUnz esa ljdkj cukus esa liQy ugha gqvk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 19.3

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ
(d) Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk esa 1952 ls 67 rd osQ nkSj oQks ----------------------------- dgk tkrk gSA
([k) 1975 ls 1977 rd osQ le; dks ----------------------------- ;qx dgk tkrk gSA
(x) 1977 ls 1980 rd turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj dks ------------------------- dk nkSj dgk tkrk gSA
(?k) ,u- Mh- ,- ljdkj -------------------------------------- nyksa osQ xBcaèku dh ljdkj FkhA

19.4 jk"Vªh; ny vkSj {ks=kh; ny

Hkkjr esa nks izdkj osQ ny gSa& jk"Vªh; ny vkSj {ks=kh; nyA jk"Vªh; ny os gSa ftudk izk;% iwjs ns'k esa
izHkko gSA ;g vko';d ugha gS fd jk"Vªh; ny lHkh jkT;ksa esa leku :i ls 'kfDr'kkyh gksaA fdlh ny
oQks pquko vk;ksx ,d fuf'pr lw=k osQ vkèkkj ij jk"Vªh; ny dh ekU;rk iznku djrk gSA ,sls jktuhfrd
ny dks ftlus fiNys vke pqukoksa esa Mkys x, oqQy oSèk erksa osQ 6 izfr'kr ls vfèkd er de ls de
pkj jkT;ksa esa izkIr fd, gksa mls jk"Vªh; ny dk ntkZ iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
jk"Vªh; nyksa dh la[;k cnyrh jgh gSA o"kZ 2006 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl] Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ] Hkkjrh;
dE;qfu"V ikVhZ (ekDlZoknh)] Hkkjrh; dE;qfu"V ikVhZ] cgqtu lekt ikVhZ vkSj jk"Vªoknh dkaxzsl ikVhZ
jk"Vªh; ny FksA
bu jk"Vªh; nyksa osQ vfrfjDr Hkkjr esa oqQN vU; ny Hkh gSa ftudk jk"Vªh; Lrj ij izHkko ugha gSA mudh
xfrfofèk;ka vkSj izHkko fo'ks"k jkT;ksa vFkok {ks=kksa rd lhfer gSaA dHkh&dHkh ;s ny fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k
dh ekaxksa dks mBkus osQ fy, cuk, tkrs gSaA ;s ny u rks detksj gS vkSj u gh vYithoh gSaA dHkh&dHkh
rks ;s vius {ks=k esa cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh fl¼ gksrs gSaA bUgsa {ks=kh; ny dgk tkrk gSA rfeyukMq esa ,-vkbZ-
,-Mh-,e-osQ- rFkk Mh-,e-osQ-] vkUèkz izns'k esa rsyqxq ns'ke] iatkc esa vdkyh ny] tEew vkSj d'ehj esa
us'kuy dkaizsQl] >kj[k.M esa >kj[k.M eqfDr ekspkZ] vklke esa vle x.k ifj"kn] egkjk"Vª esa jk"Vªoknh
dkaxzsl ikVhZ vkSj f'ko lsuk izeq[k {ks=kh; ny gSaA {ks=kh; nyksa osQ ckjs esa vki vxys ikB esa i<+saxsA

214
 jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd ny ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
ikBxr iz'u 19.4
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ
(d) jk"Vªh; ny dks de ls de ---------------- jkT;ksa esa Mkys x, oSèk erksa dk 6 izfr'kr izkIr gksuk pkfg,A
(pkj@ikap)
([k) Hkkjrh; dE;qfu"V ikVhZ --------------------------- ny gSA (jk"Vªh;@{ks=kh;) fVIi.kh
(x) Mh-,e-osQ- ,d --------------------------- ny gSA (jk"Vªh;@{ks=kh;)
(?k) us'kuy dkaiQz l
as ,d ------------------------------ gSA (jk"Vªh;@{ks=kh;)

19.5 Hkkjr esa izeq[k jk"Vªh; ny

1. Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl
tSlk fd vki igys i<+ pqoQs gaS fd Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxl sz dk xBu 1885 esa cEcbZ (eqca bZ) esa gqvk FkkA
MCY;w-lh- cuthZ Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxl sz osQ igys vè;{k FksA izkjEHk esa dkaxl
sz eè;oxhZ; cqf¼thfo;ksa dh
,d laLFkk Fkh ftldk eq[; y{; fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu esa jktuhfrd lqèkkj ykuk FkkA 20oha 'knh
osQ nwljs n'kd esa egkRek xkaèkh osQ usrR` o esa dkaxlsz ,d foLr`r tukèkkj okyh ikVhZ cu xbZA ikVhZ dks
èkhjs&èkhjs tulkèkkj.k dk leFkZu feyus yxk vkSj blus Lora=krk vkanksyu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~ tokgj yky usg: izèkkuea=kh cus vkSj vius thou osQ var 1964 rd dkaxzsl dks
usr`Ro fn;kA tSlk fd igys mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd bls usg: ;qx dgk tkrk gSA dkaxzsl ikVhZ us izFke
ikap xzke pqukoksa 1952] 57] 62] 67 vkSj 71 esa yksdlHkk esa thr gkfly dhA 1975 esa jk"Vªh;
vkikrdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ tks 1977 rd pyhA 1977 osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl ijkftr gqbZA ijarq
1980 osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl bfUnjk xkaèkh osQ usr`Ro eas iqu% lRrk esa ykSV vkbZA bfUnjk xkaèkh dh 1984
esa gR;k dj nh xbZ vkSj vxys vke pquko esa dkaxzsl csgrj cgqer ls thr xbZA 1989 osQ pqukoksa es aikVhZ
dks Li"V cgqer izkIr ugha gqvk ijarq ;g lcls cM+h ikVhZ osQ :i esa mHkjhA 1991 esa nlosa vke pqukoksa
esa dkaxzsl fiQj ls lcls cM+s ny osQ :i esa mHkjh vkSj osQUnz esa viuh ljdkj cukbZA 1996 esa dkaxzsl
vke pqukoksa osQ ckn viuh ljdkj ugha cuk ldhA 12osa vke pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl dks osQoy 140 lhVsa
izkIr gqb±A 1999 osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxl
sz dh rkdr ?kVdj 112 lnL;ksa rd igqp a xbZA ysfdu 14osa vke pquko
esa dkaxl
sz us vU; èkeZ fujis{k nyksa osQ lkFk xBcaèku fd;k vkSj ,d la;Dq r ljdkj dk xBu fd;kA

ikBxr iz'u 19.5

fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,µ
(d)Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ---------------------------------- esa gqbZ FkhA (1885@1985)
([k)egkRek xkaèkh osQ usrR` o esa dkaxl
sz ikVhZ ---------------------------- dh laLFkk cu xbZA (tulkèkkj.k@ eè;e@
vehjks)a
(x) jk"Vªh; vkikr dky ------------------------------------ esa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA (1975@1976@1977)

2. Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ

Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dk xBu 1980 esa fd;k x;kA mlosQ ckn ls blus yxkrkj vius izHkko {ks=k dks
215
 ekWM~;wy- 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k fganh {ks=kksa] xqtjkr vkSj egkjk"Vª esa c<+k;kA 1989 osQ ckn ls ;g viuk vkèkkj nf{k.k Hkkjr esa Hkh c<+kus
dk iz;Ru dj jgh gSA 1980 esa vius xBu osQ lkFk gh Hkktik èkhjs&èkhjs yksd lHkk esa viuh lhVksa dh
la[;k esa o`f¼ dj jgh gSA 1984 osQ vke pqukoksa esa bls osQoy nks lhVsa izkIr gqbZ FkhaA 1989 esa lhVksa
dh la[;k c<+dj 88 gks xbZA 1991 osQ vke pqukoksa esa Hkktik dh yksd lHkk esa rkdr 122 rd c<+
xbZ tks 1996 osQ pqukoksa esa 161 rd igqap xbZA 1998 osQ pqukoksa esa blus 180 lhVs thrha vkSj 1999
osQ pqukoksa esa bldh lhVksa dh la[;k 182 rd c<+ xbZA 1999 osQ pqukoksa esa Hkktik us jk"Vªh; turkaf=kd
xBucaèku osQ ,d Hkkxhnkj osQ :i esa pquko yM+kA fiNys 2004 osQ pqukoksa esa Hkktik dks jktx osQ ,d
fVIi.kh
lg;ksxh ?kVd ny osQ :i esa vko';d cgqer izkIr ugha gqvkA ;g foi{k dh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA
bldk lEkFkZu {ks=k lkjs ns'k esa iQSys gksus osQ ctk, oqQN fo'ks"k {ks=kksa rd gh lhfer gSA
3. lkE;oknh ny

Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny (lh-ih-vkbZ-) vkSj Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny (ekDlZoknh) nks lkE;oknh ny gSaA
dkaxzsl osQ ckn lkE;oknh ny gh lcls iqjkuk jktuhfrd ny gSA lkE;oknh vkanksyu 1920 osQ n'kd
osQ izkjEHk esa 'kq: gqvk vkSj 1925 esa lkE;oknh ny dh LFkkiuk gks xbZA lkE;okfn;ksa us jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
esa Hkkx fy;k] ;|fi vkerkSj ij muosQ dkaxzsl osQ lkFk xaHkhj erHksn FksA lkE;okfn;ksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd
yksx vkfFkZd :i ls leku gksus pkfg, vkSj lekt dks xjhc vkSj vehj esa oxhZo`Qr ugha fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A etnwjksa] fdlkuksa rFkk vU; esgurd'k yksxksa dks tks lekt esa mRiknd dk;Z djrs gSa] mfpr
ekU;rk vkSj 'kfDr feyuh pkfg,A
iwjs usg: ;qx esa lkE;oknh ny gh eq[; foi{kh ny FkkA izFke yksd lHkk esa muosQ 26 lnL; FksA nwljh
vkSj rhljh yksd lHkk esa muosQ Øe'k% 27 vkSj 29 lnL; FksA 1957 esa lh-ih-vkbZ- (Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh
ny) dks osQjy esa iw.kZ cgqer izkIr gqvk vkSj mlus Hkkjr osQ fdlh ,d jkT; esa igyh lkE;oknh ljdkj
cukbZA 60 osQ n'kd osQ izkjEHk esa fo'ks"k :i ls 1962 esa Hkkjr ij phuh vkØe.k osQ ckn Hkkjrh;
lkE;oknh ny osQ lnL;ksa esa xaHkhj erHksn iSnk gq,A ifj.kke Lo:i ikVhZ nks Hkkxksa esa caV xbZA lh-ih-
vkbZ- ls vyx gksus okyksa us 1964 esa lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e) dk xBu fd;kA lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e) dk eq[;
leFkZu vkèkkj if'peh caxky] osQjy vkSj f=kiqjk esa osQfUnzr gS ;|fi blus vkaèkz izns'k] vklke] iatkc]
bR;kfn esa viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djkbZ gSA lh-ih-vkbZ- osQ izHkko{ks=k vkaèkz izns'k] vklke] fcgkj] ef.kiqj]
mM+hlk] ikaMhpsjh vkSj iatkc bR;kfn esa gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr lh-ih-vkbZ- osQjy vkSj if'peh caxky esa oke
ekspkZ xBcaèku dk lnL; jgh gSA 2004 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksa osQ ckn lh-ih-vkbZ- vkSj lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e)
nksuksa gh dkaxzsl xBcaèku dh ljdkj osQ leFkZd jgs gSaA os la;qDr izxfr'khy xBcaèku dh ljdkj dks
ckgj ls leFkZu ns jgs gSaA
4. cgqtu lekt ikVhZ

cgqtu lekt ikVhZ (c-l-ik-)dks 1996 esa jk"Vªh; ny dk ntkZ izkIr gqvkA clik fiNM+h tkfr;ksa] oafpr
lewgksa vkSj vYila[;dksa osQ fgrksa dh ckr djrh gSA clik dk fo'okl gS fd bl cgqla[;d lekt
dks mQaph tkfr;ksa osQ 'kks"k.k ls eqDr djokuk pkfg, vkSj mudks viuh ljdkj cukuh pkfg,A clik dk
izHkko {ks=k mÙkj izns'k] eè; izns'k] iatkc vkfn esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 1995 vkSj 1997 esa clik mÙkj
izns'k esa xBcaèku ljdkjksa esa Hkkxhnkj FkhA ysfdu 2007 esa igyh ckj bl ny us cgqer izkIr dj mÙkj
izns'k esa viuh ljdkj cukbZ gSA

216
 jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd ny ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
ikBxr iz'u 19.6
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ
(d) 1984 osQ vke pqukoksa esa Hkktik dks yksd lHkk esa ----------------- lhVsa izkIr gqbZA (2] 3] 4)
([k) lh-ih-vkbZ- us viuh igyh ljdkj --------------------------------- jkT; esa cukbZA (if'peh caxky@osQjy@vkaèkz
izn's k) fVIi.kh
(x) clik dk izHkko {ks=k-----------------------------esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA (mRrj izns'k@vkaèkz izns'k@if'peh
caxky)

vkius D;k lh[kk

bl ikB esa vkius Hkkjr eas jktuhfrd nyksa osQ ckjs esa tkukA jktuhfrd ny osQ vFkZ osQ lkFk&lkFk vkius
Hkkjr esa yksdra=k dks cuk, j[kus esa bu nyksa dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa i<+kA nyh; O;oLFkk dk lgh
ifjn`'; Li"V djus osQ fy, fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa dh Hkh ppkZ dh xbZA Hkkjr esa nyh; O;oLFkk
osQ fodkl dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA jk"Vªh; vkSj {ks=kh; nyksa dh laf{kIr ifjHkk"kk nsus osQ ckn eq[; jk"Vªh;
nyksa tSls dkaxl
sz ] Hkktik] dE;qfu"V ikVhZ vkSj cgqtu lekt ikVhZ dh fof'k"Vrkvksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1. jktuhfrd ny dh vko';d fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A
2. Hkkjr osQ fdUgha nks izeq[k jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd nyksa dh ppkZ dhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

19.1
(d) lRrk dks izkIr djuk vkSj cuk, j[kuk
([k) lger
(x) ukxfjdksa
19.2
(d) ,d nyh;
([k) cgqnyh;
(x) dUtosZfVo vkSj yscj
19.3
(d) ,d nyh; izHkqRo dk nkSj
([k) lRrkoknh
(x) xBcUèku jktuhfr

217
 ekWM~;wy- 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k (?k) 13 (rsjg)
19.4
(d) pkj
([k) jk"Vªh;
(x) {ks=kh;
(?k) {ks=kh;
fVIi.kh
19.5
(d) 1885
(x) tulkèkkj.k
(?k) 1975
19.6
(d) 2
(x) osQjy
(?k) mÙkj izns'k

ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr

1. [k.M 19.3 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 19.5 ns[ksa

vkb,] fd'kksjksa dks izHkkfor djus okys eqn~nksa ij fopkj djsaA

ge viuh thou 'kSyh esa oSQls lq/kj djsa\
z vius dks le>sa vkSj csgrj eglwl djsaA viusvki esa fo'okl j[ksa vkSj viuh rkdr
vkSj detksfj;ksa dks le>sAa vkRe&lEeku dh Hkkouk vko';d gSA
z thou osQ izfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k j[ksAa lq[kn u gksus ij Hkh vuqHkoksa ls lh[kus dks
rRij jgsaA
z dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa leL;k dk dkj.k igpkusa rFkk csgrjhu lek/ku <wa<+saA
z viuh leL;kvksa dks nwljksa osQ lax ckafV, vkSj t:jr iM+us ij] le; ij lgk;rk izkIr
djsaA
z LoLFk thou 'kSyh viuk,a vkSj mÙkjnk;h fu.kZ; ysaA
z fo'oLr lwpuk izkIr djsa rFkk lgh fodYi ,oa fu.kZ; pqusaA
z vius fu.kZ;ksa ,oa dk;ks± osQ izfriQy ij fopkj djsaA
z nwljksa osQ vuqHkoksa ls lh[ksµ
a vkSjksa dh xyfr;ksa ls ge ykHk mBk ldrs gSAa
z viuh fparkvksa dks ekrk&firk] f'k{kd] nksLrksa rFkk ijke'kZ&nkrkvksa osQ lkFk ckaVsa vkSj
mudh enn ls vius dks rukoeqDr j[ksAa
z vius lgikfB;ksa osQ ncko esa vk, fcuk ^uk* dguk lh[ksAa
z ,p- vkbZ- oh-@ ,M~l ls ihfM+r yksxksa rFkk ,sls O;fDr;ksa ftu ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsus dh
t:jr gS] dk è;ku j[ksa vkSj muosQ izfr lEeku dk Hkko j[ksAa
z iztuu leca/h laons u'khy LokLF; ij laosnu'khy tkudkjh vkSjksa osQ lax ckaVAs

218
 {ks=kokn vkSjk {ks=kh; ny ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k

20
{ks=kokn vkSj {ks=kh; ny fVIi.kh

Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk dh ,d fopkj djus ;ksX; fo'ks"krk cM+h la[;k esa {ks=kh; nyksa dk gksuk gSA {ks=kh;
ny ls gekjk vFkZ ,sls ny ls gS tks ,d lhfer HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa dk;Z djrk gS vkSj bldh xfrfofèk;ka
osQoy ,d vFkok eqV~Bh Hkj jkT;ksa rd lhfer gksrh gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jk"Vªh; nyksa osQ O;kid fofHkUu
izdkj osQ fgrksa dh rqyuk esa {ks=kh; ny ,d fo'ks"k {ks=k osQ fgrksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djrs gSaA ljy 'kCnksa
esa] {ks=kh; ny vf[ky Hkkjrh; nyksa ls vius n`f"Vdks.k vkSj fgrksa dh n`f"V ls nksuksa esa cgqr varj gSA
os osQoy jkT; vFkok {ks=kh; Lrj ij lRrk izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj jk"Vªh; ljdkj ij fu;a=k.k cukus
dh bPNk ugha j[krsA ;g ckr è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd Hkkjr esa {ks=kh; nyksa dh la[;k jk"Vªh; nyksa ls
dkiQh vf/d gS vkSj oqQN jkT;ksa esa {ks=kh; ny 'kklu Hkh dj jgs gSa_ tSls iatkc] rfeyukMq] dukZVd]
vklke] tEew vkSj d'ehj vkfnA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki _
z c<+rs {ks=kokn osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h dkjdksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj losaQxs_
z c<+rs {ks=kokn osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h dkjdksa dk fu/kZj.k dj loasQxs_
z {ks=kh; nyksa dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa tkx:drk fufeZr dj losaQxs_ rFkk
z {ks=kh; nyksa vkSj jk"Vªh; nyksa esa varj dj losaQxsA

20.1 {ks=kokn
{ks=kokn 'kCn dks nks vFkksZa esa le>k tkrk gSA udkjkRed Hkko esa bldk vFkZ gS] vius {ks=k dks ns'k vFkok
jkT; dh rqyuk esa vf/d viuk ekuukA ldkjkRed n`f"V ls ;g jktuhfrd xq.k gS tks vius {ks=k]
laLd`fr] Hkk"kk bR;kfn osQ lkFk tqM+s yksxksa dk viuRo gS tks viuh Lora=k igpku cukuk pkgrk gSA ;gk¡
;g mYys[kuh; gS fd ldkjkRed {ks=kokn rc rd Lokxr ;ksX; gS tc rd ;g la;qDr Hkk"kk] /eZ vkSj
,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe osQ vk/kj ij HkkbZpkjs vkSj lk>siu (lekurk) dks c<+kus esa izksRlkgu nsrk gSA
219
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k udkjkRed Hkko esa {ks=kokn ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk osQ fy, cgqr cM+k [krjk gSA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ
esa izk;% {ks=kokn 'kCn dk udkjkRed Hkko esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gSA {ks=kokn dh Hkkouk ;k rks 'kklu
djus okys vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk ,d {ks=k fo'ks"k dh fujarj vogsyuk vFkok HksnHkko lg jgs fiNM+s yksxksa
esa jktuhfrd tkx:drk c<+us osQ iQyLo:i mHkj ldrh gSA vkerkSj ij oqQN jktuhfrd usrk {ks=kokn
dh Hkkouk dks izksRlkfgr djrs jgrs gSa rkfd ,d fo'ks"k {ks=k vFkok yksxksa osQ lewg ij mudk fu;a=k.k
cuk jgsA
fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 20.1
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) ldkjkRed Hkko esa {ks=kokn dk vFkZ yksxksa dk vius ------------------------- vkSj ---------------------------- I;kj
gSA
([k) {ks=kh; ny dk vFkZ gS ,slk ny tks ,d lhfer ----------------------- {ks=k esa dk;Z djrk gSA
(x) Hkkjr esa ------------------------------- {ks=kh; ny gSAa

20.2 {ks=kokn osQ fHkUu :i

Hkkjr esa {ks=kokn us fofHkUu :i /kj.k dj fy, gSa] tSls%
(d) jkT; Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax% {ks=kokn izk;% jkT;ksa osQ fy, osQUnz ls vf/d Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax ij
cy nsrk gSSA jkT;ksa osQ ekeys esa osQUnz osQ c<+rs gLr{ksi us {ks=kh; Hkkoukvksa dks HkM+dk;k gSA Hkkjrh; Lka?k
osQ varxZr oqQN jkT;ksa osQ Hkhrj oqQN {ks=kksa us Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax dks mBk;k gSA
([k) la?k ls vyx gksuk% ;g {ks=kokn dk [krjukd :i gSA ;g rc mHkjrk gS tc jkT; osQUnz ls
vyxko dh ekax djrs gaS vkSj viuh Lora=k igpku LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA
jkT;ksa osQ chp unh ty esa Hkkxhnkjh ij fookn] jkT;ksa }kjk cgql[a ;dksa dh Hkk"kk rFkk ukSdfj;ksa osQ voljksa
esa vius gh jkT; osQ yksxksa dks izkFkfedrk nsus ls Hkh {ks=kokn dh Hkkouk mHkj dj vkbZ gSA fiNM+s jkT;ksa
ls jkstxkj osQ voljksa osQ fy, fodflr jkT;ksa esa yksxksa osQ LFkkukUrj.k ls LFkkUrfjr yksxksa osQ izfr
vkØked joS;k tUe ysrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, dukZVd vkSj vka/z izns'k esa py jgh leL;k,aA

20.3 Hkkjr esa {ks=kokn dk fodkl

Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa {ks=kokn dksbZ ubZ ?kVuk ugha gSA Lora=krk iwoZ osQ fnuksa esa fczfV'k
lkezkT;okfn;ksa us bl Hkkouk dks izksRlkfgr fd;k vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu osQ nkSjku Hkkjr ij viuh idM+
cuk, j[kus dh n`f"V ls mUgksaus tkucw>dj fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ yksxksa dks iwjs ns'k osQ ctk; vius {ks=k osQ
fo"k; esa lkspus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;kA Lora=krk osQ ckn usrkvksa us yksxksa eas ;g Hkkouk Hkjus dk iz;kl
fd;k fd os ,d gh ns'k ls laca/ j[krs gSaA lafo/ku fuekZrkvksa us bdgjh ukxfjdrk 'kq: djosQ bl
mn~ns'; dks izkIr djuk pkgkA blh mn~ns'; ls ,d ,dhd`r U;k; O;oLFkk] vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok,a rFkk
,d etcwr osQUnz ljdkj dks O;kogkfjd :i nsus ij cy fn;k x;kA ysfdu ,d fo'kky ns'k gksus dh
n`f"V ls Hkkjr eas 'kh?kz gh lkaLd`frd {ks=kokn fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA

220
 {ks=kokn vkSjk {ks=kh; ny ekWM~;wy - 4
{ks=kokn dh igyh vfHkO;fDr Hkk"kk;h vk/kj ij jkT;ksa osQ iquxZBu dh ekax osQ :i esa gqbZ ysfdu {ks=kokn O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
dk lcls izHkko'kkyh izn'kZu 1960 osQ n'kd esa rfeyukMq esa dkaxzsl osQ fo#¼ Mh- ,e- osQ- dh thr
FkhA 'kq: esa osQUnzh; usr`Ro us eglwl fd;k fd {ks=kokn osQoy rfeyukMq rd lhfer ,d dkjd ek=k
gS vkSj ;g jk"Vªh; ,drk osQ fy, dksbZ [krjk ugha gSA ijarq ;g vuqeku xyr FkkA 'kh?kz gh iatkc esa
vdkyh vkanksyu us rsth idM+ yh vkSj tEew d'ehj esa 'ks[k vCnqYyk us us'kuy dkaizQsal dks iquthZfor
dj fn;kA bu izkjfEHkd o"kksZa esa lHkh Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd nyksa us bu {ks=kh; rkdrksa osQ lkFk bl rdZ
osQ vk/kj ij lkeatL; LFkkfir djuk tkjh j[kk fd vUrr% os {ks=kh; nyksa osQ vk/kj esa lsa/ yxkus
fVIi.kh
eas liQy gks tk,axs vkSj mUgsa vius laxBu esa lekfgr dj ysaxsA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl] ftls 1947 ls
1967 rd lÙkk ij ,dkf/dkj izkIr Fkk vkSj tks {ks=kh; nyksa osQ izfr dHkh xje] dHkh uje jQ[k viukrh
jgh mlus Hkh {ks=kokn dks c<+kok nsus esa ;ksxnku fn;kA blus {ks=kh; rkdrksa dks viuh lqfo/kuqlkj
lek;ksftr fd;k vkSj tc ;s rkdrsa blosQ fojQ¼ [kM+h gks xbZa rks blus 'kksj epk;kA LFkkuh; dkaxzslh
usrkvksa us {ks=kokn esa o`f¼ dks izksRlkfgr fd;k vkSj LFkkuh; ikVhZ laxBu ij osQUnzh; usrkvksa ls viuh
eksy Hkko dh rkdr dks c<+kus dh n`f"V ls viuh idM+ etcwr dhA okLro esa osQUnzh; vkSj {ks=kh;
usrkvksa esa etcwr laca/ fodflr gq,A osQUnzh; vkSj {ks=kh; usr`Ro osQ chp bl fudVrk osQ laca/ksa us
{ks=kokn dks cgqr c<+kok fn;kA

ikBxr iz'u 20.2

lgh vFkok xyr pqfu,µ
(d) {ks=kokn us izk;% jkT;ksa dks osQUnz ls vf/d Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax djus gsrq mdlk;k gSA
(lgh@xyr)
([k) jkT;ksa osQ chp unh ty esa Hkkxhnkjh ij fookn] cgqla[;dksa dh Hkk"kk dks izkFkfedrk nsus dh bPNk
us Hkh {ks=kokn dh Hkkoukvksa dks mHkkjk gSA
(lgh@xyr)

20.4 {ks=kokn dh o`f¼ osQ dkj.k

Hkkjr esa {ks=kokn dks c<+kus esa vusd dkjdksa dk ;ksxnku gSA
lcls igys {ks=kokn jk"Vªh; ljdkj }kjk lHkh yksxksa vkSj lewgksa ij ,d fo'ks"k fopkj/kjk] Hkk"kk vkSj
lkaLd`frd izfreku Fkksius osQ fojQ¼ izfrfØ;k osQ :i esa fn[kkbZ fn;kA vr% nf{k.k osQ jkT;ksa us ljdkjh
Hkk"kk osQ :i esa fgUnh Fkksius dk fojks/ fd;k D;ksafd mUgsa Mj Fkk fd blls mÙkj dk izHkqRo LFkkfir
gks tk,xkA blh izdkj vklke esa viuh laLd`fr dks cpk, j[kus osQ fy, vle osQ yksxksa us fonsf'k;ksa
osQ fojQ¼ vkanksyu 'kq: fd;kA
nwljs] 'kkld nyksa }kjk fdlh ,d bykosQ vFkok {ks=k dh fujarj vogsyuk vkSj iz'kklfud rFkk
jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksa osQ ,d txg osQfUnzr gksus ls lÙkk osQ foosQUnzhdj.k rFkk ,d Hkk"kk;h jkT; dks nks
Hkkxksa esa ckaVus dh ekax mBhA dbZ ckj Hkwfe iq=kksa us misf{kr lewgksa vkSj jkT; osQ bykdksa osQ fgrksa esa o`f¼
osQ fy, vusd eakxksa ,oa fl¼karksa dks izLrqr fd;k gSA
rhljs] Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk dh fofHkUu bdkb;kas dh vius mi lkaLd`frd {ks=kksa dks cuk, j[kus rFkk
Lo&'kklu dh vf/d ek=kk dh bPNk us {ks=kokn dks c<+kok fn;k gS rFkk vf/d Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax
dks mHkkjk gSA
221
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k pkSFks] {ks=kh; vfHktkR;@izfrf"Brksa dh lRrk ij dCtk djus dh bPNk us Hkh {ks=kokn dks mfnr fd;k gSA
;g vPNh rjg Kkr gS fd Mh-,e-osQ-] ,-vkbZ-,-Mh-,e-osQ-] vdkyh ny] rsyqxq ns'ke] vle x.k ifj"kn
bR;kfn jktuhfrd nyksa us lRrk ij dCtk djus osQ fy, {ks=kokn dks izksRlkfgr fd;k gSA
ikapos] vk/qfudhdj.k dh rkdrksa rFkk tulk/kj.k dh lgHkkfxrk osQ chp var%fØ;k us Hkh Hkkjr esa
{ks=kokn dks c<+kus esa ;ksxnku fn;k gS D;ksafd vHkh ns'k jk"Vª&jkT; osQ y{; dks lkdkj dj ikus ls nwj
gSA fofHkUu lewg vius lkewfgd fgrksa dks jk"Vªh; fgrksa osQ lkFk tksM+ ikus esa vliQy jgs gSa] blfy,
fVIi.kh {ks=kokn vHkh ,d izeq[k leL;k cuk gqvk gSA
var esa] fiNM+s {ks=kksa osQ yksxksa esa c<+rh tkx:drk osQ dkj.k muosQ lkFk Hksn&Hkko fd;k tkrk jgk gS]
us Hkh {ks=kokn dks c<+kok fn;k gSA LFkkuh; jktuhfrd usrkvksa us bl dkjd dks vius rjg ls iz;ksx fd;k
vkSj yksxksa esa ;g Hkkouk Hkjus dk iz;kl fd;k fd osQUnzh; ljdkj oqQN bykdksa osQ lkekftd vkSj
vkfFkZd fodkl dh vogsyuk djosQ tkucw> dj {ks=kh; vlarqyu cuk, j[kus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSA

20.5 {ks=kh; nyksa dh Hkwfedk

;|fi {ks=kh; ny dkiQh lhfer {ks=k esa dke djrs gSa vkSj osQoy lhfer mn~ns';ksa dks gh vkxs c<+krs
gSa] rFkkfi mUgksaus jkT; osQ lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA {ks=kh; jktuhfrd
nyksa us dbZ jkT;ksa esa ljdkjsa cukbZ gSa vkSj viuh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dks Bksl :i nsus dk iz;kl fd;k
gSA fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa ljdkj cukus okys oqQN egRoiw.kZ {ks=kh; nyksa esa rfeyukMq osQ Mh-,e-osQ- rFkk
,-vkbZ-,-Mh-,e-osQ-] tEew d'ehj esa us'kuy dkaizQsal] vka/z izns'k esa rsyqxq ns'ke] vklke esa vle x.k
ifj"kn~] xksok esa egkjk"Vªoknh xksekUrd ikVhZ] fetksje esa fetks us'kuy izQaV] flfDde esa flfDde laxzke
ifj"kn~] es?kky; esa vky ikVhZ fgy yhMlZ dkizQsal vkSj gfj;k.kk esa bfUM;u us'kuy yksd ny lfEefyr
gSaA oqQN {ks=kh; ny 1967 osQ pkSFks vke pqukoksa osQ ckn fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa cuh feyhtqyh ljdkjksa esa
Hkkxhnkj FksA oqQN le; igys osQUnz esa Hkh {ks=kh; ny dkaxszl dh ljdkj xfBr djus esa lgk;rk djus
esa viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa liQy jgs gSaA ,d {ks=kh; ny Mh-,e-osQ- us 1969 esa dkaxzsl esa
foHkktu osQ ckn Jherh bfUnjk xka/h dh ljdkj oQks leFkZu fn;k vkSj laln esa cgqer [kks pqoQus ds
ckn Hkh mls ljdkj pyk, j[kus dh {kerk iznku dhA rsyqxq ns'ke] la;qDr ekspkZ vkSj ckn esa jk"Vªh;
turkaf=kd xBca/u dk 'kfDr LrEHk FkhA {ks=kh; nyksa osQ izfrfuf/ vius {ks=k osQ eqn~nksa ij laln dk
è;ku vkdf"kZr djrs gSa vkSj vius fgrksa esa o`f¼ osQ fy, ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dk iz;kl
djrs gSaA
ijarq {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa dh dnkfpr lcls cM+h lsok ;g gS fd mUgksaus nwjLFk {ks=kksa osQ fofHkUu
jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd eqn~nksa ij yksxksa dk è;ku osQfUnzr fd;k gS vkSj mudh jktuhfrd tkx:drk
esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ;gh ugha] {ks=kh; ny jk"Vªh; nyksa dks ;g vuqHko djokus esa Hkh liQy jgs gSa fd
os {ks=kh; leL;kvksa osQ izfr mnklhurk dk joS;k viuk dj ugha py ldrs vkSj mUgsa mudh ({ks=kh;)
leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa xgjh #fp ysus osQ fy, foo'k dj fn;k gSA
la{ksi esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa us u osQoy {ks=kh; jktuhfr dks O;kid :i
ls izHkkfor fd;k gS vfirq jk"Vªh; jktuhfr ij Hkh xgjk izHkko Mkyk gSA

222
 {ks=kokn vkSjk {ks=kh; ny ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
ikBxr iz'u 20.3
fjDr LFkku Hkfj, µ
(d) Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa ------------------------------ dksbZ ubZ ?kVuk ugha gSA
([k)Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dk ------------------------------------ osQ chp lRrk ij ,dkf/dkj FkkA
(x) ------------------ vkSj --------------------- usrkvksa osQ chp fudV osQ laca/ksa us {ks=kokn dks c<+kok fn;k gSA fVIi.kh

(?k) 'kkld nyksa }kjk fdlh {ks=k dh fujarj vogsyuk {ks=kokn dk ,d ------------------------------ gSA

20.6 {ks=kh; vlarqyu dks Bhd djus osQ mik;

{ks=kh; vlarqyu Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk ,d egRoiw.kZ i{k jgk gSA dHkh&dHkh blus ns'k osQ fy, [krjk
Hkh iSnk fd;k gSA blfy, bu izo`fÙk;ksa dks de djus osQ fy, dne mBkuk vko';d gSA ,sls oqQN mik;
fuEufyf[kr gks ldrs gSa%
(d) misf{kr {ks=kksa osQ leku fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk rkfd os Lo;a dks jk"Vªh; eq[;/kjk dk ,d Hkkx
le>aAs
([k) osQUnzh; ljdkj dks jkT; osQ ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi ugha djuk pkfg, tc rd fd ;g jk"Vªh; fgrksa
osQ fy, vfuok;Z u gksA
(x) yksxksa dh leL;kvksa dks 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj laoS/kfud <ax ls gy djuk pkfg,A jktuhfrKksa dks {ks=kh;
ekaxkas osQ eqn~ns dk nqjQi;ksx ugha djus nsuk pkfg,A
(?k) jk"Vªh; egRo osQ eqn~nksa osQ vfrfjDr] jkT;ksa dks vius dke Lora=k :i ls djus nsuk pkfg,A
(Ä) jkT;ksa osQ fgrkFkZ osQUnz&jkT; laca/ksa esa ifjorZu djuk vko';d gSA blls] yksxksa dh {ks=kh;
Hkkoukvksa ij dkcw ikus esa rFkk jk"Vª osQ izfr tqM+ko dh Hkkouk fodflr djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA

ikBxr iz'u 20.4

cgqfodYih; iz'u
1. lhfer HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa vkerkSj ij dke djus okys ny dks dgrs gSa µ
(d) jktuhfrd ny
([k) jk"Vªh; ny
(x) {ks=kh; ny
(?k) mijksDr lHkh
2. {ks=kh; nyksa dh o`f¼ esa ;ksxnku djus okys yksx
(d) lkekftd
([k) tkrh;

223
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k (x) lkaLd`frd vkSj HkkSxksfyd
(?k) mijksDr lHkh

vkius D;k lh[kk

{ks=kokn dk vFkZ gS iwjs ns'k osQ eqdkcys ,d {ks=k fo'ks"k vFkok jkT; osQ izfr xgjk yxkoA ;g Hkkouk
fVIi.kh ,d fo'ks"k {ks=k osQ yksxksa dh fujarj mis{kk ls mHkjrh gS vFkok bl dkj.k ls Hkh fd ;g {ks=k fo'ks"k
osQ yksx jktuhfrd n`f"V ls tkx:d gks tkrs gSa vkSj fn[kus okys HksnHkko osQ fojQ¼ yM+uk pkgrs gSaA
{ks=kokn ,d leL;k gS D;ksafd ;g ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk osQ fy, [krjk gSA {ks=kokn dh
vfHkO;fDr osQ nks izeq[k mnkgj.k gaS%
(d) vyx jkT; osQ fy, vkanksyu] mnkgj.k osQ fy, rSyaxkuk] cksMksyS.M vkSj xksj[kkyS.M bR;kfn osQ
fy, ekax]
([k) Hkkjrh; la?k ls vyx gksus osQ iz;kl]
mnkgj.k osQ fy,&[kkfyLrku dh ekax] ukxkyS.M dh ekax bR;kfnA

ikBkar iz'u
1. {ks=kokn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,\ ;g [krjukd D;ksa gS\
2. {ks=kokn osQ :iksa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ dhft,A
3. {ks=kh; nyksa dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ dhft,A

ikB xr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

20.1
(d) {ks=k] laLo`Qfr] Hkk"kk
([k) HkkSxksfyd
(x) cM+h
20.2
(d) lgh
([k) lgh
20.3
(d) {ks=kokn
([k) 1947&1967
(x) osQUnzh;] {ks=kh;
(?k) dkj.k@dkjd

224
 {ks=kokn vkSjk {ks=kh; ny ekWM~;wy - 4
20.4 O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
(1) x
(2) ?k
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 20.1 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 20.2 ns[ksa fVIi.kh
3. [k.M 20.5 ns[ksa

225
 tuer rFkk ncko lewg ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k

21
tuer rFkk ncko lewg fVIi.kh

yksxksa osQ fopkj] mudh jQfp;k¡ ,oa vkdka{kk,¡ yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu iz.kkyh dh jh<+ gksrh gSaA oqQN ,sls
lewg o laLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa] tks vius oqQN fo'ks"k fgrksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ljdkj n~okjk cukbZ tkus okyh
uhfr;ksa vkSj mlosQ n~okjk fy, tkus okys fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dk iz;kl djrh gSaA bl izdkj osQ
lewg o la?kksa dks ncko lewgksa osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA turk dk izfrfufèkRo djus okyh ljdkj turk
osQ n~okjk O;Dr fd, x, tuer osQ vk/kj ij iz'kklu pykrh gSA okLro esa yksdra=k dks 'kfDr turk
ls gh izkIr gksrh gSA tufgr ls tqM+s eqn~nksa ij ;g yksxksa osQ fopkj dk Lokxr djrh gSA okLro esa dksbZ
Hkh 'kklu iz.kkyh] pkgs og yksdrkaf=kd gks ;k dksbZ vkSj tuer ;k ncko lewgksa dks utjvankt ugha
dj ldrhA izR;sd ljdkj turk dh Hkkoukvksa dk lEeku djrh gSA og izR;{k o vizR;{k :i ls muls
tqM+s fofHkUu eqn~nksa ij mudh izfrfØ;k tkuuk pkgrh gSA izR;sd 'kklu iz.kkyh esa tuer o ncko lewg
,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA bl vè;k; esa ge tuer ,oa ncko lewgksa ls tqM+s fofHkUu igyqvksa
ij fopkj djsxa As

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
l tuer dk vFkZ ,oa mldh fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
l tuer dh Hkwfedk o egRo dks igpku losaQxs_
l tuer osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;d ,stsfUl;ksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj losaQxs_
l LoLFk tuer osQ fuekZ.k esa vkus okyh ck/kvksa dks igpkusaxs_
l ,d ncko lewg vkSj ,d jktuhfrd ny osQ chp varj igpkusaxs_
l fo'ks"k :i ls Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ esa tuer ,oa ncko lewgksa dk ewY;kdau dj losaQxs_ rFkk
l Hkkjr esa ncko lewgksa osQ egRo dks igpkusaxsA

21.1 tuer dk vFkZ ,oa mldh fo'ks"krk,¡

lk/kj.kr% turk ;k tulkekU; osQ fopkjksa o mldh vfHkO;fDr dks tuer le>k tkrk gS] ysfdu
turk 'kCn dk vfHkizk; ykssxksa ls ugha gSA fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k dks turk ugha dgk tk ldrkA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa dgsa] rks lekt esa dbZ izdkj dh turk gksrh gSA leku er o fopkjksa okys yksxksa dh oqQYk la[;k
feydj Hkh fdlh lejl turk dk fuekZ.k ugha djrhA turk oqQN yksxksa dh dksbZ LFkk;h lHkk ;k lfefr
225
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k ugha gSA turk lekt osQ ,d ,sls oxZ dks dgrs gSa] ftlosQ leku fgr gksrs gaSA tulkèkkj.k ls tqM+s eqn~nksa
ij bl oxZ osQ fopkj vkSj er ,d ls gksrs gSaA
blfy, ;g t:jh ugha gS fd tuer lekt osQ lHkh yksxksa dk er gksA ;g cgqer dk Hkh er ugha
gSA lekt esa dbZ izdkj osQ yksx gksrs gSa] blh dkj.k ls muosQ fopkj o leL;k,¡ Hkh vyx&vyx gksrh
gSaA tuer vko';d :i ls er dh fofo/rk dks n'kkZrk gSA
;g ckr Hkh è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd tuer fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k osQ fopkjksa ls ugha curk] Hkys gh og
lekt dk dksbZ lEekuh; O;fDr gh D;ksa u gksA tuer dksbZ futh er ugha gksrkA ;g lekt osQ fdlh
fVIi.kh izcqn~/ ;k fo'ks"kK dk er Hkh ugha gksrk] Hkys gh mldh izcqn~/rk yksdfiz; gksA tuer lekt osQ fdlh
,d oxZ ;k dbZ oxksZa n~okjk muls tqM+s eqn~nksa ij O;ofLFkr vkSj Bhd <ax ls lksps le>s fopkj ;k
n`f"Vdks.k dks dgrs gSaA okLrfod :i ls bls gh turk vkSj mlosQ fopkj dgrs gSaA ;g u rks dksbZ izpkj
i¼fr gS vkSj u gh tulaidZ dk dksbZ rjhdkA

t ue r i f j f LFkf r ] l e ; v kS
j u bZ t ku d kf j ; ksa o sQ v k/ kj i j c ny l d r k gS
A

t ue r l e kt o sQ , d o x Zd k i w
j h r j g l ksp k& l e > k v kS
j r kf d Z
d f o p kj g ksr k g S
A

t ue r fo p kj ksa d h fo fo / r k d ks i zd V d j r k g S
A

t ue r d k d ksb Z fu f' p r LFkku ; k { ks=k u g ha g S

A

t ue r y ksd r ka
f =kd l a
p kj d ks l q
fu f' p r d j r k gS
A

226
 tuer rFkk ncko lewg ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
ikBxr iz'u 21.1
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) turk lekt dk ,d ,slk oxZ gS] tks -------------------------- vf/dkjksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA
(leku@fo'ks"k)
([k) tuer lekt osQ fdlh ,d oxZ ;k dbZ oxksaZ n~okjk muls tqMs+ eqnn~ ksa ij ------------------fopkj ;k fVIi.kh
n`f"Vdks.k dks dgrs gSaA (O;ofLFkr vkSj Bhd <ax ls lksps&le>s@futh vkSj izcqn~/)
(x) tuer loZlEefr ls fy;k x;k er ;k fopkj ------------------ gSA ( gksrk@ugha gksrk)
(?k) tuer dk dksbZ fuf'pr LFkku ;k {ks=k ----------------------------------A (ugha gS@gS)

21.2 tuer dh Hkwfedk vkSj egRo

'kklu iz.kkyh esa yksdrkaf=kd lapkj dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, tuer dks ,d vko';d rRo le>k tkrk
gSA tuer ukxfjdksa osQ fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr dks dgrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh ljdkj bldh mis{kk ugha dj
ldrhA ,d LoLFk ,oa izHkko'kkyh tuer rkuk'kkgh dh Hkh dej rksM+ ldrk gSA yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu
iz.kkyh dh 'kfDr yksxksa osQ fopkjksa osQ lEeku ij gh vk/kfjr gSA lkewfgd leL;kvksa osQ funku osQ fy,
LoLFk fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku gksuk pkfg,A yksdrkaf=kd y{; dks lkdkj djus osQ fy, tuer dh
izklafxdrk ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA tuer ukxfjdksa esa tkx:drk ykrk gS vkSj mUgsa muls tqM+s
eqn~nksa dks fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls tk¡pus&ij[kus dk volj iznku djrk gSA
tuer osQ egRo vkSj mldh Hkwfedk dh O;k[;k fuEufyf[kr vk/kj ij dh tk ldrh gS%
(d ) ljdkj dk iFk&izn'kZd : uhfr;ksa osQ fuekZ.k esa tuer ljdkj osQ iFk&izn'kZd osQ :i esa dk;Z
djrk gSA lkekU; rkSj ij ljdkj ml tukns'k osQ vk/kj ij dk;Z djrh gS] tks mls pqukoksa osQ nkSjku
feys Fks vkSj ml le; yksxksa ls fd, x, oknksa dks iwjk djosQ og mUgsa thrus dk iz;kl djrh gSA
([ k) dkuwu fuekZ.k esa lgk;d: tuer ges'kk ljdkj ij ncko cuk, j[krk gS] blfy, ljdkj }kjk
tufgr esa dkuwu cukrs le; bls fo'ks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA cgqr ls eqn~nksa ij ljdkjh uhfr;ka fujiokn
:i ls tuer n~okjk izHkkfor gksrh gSaA ekStwnk fLFkfr esa oSQls dkuwu cuk, tk,a] bl ij Hkh tuer ljdkj
dh lgk;rk djrk gSA
(x ) izgjh osQ :i esa dk;Z: tuer ,d izgjh osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ;g ljdkj ij fu;a=k.k cuk,
j[krk gS vkSj mls vuqRrjnk;h gksus ls jksdrk gSA ljdkj dh xyr uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk djosQ tuer
mls gj le; lrdZ cuk, j[krk gSA ljdkj Hkh bl ckr dk ges'kk è;ku j[krh gS fd vxj og turk
dh bPNkvksa osQ foijhr xbZ] rks turk mls viuk oksV ugha nsxh vkSj mls lRrk ls gVk nsxhA
(?k) vf/dkjksa o Lora=krk dk j{kd: tuer ukxfjdksa osQ vf/dkjksa o mldh Lora=krk osQ j{kd osQ
:i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ,d yksdrkaf=kd ns'k osQ ukxfjdksa dks ;g vf/dkj gksrk gS fd og ljdkj osQ
dk;ksaZ dh viuh bPNk ls ;k rks ljkguk djs ;k vkykspukA bl vf/dkj dk izHkko'kkyh o ldkjkRed
iz;ksx u osQoy ljdkj dks izksRlkfgr djrk gS] cfYd mls yksxksa osQ vf/dkjksa o Lora=krk osQ izfr
tkx:d Hkh cuk, j[krk gSA

227
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
(Ä ) varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d izHkko'kkyh 'kfDr osQ :i esa: - fo'o Lrj ij tuer dk egRo cgqr
c<+ x;k gSA okLro esa varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ Hkh tuer ls izHkkfor gksus yxs gSaA HkweaMyhdj.k osQ bl nkSj
esa ekuo vf/dkjksa osQ izfr tkx:drk vkSj mudh lqj{kk] i;kZoj.k laca/h ckrsa] uLy&/eZ vkSj fyax osQ
vkèkkj ij HksnHkko] cky etnwjh dh jksdFkke] vkradokn vkfn eqn~nksa ij varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; vkt tuer
osQ izfr mRrjnk;h gks x;k gSA bl dkj.k ls ljdkj vc varjkZ"Vªh; tuer osQ izfr Hkh lrdZ gks xbZ
gSA njvly dksbZ Hkh yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj tuer dh vogsyuk ugha dj ldrhA
fVIi.kh

ikBxr iz'u 21.2

I. fjDr LFkku Hkfj,

(d) uhfr fu/kZj.k ,oa dkuwu fuekZ.k osQ lanHkZ esa ljdkj --------------- dks cgqr egRo nsrh gSA
(tuer@jktuhfrd nyksa osQ fopkj)
([k) tuer ljdkj osQ izfr ,d ------------------------- osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA (izgjh@fe=k)
(x) ljdkjsa vkt varjkZ"Vªh; tuer osQ izfr lrdZ ---------------------A (gS@a ugha gS)a
II. lR; o vlR; pqfu, %

(d) ljdkj vklkuh ls tuer dh vogsyuk dj ldrh gSA (lR; @vlR;)

([k) tuer ljdkj dks euekus dk;Z djus ls jksdrk gSA (lR;@vlR;)
(x) vf/dkjksa vkSj Lora=krk dh lqj{kk djus esa tuer dk dksbZ izHkko ugha gksrkA
(lR;@vlR;)
(?k) varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ tuer n~okjk izHkkfor gksrs gSaA (lR;@vlR;)

21.3 tuer dk fuekZ.k

tuer osQ fuekZ.k dh dksbZ fuf'pr ;k Lopkfyr izfØ;k ugha gksrhA tc Hkh tulkekU; ls tqM+k dksbZ
eqn~nk mBrk gS] rks lekt osQ fofHkUu oxZ viuk&viuk er O;Dr djrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa oqQN erksa
ij yksxksa dk fo'ks"k è;ku tkrk gS vkSj os tuer osQ :i esa mHkjrs gSaA ,slh cgqr&lh vkSipkfjd vkSj
vukSipkfjd izfØ;k,¡ gksrh gSa] tks tuer dk fu/kZj.k dj mls Lo:i iznku djrh gSasA
23.3.1 jktuhfrd lkekthdj.k
jktuhfrd lkekthdj.k ,d ,slh ewy izfØ;k gS] ftlosQ ekè;e ls izR;sd O;fDr jktuhfrd eqn~nksa osQ
izfr ltx gks tkrk gSA izR;sd euq"; ifjokj] iM+ksl vkSj fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa iyrk o c<+rk gSA jktuhfrd
'kklu iz.kkyh osQ izfr O;ogkj] ekU;rkvksa vkSj ewY;ksa dk fu/kZj.k buosQ lewgksa esa gh gksrk gSA O;fDrRo
osQ fuekZ.k vkSj pkfjf=kd fodkl esa lcls T;knk izHkko ifjokj vkSj fe=k lewg dk gksrk gSA ;s lewg
gh fdlh O;fDr osQ futh fopkj vkSj n`f"Vdks.k dks vkdkj iznku djus esa vk/kjHkwr Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
bl izfØ;k osQ ekè;e ls O;fDr fo'ks"k osQ jktuhfrd eqn~nksa osQ izfr fopkj vkSj izfrfØ;k,¡ fuf'pr
gksrh gSAa

228
 tuer rFkk ncko lewg ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k

'kS{kf.kd laLFkku izls

jsfM;ks ,oa
tuer los{Z k.k Vsyhfotu
tuer dh
,stsfUl;k¡ fVIi.kh
jktuhfrd flusek
lkekthdj.k
jktuhfrd ny
,oa mudh tulHkk
xfrfof/;k¡

21.3.2 izsl
lekpkj&i=k] if=kdk,¡] iSEiQysV] b'rsgkj vkfn dks fizaV ehfM;k dh Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gSA izsl vkSj fizaV
ehfM;k lalkj esa ?kVus okys jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd ?kVukØeksa ls gesa voxr djkrs gaSA ;s
le&lkef;d eqn~nksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gSaA okLro esa izsl ,d ,sls igjsnkj osQ :i esa dke djrk gS] tks
turk dh vkokt dks ljdkj rd igq¡pkrk gSA izsl osQ ekè;e ls turk vius ys[kksa o fVIif.k;ksa ls
ljdkj osQ dk;ksZa dh vkykspuk o ljkguk djrh gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd izsl ljdkj dks
turk osQ izfr mRrjnk;h vkSj ftEesnkj cukrk gSA blosQ vykok ljdkj Lo;a viuh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa
dk izsl osQ ekè;e ls izpkj djrh gSA ;g viuh miyfC/;ksa dks fxuokdj tuer dks vius i{k esa djus
dk iz;kl djrh gSA
21.3.3 jsfM;ks vkSj VsyhfoT+ku
bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tSls jsfM;ks vkSj Vsfyfotu lkekftd thou osQ izfrfcac osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
fizaV ehfM;k lekt osQ osQoy f'kf{kr oxZ dks gh izHkkfor dj ikrh gS] ysfdu bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k
lekt osQ vf'kf{kr oxZ osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh ,d=k djus vkSj muosQ fopkjksa osQ fu/kZj.k esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA n`';&JO; (Audio-visual) ehfM;k dk iz;ksx ,d ,sls l'kDr ekè;e osQ :i esa
fd;k tkrk gS] tks gj izdkj oQh lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ls eqDr lkekftd :ikarj.k vkSj ubZ lkekftd
O;oLFkkvksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gSA ;g yksxksa dks tkfrokn] lkaiznkf;d fgalk tSls eqn~nksa ij f'kf{kr Hkh
djrh gSA jsfM;ks vkSj VsfyfoT+ku osQ ekè;e ls yksx ljdkjh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa osQ izfr viuh
Hkkoukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dk vknku iznku djrs gSaA
21.3.4 flusek
flusek euksjatu vkSj tkx:drk ykus osQ fy, ,d ikjaifjd ekè;e jgk gSA flusek yksxksa dh dykRed
vfHkjQfp;ksa vkSj ckSf¼d vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;g lkekftd o
jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ij u, fopkjksa vkSj izfrekuksa dk è;ku j[krk gSA iQhpj fiQYeksa vkSj MkWD;wesaVªh
fiQYeksa dk yksxksa dh ekufldrk ij LokHkkfod izHkko iM+rk gSA n`'; &JO; (Audio-visual) izfØ;k
vf'kf{krksa dks Hkh izHkkfor dj ldrh gSA
21.3.5 lkoZtfud lHkk,¡
fofHkUu izdkj osQ lkekftd] lkaLo`Qfrd] ckSf¼d vkSj jktuhfrd fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, tuer dks
vkdkj iznku djus esa lkoZtfud lHkk,¡ ;k eap IkzHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA ;s yksddY;k.k osQ eqn~nksa

229
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k dks è;ku esa j[kdj cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa dks Hkk"k.kksa] lsfeukjksa] fopkj xksf"B;ksa] dk;Z'kkykvksa vkSj lEesyuksa
osQ ekè;e ls ,df=kr djrh gSaA ;s yksxksa osQ lkFk futh o HkkoukRed laca/ksa dks LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl
djrh gSa vkSj mUgsa ldkjkRed vkSj LoLFk dne mBkus osQ fy, izsfjr djrh gSaA
21.3.6 jktuhfrd ny vkSj muosQ fØ;kdyki
jktuhfrd ny tuer dk fuekZ.k vkSj mls laxfBr djrs gSaA bUgsa tuer dks ykecUn djus okyk dgk
tkrk gSA jktuhfrd ny yksxksa dks lkoZtufd eqn~nksa ls osQoy voxr gh ugha djkrs gSa] cfYd mudk
fVIi.kh eq[; mn~ns'; yksxksa dks jktuhfrd :i ls lrdZ djuk gksrk gS] rkfd yksx lkoZtfud leL;kvksa osQ
fo"k; esa lksp losaQA jktuhfrd ny tuer dks vius i{k esa djus osQ fy, if=kdk,¡] iSEiQysV] b'rsgkj]
?kks"k.kki=k vkfn Nkirs gSAa
21.3.7 tuer losZ{k.k
tuer losZ{k.k le; dk #>ku (>qdko) fn[kkrk gSA ;g fofHkUu jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkaLo`Qfrd
o vkfFkZd fo"k;ksa ij turk osQ O;ogkj vkSj muosQ fopkjksa osQ lanHkZ esa tkudkjh ,d=k djus dk ,d
izHkko'kkyh rjhdk gSA lkekU;r% budk lapkyu O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa n~okjk fd;k tkrk gS] tks tula[;k
osQ leqfpr izfrfuf/Ro dk è;ku j[krs gSaA gky osQ o"kksZa esa tuer dks le>us vkSj mloQk ewY;kadu
djus esa tuer losZ{k.k ,d cgqr mi;ksxh vkSj yksdfiz; ekè;e cu x;k gSA
cgqr&ls voljksa ij erx.kuk dk ;g rjhdk fLFkfr dh Bhd <ax ls tk¡p djus esa liQy ugha gks ik;k
gS vkSj blh dkj.k ls blosQ ifj.kke vkSj Hkfo";okf.k;k¡ xyr lkfcr gqbZ gSaA ysfdu fuf'pr :i ls
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tuer ij budk izHkko mYys[kuh; gSA
21.3.8 f'k{k.k laLFkku
f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa Ldwyksa] dkWystksa] lkfgfR;d eaMyksa] vè;;u lewgksa] fo'ofon~;ky;ksa vkSj iqLrdky;ksa
dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA ;s tuer dks ,d cM+h lhek rd izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA fd'kksj tula[;k
nwljs osQ fopkjksa ls tYnh gh izHkkfor gks tkrh gS] blfy, bl vk;q osQ fd'kksjksa osQ fy, lgh izdkj
osQ izf'k{k.k dh cgqr vko';drk gksrh gSA izfl¼ usrkx.k] cqf¼thoh vkSj f'k{kkfon~] mudh usr`Ro {kerk
dks vkdkj iznku djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSa vkSj okn&fookn] fopkj&foe'kZ] lsfeukj vkfn osQ ekè;e
ls tuer dk fuekZ.k djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA ikB~;Øe osQ lkFk&lkFk vusd xfrfof/;k¡] tSls ukVd
fopkj xksf"B;k¡] isafVx@Lyksxu jkbfVax izfr;ksfxrk,¡ vkfn Hkh Nk=kksa dks egRoiw.kZ jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
eqn~nksa ij laosnu'khy cukus esa izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
ysfdu tuer osQ iz;ksx dh Hkh oqQN lhek,¡ gSaA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd turk LFkkuh; vkSj jk"Vªh; ekeyksa
esa jQfp ysrh gSA turk eksVs rkSj ij Bhd&Bkd tkudkjh j[krh gSA blh dkj.k ls og cqf¼ o rdZ osQ
vk/kj ij lksprh gS vkSj ,d rdZlaxr fu.kZ; ysrh gSA
turk dk er pqukoksa osQ ekè;e ls vfHkO;Dr gksrk gSA tuer ljdkj dks vius vkns'kksa dk ikyu djus
osQ fy, ges'kk ckè; j[krk gS vkSj ljdkj Hkh lrdZ gksdj ,sls dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] tks mu
lkekftd vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSa] ftUgsa tuer n~okjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
tuer esa fopkjksa dh fofo/rk ,oa cgqyrk dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh bls cgqr gh vukSipkfjd
:i ls fy;k tkrk gSA ,sls esa ;g O;k[;k dk fo"k; cu tkrk gSA xyrh vc fopkj ;k er esa ugha gksrh]
cfYd mldh O;k[;k esa gks tkrh gSA ,sls le; esa ,slk Hkh gks ldrk gS fd uewus gh fo'oluh; u
gksaA vkèkqfud vke lektksa esa yksx cgqr T;knk i<+rs] lqurs vkSj ns[krs gSa] rks ,sls esa muosQ fy, vlR;
rF;ksa esa okLrfodrk dks tk¡puk ljy ugha jg tkrkA bl dkj.k ls ;g yksxksa osQ lkeus ,slh pqukSrh izLrqr
djrk gS fd os lekpkjksa vkSj fopkjksa esa Bhd <ax ls varj djuk lh[ksaA bu lc ckrksa osQ i'pkr Hkh
bl ckr ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd tuer gh ljdkj vkSj ukxfjdksa osQ chp lapkj dk lcls
izHkko'kkyh lk/u gSA
230
 tuer rFkk ncko lewg ekWM~;wy - 4
ikBxr iz'u 21.3 O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
I. lgh mÙkj ij (ü) dk fpg~u yxk,a µ
(d) ?kj vkSj ifjokj ,slh vukSipkfjd ,tsafl;k¡ gSa] tks tuer dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA
(lR;@vlR;)
([k) tuer fopkjksa dh fofo/rk dks ugha n'kkZrkA (lR;@vlR;)
(x) fd'kksj tula[;k nwljs osQ fopkjksa ls izHkkfor ugha gksrhA (lR;@vlR;) fVIi.kh
(?k) erx.kuk ljdkj osQ izfr turk dh larqf"V dks tk¡pus okyk ,d cSjksehVj gSA
(lR;@vlR;)
(Ä) bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k lkekftd thou osQ izfrfcac osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA
(lR;@vlR;)
(p) turk LFkk;h vkSj jk"Vªh; ekeyksa esa dksbZ jQfp ugha ysrhA (lR;@vlR;)
II. fjDr LFkku Hkfj, µ
(d) VsyhfoT+ku vkSj jsfM;ks --------------------- turk osQ fopkjksa dks Hkh fu/kZfjr djus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA (f'kf{kr@vf'kf{kr)
([k) flusek vkSj MkWD;weVas hª fiQYeksa dk yksxksa dh ekufldrk ij --------------------- izHkko iM+rk gSA
(LokHkkfod vkSj vLokfHkd)
(x) lkoZtfud lHkk,¡ oDrk vkSj ------------------------- osQ chp futh laidZ LFkkfir djrh gSAa
(Jksrk@n'kZd)

21.4 LoLF; tuer fuekZ.k esa vkus okyh ck/k,a

tuer rc rd yksxksa osQ erksa vkSj fopkjksa dk lgh izfrfcac ugha dgyk,xk] tc rd fuEufyf[kr
ckèkkvksa dk mUewyu ugha fd;k tk,xk%
(d ) mnklhu joS;k: vkerkSj ij yksx vius vkidks jktuhfrd xfrfof/;ksa ls nwj j[kuk ilan djrs gSaA
os lkoZtfud ekeyksa esa jQfp ugha ysrsA mudk ekuuk gksrk gS fd jktuhfrd fu.kZ;ksa osQ fuekZ.k esa mudh
Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA muosQ bl mnklhu joS;s dks cnyus vkSj jktuhfrd fu.kZ;ksa osQ
fuekZ.k esa Hkkxhnkj cuus dh vko';drk gSA yksxksa dks muosQ vius ns'k esa gksus okyh bl izdkj dh
jktuhfrd xfrfof/;ksa esa jQfp ysus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A mUgsa jk"Vª dh ,drk] v[kaMrk vkSj
mlosQ fodkl ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ eqn~nksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy gksuk pkfg,A
([ k) fuj{kjrk: lekt osQ f'kf{kr o izc¼ q yksxksa ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os vPNs ernkrk vkSj ukxfjd
gksxa As ogha nwljh vksj vf'kf{kr yksxksa dk Kku lhfer gksrk gS vkSj os jktuhfrd leL;kvksa dks ugha le>
ikrsA os ,d cqf¼eRrkiw.kZ vkSj rdZlxa r er dk fuekZ.k djus esa leFkZ ugha gksr]s vkSj os vkos'k vkSj Hkkoukvksa
ls izHkkfor gks tkrs gSAa fuj{kjrk osQ dkj.k iSnk gksus okyk vKku lkekftd thou osQ fy, vfHk'kki gSA
,d LoLFk tuer dk fuekZ.k osQoy Kku vkSj f'k{kk osQ okrkoj.k esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(x ) fu/Zurk: fu/Zu yksx jktuhfr ls ijs jgrs gSaA lkoZtfud ekeyksa ij è;ku nsus osQ fy, muosQ ikl
le; gh ugha gksrkA os jktusrkvksa dh cM+h&cM+h ckrksa esa vklkuh ls vk tkrs gSa vkSj fcuk lksps&le>s
viuk oksV ns nsrs gSa rFkk dbZ ckj vius oksVksa dks csp Hkh nsrs gSaA bl izdkj osQ ekeyksa dks è;ku esa
j[kdj ljdkj] xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa vkSj ncko lewgksa dks egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gksxhA fu/Zu vkSj
/uh osQ chp osQ varj dks de fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk laifRr osQ caVokjs dks Hkh U;k;ksfpr :i ls

231
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fu/Zurk dks de djosQ gh ,d LoLFk tuer dk fuekZ.k laHko gks ldrk gSA
(?k) fofHkUu tkfr;ksa o laiznk;ksa osQ chp vlarqyu% yksdra=k esa yksxksa vkSj jktuhfrd nyksa dks
tkr&ikr o laiznk; dh Hkkoukvksa ls mQij mBuk pkfg,A mUgsa vius vkidks /eZ o laiznk; dh ladh.kZ
nhokjksa osQ chp ugha ck¡Vuk pkfg,A /eZ o jktuhfr dks vyx j[kuk pkfg,A ns'k osQ vanj lkekftd
lkeatL; LoLFk tuer osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, ,d eap dh vk/kjf'kyk j[k ldrk gSA
(Ä ) Lora=k izsl: iwokZxzgksa ls eqDr] fo"k;fu"B] Lora=k izsl rFkk gj izdkj osQ Hk; ls eqDr ehfM;k ,d
fVIi.kh LoLFk tuer dh vk/kjf'kyk j[kus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA izsl ij /kfeZd] iwathoknh ;k {ks=kh;
fgr gkoh ugha gksus pkfg,A Lora=k izsl dks fu"i{k ,oa fo'oluh; C;kSjk izLrqr djuk pkfg,A

ikBxr iz'u 21.4

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) ,d LoLFk tuer osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, izl
s dks ----------- vkSj ----------------------- gksuk pkfg,A
(i{kikrh fu"i{k] Lora=k fu"i{k)
([k) yksdra=k esa yksxksa o jktuhfrd nyksa dks ------------------ o ---------------- tSlh Hkkoukvksa ls mQij mBuk
pkfg,A (tkfr laiznk;] /eZfujis{krk@ns'kHkfDr)
(x) LoLFk tuer dk fuekZ.k vkfFkZd :i ls ------------------- lekt esa gksrk gSA (larfq yr@vlarfq yr)

21.5 ncko lewg

vki ;g i<+ pqosQ gSa fd tuer fdl izdkj ls ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus esa lgk;d gksrk
gSA jktuhfrd nyksa osQ vfrfjDr lekt esa oqQN ,sls Lo;alsoh lewg Hkh gksrs gSa tks turk osQ fo'ks"k fgrksa
dh lekt esas j{kk djrs gSaA ncko o fgr lewg iwjh rjg ls laxfBr lewg gksrs gSa ftuosQ lkoZtfud o
lkekftd fgr gksrs gSa rFkk ;s lewg ljdkj dh uhfr fu/kZjd izfØ;k dks ckgjh ncko Mkydj izHkkfor
djrs gSaA ncko lewgksa dh lnL;rk LoSfPNd gksrh gS vkSj ;s izR;sd ns'k esa ik, tkrs gSaSA
bu ncko lewgksa osQ dk;Z cgqr gh lhfer o ladh.kZ gksrs gSaA budk pfj=k cgqr gh vukSipkfjd] ladh.kZ
vkSj xSj ekU;rk izkIr gksrk gSA ;s ncko lewg jktuhfrd nyksa osQ foijhr pqukoksa esa Hkkx ugha ysrsA ;s
vusd rduhdksa osQ ekè;e ls ljdkj ij ncko Mkyrs gSa] blh dkj.k ls bUgsa ncko lewg dgk tkrk
gSA bu lcosQ ckotwn Hkh ;s ns'k dh jktuhfr esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrs gSa vkSj tuer dks ykecan
djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA
fofHkUu izdkj dh nyh; iz.kkfy;k¡] fofHkUu izdkj dh ncko xfrfof/;ksa dks tUe nsrh gSaA fofHkUu
jktuhfrd iz.kkfy;ksa esa ncko lewgksa esa dk;Z djus dh izfØ;k vyx&vyx gksrh gSA bUgsa fuEufyf[kr
ik¡p ?kVdksa n~okjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gS%
1- jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa dk <k¡pk
2- nyh; iz.kkyh dh izo`Qfr
3- jktuhfrd laLo`Qfr rFkk yksxksa o usrkvksa dk O;ogkj
4- lkeus vkus okyh leL;kvksa vkSj ekeyksa dh izo`Qfr
5- lac¼ fgr lewgksa dk pfj=k ,oa izdkj

232
 tuer rFkk ncko lewg ekWM~;wy - 4
ikBxr iz'u 21.5 O;ogkj esa yksdra=k

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,

(d) ncko lewgksa dks ncko lewg blfy, dgk tkrk gS] D;ksfa d os ljdkj ij --------------------- Mkyrs
gSAa (ncko@vkykspuk)
([k) ncko lewg ------------------- ls vyx izoQ` fr osQ gksrs gSa D;ksfa d ;s pqukoksa esa Hkkx ugha ysrAs
(jktuhfrd nyksa@xSj ljdkjh lewgksa) fVIi.kh
(x) ncko lewg --------------- dks ykecan djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA (tuer@jktuhfrd ny)
(?k) ncko lewgksa osQ dk;Z djus dk rjhdk jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ---------------- gksrk gSA
(ls vyx@osQ leku)
(Ä) jktuhfrd laLo`Qfr rFkk usrkvksa o yksxksa dk O;ogkj ncko lewgksa dh dk;Zin~/fr dks izHkkfor
------------- gSA (djrk@ugha djrk)

21.6 Hkkjr esa ncko lewgksa dk oxhZdj.k

tSlk fd vki i<+ pqosQ gSa fd lalkj osQ lHkh ns'kksa esa ncko lewg gksrs gSa] Hkkjr blesa viokn ugha gS
;s vius fgrksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk fy, tkus okys fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA buosQ mn~ns';ksa
vkSj y{;ksa osQ vk/kj ij bUgsa eq[; :i ls pkj oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] tks fuEu gSa%
O;kolkf;d ncko lkekftd&lkaLo`Qfrd
lewg ncko lewg
laLFkkxr ncko rnFkZ ncko
lewg lewg
(d ) O;kolkf;d ncko lewg: - bl oxZ esa mu ncko lewgksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] ftudk fuekZ.k
fdlh fuf'pr is'ks ;k O;olk; osQ deZpkfj;ksa n~okjk vius fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls
cM+s O;kolkf;d ?kjkus] ftuosQ ikl lalk/uksa dh izpqjrk gksrh gS rFkk ftuosQ ikl rduhdh o izcaèku
osQ {ks=k osQ deZpkfj;ksa dh miyC/rk gksrh gS rFkk ftuosQ ljdkj osQ laHkzkar oxksZa] ehfM;k] iz'kklu vkSj
foi{kh nyksa ls vPNh tku igpku o laca/ gksrs gSa] muosQ fu;a=k.k esa lcls laxfBr o 'kfDr'kkyh ncko
lewg gksrs gSAa

Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry

vusd O;kolkf;d ?kjkuksa dk izHkko Hkkjrh; laln rFkk fo/kueaMy esa gSA muosQ ikl ,sls izfrfuf/ o
tulaidZ vf/dkjh gSa] tks iz'kklu o mPp ukSdj'kkgh ls laidZ cuk, j[krs gSaA fiQDdh futh iwath osQ

233
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k {ks=k esa lcls cM+k rFkk izHkko'kkyh laxBu gSA ;g yxHkx 40]000 izfr"Bkuksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA
blosQ lkFk ,d cM+k O;kikfjd dkWjiksjsV txr gSA jktuhfrd ny fuf/ bR;kfn izkIr djus osQ fy, bl
ij vkfJr gSAa blosQ cnys esa ;s jktuhfrd ny bUgsa dkjksckj 'kqYd (VSfjiQ)] iwt a h fuos'k] dj vkfn esa NwV
nsrs gSAa vkt osQ HkweMa yhdj.k o mnkjokn osQ nkSj esa fiQDdh dh Hkwfedk cgqr c<+ xbZ gSA fo'ks"kdj vkfFkZd
o okf.kfT;d uhfr;ksa ls lacfa /r eqnn~ ksa ij ljdkj bl lewg osQ fopkj lqurh gS o bldh lykg ysrh gSA
oqQN vU; O;kolkf;d lewg gSa% ,lksfl,VsM pSacj vkWiQ dWkelZ] duisQMjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;u baMLVªht]
fVIi.kh VkVk xzqi vkWiQ baMLVªht] VkVk] fcjyk] Mhlh,e] MkfYe;k vkSj fganqLrku yhoj vkfnA ;s lHkh ljdkj
dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr;ksa o dkuwuksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
is'ksoj ncko lewgksa esa VªsM ;wfu;uksa] fdlku laxBuksa] vè;kid o Nk=k laxBuksa rFkk oqQN vU; laxBuksa
tSls vf[ky Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk ifj"kn~] vf[ky Hkkjrh; Mkd ,oa etnwj la?k vkfn dks 'kkfey fd;k
tkrk gSA bl izdkj fiNys oqQN o"kksZa esa O;kolkf;d ?kjkuksa dk izHkko ns'k dh foRrh; vkSn~;ksfxd vkSj
okf.kfT;d jktuhfr ij dkiQh c<+k gSA
VªsM ;wfu;uksa vkSj fdlku laxBuksa dk bfrgkl gesa Lora=krk osQ nkSj ls igys ys tkrk gSA Jfed oxZ osQ
lkekftd jktuhfrd fgrksa dk leFkZu djus osQ mn~ns'; ls lu~ 1920 esa vkWy bafM;k VªsM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA fgan etnwj la?k] lsaVj vkWiQ bafM;k VªsM ;wfu;u (CITU), bl izdkj dh VªsM ;wfu;uksa
osQ oqQN mnkgj.k gSaA ns'k osQ vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa fctyh] ikuh] cSad] ba';ksjsal vkfn ls lacaf/r VªsM
;wfu;usa fdlh u fdlh izdkj ls vf[ky Hkkjrh; laxBu ls lac¼ gSaA
,slk ns[kk x;k gS fd jktuhfrd ny vius fgrksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, fdlkuksa o dk'rdkjksa dk bLrseky
djrs gSaA ,sls le; esa mUgsa ,dtqV gksdj vius vf/dkjksa dh ek¡x djuh pkfg,A os lHkh o`Qf"k osQ {ks=k
esa vius fgrksa dh lqj{kk pkgrs gSa] ftuosQ fy, gj laHko iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A muosQ eq[; mn~ns';ksa
esa iSnkokj osQ fy, mPp ewY;] moZjdksa osQ fy, lfClMh] ½.k ,oa [kkn dh miyC/rk vkfn gSA
gfj;k.kk] mÙkj izns'k] iatkc] dukZVd] jktLFkku vkfn esa izHkko'kkyh fdlku laxBu] tSls Hkkjrh; fdlku
;wfu;u] ljdkj }kjk o`Qf"k osQ laca/ esa fy, tkus okys fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSA bl izdkj osQ laxBu
jk"Vªh; tkx:drk rFkk oxZ psruk dks Hkh ,d lqfuf'pr vkdkj iznku djrs gSaA buosQ ikl lekt osQ
misf{kr o fu/Zu oxZ dh csgrjh osQ fy, n`<+ bPNk'kfDr rFkk ,dkRedrk gksrh gS] fdUrq iwath dh rkdr
ugha gksrhA
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa Hkh Nk=kksa] vè;kidksa] xSj O;kolkf;d deZpkjh oxZ (Ldwy] dkWyst o fo'ofon~;ky;
vkfn) dh viuh ;wfu;usa gSa] ftuosQ n~okjk os tuer dks ykecan djrs gSa rFkk vius vf/dkjksa] tSls
ih-,iQ] xzsT;qVh] cksul] ,yVhlh] NqV~fV;ksa vkSj O;kolkf;d laLFkkuksa dks [kksyus] ifjogu dh leqfpr
lqfo/kvksa] iQhl lajpuk vkfn dh lqj{kk osQ fy, ljdkj ij izHkko Mkyrs gSaA bl izdkj osQ oqQN laxBu
gSa% us'kuy LVwMsaV ;wfu;u vkWiQ bafM;k] Hkkjrh; turk ;qok ekspkZ] vkWy bafM;k VhplZ ,lksfl,'ku] vkWy
bafM;k LVwMsaV ;wfu;u] fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh LVwMsaV ;wfu;u vkfnA
([ k) lkekftd lkaLo`Qfrd ncko lewg: ,sls cgqr&ls lkekftd lkaLo`Qfrd ncko lewg gSa] tks
lkeqnkf;d lsokvksa ls ljksdkj j[krs gSa rFkk laiw.kZ leqnk; osQ fgrksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, dk;Z djrs
gSaA buosQ vykok oqQN vkSj ncko lewg Hkh gSa] tks viuh Hkk"kk vkSj vius /eZ osQ izpkj osQ fy, dk;Z
djrs gSaA ,sls oqQN ncko lewg fuEu gSa% vk;Z izfrfuf/ lHkk] tulsok la?k] jkeo`Q".k fe'ku] vk;Z lekt]
tekr&,&bLykeh] jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k] fo'ofgUnw ifj"kn~] f'kjksef.k xqjQn~okjk izca/d desVh] ikjlh
vUtqeu] ;ax eSu bZlkbZ laxBu] ctjax ny] laLo`Qr lkfgR; vdkneh] iatkch vdkneh] ejkBh la?k]
Hkkjrh; vkfne tkfr la?k] 'kj.kkFkhZ yksd lfefr vkfnA

234
 tuer rFkk ncko lewg ekWM~;wy - 4
(x ) laLFkkxr ncko lewg: ,sls Hkh dbZ ncko lewg gSa] tks ljdkjh <k¡ps osQ Hkhrj gh dke dj jgs O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
gSaA fcuk jktuhfrd i¼fr esa 'kkfey gq, ;s ncko lewg ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks vius fgrksa osQ fy,
izHkkfor djrs gSaA flfoy lfoZl ,lksfl,'ku] iqfyl osyisQ;j laxBu] xtsfVM vkWfiQlj ;wfu;u] fMisQal
ilksZuy ,lksfl,'ku] vkehZ vkWfiQllZ laxBu] jsM ØkWl lkslkbVh vkfn oqQN blh izdkj osQ ncko lewgksa
osQ mnkgj.k gSaA bu ncko lewgksa osQ n~okjk LFkkukarj.k] vodk'k fu;eksa eqnzkLiQhfr osQ dkj.k i;kZIr egaxkbZ
HkÙkk dk fu/kZj.k vkfn tSls ekeyksa esa buosQ }kjk ncko cuk;k tkrk gSA gkykafd buosQ dk;Z lkoZtfud
gksrs gSa] ysfdu fiQj Hkh ;s ljdkjh ra=k osQ Hkhrj jgdj gh lfØ; cus jgrs gSaA fVIi.kh
(?k) rnFkZ ncko lewg: oqQN ncko lewg fdlh fo'ks"k eqn~ns dks ysdj ljdkj ij ncko cukus osQ
mn~ns'; ls cgqr FkksM+s le; osQ fy, vfLrRo esa vkrs gSaA vius mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ djus osQ ckn ;s lekIr
gks tkrs gSaA izkÑfrd vkinkvksa dh fo"ke fLFkfr esa ;s ncko lewg vius fgr esa ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks
izHkkfor djus osQ fy, ncko Mkyrs gSaA bl izdkj osQ ncko lewg gSa& mM+hlk fjyhiQ vkxZukbts'ku] Hkwnku
vuq;kstuk] dkosjh okVj fMLVªhC;w'ku ,lksfl,'ku] xqtjkr fjyhiQ vkxZukbts'ku vkfnA

21.7 ncko lewgksa dh Hkwfedk

ncko lewgksa dh xfrfof/;ka ^ykWch* uke ls izpfyr gSaA ^ykWch* ,d vejhdh 'kCn gS] ysfdu vkt
bldk iz;ksx u osQoy ;wjksih; yksdra=kksa esa fd;k tkrk gS] cfYd tkiku lfgr fo'o osQ vU; cgqr ls
ns'kksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lnu osQ Hkhrj ykWch dh vksj bafxr djrk gS] tgk¡ laln lnL; vkSj foèkk;d
lnu ls lacaf/r dkjZokb;ksa ij ppkZ djrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa ncko lewg ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ;s turk vkSj jktuhfrd nyksa
osQ chp ,d dM+h osQ :i esa rFkk lapkj osQ ,d lk/u osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA ;s yksxksa dks cgqr
ls lkekftd vkfFkZd eqn~nksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy cukrs gSa rFkk mUgsa jktuhfrd :i ls f'kf{kr Hkh djrs
gSaA ;s cgqr gh izHkko'kkyh usr`Ro dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa rFkk Hkfo"; osQ usrkvksa dks ,d izf'k{k.k eap eqgS;k
djkrs gSaA ;s lekt osQ cgqr&ls ijaijkxr ewY;ksa osQ chp osQ varj dks de djus dk iz;kl Hkh djrs
gSaA ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dh LFkkiuk gh ncko lewgksa osQ dk;ksZa dk eq[; ifj.kke gSA bl izdkj ls ;g
ckr ,dne Li"V gS fd ncko lewg ljdkj o iz'kklu nksuksa dh uhfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA vki mu
ncko lewgksa osQ ckjs esa igys gh i<+ pqosQ gSa] tks Hkkjr esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
fdlh ns'k osQ jktuhfrd laLFkku ncko lewgksa osQ dk;Z vkSj muosQ eq[; mn~ns';ksa dks lqfuf'pr djrs
gSaA baxyS.M] vesfjdk] izQkal vkSj vU; yksdrkaf=kd ns'kksa esa ncko lewgksa osQ ikl ljdkj osQ fu.kZ;ksa dks
izHkkfor djus osQ vkSj vf/d volj gksrs gSaA fczVsu esa tc ls laln lnL;ksa dh vis{kk dSfcusV vkSj
flfoy lfoZlsl (yksd lsok) vf/d izHkko'kkyh gqbZ gS] rc ls igys osQ eqdkcys nwljs rd igq¡p cukuk
mi;ksxh gks x;k gSA gkml vkWiQ dkeUl dh ykWch dh vis{kk o yksdlsok osQ lnL;ksa dh ykWch djuk
vf/d ykHkdkjh gSA la;qDr jkT; vejhdk esa dkaxzsl laca/h lfefr iz.kkyh vkSj mlosQ izHkko'kkyh
pS;jeSu ij è;ku osQafnzr djuk ykHknk;d gksrk gSA la;qDr jkT; vejhdk esa pSacj vkWiQ dkelZ rFkk
fuekZrk laxBuksa dks cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh ekuk tkrk gSA
izQakl esa fgr lewg jk"Vªh; vlsEcyh osQ ctk, iz'kklu dks viuk y{; cukrs gSaA ;|fi vejhdk osQ
cgqr&ls ncko lewg vkSj ykWfc;k¡ jktuhfrd nyksa ls nwjLFk laca/ j[krh gSa ijarq 'kfDr'kkyh VªsM ;wfu;u
jktuhfrd nyksa ls fudV laca/ j[krs gSaA tSls& vesfjdu isQMjs'ku vkWiQ yscj] dkaxzsl vkWiQ baMfLVª;y
vkxZukbts'ku dk MseksØsfVd ikVhZ osQ lkFk] fczfV'k ;wfu;u dk yscj ikVhZ osQ lkFk] jkseu oSQFkksfyd
ppZ dk fØf'p;u MseksØsfVd ikVhZ vkWiQ teZuh ,.M bVyh osQ lkFkA

235
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
ikBxr iz'u 21.6
fjDr LFkku Hkfj, µ
(d)ncko lewg turk dks cgqr&ls ---------------------------- eqnn~ ksa osQ izfr laons 'khy cukrs gSAa (lkoZtfud@futh)
([k) ncko lewg -------------------- vkSj ---------------------- osQ chp ,d ;kstd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSAa
fVIi.kh (ljdkj] ukxfjdksa@ljdkj] jktuhfrd nyksa)
(x) fdlh Hkh ns'k osQ ---------------------------- ncko lewgksa osQ dk;ksaZ vkSj muosQ mn~n's ;ksa dks lqfuf'pr djrs
gSAa (jktuhfrd laLFkku@ lkekftd laLFkku)

21.8 ncko lewgksa dh dk;Zi¼fr

ljdkjh vf/dkfj;ksa vkSj usrkvksa osQ lkFk laca/ cuk, j[kuk ncko lewgksa dk ,dfu"B iz;kl gksrk gSA
ljdkjh iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor djus osQ fy, ncko lewg cgqr&lh dk;Zin~/fr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;s
dk;Zin~/fr;k¡ ns'k dh jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh izo`Qfr vkSj lekt osQ izk:i ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSaA viuh
ekaxksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, ;s ;kfpdk rFkk fuosnu i=kksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;s tuer dks ges'kk vius i{k
esa j[kus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA viuh Hkkoukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dks ljdkj osQ lkeus izdV djus osQ fy, ;s
ncko lewg vkerkSj ij bysDVªkWfud vkSj fizaV ehfM;k dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA cgqr&ls izpkj lk/uksa dk iz;ksx
djosQ ;s ncko lewg tuer dks vkdkj iznku djus rFkk izHkkfor djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA ykWch djosQ
Hkh ncko lewg ljdkj ij ncko cukus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA ,d lhek rd rks ncko lewgksa osQ ikl
U;k;ikfydk dks izHkkfor djus osQ Hkh volj gksrs gSaA os U;k;k/h'kksa dh pquko izfØ;k dks izHkkfor djus
dk iz;kl djrs gSa rFkk U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djus osQ fy, vfHk;ku pykrs gSaA bl izdkj ls
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ncko lewg izR;sd yksdrakf=kd 'kklu iz.kkyh osQ egRoiw.kZ vax cu x, gSaA
;s yksdrkaf=kd Hkkouk vkSj jk"Vªh; pfj=k dks Hkh cuk, j[krs gSaA vuko';d j.kuhfr vkSj ukSdj'kkgh dks
Hkz"V djus osQ fy, viuk, x, nksgjs ekinaMksa osQ dkj.k ncko lewgksa dh vkykspuk Hkh dh tkrh gSA
'kfDr'kkyh lewg fdlh Hkh rjg viuh ekaxksa dh iwfrZ djus esa liQy gks tkrs gSa] tcfd detksj lewgksa
dh dgha dksbZ lquokbZ rd ugha gksrhA dbZ ckj rks VªsM ;wfu;usa rFkk vU; laxBu vius izHkkoksa osQ dkj.k
viuh vuko';d ek¡xksa dks Hkh iwjh djok ysrs gSaA okLro esa ncko lewgksa dk izHkko mudh laxBukRed
'kfDr] vuq'kklu mlosQ lnL;ksa dh opuc¼/rk yksxksa dh lgkuqHkwfr vkSj lg;ksx bdV~Bk djus dh
{kerk] vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkSj fu.kZ; ysus okyh lHkk rFkk lfefr;ksa rd igq¡p ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
jktuhfrd mn~ns';ksa o yksxksa osQ fy, dk;Z djus okys ncko lewg oqQN mxz mik;ksa dk Hkh iz;ksx djrs
gSa] tSls&jSfy;k¡ fudkyuk] /jus nsuk] izn'kZu djuk vkSj Hkw[k gM+rky djuk vkfnA
ekuoh; mn~ns';ksa tSls 'kkafr] i;kZoj.k lqj{kk] ekuokf/dkj vkfn dh iwfrZ osQ fy, dk;Z djrs le; ncko
lewg ,d izcq¼ tuer osQ fuekZ.k dh dk;Zi¼fr dks viukrs gSa vkSj laosnuk rFkk rkfdZdrk dh Hkkouk
dks mRiUu djrs gSaA ;s fo'ks"k jk"Vªh; vfHk;kuksa osQ vk;kstu vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ,drk ls lacaf/r xfrfofèk;ksa
osQ n~okjk viuk dk;Z djrs gSaA ,M~l] vkradokn vkSj ijek.kq ce osQ f[kykiQ NsM+s tkus okys vkanksyu
blh izdkj osQ vfHk;kuksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k gSA

236
 tuer rFkk ncko lewg ekWM~;wy - 4
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
ikBxr iz'u 21.7
fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d)jktuhfrd mn~n's ; gsrq dk;Z djrs le; ncko lewg ------------------------- mik;ksa dk iz;ksx ljdkj ij
ncko cukus osQ fy, djrs gSaA (mnkj@mxz)
([k) ---------------------- ncko lewg viuh ek¡xksa dks iwjk djokus esa liQy gks tkrs gSAa ('kfDr'kkyh@detksj) fVIi.kh
(x) ncko lewg fofHkUu --------------------------- dk;Zin~/fr;ksa dk iz;ksx djosQ tuer dks vkdkj iznku
djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA (izpkj@xksiuh;)

vkius D;k lh[kk

bl vè;k; esa vkius Hkkjr esa tuer vkSj ncko lewgksa osQ fo"k; esa i<+kA tuer ,d ,slk lkekftd
mRikn gS] ftldk fuekZ.k cgqr&ls erksa dh ijLij fØ;k osQ ckn gksrk gSA bls turk osQ O;fDrxr
fopkjksa osQ laxzg osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA ifjfLFkfr;ksa] le; vkSj ubZ tkudkfj;ksa osQ vkèkkj
ij tuer esa ifjorZu gks ldrk gSA 'kklu iz.kkyh osQ vanj yksdrkaf=kd lapkj osQ }kjk lgh <ax ls
dk;Z djus osQ fy, tuer dks lcls vko';d rRo ekuk tkrk gSA cgqr&ls eqn~nksa ij ljdkjh uhfr;k¡
tuer }kjk fujiokn :i ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA bysDVªkWfud vkSj fizaV ehfM;k] tuer losZ{k.k] jktuhfrd
lkekthdj.k] jktuhfrd ny vkfn ,tsafl;k¡ tuer osQ fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA tuer
rc rd turk osQ fopkjksa dk ,d lPpk izfrfcac ugha cu losQxk] tc rd fd mnklhu joS;s] fuj{kjrk]
fu/Zurk] diVh vkSj i{kikrh izsl tSlh ck/kvksa dks ugha gVk;k tk,xkA
vki i<+ pqosQ gSa fd jktuhfrd nyksa osQ foijhr] ,sls oqQN LoSfPNd laxfBr lewg Hkh gksrs gSa] tks
lekt esa fo'ks"k oS;fDr fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, dk;Z djrs gSaA os ljdkj ij cgqr&lh rduhdksa osQ
ekè;e ls ncko Mkyrs gSa] bUgsa ncko lewgksa osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ncko lewgksa dh dk;Zi¼fr;k¡
,oa dk;Ziz.kkyh ns'k dh nyh; iz.kkyh osQ Lo:i vkSj izo`Qfr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vkius vU; ns'kksa o
Hkkjr esa fiQDdh] VªsM ;wfu;uksa vkfn ncko lewgksa osQ ckjs esa i<+k gSA ljdkj }kjk viuh ek¡xksa dh iwfrZ
djkus osQ fy, ncko lewg yksdrkaf=kd vkSj xSj yksdrkaf=kd dk;Zin~f/;ksa dks viukrs gSa] fiQj Hkh
ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks fu/kZfjr djus esa os egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

ikBkar iz'u
1. tuer dh ifjHkk"kk nsaA
2. Hkkjr dh yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu iz.kkyh esa tuer dh Hkwfedk dks tk¡psA
3. tuer fuekZ.k dh ,tsafl;ksa dk o.kZu djsaA
4. ,d LoLFk tuer osQ fuekZ.k esa vkus okyh ck/kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA
5. fdl vk/kj ij ge Hkkjr esa ncko lewgksa dk oxhZdj.k djrs gSa\
6. ncko lewgksa dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djsaA
7. Hkkjr esa ncko lewgksa }kjk viukbZ tkus okyh dk;Zin~/fr;ksa dk ewY;kdau djsaA
237
 ekWM~;wy - 4 jktuhfr foKku
O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj
21.1
(d) leku
([k) O;ofLFkr vkSj Bhd <ax ls lksps&le>s
fVIi.kh
(x) ugha gksrk
(?k) ugha gS
21.2
I. (d) tuer
([k) izgjh
(x) gSa
II. (d) vlR;
([k) lR;
(x) vlR;
(?k) lR;
21.3
I. (d) lR;
([k) vlR;
(x) vlR;
(?k) lR;
(Ä) lR;
(p) vlR;
II. (d) vf'kf{kr
([k) LokHkkfod
(x) Jksrk
21.4
(d) fu"i{k vkSj Lora=k
([k) tkfr o laiznk;
(x) larqfyr
238
 tuer rFkk ncko lewg ekWM~;wy - 4
21.5 O;ogkj esa yksdra=k
(d) ncko
([k) jktuhfrd nyksa
(x) tuer
(?k) ls vyx fVIi.kh
(Ä) djrk
21.6
(d) lkoZtfud
([k) ljdkj] ukxfjdksa
(x) jktuhfrd laLFkku
21.7
(d) mxz
([k) 'kfDr'kkyh
(x) izpkj

ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr

1. ns[ksa [kaM 21.1
2. ns[ksa [kaM 21.2
3. ns[ksa [kaM 21.3
4. ns[ksa [kaM 21.4
5. ns[ksa [kaM 21.6
6. ns[ksa [kaM 21.7
7. ns[ksa [kaM 21.8

fd'kksjksa osQ eqn~nksa ij vkb, fopkj djsa

fe=k&lewg dk vFkZ gS yksxksa dk lsok lewg ftlesa yxHkx ,d gh vk;q&oxZ]
gSfl;r vkSj fgr osQ yksx 'kkfey gkas] fe=k ncko lewg ,d ,slk 'kCn gS
ftlls O;fDr esa cnyko ;k cnyko dh izo`fRr] n`f"Vdks.k] O;ogkj rFkk
uSfrdrk izR;{k :i ls vius fe=k lewg ls izHkkfor gksrs gSaA

239
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns

22
fVIi.kh laiznk;okn] tkfr vkSj vkj{k.k

iztkra=k esa] ;g lkèkkj.k lh ckr gS fd yksx vkilh lkSgknZ dk;e djus rFkk jktuhfrd 'kfDr izkIr
djus osQ fy, fofoèk gFkdaMs (rjhosQ) viukrs gSAa Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa jktuhfr] lEiznk;okn vkSj tkfrokn
ls izHkkfor jgh gSA gekjs ns'k esa lkekftd vlekurk,¡ vkSj folaxfr;k¡ vusoQ tkfrxr vkSj èkeZxr lewgksa
osQ :i esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA muosQ chp ijLij vfo'okl] vkfFkZd vHkko] vigj.k vkSj lkekftd
HksnHkko osQ dkj.k yacs le; ls ruko pys vk jgs gSaA bu lewgksa n~okjk ,d&nwljs osQ fo#¼ NhaVkd'kh
djus vkSj mijksDr dkjdksa osQ dkj.k jktuhfr esa laiznk;okn vkSj tkfrokn dk opZLo c<+k gSA bl pyu
osQ dkj.k u osQoy pquko osQ le; jktuhfrd izfØ;k izHkkfor gksrh gS] cfYd blls vPNs iz'kklu]
vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj lkekftd lkeatL; osQ fy, Hkh xaHkhj [krjk iSnk gksrk gSA fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ,oa
fupys rcdksa osQ mRFkku osQ fy, vkj{k.k dk foèkku fd;k x;k gSA bl ikB esa ge tkfr vkSj èkkfeZd
igpku] blosQ egRo vkSj Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ra=k ij blosQ izHkkoksa dks le> losQaxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z laiznk;okn osQ vFkZ dh O;k[;k dj losQaxs_
z Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa laiznk;okn osQ izHkko dh O;k[;k dj losQaxs_
z lkaiznkf;d fgalk osQ ihNs vusd dkjdksa dh O;k[;k dj losQaxs_
z lekt esa tkfr dh Hkwfedk dh O;k[;k dj losQaxs_
z Hkkjrh; pquko iz.kkyh esa tkfrokn osQ izHkko dh O;k[;k dj losQaxsA
z vkj{k.k uhfr osQ ykxw djus osQ ihNs rdksZa dh O;k[;k dj losQaxs_
z vkj{k.k ls lacn/ fofoèk laoSèkkfud izkoèkkuksa dh O;k[;k dj losQaxs_
z efgyk vkj{k.k osQ egRo dks le> losQaxs_ rFkk
z pqukoh jktuhfr osQ ifjizs{; esa vkj{k.k uhfr dh leh{kk dj losQaxsA

240
 laiznk;okn] tkfr vkSj vkj{k.k ekWM~;wy - 5
22.1 laiznk;okn dk vFkZ izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns

Hkkjr fofoèk fo'oklksa vkSj èkeksZa dk ns'k gSA ftllss ;gka izk;% fgalk gksrh gS vkSj yksxksa osQ chp }s"k iSnk
gksrk gSA tks yksx èkkfeZd fgalk esa fo'okl djrs gSa] os èkeZ dks uSfrdrk osQ :i esa ugha ysrs cfYd os
èkeZ dks viuh jktuhfrd egkRokdka{kk dh iwfrZ osQ fy, ,d gfFk;kj dh rjg iz;ksx djrs gSAa lainz k;okn
dh uhao gh vkilh èkkfeZd fo}s"k ij fVdh gS] blfy, ;g èkkfeZd fgalk dks mRiUu djrk gSA blls
lkaiznkf;d laxBu vkSj èkkfeZd laxBu osQ chp dk varj Li"V gksrk gSA laiznk;okn dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a
fVIi.kh
fuEufyf[kr gSa%
(d) ;g vUèkfo'okl ij vkèkkfjr gSA
([k) ;g fo'kq¼ :i ls n`f"Vdks.k ij fuHkZj gSA ,d laiznk;oknh vius èkeZ dks nwljksa ls Js"B
le>rk gSA
(x) ;g vlfg".kqrk ij vkèkkfjr gSA
(?k) ;g nwljs èkeksZa osQ fojQn~èk nq"izpkj djrk gSA
(Ä) ;g nwljs èkeksZa rFkk mlosQ ewY;ksa dks lekIr djus ls izsfjr gksrk gSA
(p) ;g nwljksa osQ fojQ¼ fgalk lfgr vfroknh rjhdksa dks Lohdkj djrk gSA

22.2 laiznk;okn dk izHkko

laiznk;okn us yEcs le; ls gekjs lekt dks ckaV j[kk gSA blosQ dkj.k dV~Vjoknh fln~èkkarksa esa fo'okl]
nwljs èkeksZa vkSj èkkfeZd lewgksa osQ izfr vlfg".kqrk vkSj ?k`.kk] ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dks rksM+uk&ejksM+uk vkSj
lkaiznkf;d fgalk iSnk gksrh gSA
22.2.1 lkaiznkf;d fgalk
1947 osQ iwoZ vfèkdka'k èkkfeZd naxs vaxzstksa dh vkSifuosf'kd uhfr ^^iwQV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks** osQ
dkj.k gq,A ysfdu ns'k osQ caVokjs osQ ckn nksuksa gh leqnk;ksa osQ] vfHktkR; oxZ] blosQ fy, ftEesnkj
gSaA vktkn Hkkjr esa lkaiznkf;d naxs fofoèk dkj.kksa ls gksus yxsA muesa ls oqQN lkekU; dkj.k gSa% izFke
lekt dk fofHkUu oxksZa esa foHkkftr gksuk] nwljk ns'k dh [kjkc vkfFkZd n'kk ftlls vleku vkfFkZd
fodkl gqvkA ifj.kker% de fodflr leqnk;ksa osQ mPp oxksZa us lhfer o`n~fèk dk Hkjiwj ykHk mBk;k
vkSj blls mUgsa jktuhfrd 'kfDr Hkh izkIr gqbZA vkxs pydj ,d varjky osQ ckn bu vfHktkR; oxksZa
esa vkilh izfr}a} gksus yxkA ;gh ckr vU; leqnk;ksa esa Hkh gqbZA vius leqnk;ksa dk leFkZu izkIr djus
osQ fy, muosQ usrkvksa us lkaiznkf;d Hkkouk HkM+dkdj lEkFkZu izkIr djus dk iz;RUk fd;kA iQyr% lekt
osQ ikjaifjd fo'okl vfHktkR; oxZ osQ ykHk gsrq iz;ksx gksus yxsA tc lkekU; tu Lo;a dks vlqjf{kr
le>rk gS] rks og èkeZ dh vksj vfHkeq[k gksrk gS] tks mls lkEiznkf;d Hkkouk,a HkM+dkdj jktuhfr djus
rFkk dHkh&dHkh fgalk dh vksj vxzlj gksus dk dkj.k gksrk gSA
lkEiznkf;d fgalk esa c<+ksRrjh gks jgh gS D;ksafd lkEiznkf;d ny èkkfeZd izpkj osQ fy, vkØked joS;k
viukrs gSaA ftlls fofHkUu lEiznk;ksa osQ yksxksa osQ chp oSeuL; iSnk gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa lkEiznkf;d jQ>ku
j[kus okys jktuhfrd nyksa dks lkEiznkf;d Hkkouk,a HkM+dkdj lkEiznkf;d fgalk dk nks"kh ekuk tkuk
pkfg,A Hkkjr dh os jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ka tks lkaiznkf;d ekxZ viukrh gSa] os lkaiznkf;d Hkkouk,a HkM+dkus

241
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns osQ fy, nks"kh djkj nh tk ldrh gSaA bu lkekU; dkjdksa osQ vfrfjDr Hkkjr esa lkaiznkf;d fgalk osQ
fy, oqQN LFkkuh; dkjd Hkh ftEesnkj gksrs gSaA izFke] rLdjksa vkSj vijkèkh rRoksa dh rkdr c<+us ls
fofHkUu leqnk;ksa osQ O;kikfj;ksa osQ chp izfr}a} dHkh&dHkh fgalk dks tUe nsrh gSA cM+s 'kgjksa esa rLdjksa
vkSj vijkfèk;ksa osQ 'kfDr'kkyh gksus ls izk;% ,slh fgalk gksrh jgrh gSA 1993 esa ckcjh efLtn rksM+s tkus
ls HkM+dh lkaiznkf;d fgalk bldk mnkgj.k gSA nwljs] mu 'kgjksa esa lkaiznkf;d fgalk izk;% gksrh jgrh gS]
tgka fgalk gksus dk ,d bfrgkl gSA blesa vyhx<+ vkSj gSnjkckn osQ vykok oqQN vU; 'kgj Hkh gSaA
vYila[;dksa dh vfèkd la[;k ls nksuksa leqnk;ksa osQ mPp oxZ esa jktuhfrd izfr}af}rk c<+rh gS vkSj
fVIi.kh
os izk;% vius leqnk; dk leFkZu izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA
lkaiznkf;d fgalk dk dkj.k tks Hkh gks] tc Hkh ;g iSQYkrh gS rks iwjs ns'k dk è;ku rqjUr viuh vksj
vkdf"kZr djrh gSA gekjs lekt esa oxZ igpku tkfr vkSj laiznk; esa cny xbZ gSA gekjs 'kkld oxZ ;gka
dh vkfFkZd leL;k,a tSls csjkstxkjh] xjhch] egaxkbZ] tkfr vkSj lkEiznkf;d leL;kvksa esa cny nsrs gSaA
yksxksa dks pkfg, fd os bl izdkj osQ cgdkos esa u vk,¡A yksxksa dh vkfFkZd leL;k,a tSls xjhch vkSj
csjkstxkjh dks fuf'pr :i ls ns'k esa lkaiznkf;d fgalk osQ iwjh rjg lekIr gksus ls iwoZ gy djuk pkfg,A

ikBxr iz'u 22.1

1. Hkkjr esa c<+rs laiznk;okn dk dkj.k gS %&
(d) vaxzstksa oQh ^iwQV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks* dh uhfr
([k) Lora=krk vkanksyu
(x) Hkkjr dh èkeZfujis{k Hkkouk
2. lainz k;okn dh ize[q k fo'ks"krk ---------------- vkSj -------------------------- gSA
3. ------------------------------ vkSj jktuhfrd oxZ osQ chp varlZacaèk lakiznkf;d fgalk dks mRiUu djrs gSaA
4. yksxksa dh leL;k,¡ laiznk;okn osQ n~okjk nwj gksrh gSaA
(lR;@vlR;)

22.3 Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr dh Hkwfedk

fdlh Hkh lekt dk jktuhfrd <kapk ml lekt dh izo`Qfr ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA lekt dh izo`Qfr dks
le>us osQ fy, gesa lkekftd lajpuk dks le>uk gksxkA Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk dks tkfr izFkk osQ
:i esa vPNh rjg ls le>k tk ldrk gS] tgka tkfr osQ varxZr izkphu o.kkZJe O;oLFkk lfUufgr gSA
dbZ o"kksZa rd tkfrO;oLFkk dk fodkl lekt esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd vlekurk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy,
gksrk jgkA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr fdlh NksVh tkfr esa mRiUu gksrk Fkk rks mls cM+h tkfr;ksa n~okjk ijs'kku fd;k
tkrk Fkk vkSj mls vU; vusoQ lqfoèkkvksa ls oafpr gksuk iM+rk FkkA nfyrksa dh gkyr cnrj FkhA NqvkNwr
osQ O;ogkj ls mudh n'kk vkSj Hkh [kjkc gks xbZA
ijaijkxr o.kZO;oLFkk osQ varxZr pkj o.kZ vkrs gSa% czkg~e.k (iqtkjh vkSj f'kf{kr oxZ)] {kf=k;
(;ksn~èkk vkSj 'kkld oxZ)] oS'; (O;kikjh ,oa of.kd oxZ) vkSj 'kwnz (tks rqPN vkSj iznw"k.k ;qDr dk;Z
djrs Fks)A

242
 laiznk;okn] tkfr vkSj vkj{k.k ekWM~;wy - 5
;gk¡ gesa ;g le> ysuk pkfg, fd o.kZ O;oLFkk] tkrh; okLrfodrk osQ ctk, T;knk lS¼kafrd gSA izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
okLro esa] pkj gh tkfr;ka ugha cfYd gtkjksa tkfr;ka ,oa mitkfr;ka gSa] ftu ij tkfr O;oLFkk vkèkkfjr
gSA vfèkdka'k tkfr;ksa dk oxhZdj.k o.kZ ij vkèkkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA gkykafd ,slk djuk
lkekftd lajpuk osQ vafre Nksj ij vklku gksrk gS] u fd eè; easA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] o.kZ O;oLFkk
tkfr ls lacafèkr gSA
tkfr ,d LFkkuh; lewg gksrk gS] tks fdlh O;olk; fo'ks"k ls ikjEifjd :i ls tqM+k gksrk gSA tUe
dk fln~èkkar tkfrxr leqnk;ksa esa lnL;rk dk ,dek=k vkèkkj gS vFkkZr O;olk; dk pquko Lora=k u gksdj fVIi.kh
fdlh tkfr esa tUe ysus osQ vk/kj ij fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA blosQ vykok bu tkfrxr leqnk;ksa osQ vius
[kku&iku ,oa fookg lacaèkh fu;e gksrs gSaA lewg gh vius lnL;ksa osQ jgu&lgu osQ fu;e cukrk gSA
tks buosQ fu;e ugha ekurs] mUgsa tkfr&fcjknjh ls fudkys tkus dk Hkh vfèkdkj leqnk; osQ ikl gksrk
gSA vkèkqfud fopkj èkkjkvksa ,oa laLFkkvksa dh n`f"V ls tkfrxr igpku etcwr gqbZ gSA Lora=krk vkUnksyu
ls iwoZ] blosQ nkSjku vkSj ckn esa] ;g jktuhfrd ykecUnh dk ,d gfFk;kj cuus osQ dkj.k ,slk laHko
gqvkA 19oha 'krkCnh osQ lkekftd èkkfeZd vkanksyu us fuEu tkfr;ksa dks mudh [kjkc gkyr osQ izfr
lps"V fd;k vkSj os vius vfèkdkjksa osQ izfr tkx:d Hkh gq, ftuls mUgsa lfn;ksa ls oafpr j[kk x;k
FkkA ifj.kker% muesa ls vusd viuh nqnZ'kk dks HkkX; dh nsu ekuus dks rS;kj ugha FksA bl tkx:drk
osQ iQyLo:i 'kklu esa yksdrkaf=kd fl¼karksa dk ykxw gksuk] ny osQfUnzr jktuhfr dk mn; rFkk fczfV'k
'kkldksa }kjk eqlyekuksa lfgr fiNM+h vkSj oafpr tkfr;ksa dks c<+rs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dk àkl djus osQ
fy, ykecan djus osQ iz;kl us tkfr;ksa osQ jktuhfrdj.k dk vkèkkj rS;kj fd;kA Hkkjr dh Lora=krk osQ
le; jktuhfr osQ dkj.k ;s fiNM+h tkfr;ka ,d rkdr cu pqdh FkhaA mudh ekaxs ,oa fgr vfèkd fnuksa
rd Vkys ugha tk ldrs FksA mlh le; jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa us Hkh mudh n'kk lqèkkjus dk chM+k mBk;kA
mi;qZDr osQ lanHkZ esa] lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us Hkh ldkjkRed joS;k viukrs gq, bUgsa lekt esa nwljs osQ
leku LFkku fnykus dk iz;kl fd;kA mUgksaus le>k fd jkT; dh lgk;rk osQ fcuk muosQ ,sfrgkfld
fiNM+siu dks nwj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blfy, lafoèkku esa vkj{k.k dh uhfr ykbZ xbZA fiNM+s oxksZa osQ
varxZr fuEu rhu oxZ vkrs gSµ a vuqlfw pr tkfr] vuqlfw pr tutkfr vkSj vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ka (vkschlh)

ikBxr iz'u 22.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, µ
(d) ---------------------------- Hkkjrh; lkekftd <kaps osQ vkèkkj gSaA
([k) tkfr O;oLFkk esa] tkfr;k¡ ---------------------------- osQ :i esa foHkkftr gSaA
(x) tkfr O;oLFkk --------------------------------- osQ :i esa Hkh tkuh tkrh gSA bldk vkèkkj --------------------------
--- Je foHkktu gSA
(?k) tkfr O;oLFkk esa O;olk; dk p;u --------------------------- ugha Fkk] ysfdu blosQ fuèkkZj.k dk vkèkkj
izR;sd dk ------------------------------------- FkkA

22.4 jktuhfr esa tkfr

Lora=krk osQ ckn tkfr us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuk 'kq: fd;kA jktuhfr esa bldh Hkwfedk vfèkd c<+
xbZA lPpkbZ ;g gS fd vklkuh ls igpku esa vkus okys lkekftd lewg osQ :i esa bldh fLFkfr us
jktuhfrd nyksa dks buosQ oksV vkSj leFkZu izkIr djus osQ fy, tkfr;ksa dks jktuhfrd ykecUnh dk
fo"k; cuk fn;kA Lora=krk osQ ckn Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa tkfr osQ eqn~ns dks nks dkjdksa ls fo'ks"k è;ku

243
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns esa yk;k x;k gSA ;s gSa&(1) lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj dk ykxw gksuk (2) fiNM+h tkfr;ksa osQ i{k
esa lqj{kkRed vkj{k.k osQ laoSèkkfud izkoèkkuA lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj ls tula[;k osQ ,d cM+s
oxZ dks pqukoh jtkuhfr esa izos'k feyk] ftls vc rd laifÙk dh ;ksX;rk osQ vkèkkj ij ckgj j[kk x;k
FkkA blls jktuhfrd nyksa osQ fy, oksVksa dh ykecanh dk dke dkiQh dfBu gks x;kA ijUrq ;g dfBu
dke rc vklku gks x;k tc jktuhfrd ny oksV izkIr djus osQ fy, tkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj gksus yxsA bl
izfØ;k ls izR;sd pquko osQ lkFk tkfr;ksa dh pquko esa Hkkxhnkjh etcwr gksrh xbZA
fVIi.kh pqukoh jktuhfr osQ foLr`r {ks=k osQ lkFk lqj{kkRed HksnHkko osQ laoSèkkfud izkoèkkuksa us tkfr;ksa dks
jktuhfr esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus dk vkèkkj iznku fd;kA
;g ckr è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd lqj{kkRed HksnHkko rhu izdkj osQ oxksZa osQ fy, FkkA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa]
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa rFkk vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksaA bu rhu oxksZa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ka vkSj vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ka vklkuh ls igpkuh tk ldrh Fkha vkSj muosQ fy, vkj{k.k dh vko';drk vkSj bPNk ij
vfèkdka'kr% loZlEEkfr Fkh ijarq vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dk ekeyk buls vyx gSA
nwljs izdkj dh tkrh; jktuhfr esa ,sls lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd ny vkrs gSa tks osQoy tkrh; vkèkkj
ij vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks vkj{k.k nsus osQ i{k vFkok fojQ¼ ykecanh dk dke djrs gSaA jktuhfr esa
tkrh; Hkkxhnkjh dk vuqeku osQoy blh rF; ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd oqQy tula[;k dk yxHkx
50 izfr'kr vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ls lacaèk j[krk gSA igys izdkj dh tkrh; jktuhfr jkT; ljdkj dh
vkj{k.k uhfr dks izHkkfor djus dk iz;kl djrh gS rks nwljs izdkj dh tkrh; jktuhfr dk mn~ns';
osQUnzh; ljdkj dh vkj{k.k uhfr dk fojksèk djuk gSA
bl izdkj vkj{k.k osQ eqn~ns us tkfr;ksa dks jktuhfr esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus dks mitkmQ Hkwfe iznku
dhA uhfrfunsZ'kd fl¼karksa osQ vè;k; esa vuqPNsn 38 vkSj 46 osQ vuqlkj jkT; dk ;g drZO; gS fd
og tulkèkkj.k osQ dY;k.k dk lkekU; ,oa fiNM+h tkfr;ksa osQ dY;k.k dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[ksA vuqPNsn
38 dgrk gSµ 1) jkT; dks yksxksa osQ dY;k.k gsrq ,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls rS;kj
,oa izkIr djuh pkfg, ftlesa jk"Vªh; thou osQ lHkh lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa esa U;k;
gksA 2) jkT; dks fo'ks"k :i ls u osQoy yksxksa osQ chp vfirq fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa jgus okys yksxksa rFkk
fHkUu&fHkUu O;olk; esa tqVs yksxksa osQ lewgksa osQ chp vk; esa vlekurk dks de djus] izfr"Bk] lqfoèkkvksa
rFkk voljksa dh vlekurk dks lekIr djus osQ iz;kl djus pkfg,A
vuqPNsn 46 osQ vuqlkj jkT; yksxksa osQ detksj oxksZa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ksa osQ 'kSf{kd vkSj vkfFkZd fgrksa dks iwjs è;ku ls izkRs lkfgr djsxk rFkk mUgsa lHkh izdkj osQ 'kks"k.k
rFkk vU;k; ls cpk,xkA
vkj{k.k dh uhfr laj{k.kkRed HksnHkko osQ fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr gSA lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us fiNM+h tkfr;ksa
osQ fy, laj{k.kkRed HksnHkko dks vko';d le>k] D;ksafd osQoy voljksa dh lekurk ls fiNM+h tkfr
osQ yksxksa dks lekt osQ vU; yksxksa osQ cjkcj ugha yk;k tk ldrkA ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh lekurk osQ fcuk
voljksa dh lekurk dk ifj.kke lekurk ykus osQ ctk, vlekurk dks c<+kuk gksxkA ;g xkSj djus ;ksX;
gS fd laj{k.kkRed HksnHkko lerk osQ vfèkdkj dk viokn u gksdj mldk ,d vfHkUu vax gSA

244
 laiznk;okn] tkfr vkSj vkj{k.k ekWM~;wy - 5
22.5 vkj{k.k uhfr izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns

22.5.1 ewy vkèkkj

fiNM+s oxksZa osQ fiNM+siu dks ns[krs gq, lafoèkku essa muosQ mRFkku osQ fy, oqQN fo'ks"k izkoèkku fd, x,
gSaA fo'ks"k izkoèkku laj{k.kkRed HksnHkko osQ :i esa gSaA vkj{k.k dh uhfr ,d laj{k.kkRed foHksnhdj.k
gSA vkj{k.k uhfr ,oa blosQ laoèS kkfud laj{kkRed izkoèkku tkuus ls igys vkb,] fiNM+h tkfr;ksa osQ fy,
fVIi.kh
laoSèkkfud izkoèkkuksa dks tkusaA uhfr funsZ'kd fln~èkkar osQ vè;k; osQ varxZr èkkjk 38 vkSj 46 esa dgk
x;k gS fd jkT; dk ;g drZO; gS fd og tu lkèkkj.k osQ lkekU; vkSj fiNM+h tkfr;ksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k dY;k.k
dk è;ku j[ksA /kjk 38 osQ vuqlkj & (1) jkT; dks pkfg, fd og turk dh HkykbZ ,oa dY;k.k osQ fy,
mlosQ lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd Lrj dks jk"Vªh; Lrj ij m¡Qpk mBkus osQ fy, iz;kl djsA (2) jkT;
fo'ks"k :i ls vkfFkZd Lrj dh vlekurk dks de djus dk iz;kl djsA lkFk gh vkfFkZd vlekurk dks nwjnjkt
osQ {ks=kksa esa jgus okys] foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jgus okys yksxksa osQ fy, de fd;k tk losQA
èkkjk 46 osQ vuqlkj ^^ jkT; dk nkf;Ro gS fd og xjhc rcosQ osQ yksxksa dks 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd Lrj ij
tkx:drk ykdj mudk laoèkZu djsxkA jkT; fo'ks"kr% vuqlfw pr tkfr ,oa tutkfr;ksa dks 'kks"k.k ls eqDr
djosQ uS;kf;d laj{k.k iznku djsxkA**
vkj{k.k dh uhfr dk eq[; vkèkkj laj{kkRed i`FkDdj.k ls gSA ;g i`FkDj.k fiNM+h tkfr;ksa osQ i{k esa
gSA D;ksafd lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa dks ,slk yxk Fkk fd fcuk bUgsa mQij mBk, lerkewyd lekt dk fuekZ.k
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lekurk esa laoèkZu osQ ctk; lekurk osQ volj miyCèk djkuk gSA gesa ;g è;ku
j[kuk pkfg, fd laj{kkRed i`FkDdj.k osQ izkoèkku osQ viokn ugha gSaA ysfdu lekurk osQ vfèkdkj esa
gh vuqlw; gSaA
22.5.2 vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k
lafoèkku us fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh rhu rjg ls igpku dh gSA bl vuqHkkx esa ge vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, laj{kkRed izkoèkkuksa dh ppkZ djsaxsA lafoèkku us vuqlwfpr ,oa vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa rhu rjg osQ izkoèkku lqfuf'pr fd, gSa&&&(1) lkoZtfud ,oa ljdkjh lsokvksa
esa ukSdfj;ksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k (2) f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa vkj{k.k vkSj (3) foèkk;h izfrfufèkRo esa vkj{k.k
èkkjk 16 (v) 320 (4) vkSj 333 osQ vuqlkj 15 izfr'kr vkSj 7-5 izfr'kr ukSdfj;ksa esa vkj{k.k lHkh
izdkj dh ljdkjh lsokvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr osQ fy, gksxkA èkkjk 35 esa ;g O;oLFkk gS
fd iz'kklfud Lrj ij Hkh ;g vkj{k.k lqfuf'pr gksxkA
èkkjk 15(4) f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh lhVksa ls lacn~èk gSA bl èkkjk osQ vuqlkj jkT; dks èkkjk 15 ;k èkkjk
29 osQ mioèk esa fdlh rjg dk la'kksèku djosQ lkekftd :i ls fiNM+s oxksZa osQ 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+s
;k vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr osQ fy, oqQN vfèkd djus dk izkoèkku gSA tSlk fd la?k ,oa jkT;
ljdkj us igys ls gh mu 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa µ tks turk osQ èku ls lapkfyr gSa] ogka 25 izfr'kr vkj{k.k
dh O;oLFkk dj j[kh gSA blfy, mudh ;ksX;rk esa Hkh f'kfFkyrk j[kh xbZ gSA blls mUgsa f'k{kk osQ {ks=k
esa vusd volj izkIr gks losQaxsA èkkjk 330 vkSj 332 osQ varxZr yksd lHkk ,oa foèkku lHkk esa lhVksa
dk vkj{k.k gSA yksd lHkk esa dqy 78 lhVsa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ fy, rFkk 38 lhVsa vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr gSaA jkT;ksa dh foèkku lHkk lhVksa esa oqQYk 540 vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ fy,
rFkk 282 lhVsa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr gSaA blosQ vykok iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa osQ fy,
Hkh blh izdkj lhVsa vkjf{kr gSaA

245
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns 22-5-3 vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k
tSlk fd geus igys i<+k gS fd vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh igpku djus rFkk lqfuf'pr djus dk dke
osQUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ij NksM+ fn;k FkkA
,sls dbZ jkT;ksa esa] tgk¡ fiNM+s oxksZa dk vkanksyu etcwr Fkk tSls rfeyukMq] vkaèkz izns'k] xqtjkr] fcgkj
bR;kfn esa jkT; ljdkjksa us yksd lsokvksa osQ lHkh Lrjksa ij ukSdfj;ksa dks rFkk f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa lhVksa
dks vkjf{kr dj fn;k gSA
fVIi.kh
osQUnz ljdkj us osQUnzh; lsokvksa essa vkj{k.k iznku djus esa vis{kko`Qr vfèkd yEck le; fy;kA osQUnzh;
ljdkj us 1953 esa vuqPNsn 340 osQ varxZr osQydj vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;k FkkA vk;ksx us 1956 esa viuh
fjiksVZ lkSaih ijarq osQUnzh; ljdkj us bldh fliQkfj'kksa dks ykxw ugha fd;kA nwljk vk;ksx turk ikVhZ dh
ljdkj }kjk 1978 esa fu;qDr fd;k x;kA bl vk;ksx dks e.My vk;ksx dgk x;k ftlus viuh fjiksVZ
1982 esa ljdkj dks lkSai nhA blus 3943 tkfr;ksa dh fiNM+h tkfr osQ :i esa igpku dh rFkk fliQkfj'k
dh fd lHkh ljdkjh vkSj v¼Z ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa RkFkk f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa bu tkfr;ksa dks 27 izfr'kr
vkj{k.k iznku fd;k tk,A
13 vxLr 1990 dks oh- ih- flag dh ljdkj us eaMy vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vuq:i ,d dk;kZy;h
Kkiu tkjh dj vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k ykxw dj fn;kA blosQ rqjar ckn cM+h ek=kk esa
fojksèk izn'kZu gq,A loksZPp U;k;ky; esa ;kfpdk,a nkf[ky dh xbZa rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksa us bl dkjZokbZ
ij iz'u mBk,A loksZPp U;k;ky; us bl fo"k; ij uoEcj 1992 esa lquokbZ dh rFkk osQUnzh; ljdkj
dks bl 'krZ ij vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks 27 izfr'kr vkj{k.k nsus dh vuqefr nh fd vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa
dh Øheh ys;j dks bl vkj{k.k ls ckgj j[kk tk,A osQUnzh; ljdkj }kjk Øheh ys;j dh igpku djus
osQ fy, jkekuan izlkn vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA bldk dke iwjk gksus osQ ckn ljdkj us 13 vxLr
1990 osQ vkns'k dks flrEcj 1993 ls ykxw fd;kA
bl izdkj ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd osQUnzh; ljdkj us vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks vkj{k.k dk ykHk nsus osQ
fy, 40 o"kZ dk le; fy;kA bruk gh le; lkekftd vkSj 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+s oxksZa dh igpku osQ
fy, tkfr dks ,d lgh vkèkkj Lohdkj djus esa fy;k x;kA gesa ;gka ;g è;ku Hkh j[kuk gksxk fd vU;
fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks vkj{k.k dk ykHk osQoy ljdkjh ukSdfj;kas esa gh fn;k x;k gS vkSj muosQ fy,
yksdlHkk rFkk jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa esa dksbZ LFkku vkjf{kr ugha fd;k x;k gS tSlk fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa
vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA

22-5-4 efgykvksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k dk egRo

efgyk,a Hkkjr dh tula[;k dk yxHkx vkèkk Hkkx gSaA ysfdu Hkkjr esa vf'k{kk] xjhch vkSj fiNM+s
lkekftd ewY;ksa osQ dkj.k efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lkspuh; gSA izpfyr ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ n`f"Vxr efgykvksa
dks ?kj dh pkjnhokjh ls ckgj fudky dj mUufr osQ jkLrs ij ykus osQ fy, efgykvksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k
'kq: fd;k x;kA Hkkjrh; yksdra=k esa izR;sd izfrfuf/d laLFkk rFkk jkT; dh iz'kklfud lsokvksa esa
efgykvksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k osQ fy, cgl tkjh gSA iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk osQ varxZr efgykvksa osQ fy,
iapk;r] Cykd ,oa ftyk Lrj ij lhVksa dks vkjf{kr dj fn;k x;k gSA oqQN jktuhfrd ny jkT; foèkku
lHkkvksa rFkk lalnh; pqukoksa esa 30 izfr'kr fVdVksa ij efgyk izR;kf'k;ksa dks pquko yM+okus dh cgl
pyk jgs gSa ijarq efgyk vkj{k.k foèks;d vHkh rd laln esa yVdk iM+k gSA

246
 laiznk;okn] tkfr vkSj vkj{k.k ekWM~;wy - 5
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
ikBxr iz'u 22.3
(d)lafoèkku esa vuqlfw pr tkfr;ksa osQ fy, ------------------------------ LFkku ,oa vuqlfw pr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy,
--------------LFkku vkjf{kr gSAa
([k)lafoèkku vU; fiNM+s oxksZa dh igpku ugha djrk gSA (lR;@vlR;)
(x) vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ls lacn~èk vk;ksx] ftlus mlosQ fy, viuh laLrqfr;ka izLrqr dh gSa] mudk fVIi.kh
uke gS&
(d) ljdkfj;k vk;ksx
(b) eaMy vk;ksx
(c) jkekuan izlkn lfefr
(?k) mPpre U;k;ky; osQ vuqlkj vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa osQ vUrxZr ------------------------ dks vkj{k.k dh
lqfo/k izkIr ugha gSA

vkius D;k lh[kk

laiznk;okn us fganw vkSj eqlyekuksa dks nks oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS vkSj lkEiznkf;d lejlrk dks [krjk
igqapk;k gSA vaxzstksa us vius vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu esa rFkk vkReosQfUnzr jktuhfrd oxZ us èkkfeZd vfrokn
dks c<+kok fn;kA ifj.kker% iwjs ns'k esa lakiznkf;d fgalk ns[kus dks feyhA blesa vijkèkh rRoksa us c<+
p<+dj fgLlk fy;kA vYila[;d lkEiznkf;drk vkSj cgqla[;d lkEiznkf;drk ns'k dh vktknh vkSj
vkfFkZd izxfr esa ckèkd cusA
fiNM+siu osQ ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks lekt osQ vU; oxksZa osQ leku ykus osQ fy,
lafoèkku us laj{k.kkRed HksnHkko dk izkoèkku fd;k gSA laj{k.kkRed HksnHkko lerk osQ vfèkdkj dk
viokn ugha gS vfirq mldk ,d vfHkUu vax gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dks jkT;
rFkk osQUnzh; ljdkj ls vkj{k.k dk ykHk lafoèkku ykxw gksus osQ lkFk fey x;k ijarq vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa
dks ;g ykHk cgqr ckn esa 1993 dks feykA vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa osQ fy, foèkk;h izfrfufèkRo esa vkj{k.k
ugha fn;k x;k gSA

ikBxr iz'u
(1) laiznk;okn D;k gS\

(2) Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr dh Hkwfedk dks la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

(3) Hkkjr esa vkj{k.k uhfr dh ppkZ dhft,A

247
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj
22.1
1. (d)
2. vlfg".kqrk vkSj vfrokn
fVIi.kh 3. vijkèkh rRo
4. vlR;
22.2
(d) tkfr;ka
([k) oa'kkuqxr
(x) o.kZ O;oLFkk] lkekftd
(?k) eqDr] tkfr
22.3
(d) 15 vkSj 7-5
([k) lR;
(x) e.My vk;ksx
(?k) Øheh ys;j
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1) [k.M 22.1 ns[ksa
2) [k.M 22.3 ns[ksa
3) [k.M 22.5 ns[ksa

248
 i;kZoj.k tkx:drk ekWM;wy - 5
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns

23
i;kZoj.k tkx:drk fVIi.kh

i;kZoj.k gekjs thou dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gSA i;kZoj.k osQ izHkko oQk vè;;u fd, fcuk thou dks
le> ikuk vlEHko gSA i;kZoj.k dh j{kk djus esa ykijokgh cjrus dk vFkZ viuk fouk'k djuk gSA ge
vius nSfud thou esa i;kZoj.kh; lalk/uksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bu lalk/uksa esa oqQN dk uohdj.k gks
ldrk gS vkSj oqQN dk ughaA gesa dks;yk vkSj isVªksfy;e tSls xSj uoho`Qr lalk/uksa dk iz;ksx djrs le;
fo'ks"k è;ku j[kuk pkfg,] tks lekIr gks ldrs gSaA ekuo dh lHkh fØ;kvksa dk i;kZoj.k ij izHkko iM+rk
gSA fiNyh nks lfn;ksa ls tula[;k esa gqbZ rhoz o`f¼ rFkk foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh esa gq, rhoz fodkl ls
i;kZoj.k ij iM+us okyk izHkko dbZ xquk c<+ x;k gSA i;kZoj.k dh xq.koRrk dks de djus rFkk blosQ
{kj.k osQ fy, ;s nks dkjd eq[; :i ls mRrjnk;h gSaA
i;kZoj.k {kj.k ls ekuo osQ vfLrRo osQ fy, [krjk iSnk gks x;k gSA gesa 'kh?kz gh ;g tku ysuk pkfg,
fd ekuo tkfr osQ dY;k.k ,oa vfLrRo osQ fy, i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k ,oa lq/kj vko';d gSA Hkwfe]
ok;q vkSj ikuh tSls izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa dk iz;ksx cqf¼erkiw.kZ <ax ls djuk pkfg, rkfd orZeku vkSj
Hkkoh ih<+h osQ fy, LoLFk i;kZoj.k dks lqfuf'pr fd;k tk losQA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z i;kZoj.k {kj.k dh voèkkj.kk dh O;k[;k dj ik,axs_
z i;kZoj.k {kj.k osQ fofHkUu dkjdksa dks igpku losaQxs_
z i;kZoj.k {kj.k osQ ckjs esa c<+rh tkx:drk osQ ckjs esa tku ik,axs_
z v{k; fodkl dh ladYiuk dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_ rFkk
z i;kZoj.k osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, jk"V~h; ,oa vUrjkZ"V~h; opuc¼rk dks igpku losaQxsA

23.1 i;kZoj.k dh leL;k,a

i;kZoj.k gekjs thou dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA i;kZoj.k osQ izHkko dks vè;;u fd, cxSj thou dks
le>uk dfBu gSA i;kZoj.k osQ laj{k.k dh vko';drk dks udkjuk vius vki dks u"V djuk gSA ge
249
 ekWM;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns vius nSfud thou esa i;kZoj.k osQ lalkèkuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSAa ;s lalkèku uohdj.kh; ,oa vuohdj.kh;
nksuksa izdkj osQ gSAa gesa mu vuohdj.kh; lalkèkuksa tSls dks;yk ,oa isVkª fs y;e osQ iz;ksx esa T;knk tkx:d
jgus dh vko';drk gS rkfd ;s lekIr u gks tk,aA lHkh ekuoh; fØ;k&dykiksa dk i;kZoj.k ij izHkko
iM+rk gSA fiNys nks n'kdksa esa i;kZoj.k ij ekuo izHkko dbZ xquk c<+ x;k gS ftldk izeq[k dkj.k
tula[;k esa o`f¼ gSA
foKku vkSj rduhd esa rhoz o`f¼ osQ dkj.k i;kZoj.k osQ {kj.k ls euq"; osQ vius vfLrRo ij Hkh"k.k
ladV [kM+k gks x;k gSA ftruk tYnh bls le> fy;k tk, fd i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k ,oa mlesa xq.kkRed
fVIi.kh laoèkZu ekuo thou osQ fy, vfr egRoiw.kZ gS] mruk gh vPNk gSA izko`Qfrd laink tSls Hkwfe] ty ,oa
ok;q dk cqf¼eÙkiw.kZ iz;ksx ,d LoLFk i;kZoj.k osQ fy, vko';d gS tks orZeku ,oa Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa
dks miyCèk gksxkA
23.1.1 i;kZoj.k dh leL;k,a
i;kZoj.k dh oqQN fo'ks"k leL;k,a fuEufyf[kr gSa
d. Hkwfe] ok;q vkSj ikuh : Hkwfe vkSj ikuh osQ iznw"k.k us ikS/ksa] tkuojksa vkSj ekuo tkfr dks izHkkfor
fd;k gSA vuqeku gS fd izR;sd o"kZ yxHkx ikap ls lkr fefy;u gsDVs;j Hkwfe dh gkfu gks jgh gSA ok;q
vkSj ikuh osQ dkj.k e`nk vijnu fo'o dks cgqr egaxk iM+ jgk gSA ckj&ckj ck<+ vkus ls fo'ks"k izdkj
dh gkfu gksrh gS tSls ou{ks=k dk ?kVuk] ufn;ksa esa xkn Hkjuk] ikuh fudklh dk vi;kZIr ,oa =kqfViw.kZ
gksuk] tku&eky dh gkfu bR;kfnA lHkh izdkj osQ ukfHkdh; dpjs dks lkxjksa esa Mkyus ls iwjk izko`Qfrd
i;kZoj.k iznwf"kr vkSj fo"kkDr gks x;k gSA
[k. tula[;k esa o`f¼ : tula[;k esa o`f¼ dk vFkZ gS [kkus vkSj lkal ysus okys vf/d yksx vkSj blls
Hkwfe vkSj taxyksa ij vfrfjDr cks> iM+rk gS ftlls vUrr% ikfjfLFkfrdh esa vlarqyu iSnk gks tkrk gSA
gekjh c<+rh tula[;k ls Hkwfe ij cks> c<+ jgk gS ftlls mRiknu dh xq.koRrk ?kVrh gS] ouksa esa deh
vkrh gSA (ikfjfLFkfrdh esa larqyu osQ fy, ou {ks=k cgqr vko';d gS ftlosQ vHkko esa oU; tho yqIr
gksrs tk jgs gSa rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh esa vlarqyu iSnk gks jgk gS ftlls vUrr% dbZ tho yqIr gks tk,axs)A
tula[;k esa o`f¼ osQoy izko`Qfrd i;kZoj.k osQ fy, gh leL;k ugha gS vfirq ;g i;kZoj.k osQ vU;
i{kksa tSls lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd i{kksa osQ fy, Hkh leL;k gSA
x- 'kgjhdj.k : 'kgjhdj.k Hkh iznw"k.k dk ,d cM+k lzksr gS vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ fy, [krjk gSA 'kgjhdj.k
dk vFkZ gS yksxksa dh 'kgj dh vksj Hkkxrh HkhM+A 'kgjhdj.k dk ifj.kke gS&/wy] chekjh vkSj fouk'kA
c<+rs 'kgjhdj.k dh fLFkfr esa liQkbZ] chekjh] vkokl] ty vkiwfrZ vkSj fctyh dh leL;k,a fujUrj
c<+rh jgrh gSaA nwljh vksj xzkeh.k thou esa fcuk lksp fopkj osQ bZ/u dh ydM+h laxzfgr djus] vfèkd
pjkxkgksa rFkk vU; izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa osQ àkl ls i;kZoj.k esa {kj.k gks jgk gSA
?k- vkS|ksfxdhdj.k : ;krk;kr vkSj lapkj lk/uksa osQ fodkl osQ lkFk vkS|ksfxdhdj.k us u osQoy
i;kZoj.k dks iznwf"kr fd;k gS vfirq izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa esa Hkh deh iSnk dj nh gSA nksuksa izdkj ls Hkkjh
gkfu gks jgh gSA mQ"ek izokg] dkcZu Mkb vkWDlkbM] /wy&d.k] jsfM;ks/ehZ ukfHkdh; owQM+k&dpjk vkSj
blh izdkj osQ vU; iznw"kdksa osQ c<+rs Lrj ls i;kZoj.kh; [krjk c<+k gSA nwljh vksj ikjEifjd mQtkZ lzksrksa
dh [kir ls izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa dk gkl gksrk gSA ge Hkkoh ih<+h dh fpark fd, fcuk fo'o fuekZ.k
dj jgs gSaA

250
 i;kZoj.k tkx:drk ekWM;wy - 5
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
ikBxr iz'u 23.1
lgh mÙkj ij (9) dk fu'kku yxkb, %
(d) dks;yk uohdj.kh; lzksr gSA
([k) foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh esa rhoz fodkl i;kZoj.k {kj.k dk ,d eq[; dkjd gSA
fVIi.kh
(x) Hkkjr esa tula[;k o`f¼ ls i;kZoj.k {kj.k ugha gksrkA
(?k) o`{k vuohdj.kh; lzksr dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA

23.2 i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ izfr tkx:drk

fiNys nks n'kdksa esa i;kZoj.k us uhfr fuekZrkvksa] oSKkfudksa vkSj fo'o osQ vusd ns'kksa esa vke vkneh
dk è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA os vdky] lw[kk] b±/u dh deh] tykus dh ydM+h vkSj pkjk] ok;q vkSj
ty iznw"k.k] jklk;fudksa vkSj fofdj.kksa dh Hk;kog leL;k] izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa] oU; thou dk yqIr
gksuk ,oa oUkLifr rFkk tho tUrqvksa dks [krjs tSls eqn~nksa osQ izfr vf/d lrdZ gksrs tk jgs gSaA yksx
vkt ok;q] ty] e`nk vkSj ikS/ksa tSls izko`Qfrd i;kZoj.kh; lalk/uksa dh j{kk djus dh vko';drk osQ
izfr ltx gSa rFkk ;g izko`Qfrd lEink gS ftl ij euq"; fuHkZj djrk gSA
i;kZoj.kh; eqn~ns egRoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd muosQ lek/ku osQ fcuk fLFkfr cgqr Hk;kog gksxhA ;fn i;kZoj.kh;
leL;kvksa dks gy ugha fd;k x;k rks ;g i`Foh Hkkoh ih<+h osQ jgus ;ksX; ugha jgsxhA vkt yksxksa dh
vkSj bl xzg dh vko';drk ,dkdkj gks xbZ gSA bl lPpkbZ ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS fd
Hkfo"; dks lEHko cukus osQ fy, i;kZoj.k dh j{kk ,oa cpko vfuok;Z gSA okLro esa euq"; dh
vko';drk,a c<+ jgh gSa vkSj muosQ vuq:i i;kZoj.k esa ifjorZu fd, tk jgs gSaA ;|fi izo`Qfr esa lgu
djus dh vikj {kerk gS vkSj ;g Lo;a dks iquthZfor dj ysrh gS] ijarq fiQj Hkh bldh ,d lhek gS]
fo'ks"k :i ls tc c<+rh tula[;k vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dk ncko fujarj c<+ jgk gSA vkt v{k; fodkl rFkk
ifjorZu'khy i;kZoj.k osQ lq/kj ,oa laj{k.k dh vko';drk gSA

23.3 voyEcuh; fodkl dh vo/kj.kk

i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ij cus fo'o vk;ksx us 1987 esa ^^gekjk la;qDr Hkfo";** 'kh"kZd ls viuh fjiksVZ
nhA bl fjiksVZ us voyEcuh; fodkl (v{k; fodkl) dh vo/kj.kk dks mtkxj ,oa pfpZr cuk;kA
voyEcuh; fodkl dh ;g ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gS fd orZeku ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dks Hkkoh ih<+h dh
vko';drkvksa ls le>kSrk fd, fcuk iwjk djukA lHkh izdkj dh fodkl fØ;k,a fdlh u fdlh izdkj
ls i;kZoj.k {kj.k ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd fodkl ls gksus okys i;kZoj.k {kj.k
dks è;ku esa j[kk tk, rFkk fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa lary
q u LFkkfir fd;k tk,A yksxksa osQ dY;k.k
vkSj fodkl dk voYkEcuh; Lrj izkIr djus dk mn~n's ; gksuk pkfg,A ewy fpark ;g gS fd varr% fdrus
yksxksa dh i;kZoj.k ,oa thou dh xq.koRrk osQ Lrj ij fdruh lgk;rk dh tk ldrh gSA
dkj] czkmu] Mkyk] Leqpj tSls eq[;/kjk osQ i;kZoj.kh; fo}ku gSaA

251
 ekWM;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns eq[;/kjk osQ fo}kuksa dk tksj iznw"k.k ugha gSa vfirq mudk tksj gS fd fdl izdkj %
(1) mQtkZ vkSj blosQ lzksrksa dks uohdj.kh; cuk;k tk losQ vkSj mudk fujarj uohdj.k gks]
(2) owQM+s&dpjs dks dPps eky rFkk dPps eky dks owQM+s&dpjs esa vFkkZr nksuksa dk iqupZØ.k fd;k
tk losQ]
(3) ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu dh o`f¼ osQ y{;ksa dks iwjk djus ls csgrj gS fd okLrfod ekuoh;
fVIi.kh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk fd;k tk losQA ^n xzhUl* dgrs gSa fd o`f¼ ,d izdkj dk oSaQlj gS]
,d ,slk oSaQlj tks iwjs fo'o esa iSQy ldrk gS vkSj thou dk uk'k dj ldrk gSA og m|ksxksa
dks rHkh Lohdkj djrs gSa tc ;g y?kq Lrj ij gks rFkk vkRe fuHkZjrk osQ fy, gksA os O;kid
foosQUnzhdj.k dh odkyr djrs gSaA
voyEcuh; fodkl dh ladYiuk fodkl osQ fy, de vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ fy, vf/d] LFkkf;Ro osQ
fy, vf/d vkSj ifjorZu osQ fy, de] vko';drkvksa dks lhfer djus osQ fy, vf/d vkSj HkkSfrd
fodkl dh fujUrjrk osQ fy, de] i;kZoj.k osQ 'kks"k.k osQ fojQ¼ vf/d rFkk blosQ iz;ksx osQ izfr
de rFkk NksVs leqnk;ksa osQ fgr esa vf/d rFkk o`gn~ leqnk;ksa osQ fgr osQ izfr de jQ>ku j[krh gSA
;g i;kZoj.k osQ lkFk fodkl dh ladYiuk ugha gS vfirq fodkl osQ fcuk i;kZoj.k dh ladYiuk gSA
okLro esa ikfjfLFkfrdh dk {kj.k jQduk pkfg,A ysfdu fodkl dh xfr esa jQdkoV D;ksa\ i;kZoj.kh;
ykHkksa dk vuq'kkflr iz;ksx pgq¡eq[kh fodkl osQ ekxZ dks iz'kLr djrk gSA fo}ku rFkk lfØ; dk;ZdrkZvksa
dk dguk gS fd i;kZoj.kh; {kj.k i;kZoj.k dks gkfu igqapkus okys yksxksa dks mudh gjdrksa osQ fy,
mÙkjnk;h Bgjk dj rFkk mUgsa i;kZoj.kh; fLFkfr;ksa dks lq/kjus esa yxkdj gh fu;af=kr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA vko';drk gS ,slh fu;ekoyh dh tks fodkl dh ekaxksa rFkk i;kZoj.k dh vfuok;Zrk dks ,d&nwljs
osQ fudV ys vk,A

23.4 jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; iz;kl

Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k tkx:drk dks egRo 1970 osQ n'kd esa la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk 1972 esa LVkdgkse esa
i;kZoj.k ij lEesyu vk;ksftr djokus osQ ckn izkIr gqvkA Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.kh; fgr dh dbZ xfrfof/
;ka pykbZ xbZaA i;kZoj.k vkSj ou ea=kky; dk xBu fd;k x;k vkSj 1986 esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ij dkuwu
ykxw fd, x,A
Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.k uhfr osQ mn~ns'; ;gk¡ mYys[kuh; gSa%
(1) lqjf{kr] LoLFk] mRiknd vkSj lkSUn;Z cks/ dks larq"V djus okys i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k ,oa fodkl
djuk_
(2) xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh cfLr;ksa osQ thou Lrj esa Js"Brk ykus osQ fy, mUgsa lq/kjuk rFkk fodflr djuk_
(3) fodkl dks ikfjfLFkfrdh osQ fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr djuk rFkk mlosQ lkFk i;kZoj.k ij iM+us okys
izHkko dk vuqeku yxkuk vkSj i;kZoj.k lqj{kk dk leqfpr izca/ djuk_
(4) i;kZoj.k lqj{kk dh rduhdksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk] lalk/uksa dk iqupZØ.k djuk rFkk owQM+s dk
mi;ksx djuk_
I5) ns'k esa tSo&fofo/rk osQ laj{k.k gsrq izko`Qfrd lajf{kr i'kq&i{kh fogkj] tSls igkM+ksa] o"kkZ ouks]
pjkxkgksa] ejQLFky] tyh; {ks=k] >hyksa] leqnzh rVksa] unh osQ eqgkuksa] leqnzh <kyksa rFkk }hiksa dks
lqjf{kr j[kuk_
(6) jk"Vªh; leqnzh fof'k"V vkfFkZd {ks=k osQ varxZr i;kZoj.k dks lqjf{kr j[kuk_
252
 i;kZoj.k tkx:drk ekWM;wy - 5
(7) lwpukvksa osQ ,d=khdj.k ,oa forj.k ij fuxjkuh djus gsrq izHkko'kkyh ra=k LFkkfir djukA izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
(8) oSKkfud ifjn`';ksa rFkk ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLo`Qfrd Lekjdksa rFkk muosQ ifjljksa dks lqjf{kr j[kukA
(9) lHkh Lrjksa ij i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsuk rFkk turk esa tkx:drk iSnk djuk_
(10) i;kZoj.k foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh esa 'kks/ dks izksRlkfgr djuk rFkk i;kZoj.k dks lqjf{kr ,oa lqèkkjus
gsrq lkekftd jQfp dks c<+kok nsuk_
(11) ns'k esa ikfjfLFkfrd foKkuh] i;kZoj.kh; foKkuh] ;kstukdkj rFkk mPp dksfV osQ izca/dksa dh
fVIi.kh
ekuo 'kfDr dks fodflr djuk vkSj muosQ dke dks jk"Vªh; fodkl osQ egRoiw.kZ vax osQ :i
esa ns[kukA

23.5 i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; opuc¼rk

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ izfr tkx:drk c<+us ls iwjs fo'o esa u, mik; fd, tk jgs gSaA LoxhZ; iz/kuea=kh
Jherh bfUnjk xka/h 1972 esa LVkdgkse lEesyu esa lfEefyr gksus okyh vosQyh jk"Vª vè;{k Fkha] ftls
la;qDr jk"Vª ekuo i;kZoj.k lEesyu dk uke fn;k x;kA 20 o"kZ i'pkr fj;ks lEesyu dks la;qDr jk"Vª
i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl lEesyu dgk x;kA lcls igys bfUnjk xka/h us laosQr fd;k fd xjhch lcls
vfèkd iznw"k.k iSQykrh gS vkSj tc rd bls jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; iz;klksa osQ ekè;e ls nwj ugha fd;k
tk,xk rc rd bl xzg dks i;kZoj.kh; vkink ls cpkus dh ckr djuk csdkj gSA ;w-,u-Mh-ih-] fo'o
cSad rFkk la;qDr jk"Vª dh vU; laLFkk,a voyEcuh; fodkl gsrq xjhch mUewyu dh iSjoh dj jgh gSaA
fu%lansg i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl dh uhfr;ka ,d&nwljs dh iwjd gSa fiQj Hkh nh?kZdkfyd i;kZoj.kh; fgrksa
dh vko';drk rFkk fodkl dh rhRdkfyd t:jrksa osQ chp fookn dks lqy>kus dh tjQjr gSA ysfdu
fo'o dh dksbZ Hkh O;oLFkk voyEcuh; ugha gks ldrh ;fn bldh rhu pkSFkkbZ tula[;k xjhch esa
thou;kiu djrh gksA i;kZoj.kh; vf/dkj rFkk fodklkRed vf/dkj feydj fo'o osQ yksxksa osQ
yksdrkaf=kd rFkk ekuokf/dkjksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ekafVª;y lEesyu rFkk ekSle ifjorZuksa ij lEesyuksa
rFkk fj;ks esa tSo fofo/rk vkSj taxyksa ij Lohdkj fd, x, izLrko voyEch; fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k
lqj{kk osQ egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; gSaA Hkkjr us bu lEesyuksa osQ fu.kZ;ksa dks Lohdkj fd;k gS vkSj mUgsa fØ;kfUor
djus osQ mik; dj jgk gSA ;w-,u-Mh-ih- }kjk iznku dh xbZ jkf'k ls ,d i;kZoj.k dk;Z ;kstuk ij dke
py jgk gSA vkS|ksfxd iznw"k.k ij fu;a=k.k ikus osQ fy, fo'o cSad }kjk Loho`Qr 31 ;kstuk,a gSa ftuesa
vesfjdk osQ 105 fefy;u Mkyj dh Hkkxhnkjh gSA izkjEHk NksVs m|ksxksa ls fd;k x;k gS tks ,d gh LFkku
ij fLFkr gSa] cM+s m|ksxksa dh O;fDrxr Lrj ij ns[kHkky dh tk jgh gSA fuf'pr le; lhek esa iznw"k.k
ij fu;a=k.k ikus osQ fy, vf/d iznw"k.k iSQykus okys 17 m|ksxksa dh igpku dj yh xbZ gSA oqQN fo'ks"k
m|ksxksa dks LFkkfir djus ls iwoZ i;kZoj.k laca/h vuqefr izkIr djuk vfuok;Z gSA okguksa osQ iznw"k.k osQ
laca/ esa ifjorZu djus osQ mik;ksa osQ vfrfjDr iznw"k.k eqDr baftu fufeZr fd, tk jgs gSa ftUgsa igys
ls gh nqifg;k] frifg;k o vU; yksdfiz; dkjksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA jk"Vªh; okfudh ;kstuk ij
dke py jgk gSA xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa }kjk i;kZoj.k fczxsM] ouksa dh dVkbZ osQ fojQ¼ fczxsM vkSj
ikfjfLFkfrd dk;Zcy laxfBr fd, x, gSaA Hkkjr osQ oU; tho laj{k.k dh dk;Z;kstukvksa dks Hkjiwj
liQyrk feyh gSA Hkkjr esa 75 jk"Vªh; m|ku vkSj 421 oU; tho vHk;kj.; dk lqjf{kr <kapk gSA Vkbxj
dk;Z;kstuk Hkh dkiQh liQy jgh gSA Hkkjr esa ty] e`nk vkSj ok;q iznw"k.k dks jksdus osQ fy, dkiQh dkuwu
gSa rFkk vf/dak'k m|ksxksa osQ i;kZoj.k dh tkap dh O;oLFkk gSA tcfd dbZ ns'kksa esa ;g LoSfPNd gS
ijarq Hkkjr esa ;g dkuwuh :i ls vfuok;Z gSA Hkkjr esa oSdfYid vkSj uohdj.kh; mQtkZ lzksrksa_ tSls lkSj
mQtkZ] iou vkSj rjaxksa ls mRiUu mQtkZ dks fodflr djus osQ xaHkhj vkSj O;ofLFkr iz;kl fd, tk jgs
gSa] tks i;kZoj.k fgrS"kh Hkh gSaA lkSj mQtkZ ij vf/d cy fn;k tk jgk gS vkSj bl fn'kk esa oqQN izkS|ksfxd
izxfr Hkh dh xbZ gSA Hkkjr bu lc mik;ksa ij vkaf'kd varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx ls dke dj jgk gSA
253
 ekWM;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
23.6i;kZoj.kh; iznw"k.k dks jksoQus osQ fy, Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk
fd, x, oqQN mik;%
(1) i;kZoj.k vnkyrsa: i;kZoj.k dks iznwf"kr djus okyh iSQfDVª;ksa osQ fojQ¼ rsth ls U;k; fnykus osQ
fy, fo'ks"k vnkyrksa dk xBu fd;k tk jgk gSA
(2) i;kZoj.k fgrS"kh mRikn : ljdkj cktkj esa fcoQus okys mRiknksa osQ fy, l[r fu;e ykxw dj
fVIi.kh jgh gSA bu ekudksa ij [kjk mrjus okys mRiknksa dks mRo`Q"Vrk dk izek.k i=k tSls vkbZ-,l-vkbZ-
ekoZQ fn;k tkrk gSA
(3) isVªksy dks 'kh'kk eqDr djuk : rsy 'kks/d dkj[kkuksa dks 'kh'kk eqDr isVªksy cukus osQ fy, izsfjr
fd;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; isVªksy esa 'kh'kk (ySM) dh ek=kk vf/dre gksrh gS tks eksVjxkfM+;ksa osQ
ekè;e ls vf/dka'k iznw"k.k iSQykrk gSA
(4) gkfudkjd dhVuk'kdksa ij izfrca/: vkB jklk;fud dhVuk'kdksa] ftuesa MhMhVh] ch,plh]
,fYMªu vkSj esykfFk;u 'kkfey gSa] dks cktkj ls gVk fn;k x;k gS rFkk buosQ LFkku ij lqjf{kr
tSfod dhVuk'kdksa dks ykus dh ;kstuk gSA
(5) jk"Vªh; owQM+k izca/u ifj"kn% bldk eq[; dk;Z 40 fefy;u Vu ÝykbZ ,s'k dks] tks fd FkeZy
IykaVksa osQ fudV igkM+ osQ :i esa iM+h gS] bZVksa esa rFkk 'kgj osQ owQM+k&doZQV dks mQtkZ esa vkSj
lhoj osQ ey dks moZjd esa ifjofrZr djuk gSA
(6) ifCyd yk;fcYVh bU';ksjsal% (tu nkf;Ro chek) blosQ varxZr lHkh dEifu;ksa osQ fy, 48
?kaVs esa ifCyd yk;fcYVh bU';ksjsal dk Hkqxrku djuk dkuwuh :i ls vfuok;Z gSA
(7) eksVjokguksa }kjk iznw"k.k% eksVj okguksa }kjk iznw"k.k iSQykus osQ fojQ¼ iznw"k.k fojks/h vfHk;ku dks
l[rh ls ykxw fd;k tk jgk gSA fuf'pr ekin.Mksa dk ikyu u djus okys okguksa ij Hkkjh tqekZuk
Hkh gks ldrk gSA
(8) leqnz rV osQ fudV gksVy% ,sls gksVyksa osQ fojQ¼ l[r dkjZokbZ dh xbZ gS tks dkuwuksa dh
vuns[kh djrs gq, leqnzh rV ij vfrØe.k djrs gSaA
(9) jk"Vªh; unh dk;Z ;kstuk% jk"Vªh; unh izkf/dj.k cukus dk izLrko gS tks jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ty
iz;ksx ,oa owQM+k izca/u osQ fy, uhfr cuk,xkA
(10) lkSj mQtkZ vk;ksx% mQtkZ {ks=k iznw"k.k iSQykus dk eq[; dkjd gS blfy, eq[; mQtkZ lzksr dks
c<+kus osQ LFkku ij xzkeh.k Lrj ij foosQfUnzr mQtkZ fuekZ.k dh ;kstuk gSA
(11) lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij /weziku fu"ks/% lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij /weziku fu"ks/ djus dk izLrko gSA
fnYyh ljdkj us bl fn'kk esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS ,oa bls ykxw dj fn;k gSA

ikBxr iz'u 23.2

1. i;kZoj.k ij vk;ksftr nks vfr egRoiw.kZ lEesyuksa dh igpku dhft,A
(d) _______________________________________________________
([k) _______________________________________________________
2. ml fo'o vk;ksx dk uke fyf[k, ftlus voyEcuh; fodkl dh ladYiuk dks yksdfiz; cuk;kA
(d) _______________________________________________________
3. Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.k uhfr osQ rhu mn~ns'; fyf[k,A
(d) _______________________________________________________
([k) _______________________________________________________
(x) _______________________________________________________

254
 i;kZoj.k tkx:drk ekWM;wy - 5
4. i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dks jksdus osQ fy, Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fd, x, rhu mik;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
(d) _______________________________________________________
([k) _______________________________________________________
(x) _______________________________________________________

vkius D;k lh[kk fVIi.kh

z i;kZoj.k og vkoj.k gS ftlesa ge jgrs gSaA
z ;kstuk jfgr ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa ls i;kZoj.k {kj.k gksrk gSA
z voyEcuh; fodkl ,slh ladYiuk gS tks dgrh gS fd fodkl i;kZoj.k mUeq[kh gksuk pkfg,A ;g
bl izdkj dk gksuk pkfg, fd izko`Qfrd larqyu dks gkfu u igq¡pk,A
z fofHkUu izdkj osQ iznw"kd tSls dkcZu Mkb vkWDlkbM] dkcZu eksuksDlkbM] dhVuk'kd] ey&ew=k]
èkqvka ,oa 'kksj i;kZoj.k dk {kj.k djrs gSaA
z izo`Qfr dks lajf{kr j[kus dh tkx:drk c<+ jgh gSA laj{k.k vFkok fouk'k vkt dk ukjk cu pqdk
gSA
z la;qDr jk"Vª viuh ,tsfUl;ksa osQ ekè;e ls i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ iz;kl dj jgk gS rkfd vkus okyh
ihf<+;ksa dks vkt dh ih<+h osQ o`QR;ksa dk ifj.kke u Hkqxruk iM+sA
z Hkkjr ljdkj us ,sls dkuwu rFkk mik; fd, gSa tks i;kZoj.k tkx:drk dks c<+kok nsrs gSa rFkk izoQ` fr
osQ laj{k.k esa lgk;d gSaA

ikBkar iz'u
1. i;kZoj.k vkSj i;kZoj.k {kj.k dk vFkZ fyf[k,A
2. i;kZoj.k dh nks leL;kvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
3. voyEch; fodkl D;k gS\ Li"V djsaA
4. Js"Brj izko`Qfrd i;kZoj.k dh fn'kk esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fd, x, iz;klksa dh :i js[kk fyf[k,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

23.1
(d) vlR;
([k) lR;
(x) vlR;
(?k) vlR;

255
 ekWM;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns 23.2
1- (d) LVkdgkse lEesyu
([k) fj;ks lEesyu
2- (d) fj;ks lEesyu
3- (d) lqjf{kr LoLFk] mRiknd vkSj lkSUn;Z cksèk dks larq"V djus okys i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k ,oa
fodkl djukA
fVIi.kh ([k) xkzeh.k vkSj 'kgjh cfLr;ksa osQ thou Lrj esa Js"Brk ykus osQ fy, mUgsa lq/kjuk rFkk fodkl
djukA
(x) i;kZoj.k lqj{kk dh rduhdksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk] lalkèkuksa dk iqupZØ.k djuk rFkk owQM+s
dk mi;ksx djukA
4- (d) isVªksy dks 'kh'kk (ySM) eqDr djukA
([k) gkfudkjd dhVuk'kdksa ij izfrca/A
(x) jk"Vªh; unh dk;Z ;kstukA
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1- ns[ksa [k.M 23-1
2- ns[ksa [k.M 23-1-1
3- ns[ksa [k.M 23-3
4- ns[ksa [k.M 23-6

vkb, fd'kksjo; osQ eqn~nksa ij fopkj djsaA

ge oSQls tku ik;saxs fd dksbZ O;fDr u'khyh nokvksa dk vH;Lr gS\
u'khyh nokvksa osQ f'kdkj gksus osQ fuEufyf[kr y{k.k gksrs gSa%&
& nSfud thou osQ dk;ksZ osQ izfr mnklhurk
& Hkw[k@otu esa deh
& vk¡[kksa esa lwtu rFkk mudk yky jguk lkFk gh n`f"V esa deh
& tqcku dk yM+[kM+kuk
& 'kjhj ij rkts@vusd lwb;ksa osQ fu'kku gksuk rFkk diM+ksa ij [kwu osQ èkCcs fn[kkbZ
iM+ukA
& ?kj esa lwbZ] flfjat ,oa vtuch iSosQV dk gksukA
& 'kjhj esa nnZ gksuk] flj ?kweuk ,oa mYVh gksukA
& fuf"Ø; jguk] vkylh vkpj.k djuk rFkk mUuhanh voLFkk esa jgukA
& ilhuk vkuk] ruko esa jguk] fpUrk xzflr gksukA
& eu% fLFkfr ,oa LoHkko esa ifjorZu] vpkud vkos'k vkukA
& HkkoukRed vyxko ,oa ekuoh;rk ls vyx Hkko j[kukA
& Le`fr esa deh vkuk ,oa è;ku osQfUnzr u dj ikukA

256
 vPNk 'kklu ;k lq'kklu ekWM~;wy- 5
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns

24
vPNk 'kklu ;k lq'kklu fVIi.kh

ge lHkh dh ;g bPNk vkSj vfHkyk"kk gksrh gS fd gekjh ljdkj vPNh vkSj izHkko'kkyh gksA okLro
esa] ge lHkh ;g tkurs gSa fd jkT; dh mRifRr ,d lqjf{kr vkSj [kq'kgky thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
lqfuf'pr djus osQ mn~ns'; ls gqbZ gS] bldh fujarjrk dks bl vkèkkj ij U;k;laxr Bgjk;k tkrk gS fd
;g thou dh Js"Brk dks c<+kok nsrk gS rFkk mls lqjf{kr cuk, j[krk gSA dkSfVY; dk ekuuk Fkk fd
;g ljdkj dk ,d vfuok;Z drZO; gS fd og yksxksa dh HkkSfrd] ckSf¼d] uSfrd vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd izxfr
osQ fy, dk;Z djsA blh dkj.k ls jktuhfr foKku dk vè;;u djrs le; vPNs 'kklu dk vè;;u
Hkh egRoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA ml vè;k; esa ,d vPNs 'kklu] 'kklu vkSj mlosQ lkeus vkus okyh ckèkkvksa
ls fudyus osQ mik;ksa rFkk ,d vPNh 'kklu izfØ;k dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, yksxksa dh Hkwfedk
osQ fo"k; esa foLrkj iwoZd o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z vPNs 'kklu dh vo/kj.kk dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z vPNs 'kklu osQ izeq[k vaxksa o mldh fo'ks"krkvksa_ tSls mRrjnkf;Ro] mnkjrk vkfn dk o.kZu dj
losQa xs_
z ,d vPNs 'kklu osQ lkeus vkus okyh ckèkkvksa_ tSls & Hkz"Vkpkj] tula[;k o`f¼ vkSj fgalk dh
laLo`Qfr ij fopkj djuk lh[ksaxs_
z ,d vPNs 'kklu dh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa ukxfjdksa dh Hkwfedk dks le> losaQxs_ rFkk
z daI;wVj] lwpuk osQ vf/dkj vkSj ukxfjdksa osQ vf/dkjksa osQ ekè;e ls vPNs 'kklu dks c<+kok nsus
osQ rjhdksa dk o.kZu dj losaQxsA

24-1 vPNs 'kklu dk vFkZ

vPNs 'kklu dh ladYiuk dks le>us osQ fy, lcls igys gesa 'kklu dk vFkZ le>uk gksxkA 'kklu
D;k gS\ lÙkkèkkfj;ksa n~okjk tulkekU; dh fLFkfr dks csgrj cukus osQ fy, oLrq,¡ o lsok,¡ miyCèk
djkuk rFkk mudh bPNkvksa vkSj t:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, 'kfDr vkSj vfèkdkjksa dk iz;ksx gh 'kklu
gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd 'kklu 'kfDr] uhfr;ksa] ;kstukvksa rFkk ifj;kstukvksa ls lacafèkr gS]
ftldk mís'; thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks csgrj cukuk gSA yksx ;g vk'kk djrs gSa fd mudh ljdkj

257
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns bl izdkj ls dk;Z djs fd de ls de ykxr ij ifj.kke vfèkd ls vfèkd vk,¡A 'kklu rc vPNk
cu tkrk gS] tc ljdkj osQ fu.kZ; vkSj dk;Z_ yksxksa dh lgefr] oSèkrk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ij vkèkkfjr
gksrs gSAa bl rjg] vPNk 'kklu izfØ;k esa mPp xq.koÙkk ls lac¼ gksrk gSA vkt lekt osQ lHkh oxZ viuh
ljdkj dks mlosQ 'kklu osQ vk/kj ij ij[krs gSAa igys owQz j jkT; gh vPNs 'kklu dk izHkko'kkyh gfFk;kj
ekuk tkrk FkkA izkphu o eè; Hkkjr esa ,d jktk] tks loZlÙkkoknh gksrk Fkk] gh tulkekU; dh t:jrksa
osQ fy, drZO;fu"B o mÙkjnk;h le>k tkrk FkkA
fVIi.kh
vkt osQ vkèkqfud le; esa] ,d vPNk 'kklu] tkx:d ukxfjdrk vkSj mÙkjnk;h o laoSèkkfud ljdkj
dh vksj bafxr djrk gSA vPNk 'kklu vkt fodkl dh eq[; ladYiuk gSA cgl dk lacaèk osQoy bl
iz'u ls gS fd fodkl oSQls fd;k tk,A ;g ,d ,slh èkkj.kk gS tks viuh izo`Qfr esa foLr`r vkSj
ldkjkRed gSA ;g foLr`r bl dkj.k ls gS D;ksafd ;g fodkl dh izfØ;k esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh
vfHkyf{kr djrh gSA bl izdkj ls fodkl ek=k tu vuqLFkkfir gh ugha gksrk] cfYd tuosaQfnzr Hkh gksrk
gSA n{krk] Kku vkSj fodkl gsrq lg;ksx osQ fy, u, Lrjksa dk fuekZ.k bldh ldkjkRedrk dks n'kkZrk
gSA vkb, vc ge ,d vPNs 'kklu dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj mlosQ y{k.kksa osQ ckjs esa i<+saA

24.2 ,d vPNs 'kklu dh fo'ks"krk,¡

vxyk egRoiw.kZ iz'u ;g gS fd ,d vPNs 'kklu dh ewy fo'ks"krk,¡ o rRo D;k gksrs gSa\ cgqr&lh
fjiksZVksa vkSj vè;;uksa esa vusd fo'ks"krk,¡ crkbZ xbZ gSaA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij dkSfVY; dh i¼fr esa fuEu
fo'ks"krk,¡ ,d vPNs 'kklu dk fuekZ.k djrh gSa%
z dkuwu o O;oLFkk
z yksd dY;k.kdkjh iz'kklu
z U;k; o roZQ osQ vk/kj ij fu.kZ;
z Hkz"Vkpkj eqDr 'kklu
fo'o cSda us viuh 1989 o 1992 dh fjiksVks]aZ n vkWxuZs kbts'ku iQkWj bdksukWfed dkWijs'ku ,aM MsoyiesVa
(OECD)] dfe'ku vkWu Xykscy xousZal (1995)] ;wukbVsM us'kal MsoyiesaV izksxzke (UNDP) 1997
vkfn esa ,d vPNs 'kklu osQ xq.kksa dk foLrkjiwoZd o.kZu fd;k gSA
vPNs 'kklu osQ dk;ks± dks ^,f'k;u MsoyiesaV csfld fjiksVZ* osQ vanj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ :i esa
lkiQ&lkiQ j[kk x;k gSA
z D;k yksx 'kklu esa iwjh rjg Hkkxhnkjh djrs gSa\
z D;k yksxksa rd lHkh tkudkfj;k¡ igq¡prh gSa\
z D;k yksx fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSa vFkok D;k os fu.kZ; ysus okyksa dks mÙkjnk;h cuk, j[k ldrs gSa\
z D;k 'kklu esa efgykvksa dks Hkh iq#"kksa osQ cjkcj vfèkdkj gSa\
z D;k xjhc vkSj fiNM+s yksxksa dh t:jrsa iwjh gksrh gSa\
z D;k ekuokf/dkjksa dh xkjaVh nh xbZ gS\
z D;k orZeku uhfr;ksa esa Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dh t:jrksa dk è;ku j[kk x;k gS\
z D;k yksx 'kklu dh :ijs[kk dks Lohdkjrs gSa\

258
 vPNk 'kklu ;k lq'kklu ekWM~;wy- 5
24.2.2 mÙkjnkf;Ro izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns

loZlEefr ls bl ckr ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k x;k gS fd 'kklu mu yksxksa osQ mÙkjnkf;Roksa osQ fl¼karksa ij
vkèkkfjr gksuk pkfg,] tks blosQ fy, ftEesnkj gksrs gSaA mÙkjnkf;Ro bl ckr dh vksj bafxr djrk gS fd
ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkh tokcnsgh gksuh pkfg, fd og D;k djrh gS vkSj D;k ugha djrh\ lalnh; iz.kkyh
esa ,slk iz'kklu iz'uksa] okn&fooknksa] cglksa] ctV vuqeksnu] desVh rFkk laln osQ vU; rjhdksa osQ ekè;e
ls fd;k tkrk gSA dk;Zikfydk vius izfrfufèk;ksa osQ ekè;e ls yksxksa osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA ysfdu fVIi.kh
;g Hkh lp gS fd ;g izfØ;k cgqr&ls dkj.kksa osQ pyrs izHkkoghu fl¼ gqbZ gSA ppkZ o izfrfufèk;ksa
dh xq.koÙkk vkSj pfj=k esa fxjkoV] lalnh; iz.kkyh dh ljdkj dk oSQfcusV iz.kkyh esa ifjorZu] jktuhfr
dk vijkèkhdj.k vkSj lekt dk fo[kaMu blosQ izHkkoghu gksus osQ eq[; dkj.k gSaA nwljk] mÙkjnkf;Ro
dks ljdkjh fu.kZ;ksa vkSj dkuwuksa dh U;kf;d leh{kk osQ ekè;e ls Hkh lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA ukxfjd
Hkh tulkekU; osQ fgrksa dh vogsyuk djus okys rkRdkfyd eqíksa ij tufgr ;kfpdk (PIL) osQ ekè;e
ls U;kf;d gLr{ksi dh ek¡x dj jgs gSaA bl izdkj dh dk;Ziz.kkyh U;wthySaM] dukMk] vkLVªsfy;k vkSj
Hkkjr esa yksdfiz; gSA gky gh osQ le; esa tu&mÙkjnkf;Ro dk ,d izHkko'kkyh ekè;e ukxfjd pkVZj
iz.kkyh gSA bl fopkj dh mRifÙk ukxfjdksa osQ fy, ukSdj'kkgh laLo`Qfr dks cnydj mlosQ LFkku ij
tufgrS"kh&O;ogkj dks 'kkfey djus osQ fy, dh xbZ gS rkfd iqjkus] mnklhu] vukSipkfjd vkSj
laosnughu O;ogkj dks blesa 'kkfey u fd;k tk losQA iqjkus lkearh ewY;ksa osQ LFkku ij vkèkqfud
yksdrkaf=kd ewY;ksa dks ukSdj'kkgh esa LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
bl izdkj ls] ,d mÙkjnk;h 'kklu iz.kkyh yksd&lsodksa dh fuEu fØ;kRed o O;ogkjkRed fo'ks"krkvksa
dks vko';d ekurh gS&

z miyfCèk vfHkeq[k O;ogkj

z vfèkdkjksa dk U;k;laxr iz;ksx
z yksxksa dh [kq'kgkyh osQ fy, iz;Ru
z fu.kZ; ysrs le; roZQ vkSj vuqHko dk iz;ksx
z vius nkf;Roksa ls ihNs gVus dks igpkuuk vkSj naM nsuk
z le;&lhek esa uhfr;ksa vkSj ;kstukvksa dks ykxw djuk
z pfj=kcy] ;ksX;rk rFkk yksd lsodksa dh yxu ,oa O;kfIr
z nwljksa ls O;ogkj djrs le; bZekunkjh] fe=krk vkSj n`<+fu"Bk
z fuiq.krk vkSj mRo`Q"Vrk ls vuqiwfjr dk;Z djus dh {kerk
izR;sd ns'k esa dbZ izdkj dh laLFkkfud o dkuwuh O;oLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa] rkfd mÙkjnk;h iz'kklu dh
fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;kidrk dks lqjf{kr fd;k tk losQA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij Hkkjr esa osQa nzh; lroZQrk vk;ksx]
efgykvksa] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa o tutkfr;ksa] vYila[;d o fiNM+s oxksZa osQ fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx] jk"Vªh;
Jfed vk;ksx] vYila[;dksa o ekuo vfèkdkjksa osQ fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx rFkk Hkkjr osQ ys[kk egkfu;a=kd
tSlh laLFkkvksa dk xBu ukSdj'kkgh esa lkekftd] dkuwuh] laoSèkkfud vkSj O;LFkkijd opuc¼rk dk

259
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
izcaèk djus osQ fy, fd, x, iz;kl gSaA ;s iz'kklu dh i{kikrh izo`fÙk] Hkz"Vkpkj] vyxko vkSj xksiuh;rk
dks nwj djus osQ iz;kl djrs gSaA bldk mís'; iz'kklu dks xjhcksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy] fyax&vuqikr osQ
izfr laosnu'khy rFkk blls Hkh c<+dj tulkekU; dh ijs'kkfu;ksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy cukuk gSA bldk
mís'; yksdlsodksa osQ vokafNr dk;ksZa vkSj O;ogkj dks de djuk vkSj mudh {kerk rFkk lR;fu"Bk dks
c<+kuk gSA ljdkj us Hkh vius Lrj ij ,sls mik;ksa dh 'kq#vkr dh gS] ftlls iz'kklu esa mÙkjnkf;Ro
fVIi.kh dh dkjZ;okb;ksa dks tk¡pk tk losQA
bl lEcU/ esa fuEufyf[kr dks è;ku esa j[kk tk ldrk gS %
z iz;kstu }kjk izcaèku (MBO-Management by objective)

z tu f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, e'khujh

z lwpuk osQ vfèkdkj dks Lohdkj djuk

z lwpuk&izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx rFkk bZ&'kklu

z lÙkk dk yksdra=khdj.k rFkk foosaQnzhdj.k

z gkf'k, esa [kM+s lewgksa dk l'kDrhdj.k] fo'ks"kdj efgykvksa dk

z lkoZtfud o futh {ks=kksa osQ chp LoLFk izfr;ksfxrk

z fofHkUu izdkj osQ dkuwuksa] fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eu dh leh{kkA

LFkkuh; ljdkj osQ Lrj ij mÙkjnkf;Ro dh LFkkiuk djus vkSj gkf'k, esa [kM+s lewgksa dk leFkZu djus
osQ mís'; ls Hkkjrh; laln us 1992 esa 73osa vkSj 74osa lafo/ku la'kks/u dks ikfjr fd;k] ftlesa vU; phtksa
osQ lkFk efgykvksa dks 33 izfr'kr vkj{k.k rFkk vuqlfw pr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlfw pr tutkfr;ksa dks mudh tula[;k
osQ vuqikr esa vkj{k.k fn;k x;kA blosQ lkFk gh foosQfUnzr fodkl fu;kstu] foÙkh; 'kfDr;ksa esa o`f¼ rFkk
LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks vf/d foÙkh; 'kfDr;ka iznku dh xb±A bl izdkj foosQUnzhdj.k vkSj yksdra=khdj.k dks
fodklkRed iz'kklu dk ewyk/kj cuk;k x;k gSA buosQ vfrfjDr osQa Unz ljdkj osQ 79 ea=kky; o foHkkx ukxfjd
pkVZj dh lajpuk dks lapkfyr dj jgs gSAa ;g pkVZj fuEufyf[kr dk fooj.k gS%
z lsokvksa dh le;lhek vkSj ekunaM_
z f'kdk;rksa dks de djus osQ <ax] vkSj

z pkVZj dks ykxw djus dh tk¡p iz.kkyh vkSj Lora=k leh{kk dks fuèkkZfjr djukA

osQUnz ljdkj vkSj vusd jkT;ksa us yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz fuLrkj.k gsrq fo'ks"k laLFkkvksa ,oa
bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSA budk mís'; gS& vfèkdkfj;ksa@dk;Zky;ksa }kjk è;ku u nsuk] ekeyksa osQ
fuLrkj.k esa vR;fèkd le; yxus ,oa vfèkdkfj;ksa dk vlgkuwHkwfriw.kZ joS, ij vaoqQ'k yxkukA 'kklu
ra=k esa mRrjnkf;Roksa osQ ogu dh Hkwfedk [kqyh vkSj ikjn'khZ gksuh pkfg,A fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; ;k dk;Z esa
ikjnf'kZrk u ykus ij mlesa HksnHkko dh Hkwfedk gksus dk van's kk jgrk gSA ikjnf'kZrk ls i{kikr dh laHkkouk
de jgrh gSA lHkh dks iwokZxzg ls eqfDr feyrh gSA Hkkjrh; laln us lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, lwpuk izkfIr
osQ vfèkdkj dh O;oLFkk dh gSA osaQUnzh; ea=kky; vkSj foHkkx [kwc izpkj&izlkj osQ lkFk ,sls dkmaVj
[kksy dj yksd f'kdk;rksa dks vkeaf=kr djrs gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 24.1

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) 'kklu dk ljksdkj----------------------------- ls gS ,oa -----------------------------esa o`f¼ djosQ yksxksa osQ thou Lrj

260
 vPNk 'kklu ;k lq'kklu ekWM~;wy- 5
esa lq/kj djuk gSA izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns

(jktuhfr@foÙkh; laxzg.k ;ktuk,¡] xq.koÙkk@ifjokfjd laca/)

([k) dkSfVY; dh LoPN iz'kklu lacaèkh ;kstuk dk vkèkkj --------------------------------------iz'kklu FkkA
(yksd lsok@yksd dY;k.kdkjh@fujaoqQ'k)
(x) iz'kklfud cgl esa LoPN 'kklu dh voèkkj.kk dk izpkj&izlkj --------------------------------------izdk'ku fVIi.kh
ls gqvkA
(fo'o cSad dh fjiksVZ 1989 vkSj 1992@eSfd;koyh osQ fizUl)
(?k) iz'kklu rc vPNk gksrk gS] tc mldk vkèkkj --------------------------------------gksrk gSA
(yksd lgefr@yksd lsodksa dk O;ogkj laj{kd osQ leku)

24.3 LoPN 'kklu dh ck/k,¡

izk;% lHkh ns'k jk"Vªh; ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij LoPN 'kklu dks ysdj xaHkhj gSaA ysfdu os vius ukxfjdksa
dks U;k;ksfpr] leku ,oa Lora=k lkekftd O;oLFkk oSQls miyC/ djok,a] ;g ,d leL;k gSA os
dkSu&ls dkjd gSa] tks LoPN 'kklu esa ckèkk mRiUu djrs gSa\ mlosQ fy, vusd dkjd mÙkjnk;h gSa]
ftuesa fuEu izeq[k gSa%
(d) Hkz"Vkpkj
([k) tula[;k o`f¼
(x) fgalk dh laLo`Qfr

24.3.1. Hkz"Vkpkj
Hkz"Vkpkj vfèkdkjksa dk voSèk iz;ksx djuk gS] tks O;fDrxr ykHk osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Hkz"Vkpkj yxHkx
iwjs fo'o esa O;kIr ,d lkoZHkkSfed chekjh gS] blls turk vkSj ljdkj nksuksa dks gkfu gksrh gSA Hkkjr
tSls ns'kksa esa ;g oSQa lj dh rjg O;kIr gks x;k gSA dkSfVY; osQ le; pfj=k vkSj lR; fu"Bk ize[q k ljksdkj
FksA vusd ckj jktuhfrd usrk Hkz"Vkpkj osQ vkxs vius gkFk [kM+s dj nsrs gSa vkSj bls fo'oO;kih leL;k
dgdj iYyk >kM+ ysrs gSaA ysfdu ;gk¡ ij iz'u bZekunkjh dk [kM+k gksrk gSA igys dh vis{kk vc bl
ij vfèkd è;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA ?kksVkyksa osQ inkZiQk'k vkSj muosQ fo#¼ dkjZokbZ djus dh ek¡x
fnu&c&fnu c<+rh tk jgh gS ysfdu rc rd blosQ fy, dksbZ Hkh dne dkjxj lkfcr ugha gksxk] tc
rd fd lHkh izdkj osQ Hkz"Vkpkj & jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] uSfrd vkSj iz'kklfud ls iwjh n`<+rk vkSj
bPNk'kfDr ls ugha yM+k tk,xkA bl ifjizs{; esa ;g irk pyrk gS fd vPNs 'kklu osQ fy, Hkz"Vkpkj
ls eqDr gksuk vko';d gSA blosQ fy, fuEu vko';d dne mBk, tkus pkfg,%
1- jktuhfrKksa] viQljksa vkSj vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ chp xBtksM+ dks rksM+uk pkfg,A
2- U;k; lLrk gksuk pkfg,A
3- ns'k] jkT; ,oa LFkkuh; Lrj ij tufgr ;kfpdkvksa osQ fy, vnkyrksa dk xBu djuk pkfg,A
4- lwpuk osQ vfèkdkj dks vkSj vfèkd izHkkoh cuk;k tk,A

261
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns 5- dkuwu ykxw djkus okyh laLFkkvksa dks 'kfDr'kkyh cukuk pkfg,A
6- Hkz"Vkpkfj;ksa dh laifÙk dks vfHk;ksx yxus osQ ckn vfoyac tCr dj ysuk pkfg,A ;g lEifÙk rHkh
ykSVkuh pkfg, tc og funksZ"k fl¼ gks tk,A
7- ukSdj'kkgh dh dk;Z'kSyh dks lq/kjus osQ fy, fu;eksa] mifu;eksa vkSj dk;Ziz.kkyh dks ljy cukuk
pkfg,A
fVIi.kh 8- lekt dks fu;e&dkuwuksa osQ ifjikyu gsrq ykecUn djuk pkfg,A
9- ljdkjh laxBuksa esa HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn dks lekIr djuk pkfg,A
24.3.2 tula[;k o`f¼
LoPN 'kklu dk ljksdkj u osQoy izHkkoh dkuwuksa] izfofèk;ksa vkSj muosQ fØ;kUo;u ls gS] cfYd mldk
ljksdkj ns'k osQ lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd lalkèkuksa dh xfr'khyrk vkSj mi;ksfxrk ls gS] rkfd mldk ykHk
lekt osQ izR;sd lnL; dks fey losQA bl izdkj] irk pyrk gS fd fodkl osQ iz;kl xjhch vkSj
csjkstxkjh feVkus rFkk lk{kjrk osQ y{; dks gkfly djus vkSj lHkh ukxfjdksa dks izkFkfed f'k{kk ,oa
LokLF;] [kk|] is;ty vkSj vkokl miyCèk djkus esa vliQy jgs gSaA bldk eq[; dkj.k Lora=krk&izkfIr
osQ le; 35 djksM+ dh tula[;k dk c<+dj orZeku esa 100 djksM+ ls T;knk gksuk gSA Hkkjr osQ oqQN
jkT; tSls_ osQjy] rfeyukMq] xksok vkSj ef.kiqj tula[;k esa fLFkjrk izkIr dj jgs gSa] ogha oqQN jkT;
tSls] mÙkj izns'k] eè; izns'k] jktLFkku vkSj fcgkj tula[;k osQ fLFkjhdj.k esa vfèkd le; ys jgs gSaA
c<+rh tula[;k dks larq"V djus osQ fy, lalk/uksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA Hkwfe] ty vkSj ok;q lalkèkuksa
esa o`f¼ vko';d gSA Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh ljdkj osQ fy, mfpr f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; lqfoèkk,¡] [kk|]
vkokl ,oa jkstxkj miyC/ djkuk ,d cM+h pqukSrh gksxhA ;fn ge Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkh egkuxj dks ns[ksa]
rks ,slk yxsxk fd ogk¡ vfèkdre tula[;k okys {ks=kksa esa LokLF; ,oa lkiQ&liQkbZ] is;&ty vkiwfrZ]
lM+osaQ vkSj fo|qr dh leL;k,¡ gSaA okLro esa vusd vPNs 'kgjksa tSls] eqacbZ] dksydkrk vkSj fnYyh esa
'kklu djuk dfBu gksrk tk jgk gSA tula[;k esa gks jgh rhoz o`f¼ us okLro esa vPNs 'kklu ij fojke
yxk fn;k gSA tula[;k o`f¼ dks f'k{kk izlkj] tkx:drk] yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk ,oa fodkl }kjk fLFkj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA

24.3.3 fgalk dh laLo`Qfr

cy dk voS/ iz;ksx dkuwu&O;oLFkk dh leL;k gS ysfdu ;fn dksbZ bls vPNs 'kklu osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls
ns[ks rks ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd 'kkafr vkSj dkuwu O;oLFkk fodkl osQ izFke lksiku gSaA gM+rkysa] naxs]
vkradoknh geys bl fgalk dh laLo`Qfr osQ gkfudkjd rRo gSaA ljdkj vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj
jktuhfrd fodkl ij rc vPNh rjg ls è;ku ns ldrh gS tc og tku&eky dh lqj{kk vkfn dh
vksj ls fuf'pr gksA blosQ vfrfjDr vkradokn Hkh dkuwu&O;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djus okyk ,d cM+k
dkj.k gSA vkradokn fodkl osQ fy, ckèkd gSA tks {ks=k vkradoknh xfrfofèk;ksa ls izHkkfor gksrs gSa] ogk¡
dksbZ Hkh fuos'kd iw¡th ugha yxkuk pkgrkA bldk lhèkk izHkko ogk¡ osQ jkstxkj] LokLF;] f'k{kk rFkk vU;

262
 vPNk 'kklu ;k lq'kklu ekWM~;wy- 5
lsokvksa ij yacs le; rd iM+rk gSA ogk¡ dk lkekftd thou Fke&lk tkrk gSA yksx ?kjksa esa oSQn gks izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
tkrs gSa ,oa muosQ eu&efLr"d ij vkrad dh dkyh Nk;k eaMjkrh jgrh gSA ekuokfèkdkj osQ eqís dk
Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA vkradoknh tulk/kj.k osQ ekuokf/dkjksa dk dnkfpr gh vknj djrs gSAa fdarq
tc ljdkj vkradokn dks nckus osQ fy, l[rh djrh gS] rks jkT; iqfyl }kjk tu lkèkkj.k osQ vfèkdkjksa
dk guu gks tkrk gSA blosQ fy, Li"V n`f"Vdks.k] lkgl vkSj le> dh t:jr gS ftlls vkilh ckrphr
}kjk bl elys dks lqy>k;k tk losQA blosQ fy, mi;qDr tu f'kdk;rksa dk fuokj.k] iM+ksfl;ksa dh fVIi.kh
lgHkkfxrk vkSj vkradokn osQ fo#¼ varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx Hkh vko';d gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 24.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,
(d) Hkz"Vkpkj O;fDrxr ykHk osQ fy, vfèkdkjksa dk --------------------------------------mi;ksx gSA
(oSèk@voSèk)
([k) Hkz"Vkpkj dk ljksdkj lkoZtfud thou esa -------------------------------------- osQ lkFk gSA
(xksiuh;rk@bZekunkjh)
(x) Hkz"Vkpkj dks -------------------------------------- osQ }kjk de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(ljyhdj.k@fu;e&dkuwu esa ifjorZu)
(?k) -------------------------------------- esa tula[;k esa fLFkjrk vk pqdh gSA
(osQjy@mÙkj izns'k)
(Ä) -------------------------------------- osQ fy, ¯glk cgqr ?kkrd gSA
(dkuwu O;oLFkk@iqfyl)

24.4 lq'kklu LFkkfir djus osQ mik;

izR;sd O;fDr LoPN 'kklu osQ y{; dks izkIr djus osQ vusd mik; crk ldrk gSA vkb,] ge nks mik;ksa dh
ppkZ djsa & tSls yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk dks lqfuf'pr djuk rFkk ,d l{ke] izHkko'kkyh] bZekunkj] ikjn'khZ rFkk
dkuwu dk ikyu djus okyh 'kklu O;oLFkk osQ fy, dEI;wVjksa rFkk izk| S ksfxdh dk iz;ksx djukA
24.4.1 lq'kklu osQ fy, yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk
'kklu O;oLFkk esa yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk dks izkFkfedrk nh tk jgh gSA ;g dguk xyr ugha gksxk fd vHkh Hkh
yksxksa dh iz'kklfud lgHkkfxrk osQ {ks=k esa & fo'ks"kdj LFkkuh; ljdkj osQ Lrj ij tks oqQN miyCèk djk;k
tk jgk gS] vkSj ftldk fØ;kUo;u fd;k tkuk gS] nksuksa esa Hkkjh varj gSA ;g eqVB~ h Hkj yksxksa osQ gkFk esa 'kfDr
nsuk Hkj jg x;k gSA
izk;% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd fu.kZ; ysus vkSj muosQ vuqikyu esa yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk ls fuEufyf[kr phtsa
lqO;ofLFkr gksrh gSa%
z mnklhu ,oa v{ke viQlj'kkgh ij jksdA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk ls iz'kklu osQ Lrj ij
ncko cuk;k tk ldrk gS fd viQlj dk;Z djs vkSj le; ij djsA
z tokcnsg ,oa mÙkjnk;h iz'kklu osQ ;a=k osQ :i esaA

263
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns z Lo&'kklu vkSj fodklkRed iz'kklu osQ ekè;e osQ :i esaA
z LFkkuh; fodkl gsrq LFkkuh; lalkèkuksa dks [kkstuk ,oa mudk mi;ksx djukA
yksxksa dh ;g Hkwfedk ;k rks fdlh lkekftd laxBu osQ lnL; osQ #i esa ;k fgr vkSj ncko lewgksa
vFkok dY;k.kdkjh laxBuksa] vFkok fdlh jktuhfrd ny osQ lnL; osQ :i esa vFkok viQlj'kkgh vkSj
jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; ;k LFkkuh; ljdkj dk Hkkx cu dj gks ldrh gSA ljdkjsa pkgrh gSa fd yksxksa dk ;ksxnku
fVIi.kh yksdrkaf=kd foosaQnzhdj.k & iapk;r vkSj uxjiapk;r Lrj ij vFkok ijke'khZ ,oa lykgdkj lfefr;ksa
vkSj laLFkkvksa esa 'kkfey djosQ gksA ukxfjdksa dh vis{kkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, yksx Lo;a laxfBr gksdj
uhfr;ksa dh ekax dj ldrs gSaA os lewgksa osQ :i esa laxfBr gksdj ljdkj dh yksddY;k.kdkjh uhfr;ksa
dk leFkZu djsa & tSlk fd os [kjkc uhfr;ksa osQ fojksèk esa ,d=k gksrs gSaA blosQ fy, ueZnk cpkvks
vkanksyu] cpiu cpkvks vkanksyu] ihiqYl buhfl;sfVo] gsYi&,t] f'k{kk cpkvks vkanksyu bR;kfn laxBuksa
osQ uke fxus tkrs gSaA bl ifjizs{; esa] yksx ljdkj ,oa iz'kklu osQ i{k ,oa foi{k esa fopkj fuekZrk dh
Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA bl izdkj yksx 'kklu&iz'kklu osQ fookn gy djus osQ dk;Z dj ldrs gSa ,oa
yksxksa rFkk viQlj'kkgh osQ chp lsrq dk dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA pwafd f'k{kk] lwpuk] ljdkj dh tkudkjh
rFkk jktuhfrd vkSj vk£Fkd lqfo/k osQ Lrj ij yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk dks fuf'pr djrs gSa blfy,
LFkkuh; yksxksa esa ls vf/dka'k 'kklu O;oLFkk ls ckgj jgrs gSaA vr% gekjh ljdkj us fodkl vkSj uhfr
fuekZ.k esa xjhc oxks± dks tksMu+ s dk iz;kl fd;k gSA iapk;rh jkt vkSj 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa efgykvksa
osQ fy, 33-3 izfr'kr dk vkj{k.k bl izdkj dk ,d dne gSA LFkkuh; ljdkjksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa
rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, mudh tula[;k osQ vuqikr esa vkj{k.k dk izko/ku gSA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, ;fn fdlh ftys esa 20 izfr'kr vuqlwfpr tkfr osQ yksx jgrs gSa rks ftyk ifj"kn esa muosQ fy,
20 izfr'kr LFkku vkjf{kr jgsaxsA blh izdkj ;fn fdlh xkao esa 1 izfr'kr vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ yksx
jgrs gSa rks mUgsa xzke iapk;r esa 1 izfr'kr vkj{k.k izkIr gksxkA fiNM+s oxks± osQ fy, vkj{k.k dks jkT;
ljdkj ij NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA ;g dguk xyr ugha gksxk fd vHkh Hkh ljdkj dh dFkuh vkSj djuh
esa varj gS vkSj ;gh ckr 'kklu vkSj LFkkuh; 'kklu esa turk dh lgHkkfxrk osQ ekeys esa Hkh lp gSA
osQoy eqV~Bh Hkj yksx gSa ftUgsa l'kDr cuk;k x;k gSA

24.5 oaQI;wVjvkSj lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh (vkbZVh) dh Hkwfedk& LoPN

'kklu osQ lkèku osQ :i
vc rd dh ppkZ osQ vuqlkj gesa bl ckr dks è;ku ls le>uk gksxk fd vPNs 'kklu dk lkj yksd fgrS"kh
rFkk lÙkk esa Hkkxhnkjh gksuk & ,d rjiQ gS rks laons u'khy] igqpa es]a uSfrd] ikjn'khZ vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj eqDr O;oLFkk
gksuk nwljh rjiQ gSA dEI;wVjksa rFkk lwpuk izk|
S ksfxdh osQ iz;ksx dks vPNs 'kklu osQ izHkko'kkyh lk/u osQ :i
esa ns[kk tkrk gSA blds fy, fuEufyf[kr lq/kkj visf{kr gSa %
z tu&lsokvksa dh de ewY; ij vkiwfrZA

z lwpuk izlkj }kjk tu&l'kDrhdj.k dk iz;klA

z ljdkj osQ dk;ks± esa [kqykiu ,oa ikjnf'kZrkA

z ljdkj vkSj turk }kjk u, fopkjksa vkSj voèkkj.kkvksa dks ljdkj dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ls tksM+ukA

z ukxfjd ,oa iz'kklu esa izHkko'kkyh tqM+koA

z ljdkj osQ dk;ks± dk O;kid vkdyu ,oa tkap iM+rkyA

264
 vPNk 'kklu ;k lq'kklu ekWM~;wy- 5
fu;eksa ,oa izfof/;ksa ls lac¼ tkudkjh ;k ljdkj dh dY;k.kdkjh ,oa fodklijd ;kstukvksa dh izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
tkudkjh vFkok fdlkuksa vkSj ukxfjdksa dks ekSle laca/h tkudkjh nsus dks oaQI;wVj dkiQh lqyHk ,oa
vklku cuk nsrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd Hkz"Vkpkj fu.kZ; ysus okyksa vkSj Lohdkj djus okyksa osQ :c: gksus
dk nq"ifj.kke gSA muosQ chp oaQI;wVj dk fjdkMZ O;fDrxr lacaèkksa dks de djosQ Hkz"Vkpkj dks nck
ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ,d fdlku viuh Hkwfe dk fjdkMZ oaQI;wVj ls izkIr dj ldrk gSA ,d
ukxfjd vius djksa vkfn dk Hkqxrku oaQI;wVj ij fcuk ykbu esa yxs] fcuk dke NksM+s rFkk oSQ'k dkmaVj
ij x, fcuk dj ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa eè; izn's k osQ /kj ftys esa Kkunwr dk;ZØe ykxw fd;k x;k gS tks vusd fVIi.kh
izdkj dh lqfo/k,a vkWu ykbu miyC/ djokrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i vkWu ykbu iathdj.k] Hkwfe fjdkMZ dh izfr
rFkk o`Qf"k mRikn osQ uhykeh osQUnzkas dh tkudkjh cgqr gh de dher ij miyC/ gSA bl lwph esa ½.k izkIr
djus dh fu;ekoyh] chtksa osQ ewY;] moZjd ,oa o`Qf"k ;a=k] fctyh dVkSrh dk le;] Mhty dh miyCèkrk
dks tksMk+ tk ldrk gSA bl O;oLFkk ls iz'kklfud foyEc ?kVsxk tks Hkz"Vkpkj dk ,d dkj.k gSA blls ukxfjdksa
dks feyus okyh lqfo/k ij yxus okyh dher ,oa le; cpsxk vkSj ukxfjdksa dks ;g lqfo/k,a muosQ ?kj ij
gh fey tk,axhA dukZVd dh ljdkj 'kSf{kd nkf[kyksa vkSj p;u] f'k{kdksa osQ rcknys rFkk osru nsus osQ ekeys
esa ikjn£'krk osQ fy, dEI;wVjksa dk iz;ksx dj jgh gSA dEI;wVjksa dks eq[;ea=kh osQ vkns'kksa vkSj fgnk;rksa osQ ikyu
dh fLFkfr tkuus osQ fy, Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g {ks=k osQ izc/ a u osQ fy, Hkh iz;Dq r fd;k tk jgk
gS rFkk blls LokLF;] vkokl vkSj vU; lkekftd dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa dk lkj&la{ksi cukus dk dke Hkh
fy;k tk jgk gSA
osQjy esa ,d dEI;wVjkbZTM ;kstuk ^izQS UM~l* dks iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS tks rst] fo'oluh;] rqjra ] l{ke usVooZQ
osQ :i esa lsokvksa dk forj.k dj jgk gSA ;g yksxksa dks fofo/ lsok,a miyCèk djok jgk gSA Hkkjr dh osQUnzh;
ljdkj us Hkh jsyos] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;] xzkeh.k fodkl] ;kstuk vk;ksx rFkk fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku
vk;ksx tSls vusd foHkkxksa vkSj ea=kky;ksa esa iz'kklu dh dEI;wVjkbZTM O;oLFkk dks ykxw dj fn;k gSA

ikBxr iz'u 24.3

fjÙkQ LFkku Hkfj, µ
(d) LoPN 'kklu -------------------------------------- }kjk izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk@osQoy yksd lsodksa)
([k) oaQI;wVjksa osQ iz;ksx ls lsokvksa dh vkiwfrZ --------------------------------------gksrh gSA
(egaxh@lLrh)
(x) Hkkjr dk eè; izns'k jkT; yksxksa dks --------------------------------------}kjk vusd lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk djk
jgk gSA
(Kkunwr dk;ZØe@Kku n'kZu)

vkius D;k lh[kk

vkius bl vè;k; esa vPNs 'kklu osQ vFkZ ,oa voèkkj.kk dks lh[kkA vki vPNs 'kklu osQ y{;ksa ,oa
fopkjksa dks fØ;kfUor djus dh leL;kvksa dks le> pqosQ gSa tSls tula[;k foLiQksV] fgalk] vkradokn
vkSj Hkz"VkpkjA fofHkUu ljdkjksa }kjk bu ck/kvksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, viuk, x, fofHkUu rjhdksa dk
Hkh vkius vè;;u fd;k gSA yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk] Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksduk rFkk vPNs 'kklu dks izksRlkfgr
djus osQ fy, dEI;wVjksa osQ iz;ksx ij fo'ks"k :i ls è;ku fn;k x;k gSA
265
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
ikBkar iz'u

1. vPNs 'kklu osQ vFkZ vkSj voèkkj.kk dh ppkZ dhft,A

2. vPNs 'kklu osQ rhu fcanqvksa dh igpku dhft,A vPNs 'kklu esa tokcnsgh dks Li"V dhft,A
fVIi.kh 3. vPNs 'kklu dh izeq[k ckèkkvksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
4. Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vPNs 'kklu osQ fy, viuk, x, lkèkuksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

24.1
(d) (A) jktuhfr (B) xq.koÙkk
([k) yksd dY;k.kdkjh
(x) fo'o cSad fjiksVZ 1989 rFkk 1992
(d) yksd lgefr

24.2
(d) voS/
([k) bZekunkjh
(x) ljyhdj.k
(?k) osQjy
(Ä) dkuwu O;oLFkk

24.3
(d) yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk
([k) lLrh
(x) Kkunwr dk;ZØe

ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr

1. [k.M 24-1 ns[ksaA
2. [k.M 24-2 ns[ksaA
3. [k.M 24-3 ns[ksaA
4- [k.M 24-4 ns[ksaA

266
 ekuokf/dkj ekWM~;wy - 5
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns

25
ekuokf/dkj fVIi.kh

ekuokf/dkjksa osQ ckjs esa bl ewyHkwr rF; dks gesa ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd ;s fdlh jktk vFkok fdlh
jktuhfrd laizHkq }kjk fn;k x;k migkj ;k ikfjrksf"kd (buke) ugha gS] cfYd os vf/dkj gSa] tks ekuo
vfLrRo esa lekfgr jgrs gSaA ekuokf/dkjksa ls lacn~/ fdlh Hkh dkuwu dk mn~ns'; mudh igpku djuk]
muosQ iz;ksx dks fu;fer djuk rFkk muls lEc¼ ekeyksa dks ykxw djokuk gksrk gSA fdlh lH; lekt
esa oqQN vk/kjHkwr vf/dkjksa dh vuqY?kuh;rk bl fopkj ij gh vk/kfjr gSA ekuokf/dkj lkoZHkkSfed]
vfoHkkT; vkSj ijLij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA
ekuokf/dkjksa osQ ykxw gksus dh O;k[;k esa dgk tkrk gS fd blesa xkSjoiw.kZ ekuo vfLrRo osQ lHkh i{kksa
dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS] rkfd lHkh euq"; ekuo tkfr osQ ifjokj dk leku fgLlk cusaA euq"; dh
xfjek gh ekuokf/dkjksa dk lkj gSA bl i{k dh O;kid le> vkSj O;fDr dh xfjek osQ {ks=k dks le>us
ls ekuokf/dkjksa osQ lgh {ks=k dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z ekuokf/dkjksa dh ewyHkwr vo/kj.kkvksa dh O;k[;k dj losQaxs_
z ekuokf/dkjksa dh eq[; Jsf.k;ksa dks oxhZo`Qr dj losaQxs_
z ekuokf/dkjksa osQ fodkl laca/h fof'k"V ckrksa dks Lej.k dj losQaxs_
z Hkkjr esa ekuokf/dkjksa osQ fodkl dks tku losQaxs_
z ekuokf/dkjksa osQ laj{k.k vkSj lao/Zu esa xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk dh igpku dj losQaxsA

25.1 ekuokf/dkjksa dh ewyHkwr vo/kj.kk

ekuokf/dkjksa osQ oxhZdj.k osQ dbZ rjhosQ gSaA muesa ls oqQN Jsf.k;ksa dks uhps fn;k tk jgk gS%
25.1.1 laLFkkfir ('kkL=kh;)
blosQ varxZr ukxfjdksa vkSj jktuhfrd vf/dkjksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj izk;% ;g O;fDr dks
izHkkfor djus okyh jkT; dh 'kfDr;ksa dks lhfer djrs gSaA

267
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns 25.1.2 ekSfyd vkSj ewy vf/dkj
gky gh esa ekuokf/dkjksa esa gqbZ c<+ksrjh ls ,d u;k ljksdkj mRiUu gks x;k gS fd blls oqQN vfèkdkj
lekIr gks tk,axsA oqQN vf/dkj brus egRo osQ gSa fd mUgsa jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; uhfr;ksa esa izkFkfedrk
nh tkuh pkfg,A buesa O;fDrxr xfjek rFkk HkkSfrd vko';drkvksa ls tqM+s lkjs vf/dkj lfEefyr gksrs
gSAa
25.1.3 lkewfgd vkSj O;fDrxr vf/dkj
fVIi.kh
lkekU;r% vf/dka'k ekuokf/dkjksa dk laca/ O;fDr ls gksrk gS vr,o ;g Li"V gks tk,xk fd muesa
ls oqQN vf/dkjksa dk iz;ksx osQoy lewgksa n~okjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk fo'ks"k :i ls rc gksrk gS]
tc fdlh vf/dkjksa osQ iz;ksx dh ;ksX;rk osQ fy, fdlh lewg dk lnL; gksuk t:jh gksA
25.1.4 izFke] f}rh; vkSj r`rh; ih<+h osQ vf/dkj
;g oxhZdj.k Li"Vr% vf/dkjksa osQ ,sfrgkfld fodkl osQ vuq:i gSA izFke ukxfjd ,oa jktuhfrd
vfèkdkj gSa vkSj nwljs lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLd`frd gSaA gky gh osQ o"kksZa esa f'k{kkfonksa us ,dkRerk
uked vf/dkj dh ppkZ 'kq: dj nh gS] ftls rhljh (r`rh;) ih<+h dk vf/dkj dgk tkrk gSA bl
vf/dkj esa 'kkafr dk vf/dkj] fodkl dk vf/dkj] [kkn~; ,oa LOkPN i;kZoj.k dk vfèkdkj
lfEefyr gSaA fu%lansg ekuokf/dkj vfuok;Z :i ls ifjorZukRed gksrs gSaA

25.2 ekuokf/dkjksa dh N% fo'ks"krk,¡

mi;qZDr foospu ls ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd lHkh izdkj osQ ekuokf/dkjksa esa oqQN leku
fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSaA ge de ls de N% fo'ks"krkvksa dh igpku dj ldrs gSa tks ekuokf/dkjksa dh
voèkkj.kk osQ vk/kj gSaA
25.2.1 ekuo gksus osQ ukrs yksxksa osQ ikl vf/dkj gSa
xfjekiw.kZ rFkk ekuo thou thus vkSj lc yksxksa dks ;g vf/dkj fnykus dh fn'kk esa dke djus dk
lcdks vf/dkj gSA tkfr&Hksn] jax&Hksn] /kfeZd ,oa fyax Hksn osQ vk/kj ij bu vf/dkjksa ls fdlh
dks oafpr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
25.2.2 ekuokf/dkj lkoZHkkSfed gSa
;s vf/dkj jk"Vª] tkfr] fyax ;k jax osQ vk/kj ij ugha gksrsA lHkh ns'kksa osQ yksxksa] tkfr] jax] èkeZ osQ
ekuus okyksa dks loZ=k leku vf/dkj izkIr gSaA fo'o osQ lHkh fodflr ,oa fodkl'khy ns'kksa oQks bu
vfèkdkjksa dks vius&vius ukxfjdksa osQ fy, lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg,A
25.2.3 ekuokf/dkj lHkh yksxksa dks leku ekurs gaS
;s bl fopkj dk vuqikyu djrs gSa fd ^^lHkh ekuo] vf/dkjksa vkSj xfjek osQ ekeys esa leku vkSj
Lora=k iSnk gq, gSaA blfy, os lHkh viuh vyx&vyx laLo`Qfr;ksa vkSj ijEijkvksa] jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk]
ySafxdrk] lkekftd mn~xe] izfr"Bk bR;kfn dk lEeku djrs gq, leku O;ogkj vkSj voljksa osQ
vfèkdkjh gSaA bl izdkj ;g mUgsa leku volj ,oa mipkj blh ifjizs{; esa nwljksa dh ijaijkvksa dks]
laLo`Qfr;ksa dk lEeku djus] jktuhfrd xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkkx ysus] ySafxdrk] lkekftd mRFkku] Lrj vkfn
oQk vf/dkj iznku djrk gSA vr% ljdkjksa dks ns'k osQ lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, leku volj iSnk djus osQ
iz;kl djus pkfg, vkSj bl dkj.k lekt osQ oqQN oxksZa tSls efgykvksa] cPpksa vkSj fodykaxksa osQ fy,
mu voljksa dks leku cukus osQ fy, ljdkjksa dks oqQN vfrfjDr dke Hkh djuk iM+ ldrk gSA

268
 ekuokf/dkj ekWM~;wy - 5
25.2.4 ;s vf/dkj ewyr% oS;fDrd gksrs gSa izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
bldk vfHkizk; gS fd ;s vf/dkj O;fDr vkSj jkT; osQ chp laca/ksa ls laca¼ gksrs gSaA ifj.kke Lo:i
ljdkj dks ,sls lekt dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg, ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr vius vf/dkjksa dk Lora=krk iwoZd
iz;ksx dj mudk vkuan mBk losQA
25.2.5 ekuokf/dkjksa osQ varxZr ekuork osQ ekSfyd fl¼kar lekfgr gSa
;s vf/dkj ekuo osQ O;fDrRo osQ fodkl vkSj ekuoh; xfjek osQ fy, vk/kjHkwr gSaA ,sls vf/dkjksa fVIi.kh
osQ mnkgj.k Lo:i thou dk vf/dkj] nklrk ls eqfDr vkSj mRihM+u ls Lora=krk osQ vf/dkj gSaA
25.2.6 ekuokf/dkjksa dk lao/Zu ,oa laj{k.k osQoy ns'k dh lhek osQ vanj gh
lfefr ugha gS cfYd ;g oqQN vkn'kksZa dks LFkkfir djrk gS tks iwjs fo'o esa
ekus tkrs gSa
ekuokf/dkj ns'kksa dks ,slh fLFkfr;ka mRiUu djus osQ fy, mRrjnk;h ekurs gSa ftuls bu vf/dkjksa osQ
izksRlkgu] laj{k.k ,oa vknj dk okrkoj.k cu losQA

ikBxr iz'u 25.1

1. 3 ) dk fu'kku yxkb,&
lgh mRrj osQ lkeus (3
(d) ekuokf/dkj ekuo vfLrRo esa vofLFkr gSaA (lgh@vlR;)
([k) 'kkL=kh; vf/dkjksa osQ varxZr ukxfjd vkSj jktuhfrd vf/dkj vkrs gSaA (lgh@vlR;)
(x) ekuokf/dkjksa dk laj{k.k vkSj laj{k.k ns'k dh lhek osQ vanj gh gksuk pkfg,A
(lgh@vlR;)
2. fjDr LFkku Hkfj,&
(d) ekuokf/dkj ------------------------------------- gSA (lkoZHkkSfed@ LFkkuh;)
([k) ekuokf/dkj vko';d :i ls ----------------------------------------- gSAa (fLFkj] xfr'khy] lhfer)
(x) ekuokf/dkjksa osQ varxZr ekuork osQ ------------------------------------ fl¼kar 'kkfey gSa (izkphu] eè;dkyhu]
ekSfyd)

25.3 ekuokf/dkjksa osQ fodkl dh izeq[k ?kVuk,a

oqQN izkphu jk"Vªh; pkVZjksa rFkk ;wjksi osQ lafo/kuksa esa vf/dkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk dks lfEefyr djus ls laosQr
feyrk gS fd ;g vo/kj.kk dksbZ ubZ ugha gSA
izkphu ;wjksih; pkVZj esa (eSXukdkVkZ] 1215) 1579 esa ;wVªs"V la?k (uhnjyS.M) vkSj 1689 fczfV'k
vfèkdkj fcy esa ekSfyd Lora=krkvksa dh ckr dgha xbZ gSA
18oha vkSj 19oha 'krkCnh osQ vf/dkjksa dks 'kkL=kh; vf/dkj dgk tk ldrk gS tks O;fDr dh Lora=krk
ls lacaf/r Fks rFkk ftUgsa dbZ jk"Vªh; lafo/ku esa ntZ fd;k x;k FkkA vktdy ljdkjsa jkstxkj] f'k{kk]
LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k osQ {ks=k esa vf/dkjksa dh ubZ Js.kh iznku djrh gSa vkSj bu vf/dkjksa dks lekftd
vk/kj dgk tkrk gSA

269
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns lkekftd vf/dkjksa dks igys varjkZ"Vªh; fu;ekoyh esa lfEefyr fd;k x;kA mnkgj.k osQ fy,
varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu dh LFkkiuk 1919 esa gqbZ vkSj ;g fofHkUu Je laca/h fu;eksa dk tUenkrk cukA
ekuokf/dkjksa ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ frfFk;ka
1- 1215 esa eSXukdkVkZ
2- 1776 esa vejhdh Lora=krk dk ?kks"k.kk i=k rFkk vf/dkj i=k
3- 1987 esa la;qDr jkT; vejhdk osQ lafo/ku
fVIi.kh
4- 1789 esa euq"; osQ vf/dkjksa dh izQkalhlh ?kks"k.kk
5- 1946 esa la;qDr jk"Vª dk ekuo vf/dkjksa osQ vk;ksx dk xBu
6- 1948 lkoZHkkSfed ekuokf/dkjksa dk ?kks"k.kk i=k
7- 1949 dh tsusok lfU/
8- 1950 dk ekuokf/dkjksa rFkk ekSfyd Lora=krkvksa osQ laj{k.k gsrq ;wjksih; lfU/
9- 1961 dk ;wjksih; lkekftd ?kks"k.kk i=k
10- 1966 dk vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd vf/dkjksa dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; laf/] ukxfjd ,oa
jktuhfrd vf/dkjksa dh varjkZ"Vªh; laf/] ukxfjd ,oa jktuhfrd] vf/dkjksa ls tqM+h ,sfPNd
lafèkA
11- 1993 esa ekuokf/dkjksa osQ fo'o lEesyu esa ikfjr fo;uk ?kks"k.kk i=k vkSj dkjZokbZ dk dk;ZØe
f}rh; fo'o;qn~/ osQ Hkh"k.k vR;kpkjksa dks ekuokf/dkjksa osQ ;qx dk izkjEHk djus okyk ekuk tk ldrk
gS D;ksafd buls bl fopkj ij fojke yx x;k fd ;g jkT; dk vf/dkj gS fd og vius ukxfjdksa osQ
lkFk fdl izdkj dk O;ogkj djsA
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ ?kks"k.kk i=k dh izLrkouk esa ekSfyd ekuokf/dkjksa osQ izfr fo'okl dks nksgjk;k x;k gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ pkVZj osQ vuqPNsn esa dgk x;k gS fd ekuokf/dkjksa rFkk ekSfyd Lora=krkvksa osQ izfr
tkfr] fyax] Hkk"kk vkSj /eZ osQ vk/kj ij HksnHkko fd, fcuk vknj dks izksRlkfgr ,oa c<+kuk la;qDr jk"Vª
osQ mn~ns';ksa esa ls ,d gSA
bl izdkj ekuokf/dkj varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; dh ,d U;k;laxr fpUrk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj ij gLrk{kj
djus okys ns'k ekuokf/dkjksa dks O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd :i ls izksRlkfgr djus dk nkf;Ro vius mQij
ysrs gSaA
1946 esa la;qDr jk"Vª ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx LFkkfir fd;k x;k vkSj nks o"kZ ls de vof/ esa bl vk;ksx
us ekuokf/dkjksa dk lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk i=k rS;kj dj fy;k Fkk ftls 1948 esa la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk us
Lohdkj dj fy;k FkkA
1966 dh lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd vf/dkjksa dh varjkZ"Vªh; izlafonk rFkk vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj
lkaLo`Qfr vf/dkjksa dh varjkZ"Vªh; izlafonk osQ lkFk lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd vf/dkjksa dh varjkZ"Vªh;
izlafonk osQ oSdfYid izFke vkSj f}rh; lays[k] vFkkZr ;g ikapksa feydj ekuokf/dkjksa osQ varjkZ"Vªh;
fcy dk vax gSA
vr% bu ?kks"k.kk i=kksa esa oqQN fo'ks"k Lora=krkvksa dks lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa ,d fof'k"V izfr"Bk
osQ yksx gh izkIr dj ldrs Fks vkSj ;g lcdks lfEefyr ugha djrs Fks vfirq ,d O;fDr dks gh iznku
fd, x, FksA vxyh oqQN lfn;ksa esa Lora=krk dk fopkj izfr"Bk ls tqnk gks x;k vkSj bls lkjh ekuo
tkfr osQ vf/dkj osQ :i esa ns[kk x;kA
270
 ekuokf/dkj ekWM~;wy - 5
;gh le; Fkk tc (fczfV'k mifuos'k osQ fojks/ esa ygj mBh vkSj ifj.kke Lo:i 1776 esa ogk¡ Lora=krk izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA bl Lora=krk dh ?kks"k.kk dk vk/kj lkoZHkkSfed lekurk vkSj oqQN vgLrkarj.kh;
vfèkdkjksa dk vfLrRo FkkA bu lHkh izi=kksa dks vesfjdh vf/dkj fcy esa lfEefyr fd;k x;kA tks
vefjdh lafo/ku dk Hkkx gSA varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ekU;rk izkIr ekuokf/dkj lH;rk osQ varjkZ"Vªh; ekud
cu x, gSaA f}rh; fo'o ;qn~/ osQ i'pkr varjkZ"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj owQV dks fodkl feyk gS ftlesa varjkZ"Vªh;
leqnk; dk lnL; gksus dh ;ksX;rk izkIr djus osQ fy, U;k; osQ lk>s ekudksa dh ikyuk dh uSfrd ftEesokjh
dks nksgjk;k x;k gSA lH; O;ogkj osQ ;s ekud jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; oS/rk dks ijLij tksMr+ s gSAa fVIi.kh
lkoZHkkSfed ekuokf/dkjksa dh laLo`Qfr dk izR;{k mn; uSfrd izxfr dks n'kkZrk gS vkSj ;g vk/qfud
jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd joS;s ls ekuoh; xfjek osQ fy, mRiUu gq, [krjksa dk izHkko'kkyh mÙkj gSA lRkr
fodkl osQ fy, fodkl osQ vf/dkjksa osQ ifjizs{; esa ns[kus dh izfØ;k dks leqfpr vk/kj fey jgk
gSA ^^ge lc leku ekuo gS** osQ fopkj dks vkt vf/d Loho`Qfr izkIr gS ftlesa vk/qfud Lyksxu
^^lHkh ekuokf/dkj lcosQ fy,** rFkk iwjk fo'o ,d ifjokj gS** ekU;rk ik jgs gSaA ge rks cgqr le;
ls* losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% rFkk Oklq/So oqQVqEcde~** esa fo'okl j[krs gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 25.2

1. lgh mÙkj ij (3 3) dk fu'kku yxk,¡ µ
(d) ekuokf/dkj osQ lkoZHkkSe ?kks"k.kki=k dks o"kZ 1946 esa viuk;k x;kA
(lR;@vlR;)
([k) f}rh; fo'o;qn~/ dh u`'kalrk us vk/qfud ekuokf/dkjksa osQ ;qx dks izkjEHk fd;kA
(lR;@vlR;)
(x) ekuokf/dkj Hkh ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dh rjg ykxw djus ;ksX; gSA (lR;@vlR;)
2. fjDr LFkku Hkfj,%&
(d) ekuokf/dkj vc ------------------------------------ gks x, gSaA (LFkkuh;] lkoZHkkSae] jk"Vªh;)
([k) fo'o osQ usrk ------------------------------------- esa ekuokf/dkj fo'o lEesyu osQ fy, bdV~Bs gq,A
(fo,uk] tsusok] U;w;kWdZ)
(x) 18oha&19oha lnh osQ vf/dkj ------------------------ osQ :i esa tkus tkrs FksA
(oS;fDrd] lkekftd] ikjaifjd)

25.4 Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ekuokf/dkj

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku us ekuokf/dkjksa osQ egRo dks igpkuk gS rFkk r`rh; vè;k; esa oqQN ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa
dh xkjaVh Hkh nh gSA ;s gaS% lekurk dk vf/dkj] Lora=krk dk vf/dkj] 'kks"k.k osQ fojQn~/ vf/dkj]
/kfeZd Lora=krk dk vf/dkj] lkaLd`frd ,oa 'kSf{kd vf/dkj rFkk lkaoS/kfud mipkjksa dk vf/dkjA
vuqPNsn 32 lkaoS/kfud mipkjksa ls lacan~/ gSA ftlosQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dk loksZPp U;k;ky; bu ekSfyd
vf/dkjksa dks ykxw djokus dk izkjfEHkd {ks=kkf/dkj j[krk gSA ;g fdlh Hkh O;fDr osQ ekuo vf/dkjksa
osQ guu osQ fojQ¼ lqj{kk dk vf/dkj gSA
buesa jkT; }kjk yksxksa osQ dY;k.k esa o`f¼ gsrq lkekftd O;oLFkk] lkekftd U;k;] dke dk vf/dkj]
f'k{kk dk vf/dkj vkSj lkekftd lqj{kk iznku djus dk drZO; lfEefyr gS rFkk dke djus dh
U;k;ksfpr ,oa ekuoh; fLFkfr;ksa dk izko/ku] detksj oxksaZ osQ fgrksa dks izkRs lkfgr djuk] iks"k.k ,oa thou

271
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns Lrj dks mBkuk rFkk tu LokLF; esa lq/kj djuk] i;kZoj.k ikfjfLFkfrdh rFkk oU; tho bR;kfn dh j{kk
,oa lq/kj djus osQ drZO; lfEefyr gSaA
blosQ lkFk gh izR;sd ukxfjd osQ ekSfyd drZO;ksa dks lafo/ku osQ Hkkx IV A esa vuqPNsn 51 A esa
ntZ fd;k x;k gS tks ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dh xkjaVh dks vkSj vf/d etcwr djrs gSaA ekSfyd vf/dkjksa
dks ykxw djus dh 'kfDr iznku djus okys vuqPNsn 32 osQ lkFk mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks ,slh gh 'kfDr
vuqPNsn 226 osQ varxZr iznku dh xbZ gSA mPprj U;k;ikfydk }kjk ekuokf/dkjksa dk laj{k.k ,oa mUgsa
fVIi.kh ykxw djus dk dke ,d laoS/kfud vkns'k gSA dkuwu dk 'kklu gekjs lafo/ku dh vk/kjHkwr fo'ks"krk
gS vkSj blh izdkj U;kf;d leh{kk Hkh vk/kjHkwr fo'ks"krk gSA
ekuokf/dkjksa osQ izlkj esa mPpre U;k;ky; dh Hkwfedk iz'kaluh; gS rFkk vuqPNsn 21 blosQ fy, ,d
iQynk;h vuqPNsn gSA dbZ ekeyksa esa Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;y; us dgk gS fd fofHkUu vuqPNsnksa osQ
varxZr fn, x, vf/dkjksa tSls ekuoh; xfjek dk vf/dkj] LoLFk i;kZoj.k dk vf/dkj] lkekftd
lqj{kk dk vf/dkj] cpiu dh j{kk dk vf/dkj bR;kfn osQ mYya?ku ij {kfriwfrZ (eqvkotk) nsuk gksxkA
1948 osQ ekuokf/dkjksa osQ lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk i=k dk izHkko Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ Hkkx III vkSj IV osQ
izk:i esa fujUrj vuqHko fd;k x;kA Hkkjr us ekuokf/dkjksa osQ lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kki=k rFkk vU; nksuksa
izlafonkvksa dks oqQN isQj cny osQ lkFk Lohdkj fd;kA

25.5 jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx

1993 esa ekuokf/dkj laj{k.k vf/fu;e ykxw fd;k x;k ftlesa ekuo vf/dkjksa rFkk mlls tqM+s ekeyksa
dh csgrj j{kk osQ fy, jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx rFkk jkT; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx osQ xBu dk izkoèkku
FkkA ekuokf/dkjksa dks vf/fu;e dh /kjk 2(1) (d) esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ gS fd
thou] Lora=krk vkSj O;fDr dh xfjek ls tqM+s lHkh vf/dkj ekuokf/dkj gSa ftudh lqj{kk dh xkjaVh
lafo/ku nsrk gS vFkok ;s vf/dkj varjkZ"Vªh; izlafonkvksa esa ntZ gSa vkSj Hkkjr esa U;k;ky;ksa }kjk ykxw
djus ;ksX; gSaA vk;ksx osQ dk;ksZa dh x.kuk vuqPNsn 12 esa dh xbZ gS ftlesa vk;ksx dks ,d O;kid {ks=k
crk;k x;k gS ftlesa u osQoy ekuokf/dkjksa osQ mYya?ku vFkok ykijokgh osQ ekeyksa dh iwNrkN vkSj
tkap djuk gh lfEefyr gS vfirq ekuokf/dkj laLo`Qfr dks c<+kok nsuk rFkk ekuokf/dkjksa osQ izksRlkgu
osQ fy, vko';d dk;Z djus dk {ks=k Hkh lfEefyr gSA
1993 esa vius xBu osQ lkFk gh jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx loksZPp U;k;ky; dh iwjd laLFkk osQ :i
esa viuk dk;Z dj jgk gS rFkk fdlh fLFkfr vFkok fdlh laLFkku osQ fØ;k&dykiksa ij uT+kj j[kus dk
dke vius LoHkkoxr <ax ls csgrj rjhosQ ls dj jgk gSA bu laLFkkuksa dh ijLij fuHkZjrk us ns'k esa
ekuokf/dkjksa osQ laj{k.k dh izfØ;k esa dkiQh lq/kj fd;k gS tks fd izkFkfed :i ls jkT; dk nkf;Ro
gSA
loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk ekSfyd vf/dkjks&fo'ks"k :i ls vuqPNsn 14 osQ varxZr lekurk dk vf/dkj
rFkk vuqPNsn 21 osQ varxZr thou dk vf/dkj dh O;k[;k ls Hkkjr esa ekuokf/dkjksa osQ vFkZ ,oa {ks=k
dks foLrkj feyk gSA jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx us vuqPNsn 12 esa ntZ vius dk;ks]aZ fo'ks"k :i ls 'kklu
pykus okyh laLFkkvksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dh tkap djus ls lacaf/r viuh 'kfDr dh ekuokf/dkjh dh
lqj{kk rFkk muosQ mYya?ku dks jksoQus dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, O;k[;k Hkh dh gSA jk"Vªh; ekuokfèkdkj
vk;ksx 'kklu dh xq.koÙkk dks lq/kjus gsrq viuh Hkwfedk dks bl n`<+ fo'okl osQ lkFk mRizsjd osQ :i
esa ns[krk gS fd lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj lq'kklu rFkk osQoy dkuwu dk 'kklu gh ekuokf/dkjksa osQ laj{k.k
osQ fy, izHkko'kkyh lk/u gks ldrk gSA nksuksa osQ chp laca/ lh/k vkSj Li"V gSA

272
 ekuokf/dkj ekWM~;wy - 5
ekuokf/dkjksa osQ laj{k.k esa jkT; osQ nkf;Ro dh izo`Qfr ,oa {ks=k osQ fo"k; esa jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
us gky gh esa gq, xqtjkr dh lkEiznkf;d xM+cM+h osQ ekeys esa laosQr fd;k gSA
vk;ksx dh fVIi.kh Fkh%
;g jkT; dk izkFkfed vkSj vfuok;Z nkf;Ro gS fd og vius lHkh yksxksa osQ thou] Lora=krk vkSj xfjek
osQ vf/dkj dh j{kk djsA jkT; dh ;g Hkh ftEesokjh gS fd og lqfuf'pr djs fd ,sls vf/dkjksa dk
mYya?ku tkucw> dj] vFkok ykijokgha ls u gksus ik,A ekuokf/dkjksa dh U;k;ksfprrk dk ;g Li"V vkSj
mHkjrk gqvk fl¼kar gS fd jkT; u osQoy vius fy, dke djus okys yksxksa osQ o`QR;ksa osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h fVIi.kh
gS vfirq jkT; mu lc yksxksa osQ o`QR;ksa osQ fy, Hkh mÙkjnk;h gS tks mlosQ vf/dkj {ks=k esa jgrs gSaA
jkT; ml fuf"Ø;rk osQ fy, Hkh mÙkjnk;h gS tks ekuokf/dkjksa osQ mYya?ku dks lqfo/ktud cukrh gSA
jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx us ljdkjh ra=k rFkk vkradoknh lewgksa }kjk fd, ekuokf/dkj mYya?ku osQ
vusd ekeyksa dh tkap dh gSA ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx fdlh ekeys dh f'kdk;r dh tkap osQ nkSjku osQanz
ljdkj ls vFkok fdlh Hkh jkT; ljdkj ls lwpuk,a vFkok fjiksVZ vFkok fdlh vf/dkjh] izkf/dj.k]
lgk;d (v/huLFk) ls ,d fuf'pr le; esa ekax dj ldrk gSA tkap osQ ckn ;fn vk;ksx bl urhts
ij igqaprk gS fd vf/dkjksa dk guu gqvk gS] rks og fuEufyf[kr dne mBk ldrk gS%
1. ;fn tkap ls irk pyrk gS fd fdlh yksd lsod n~okjk ekuokf/dkjksa dk mYy?kau fd;k x;k
vFkok vuns[kh dh xbZ gS rks mlosQ fojQn~/ jkT; ljdkj ls dkjZokbZ djus vFkok vfHk;kstu
(bLrxklk) dh vuq'kalk dj ldrk gSA
2. mPpre U;k;ky; ;k mPp U;k;ky; ls fn'kk&funsZ'k gsrq lEioZQ dj ldrk gSA
3. ihfM+r lnL; ;k mlosQ ifjokj dks varfje jkgr iznku djus osQ fy, ljdkj rFkk izkf/dj.k ls
fliQkfj'k dj ldrk gSA
;fn ekuokf/dkj osQ ikl l'kL=k cy osQ fdlh lnL; n~okjk ekuokf/dkj osQ mYy?kau dk ekeyk vkrk
gS] rks blosQ fuiVkjs dk rjhdk oqQN vyx gksrk gSA blosQ fy, osQna z ljdkj ls fjiksVZ izkIr dh tk ldrh
gS vkSj ml ij og viuh laLrqfr;ka iznku dj ldrk gSA vk;ksx us 22 ekpZ 2000 dh ?kVuk dks è;ku
esa fy;k ftlesa vuarukx ftys osQ ,d xkao esa flD[k leqnk; osQ 35 lnL;ksa dks l'kL=k mxzokfn;ksa }kjk
ekj fxjk;k x;k Fkk vkSj bl lekpkj dks lHkh izeq[k lekpkj i=kksa us izdkf'kr fd;k FkkA ekjs x, lHkh
yksxksa dh vk;q 16&55 o"kZ osQ eè; FkhA ;g ?kVuk 21 ekpZ] 2000 dh jkf=k esa ?kVh FkhA ckn esa lHkh
'koksa dks ns[kdj ,d efgyk dh Hkh e`R;q gks xbZ FkhA bl ?kVuk esa de ls de nks ifjokjksa osQ lHkh
iqjQ"k lnL; ekjs x, FksA ;g ?kVuk ml le; gqbZ Fkh tc ek=k oqQN gh ?kaVks ckn la;qDr jkT; osQ jk"Vªifr
Hkkjr osQ nkSjs ij igqapus okys FksA vk;ksx us bls laKku esa fy;k vkSj mlus eq[; lfpo vkSj tEew o
d'ehj osQ iqfyl egkfuns'kd dks uksfVl Hkstk Fkk ,oa lkFk gh lfpo x`gea=kky; (Hkkjr ljdkj) dks
foLr`r fjiksVZ nsus dh ckr dgh FkhA
nwljh ?kVuk 15 vizSy 1996 dh gSA blesa iqfyl dfeZ;ksa n~okjk 6 uDlyokfn;ksa dh MkYVuxat (fcgkj)
osQ eqjeMkx xkao esa gR;k dj nh xbZ FkhA n ihiy ;qfu;u iQkWj flfoy fycVhZt (ih;wlh,y) us iyke~
tkdj bl ekeys dh Nkuchu dh vkSj ik;k fd ,d fookn dks fuiVkus osQ fy, ,d l'kL=k ny xkao
esa vk;k FkkA lwpuk ikdj iqfyl ekSosQ ij igqaph vkSj blus pkjksa vksj ls ?ksj fy;kA canwd/kfj;ksa us iqfyl
osQ lkeus vkRe leiZ.k dj fn;kA blosQ ckn iqfyl us mUgsa vyx&vyx fn'kkvksa esa [kM+k djosQ xksyh
ekj nhA ih;wlh,y dks ;g Hkh irk pyk fd iqfyl dk ;g vkjksi Fkk fd bu uDlyokfn;ksa us ce
vkSj vkXus; vL=kksa ls iqfyl ij geyk fd;kA bl ij tokch xksykckjh esa os Ng uDlyoknh ekjs x,A
tks fd ,d >wBh dgkuh FkhA os uDlyoknh lknh onhZ esa vk, Fks] fdarq iksLVekVZe fjiksVZ osQ ckn mUgsa
[kkdh oL=k iguk fn, x, Fks] ftlesa u dksbZ Nsn Fks vkSj u gh dksbZ xksfy;kas osQ fu'kku FksA muosQ 'ko

273
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns isQd
a fn, x, Fks] fdarq yksxksa osQ fojks/ osQ dkj.k iqfyl xkM+h esa mudk 'ko ys tkdj mudk nkg&laLdkj
fd;k x;kA iqfyl osQ lkFk&lkFk lacfa /r Fkkus dh iqfyl Hkh bl dkjZokbZ esa 'kkfey FkhA vk;ksx us ekeys
dh fu"i{k tkap osQ fy, osQl lhvkbZMh dks lkSaius dh laLrqfr dhA blosQ fy, pkj ekg dk le; fn;k
x;kA vk;ksx us Hkh fo'okl O;Dr fd;k fd nks"k fln~/ gksus ij jkT; n~okjk jkgr iznku dh tk,xhA
vk;ksx us 27 tuojh] 1999 dks bafM;u ,Dlizl s esa Nih bl ?kVuk dks laKku esa fy;k Fkk ftldk 'kh"kZd
Fkk% fcgkj% iqjkuh dgkuh u, vijk/h vkSj mPp tkfr dh j.kchj lsuk us tgkukckn esa 21 nfyrksa dks
ekSr osQ ?kkV lqyk;kA ^^[kcj osQ vuqlkj] vxM+h tkfr;ksa dh j.kohj lsuk] tks vR;k/qfud 'kL=kksa ls ySl
fVIi.kh Fkh] us 21 yksxksa dks ekj fxjk;k ftuesa 5 efgyk,a vkSj 6 cPps FksA ;g ?kVuk 25 tuojh] 1999 dh
gSA ;g ?kVuk tgkukckn ftys osQ esgafn;k Fkkus osQ varxZr :[k lkxj fo|k xkao dh gSA ihfM+rksa esa 7
nfyr Fks ,oa 'ks"k fiNM+h tkfr;ksa osQ FksA v[kckj esa Nih [kcj dks laKku esa ysrs gq, vk;ksx us vijkfèk;ksa
dh /j idM+ djus dks dgk] rkfd ogka ,slh ?kVuk dh iqujko`fRr u gks losQA vk;ksx us jkT; ljdkj
dks ;g Hkh funsZ'k fn;k fd og ihfM+rksa dh lgk;rk djs rFkk ?kk;y ,oa HkqDrHkksxh ifjokjksa dks lqj{kk
iznku djsA
jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx fdlh lkekU; U;k;ky; dh rjg u rks dksbZ iQSlyk lqukrk gS vkSj u gh
U;k;ky; osQ iSQlys dh Hkkafr bldh laLrqfr;ka ekuus dks ckè; gksuk iM+rk gSA vk;ksx dh laLrqfr;ka turk
esa [kwc izpkfjr gksrh gSa vkSj lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd :i esa viuk fof'k"V izHkko NksM+rh gSA vk;ksx
dk VkMk osQ fojQn~/ NsM+k x;k vfHk;ku ,d mYys[kuh; dne gSA ;g ,d vLFkk;h dkuwu gS] tks 23
ebZ 1995 dks lekIr gks x;kA VkMk osQ lekIr gksus ij ljdkj n~okjk fdlh oSdfYid dkuwu dks lnu
esa ikfjr ugha fd;k x;kA

25.6 xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk (NGOs)

ekuokf/dkjksa dk izHkko fdlh jk"Vª dh laizHkqrk dh vo/kj.kkvksa esa ,d cnyko yk;k gSA orZeku esa
dksbZ Hkh ns'k vius ukxfjdksa dks ?kjsyw ljksdkjksa ls ijs'kku ugha dj ldrkA uohu vo/kj.kkvksa ls eqDr
ekuokf/dkjksa osQ Hkwe.Myhdj.k us fo'o dks ,d Hkw.Myh; xkao cuk fn;k gSA blosQ ifj.kke Lo:i
ekuokf/dkj osQ ekeys vc oSf'od ljksdkjksa ls tqM+ x, gSaA LoSfPNd laLFkk, ftUgsa xSj ljdkjh laLFkk,a
Hkh dgk tkrk gS] dks fo'oO;kih leFkZu izkIr gS vkSj ;s iwjs fo'o osQ izR;sd lekt esa ekuokf/dkjksa
dks leFkZu ,oa izksRlkgu ns jgs gSaA
,eusLVh baVjus'kuy vkSj g~;weu jkbV~l okp ,oa ihiqYl ;wfu;u iQkWj flfoy fycVhZt tSlh xSj ljdkjh
laLFkkvksa osQ n~okjk varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fd, x, dk;Z tSls& iwoZ ;qxksLykfo;k (dkslksoks] cksfLu;k vkfn)]
jaokaMk iwohZ freksj] fl,jkfy;ksu] lwMku vkSj Hkkjr esa xqtjkr ,oa ,sls vusd mnkgj.k gS] tgka mi;qZDr
laLFkkvksa us mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd, gSaA bu laLFkkvksa osQ fØ;kdykiksa osQ chp 1946 esa la;qDr jk"Vª dh
egklHkk }kjk LFkkfir ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx rkyesy djrk gSA xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa osQ mi;qZDr
fØ;kdykiksa osQ ifj.kkeLOk:i vc jkT;ksa osQ fy, oS/kfud laLFkkvksa tSls ekuokf/dkj lfefr] cky
lfefr] efgyk lfefr] tkfr lfefr] HksnHkko gVkus dh lfefr vkfn) osQ lkeus viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr
djuk vko';d gks x;k gSA
yXkHkx vk/h 'krkCnh iwoZ ;g vuqHko djuk lksp ls ijs Fkk fd izHkqrklaiUu jk"Vª viuh vkrafjd fjiksVZ
dks fdlh varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk osQ lkeus j[kdj ;g crk, fd mlus vius ukxfjdksa osQ lkFk dSlk O;ogkj
fd;k gS] vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk osQ lnL; mlosQ O;ogkj ij ppkZ djsaA fdarq vkt ekuokf/dkjksa dh
voèkkj.kk dh 'kfDr dk ;g :i gekjs le{k mifLFkr gSA ekuokf/dkjksa osQ laj{k.k ,oa lao/Zu osQ fy,
xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk fufoZokn gSA mldk izHkko Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ekuokf/dkjksa osQ ewy
,tsfUl;ksa osQ lkFk ljdkjh ;k xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa osQ tqM+us ls Hkkjr esa ekuokf/dkj vkanksyu dkiQh
lfØ; gSA ekuokf/dkjksa osQ laj{k.k osQ jkLrs esa xjhch lcls cM+h ck/k gSA

274
 ekuokf/dkj ekWM~;wy - 5
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns
vkius D;k lh[kk
z ekuokf/dkjksa osQ varxZr O;kogkfjd :i ls ekuo vfLrRo osQ izR;sd i{k oQks lfEefyr fd;k
tkrk gS] tks izR;sd euq"; dks ekuo ifjokj dk leku lnL; cukrk gSA
z ekuokf/dkjksa dk lkj ekuo xfjek gSA O;fDr dh xfjek dk {ks=k vkSj bl i{k dk O;kid lkj
gh ekuokf/dkjksa osQ lgh {ks=k dks O;k[;kf;r dj ldrk gSA
fVIi.kh
z Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh izLrkouk esa bldh ewy Hkkouk dh O;k[;k dh xbZ gS vkSj ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa
osQ vè;k; esa ^O;fDr dh xfjek* vkSj ^ns'k dh ,drk ,oa v[kaMrk* dks of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA
;s ekuokf/dkj osQ lkekftd vkSj oS;fDrd i{k dk izfrfuf/Ro djrs gSaA
z jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx izR;sd O;fDr osQ ewy ekuokf/dkjksa dh j{kk djrk gSA ;g Hkkjr esa
ekuokf/dkjksa osQ mYya?ku ls tqM+h f'kdk;rksa dh tkap iM+rky djrk gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1. ekuokf/dkjksa dk oxhZdj.k fdl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS\
2. ekuokf/dkjksa dh Ng ewy fo'ks"krk,a dkSu&lh gSa\
3. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ekuokf/dkjksa osQ egRo ij ppkZ djsaA
4. fVIi.kh fyf[k,& (d) ekuokf/dkjksa dk lkoZHkkSehdj.k ([k) Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj
vk;ksx dh Hkwfedk (x) ekuokf/dkjksa osQ laj{k.k vkSj lao/Zu esa xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dh
HkwfedkA

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

25.1
1. (d)lR;
([k)lR;
(x) vlR;
2. (d)lkoZHkkSfed
([k)xfr'khy
(x) ekSfyd
25.2
1. (d)vlR;
([k)lR;
(x) vlR;
2. (d)lkoZHkkSe
([k)fo,uk
(x) 'kkL=kh;
275
 ekWM~;wy - 5 jktuhfr foKku
izeq[k ledkyhu eqn~ns ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 25.1 nsa[ksa
2. [k.M 25.2 nsa[ksa
3. [k.M 25.4 nsa[ksa
4. [k.M (d) 25.3 ([k) 25.5 (x) 25.6
fVIi.kh

fd'kks
Let us jksa osQ eqnover
ponder ~nksa ijadolescence
vkb, fopkj djsissues
a
DO PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) HAVE SPECIAL RIGHTS?
D;k ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l (ih,yMCyw,p,) ls ihfM+r yksxksa dks fo'ks"k
vf/dkjLIVING
PEOPLE izkIr gSWITH
\ HIV/AIDS HAVE A RIGHT TO LIVE WITH DIGNITY.
IT IS THEIR RIGHT TO DECIDE WHETHER OR NOT TO DISCLOSE THEIR HIV
,pvkbZoh@,M~l ls ihfM+r yksxksa dks lEekutud thou thus dk vf/dkj gSA
STATUS.
;g mudk vf/dkj gS fd viuh ,M~l osQ fo"k; esa yksxksa dks crk;sa ;k ughaA
ALL
vU;CITIZEN
ukxfjdksa ENJOY
dh HkkafrCERTAIN
lafo/ku esFUNDAMENTAL
a fufgr ekSfyd vf/dkj bUgsa Hkh HksnHkko
RIGHTS GUARANTEED
UNDER THE CONSTITUTION THAT PROTECT THEM AGAINST ALL KINDS OF
ls cpkrs gSaA ,pvkbZ
DISCRIMINATION . PoEOPLE
h@,M~l lsLIVING
ihfM+r WITH
vkSj vU; yksxksa osQ HAVE
HIV/AIDS leku vf/dkj
THE SAME gSaA
mUgsa HkhASf'k{kk]
RIGHTS NON-jksINFECTED
txkj] LokLF;] ;k=kk]
PEOPLE . fookg
THEY ,oa xksiHAVE
ALSO uh;rk THE
dk vf/dkj
RIGHT TO gSA
EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT , HEALTH CARE, TRAVEL, MARRIAGE, PRIVACY,

276
 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr ekWM~;wy - 6
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o

26
Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr fVIi.kh

izR;sd laizHkq ns'k dh ,d fons'k uhfr gksrh gSA Hkkjr dh Hkh viuh ,d fons'k uhfr gSA fons'k uhfr
osQ varxZr oqQN fl¼kar] fgr vkSj os lHkh mn~ns'; vkrs gSa ftUgsa fdlh nwljs jk"Vª ls laidZ osQ le;
c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA ;|fi fons'k uhfr osQ oqQN ewy xq.k gSa] ijarq fiQj Hkh ;g ,d LFkk;h ifjdYiuk
ugha gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; gkykrksa esa cnyko osQ lkFk&lkFk fons'k uhfr Hkh cnyrh jgrh gSA Hkkjr dh fons'k
uhfr dks ,sfrgkfld] lkaLd`frd] HkkSxksfyd vkSj vkfFkZd ?kVdksa us vkdkj fn;k gSA gekjs izFke izèkkuea=kh
tokgj yky usg: us ns'k dh fons'k uhfr dks ,d fuf'pr :i iznku fd;kA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ vkèkkjHkwr fl¼kar tku losaQxs_
z xqV fujis{krk dk vFkZ vkSj egRo tku losaQxs_
z 'khr ;q¼ dky ls igys xqV fujis{krk dh izklafxdrk tku losaQxs_
z 'khr ;q¼ dky osQ ckn Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dh izeq[k fpUrk,a tku losaQxs_
z la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk 'kkafr ,oa fu%'kL=khdj.k dh fn'kk esa fd, tk jgs iz;kl esa Hkkjr dk ;ksxnku tku
losaQxs_ rFkk
z 'kkafr dh fn'kk esa la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk pyk, tk jgs vfHk;ku esa Hkkjr dk ;ksxnku vkSj lqj{kk ifj"kn
esa LFkk;h lhV dh lEHkkouk osQ ckjs esa tku losaQxsA

26.1 fons'k uhfr osQ ewy mn~ns'; vkSj fl¼kar

jk"Vªh; fgrksa dk è;ku] fo'o'kkafr dh izkfIr] fu%'kL=khdj.k] vizQhdh&,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh Lora=krk vkfn
Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ eq[; mn~ns'; jgs gSaA bu mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ oqQN fl¼karkas osQ ekè;e ls dh
tkrh gS tSls fd iap'khy] xqV fujis{krk] vkSifuosf'kd fojksèk] lkezkT;okn fojksèk] jaxHksn fojksèk dh
uhfr;ksa lfgr la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dks etcwr djukA bu fl¼karksa dk foLr`r o.kZu djuk ;gk¡ ij mi;qDr
gksxkA
277
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfrd foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o 26.1.1 iap'khy
usg: fo'o 'kkafr osQ i{kèkj FksA mUgksaus fodkl osQ fy, 'kkafr vkSj ekuotkfr osQ vfLrRo osQ chp dh
dM+h dks le>kA os nks fo'o ;q¼ksa osQ dkj.k gq, fouk'k dks ns[k pqosQ Fks vkSj tkurs Fks fd ,d ns'k
dh izxfr osQ fy, nh?kZ 'kkafr dky dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fcuk 'kkafr osQ fodkl lacaèkh lkekftd
vkSj vkfFkZd izkFkfedrk,a ihNs èkosQy nh tkrh gSaA ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa osQ mRiknu osQ dkj.k usg: dk 'kkafr
osQ n'kZu ij fo'okl vkSj vfèkd c<+ x;kA blfy, mUgksaus vius uhfr fuèkkZj.k esa fo'o 'kkafr dks lcls
fVIi.kh vfèkd egRo fn;kA Hkkjr dh lHkh ns'kksa osQ lkFk fo'ks"k :i ls cM+s vkSj iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ lkFk 'kkafriw.kZ
vkSj eS=khiw.kZ lacaèkksa dh bPNk jgh gSA 28 vizSy 1954 dks phu osQ lkFk ,d le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj djrs
le; Hkkjr us vkilh lacaèkksa osQ fy, iap'khy osQ fl¼karksa dh ikyuk dh odkyr dhA
z ,d&nwljs dh {ks=kh; v[k.Mrk vkSj laizHkqrk dk lEeku djukA
z ijLij vukØe.k
z ,d&nwljs osQ vkarfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi u djukA
z lekurk vkSj ikjLifjd fgrA
z 'kkafriw.kZ lg&vfLrRoA
iap'khy le>kSrk iM+kslh jk"Vªksa osQ lkFk 'kkafriw.kZ lg&vfLrRo osQ fl¼karkas dk lcls vPNk fu:i.k gSA
;g Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dk egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA

26.1.2 xqV fujis{krk

xqVfujis{krk dks Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ ifjek.kLo:i
xqVfujis{krk dk mn~n's ; vesfjdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k }kjk cuk, x, fdlh Hkh lSU; xqV esa 'kkfey u gksdj
fons'kh ekeyksa esa jk"Vªh; Lora=krk dks dk;e j[kuk FkkA xqV fujis{krk u rks mnklhurk Fkh u gh rVLFk
gksuk vkSj u gh Lo;a dks i`Fkd j[kuk FkkA ;g ,d 'kfDr'kkyh ifjdYiuk Fkh ftlesa fdlh Hkh lSU;
xqV ls dksbZ opuc¼rk ugha Fkh vfirq ;g izR;sd varjkZ"Vªh; eqn~ns ij mlosQ xq.k nks"k osQ vkèkkj ij
Lora=k jk; j[kuk FkkA xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr dks fodkl'khy ns'kksa us leFkZu fn;k D;ksafd blls bu ns'kksa
dks viuh laizHkqrk dh j{kk djus dk volj feyk vkSj 'khr ;q¼ osQ nkSjku viuh xfrfofèk;ksa dks
lapkfyr djus dh Lora=krk FkhA xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dks etcwr cukus esa Hkkjr us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkk;hA bl ifjdYiuk dk fodkl èkhjs&èkhjs gqvkA 1947 esa ubZ fnYyh esa ,sf'k;kbZ lacaèkksa osQ lEesyu
dks cqykdj usg: us bldh igy dhA blosQ ckn 1955 esa ,f'k;k vkSj vizQhdk osQ 29 ns'kksa dk lEesyu
ckaMxaq (baMkusf'k;k) esa gqvkA ;g vius izdkj dk igyk lEesyu Fkk ftlus 'kkafr] mifuos'kokn ls eqfDr]
lkaLd`frd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd lg;ksx dh fn'kk esa lkFk&lkFk dk;Z djus dh 'kiFk yhA 1961 esa
csyxzsM esa igyk xqV fujis{k lEesyu gqvk ftlus 'khr ;qn~èk dh xqVh; jktuhfr dk fodYi izLrqr fd;k
rFkk uo Lora=k ns'kksa dks vius Lora=k vkSj laizHkq vfèkdkjksa osQ iz;ksx dk lkgl fn;kA ;g vkUnksyu
'khr;q¼ osQ lanHkZ esa ,d fodYi Fkk ftlls uo Lora=k ns'kksa dks viuh Lora=krk ,oa laizHkq vf/dkjksa
osQ iz;ksx djus dk volj feykA
vesfjdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ chp rhoz izfr}af}rk gh 'khr ;qn~èk Fkk ftlesa vkeus&lkeus ;q¼ yM+s fcuk
os nksuksa vizQhdk] ,f'k;k vkSj ySfVu vesfjdk osQ ns'kksa dks vkdf"kZr djus esa yxs FksA ;g f}rh; fo'o
;q¼ osQ rqjar ckn izkjEHk gqvk vkSj iSrkyhl o"kksZ rd pyrk jgkA ;s nksuksa jk"Vª nks foijhr èkqzo cu x,

278
 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr ekWM~;wy - 6
vkSj iwoZ rFkk if'pe osQ uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA fo'o dh jktuhfr bu nksuksa èkzqoksa osQ pkjksa rjiQ ?kwerh Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
FkhA bl izdkj fo'o f}èkzqoh; cu x;kA
xqV fujis{kksa esa] usg: us ;qxksLykfo;k osQ jk"Vªifr VhVks vkSj felz osQ uklj ls fo'ks"k lacaèkksa dk fodkl
fd;kA bUgha rhuksa dks xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA xqV fujis{k vkanksyu uo Lora=k jk"Vªksa
dk og lewg Fkk ftlus vius iwoZ mifuos'kh Lokfe;ksa dh rkuk'kkgh dks vLohdkj dj fn;k vkSj
varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa esa vius foosd osQ vuqlkj fu.kZ; ysus dk fu'p; fd;kA xqV fujis{k vkanksyu LoHkko
ls lkezkT;okn dk fojksèkh gSA xqV fujis{krk dk eq[; f'kYih gksus vkSj xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu dk vxz.kh fVIi.kh
lnL; gksus osQ dkj.k Hkkjr us blosQ fodkl esa ,d lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
xqV fujis{k vkanksyu lHkh lnL; jk"Vªksa dks muosQ vkdkj vkSj egRo osQ vkèkkj osQ fcuk gh mUgsa fo'o
jktuhfr vkSj fo'o lacaèkh fu.kZ; ysus osQ volj iznku djrk gSA Hkkjr us 1983 esa ubZ fnYyh esa lkrosa
xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dh cSBd dh estckuh dhA Hkkjr us vk'kk trk;h fd ;g vkanksyu fodkl]
fu%'kL=khdj.k vkSj fiQfyLrhu osQ iz'u ij dke djsxkA
;g vkanksyu pwafd 'khr;q¼ vkSj f}èkzqoh; fo'o dk ifj.kke Fkk] vr% cgqr&ls fo}ku 'khr;q¼ vkSj
lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ ckn bldh izklaxfdrk ij iz'u fpg~u yxkrs gSaA ;|fi orZeku ifjizs{; esa
bl vkanksyu dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA igyh ;g fd lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ i'pkr fo'o dks ,d
èkzqoh; fo'o ls [krjk gSA ;g vkanksyu vejhdk osQ izHkqRo ij vaoqQ'k yxkus dk dke dj ldrk gSA
nwljs fodflr (mÙkj) vkSj fodkl'khy (nf{k.kh) nqfu;k vkfFkZd ekeyksa esa c¡Vh gqbZ gSA ;g vkanksyu
rhljs fo'o osQ ns'kksa dks muosQ fopkj O;Dr djus dk ,d lgh eap gSA blosQ vfrfjDr ;g vkanksyu
nf{k.k&nf{k.k osQ chp lg;ksx dk ,d l'kDr lkèku gSA vr% ;fn rhljs fo'o osQ jk"Vª fodflr ns'kksa
dh rqyuk esa viuh izR;k'kk c<+kuk pkgrs gSa rks ;g vkanksyu vfr vko';d gSA 'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ ckn
Hkh Hkkjr bl vkanksyu esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ys jgk gSA var esa bl vkanksyu osQ varxZr vkus okys
fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks 21oha Lknh dh vko';drkuqlkj la;qDr jk"Vª esa ifjorZu osQ fy, la?k"kZ'khy gksuk
iM+xs kA
26.1.3 lkezkT;okn] jaxHksn rFkk mifuos'kokn fojksèkh
Hkkjr us lnSo mifuos'kokn vkSj jaxHksn dk fojksèk fd;k gSA tc dHkh dksbZ vU;k; gqvk rks Hkkjr us
viuh vkokt mBkbZ gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, 1947 esa Mp mifuos'kokn osQ fo#¼ bUMksusf'k;k dh jk"Vªh;
rkdrksa dh yM+kbZ] nf{k.k vizQhdk }kjk ukehfc;k ij voSèk dCtk rFkk nf{k.k vizQhdk dh cnuke jaxHksn
uhfr dk Hkkjr us fojksèk fd;k rFkk lkE;oknh phu dks la;qDr jk"Vª dk lnL; cuokus dk leFkZu fd;kA
26.1.4 la;qDr jk"Vª dk l'kDrhdj.k
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dks Hkkjr us lnSo gh fo'o jktuhfr esa 'kkafr vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ ifjorZu dk ,d lk/u
ekuk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr Hkkjr us la;Dq r jk"Vª la?k ls ;gh vk'kk trk;h gS fd og okrkZvksa vkSj izR;k'kkvksa
}kjk Hksnksa dks de djus osQ fy, ns'kksa dks lfEefyr djus esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk,A Hkkjr us r`rh; fo'o
osQ ns'kksa osQ fodkl esa la;qDr jk"Vª dh lfØ; Hkwfedk dh odkyr dh gSA Hkkjr dk fo'okl gS fd
xqVfujis{k ns'kksa dh la[;k cgqr vfèkd gksus osQ dkj.k os la;qDr jk"Vª esa ,d lkFkZd vkSj jpukRed
Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSa ftlls fd egk'kfDr;ksa osQ mQij lalkj dks viuh bPNkuqlkj vkdkj nsus ij vad'q k
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA 1950 osQ izkjEHk esa gh Hkkjr us fu%'kL=khdj.k oQks fodkl osQ o`gn~ y{; ls tqM+k
gqvk ekuk FkkA

279
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfrd foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o la;qDr jk"Vª us mifuos'kokn dks lekIr djus osQ ekè;e ls fo'o 'kkafr cuk, j[kus esa] ekuoh; vkSj
fodklkRed lg;ksx nsdj eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA mifuos'kokn dks lekIr djus dh izfØ;k }kjk
ekuork vkSj mlosQ fodkl esa lgk;d cudj vkSj 'kkafr osQ }kjk la;qDr jk"Vª us fo'o 'kkafr dk;e j[kus
esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA mifuos'k osQ var dk vFkZ gS fd mifuos'kh 'kklu ls Lora=kk izkfIrA f}rh;
fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn vizQhdk vkSj ,f'k;k osQ dbZ jk"Vª Lora=k gks x,A

fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 26.1
1. fjDr LFkku Hkfj, µ

(d) Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ eq[; f'kYih -------------------------------------- gSaA

([k) vizQhdh ,f'k;kbZ lEesyu 1955 esa ----------------------------------- esa gqvkA
(x) izFke xqVfujis{k vkanksyu lEesyu ------------------------------- esa lu ------------------- esa gqvkA
(?k) iap'khy le>kSrk ----------------------- vkSj -------------- osQ chp gqvk FkkA
(Ä) Hkkjr us xqV fujis{k vkanksyu lEesyu dh estckuh ---------------------------- esa dh FkhA
9) yxk,a%
2. lgh mÙkj ij (9

(d) xqV&fujis{krk vkSj mnklhurk ,d gh gSaA (lR;@vlR;)

([k) Hkkjr us nf{k.k vizQhdh ljdkj dh jaxHksn uhfr dk fojksèk fd;kA (lR;@vlR;)
(x) usg: us VhVks vkSj uklj osQ lkFk feydj xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dks izkjEHk djus esa eq[; Hkwfedk
fuHkkbZA (lR;@vlR;)

26.2 'khr;q¼ dky osQ ckn Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ izeq[k eqn~ns
1989 esa 'khr ;q¼ osQ var osQ ckn varjkZ"Vªh; ifjizs{; esa egRoiw.kZ cnyko vk, vkSj bl izdkj
fodk'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, uhfr lacaèkh ubZ leL;k,a vkbZaA ;g ubZ fLFkfr ,d cM+h vfuf'prrk vkSj
tfVyrk dk ifj.kke gSA
Hkkjr osQ fy, lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu ls dbZ vfuf'prrk,a mRiUu gqb± tSls fd ;q¼ lkexzh dh
vkiwfrZ] Lis;j ikV~lZ dh vkiwfrZ] la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ vanj vkSj ckgj d'ehj vkSj vU; jktuSfrd
ekeyksa esa jktuf;d leFkZu vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vesfjdk dk fojksèk i{kA fiNys Ms<+ n'kd esa
varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ cnyko gq, gSaA 'khr ;q¼ dk var gks pqdk gS] fo'o ,d èkzqoh;
cu x;k gSA dbZ jk"Vª fo?kfVr gks pqds gSa] 'khr ;q¼ lSU; xqVksa us viuh egÙkk [kks nh gS] bl izdkj
osQ dqN xqV Hkax gks pqosQ gSa] vkSj u;s {ks=kh; vkfFkZd xqV cu jgs gSaA oS'ohdj.k us ubZ leL;kvksa
dks tUe fn;k gS tSls fd vkradokn] eqnzk LiQhfr] ;q¼ 'kL=kksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼] Xykscy okfeZax
vkfnA ;s lHkh leL;k,as fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k dh ugha gSa cfYd lHkh ns'kksa dks fdlh u fdlh lhek
rd izHkkfor djrh gSaA blosQ dkj.k os ns'k tks vHkh rd leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa lg;ksx nsus
dks rS;kj ugha Fks vkSj LoHkko ls ,d gh izo`Qfr osQ Fks] os Hkh lg;ksx osQ fy, ckè; gks x,A bl
ifjofrZr varjkZ"Vªh; ifjizs{; esa la;qDr osQ fy, ;g vko';d gks x;k gS fd og bu pqukSfr;ksa dk

280
 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr ekWM~;wy - 6
izHkkodkjh mÙkj nsus osQ fy, Lo;a dks ifjofrZr djsaA Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
gekjh fons'k uhfr osQ fy, d'ehj esa vkradokn lcls cM+h pqukSrh gSA ikfdLrku vkSj if'peh ns'kksa
us Hkkjr ij ekuokfèkdkjksa osQ guu vkSj vkRe fu.kZ; osQ vfèkdkjksa dh vuns[kh djus dk vkjski yxk;k
gSA ijarq èkhjs&èkhjs Hkkjr bl fLFkfr dks fu;a=k.k esa yk jgk gSA
d'ehj fookn osQ dkj.k Hkkjr&ikd lacaèk rsth ls fcxM+s gSaA Hkkjr us ikfdLrku dks lhekikj vkradokn
vkSj ns'k osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa vkradokn iSQykus dk ftEesnkj Bgjk;k gSA 1998 esa Hkkjr us ijek.kq ijh{k.k
fd, vkSj mlosQ ckn ikfdLrku us Hkh ,sls ijh{k.k fd,A ikfdLrku us lansgkLin :i ls dkjfxy esa fVIi.kh
vius lSfudksa dks Hkstdj d'ehj ?kkVh dks Hkkjr ls vyx djus dk ,d vkSj vfu"V dk;Z fd;kA Hkkjr
us bl pqukSrh dk n`<+rkiwoZd lkeuk fd;kA vc ikfdLrku dks ldkjkRed vkSj lkjxfHkZr okrkZ }kjk
le>kuk Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ fy, ,d vge pqukSrh gS] D;ksafd blosQ ihNs mls vejhdk dh 'kg
izkIr gSA
d'ehj osQ vfrfjDr vU; fgLlksa esa Hkh vkradokn dks jksduk Hkh gekjh fons'k uhfr osQ fy, ,d volj
vkSj pqukSrh gSA Hkkjr dh vfèkdkfèkd ns'kksa osQ lkFk vkradokn fojksèkh lacaèk cukus esa xgjh jQfp gSA
'khr ;q¼ osQ var osQ ckn iqjkus fe=kksa dks dk;e j[kuk vkSj u, fe=k ryk'kuk Hkh gekjh fons'k uhfr
osQ fy, ,d vU; pqukSrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vjc ns'kksa osQ lkFk lacaèkksa dks [kjkc fd, fcuk gh Hkkjr
btjk;y ls vius lacaèk etcwr cukus dk bPNqd gSA blh izdkj Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dk ,d dk;Z
vesfjdk osQ lkFk vkfFkZd vkSj lqj{kk lg;ksx dks etcwr cukuk gS] ijarq blosQ lkFk gh og bZjkd vkSj
;wxksLykfo;k osQ fo#¼ ,d i{kh; dkjZokbZ osQ fo#¼ gSA var esa] Hkkjr viuh fons'k uhfr esa vkfFkZd
i{k osQ egRo dks eglwl dj jgk gSA blfy, ;g vius iM+kslh ns'kkssa&phu vkSj nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa
osQ lkFk lacaèkksa dk ,d u;k vkèkkj nsus osQ fy, iz;kljr gSA

ikBxr iz'u 26.2

9) dk fu'kku yxk,a %
lgh mÙkj ij (9
(d) 'khr;q¼ osQ ckn osQ le; esa varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk f}èkqzoh; izk:i ij vkèkkfjr gSaA
(lR;@vlR;)
([k) d'ehj elyk Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ fy, 1990 esa lcls cM+h leL;k cu
x;kA (lR;@vlR;)
(x) 'khr;q¼ osQ ckn Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr vjc ns'kksa dks udkjuk vkSj blzkby dks
Lohdkjuk pkgrh gSA (lR;@vlR;)
(?k) Hkkjr vkrad fojksèkh ns'kksa dk ,d xqV cukus osQ fy, iz;kljr gSA (lR;@vlR;)

26.3 Hkkjr vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª

26.3.1 la;qDr jk"Vª osQ 'kkafr vkSj fu%'kL=khdj.k iz;klksa esa Hkkjr dk ;ksxnku
la;qDr jk"Vª ftldh LFkkiuk 24 vDVwcj 1945 dks gqbZ] f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu gSA blosQ dk;Zdykiksa dk vkSipkfjd vkèkkj la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj gSA fo'o osQ ekeyksa
esa la;qDr jk"Vª dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA 50 ls Hkh vfèkd o"kksZa ls la;qDr jk"Vª jkT;ksa osQ chp lacaèkksa
281
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfrd foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o dks cukus vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; xfrfofèk;ksa dks fu;af=kr djus esa lgk;rk dj jgk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª us ukxfjdksa
dh lqj{kk] 'kkafr vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsus esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA fu%'kL=khdj.k osQ }kjk la;qDr jk"Vª us
fo'o 'kkafr dh fn'kk esa Hkh ;ksxnku fn;k gSA Hkkjr us Hkh la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fu%'kL=khdj.k iz;kl esa cgqr
vfèkd ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
fu%'kL=khdj.k [krjukd gfFk;kjksa (tSls ijek.kq vL=kksa ) ij vaoqQ'k yxkuk] muesa deh djuk rFkk ;Fkk
lEHko fouk'k djuk gSA Hkkjr us vktknh osQ ckn ls gh fo'o fu%'kL=khdj.k osQ mn~ns'; dks ikus osQ
fy, HksnHkko jfgr iz;kl fd, gSaA ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dh fouk'kdkjh {kerk osQ pyrs Hkkjr us lnSo gh
fVIi.kh ;g fo'okl O;Dr fd;k gS fd ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ls eqDr fo'o dh Hkwe.Myh; lqj{kk c<+sxhA bl izdkj
Hkkjr us lnSo gh ijek.kq osQ fouk'k vkSj fu%'kL=khdj.k dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk nh gS rFkk mls laiw.kZ
fu%'kL=khdj.k dh vksj igyk dne ekuk gSA
Hkkjr us la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fu%'kL=khdj.k iz;kl esa fopkjksa] ladYic¼rk] igy djus vkSj HksnHkko dks
lekIr djus osQ i{k esa cgqr ;ksxnku fn;k gSA 1948 esa Hkkjr us ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dks jk"Vªh; 'kL=k HkaMkj
esa dVkSrh djus vkSj ijek.kq mQtkZ dks 'kkafr dk;ksZa esa iz;ksx djus dk izLrko j[kkA 1950 esa Hkkjr us
la;qDr jk"Vª 'kkafr dks"k cukus dk Hkh izLrko j[kk ftlosQ èku dks fouk'kdkjh gfFk;kjksa dks de djus
vkSj fodkl dk;ksZa osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkuk FkkA 1954 esas Hkkjr us O;kid ijek.kq ijh{k.k izfrcaèk dh
odkyr dhA 1963 esa vkaf'kd ijh{k.k izfrcaèk le>kSrs dk igyk lnL; Hkkjr gh FkkA 1964 esa la;qDr
jk"Vª ,tsaMk osQ vkèkkj ij gfFk;kjksa osQ mRiknu ij izfrcaèk dh igy Hkh Hkkjr us dhA ijarq oqQN ns'kkssa
}kjk bl le>kSrs osQ vuqlkj oqQN ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ij n`<+rkiwoZd izfrcaèk u yxk ikus ls blosQ mn~ns';
dh iwfrZ ugha gks ldhA ;|fi gekjs ns'k us rFkkdfFkr :i ls bl leL;k dk fojksèk fd;kA
1984 esa Hkkjr us vtsZafVuk] ;wuku] eSfDldks] LohMu vkSj ratkfu;k osQ lkFk feydj ^Ng jk"Vª ik¡p
egk}hi* 'kkafr miØe dk vkjEHk fd;kA pkj o"kZ ckn] lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vªifr xksckZpksc dh Hkkjr
;k=kk osQ nkSjku ,d la;qDr ?kks"k.kk osQ rgr jktho xkaèkh us ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa osQ fouk'k osQ fy, vihy
dhA fnYyh ?kks"k.kk esa ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ls eqDr fo'o cukus osQ nl fl¼kar cuk,A 1988 esa jktho xkaèkh
us ,d dk;Z;kstuk dk izLrko j[kk ftldk mn~ns'; fo'o dks ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ls eqDr vkSj vfgalkRed
cukuk FkkA bl izLrko osQ rgr lHkh jk"Vªksa dks 2010 rd fofHkUu pj.kksa esa ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dks u"V
djus osQ fy, opuc¼ gksuk FkkA Hkkjr tSfod gfFk;kjksa osQ lEesyu esa gLrk{kj djus okyk ewy lnL;
Fkk vkSj 14 tuojh 1993 dks bl ij gLrk{kj ,oa iqf"V djus okys 65 ns'kksa esa igyk ns'k FkkA 1993
esa Hkkjr us ijek.kq fu%'kL=khdj.k dh fn'kk esa vesfjdk osQ lkFk gh ladYic¼rk dks leFkZu fn;kA tc
O;kid ijh{k.k izfrcaèk le>kSrk fcuk loZlEefr osQ vliQy gks x;k rks Hkkjr blls cgqr vkgr gqvk
vkSj ;g Hkkjr osQ lqj{kk iz;klksa dks lacksfèkr djus esa vliQy jgkA bl izdkj Hkkjr n`<+rkiwoZd vius
fu'p; ij vfMx jgkA 1998 esa Hkkjr }kjk fd, x, ijek.kq ijh{k.kksa dks O;kid ijh{k.k izfrcaèk lafèk
osQ U;k;foghu <akps ls tksM+k tk ldrk gS] ;|fi oqQN jk"Vªksa us izkjEHk esa bls fu%'kL=khdj.k osQ foijhr
ekukA Hkkjr us fcuk HksnHkko osQ ijek.kq fu%'kL=khdj.k osQ fy, ladYi nksgjk;kA

ikBxr iz'u 26-3

1. Hkkjr lnSo leFkZu djrk gS %
(d) ijek.kq gfFk;kj jfgr lalkj dkA
([k) ,d ,slk fo'o tgka izR;sd jk"Vª osQ ikl ijek.kq vL=k gksA
(x) ,d ,slk fo'o tgka osQoy oqQN fxus&pqus jk"Vªksa osQ ikl gh ijek.kq vL=k gksaA

282
 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr ekWM~;wy - 6
2. fuEu laf{kIr 'kCnksa dk fOkLr`r :i fyf[k,% Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
(d) lhVhchVh (d) ,uihVh

26.3.2 la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ 'kkafr iz;kl esa Hkkjr dk ;ksxnku
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ 'kkafr iz;kl esa Hkkjr osQ ;ksxnku dk bfrgkl cgqr yack gSA dbZ jktuSfrd izs{kdksa
us Hkkjr osQ bl ;ksxnku dh ljkguk dh gSA varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk;ksa osQ lnL;ksa }kjk Hkkjr osQ bl ;ksxnku fVIi.kh
dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA 'kkafr dk;e djus dk vFkZ gS cgqjk"Vªh; lSfudksa] iqfyl vkSj vke turk dh
'kfDr }kjk rFkk la;qDr jk"V dh lykg ls fdlh Hkh ns'k osQ vkarfjd vFkok vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk la?k"kZ
dks jksduk] de djuk rFkk lekIr djuk gksrk gSA 'kkafr dk;e djus okys ns'kksa dh Hkwfedk la?k"kZ vkSj
fookn dh fLFkfr osQ vuq:i cny tkrh gSA 'kkafr dk;e j[kus okys bu jk"Vªksa dk dk;Z{ks=k ,d fojksèkh
fLFkfr osQ dkj.k cny x;kA
Hkkjr us la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk pkj egk}hiksa esa pyk;h tk jgh 'kkafr fuekZ.k dh 35 xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkkx fy;k
gSA
bldk lcls egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku vizQhdk vkSj ,f'k;k esa 'kkafr vkSj fLFkjrk ykus esa gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr
la;qDr jk"Vª dks lcls vfèkd lSU; 'kfDr dk ;ksxnku nsus okyk ns'k gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª esa Hkkjr osQ ;ksxnku dh Hkwfedk 1956 esa rc izkjEHk gqbZ] tc blzkby us felz osQ lkFk ;qn~èk
osQ ckn la;qDr jk"Vª vkikrdkyhu cy (;w,ubZ,iQ) dh xktk iV~Vh vkSj fluk; esa LFkkiuk gqbZA vizQhdk
esa dkaxks dks Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dh mifLFkfr dk ykHk gqvkA 1960 osQ n'kd esa ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk
dk;e j[kus esa Hkkjr cgqr lgk;d jgkA
'khr ;q¼ osQ ckn Hkh la;qDr jk"Vª esa Hkkjr dk ;ksxnku mruk gh egRoiw.kZ gS] vkSj lSfud vfèkdkjh
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ egklfpo osQ fuosnu ij vaxksyk] dEcksfM;k] lksekfy;k] vy lSYokMksj vkSj
fl;jkfu;ksu vkfn eas Hksts x, gSaA vusd ns'k x`g ;q¼ksa osQ dkj.k mRiUu vO;oLFkk osQ f'kdkj FksA Hkkjr
us u osQoy lsuk gh Hksth cfYd iqfyl] MkWDVj] bathfu;j vkSj iz'kkld Hkh HkstsA

ikBxr iz'u 26.4

1. Hkkjrh; lSfudksa osQ lkFk izFke 'kkafr lsuk Hksth xbZ Fkh&
(d) dksfj;k esa
([k) fluk; esa
(x) dkaxks esa
2. dkSu lk dFku vlR; gS\

(d) la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ 'kkafr iz;kl esa Hkkjr lSU; 'kfDr iznku djus okyk nwljk lcls cM+k
ns'k gSA
([k) 'kkafr dk;e djuk osQoy 'khr ;qn~èk osQ dky rd gh lhfer FkkA

283
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfrd foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o (x) dkaxks dks fo?kVu ls cpkus esa Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ FkhA
3. 'kkafr dk;e j[kus esa Hkkjr }kjk fd, x, ;ksxnku esa 'kkfey gSaµ
(d) osQoy lSfud
([k) osQoy vlSfud deZpkjh
(x) lSfud vkSj vlSfud deZpkjh
fVIi.kh

26.4 lqj{kk ifj"kn esa Hkkjr dh LFkk;h lnL;rk dk ekeyk

tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa fd fo'o'kkafr dk;e djus dh {kerk lqj{kk ifj"kn osQ izHkko ij fuHkZj djrh
gS] ijarq ;g lqj{kk ifj"kn vius :f<+oknh vkSj iqjkus lnL;ksa osQ dkj.k d"V esa jgh gSA orZeku esa lqj{kk
ifj"kn~ osQ LFkk;h lnL; vesfjdk] :l] xzsV fczVsu] izQkal vkSj phu gSaA ijarq lqj{kk ifj"kn osQ bl xBu
dk orZeku fo'o dh 'kfDRk lajpuk ls dksbZ rkyesy ugha gS] D;ksafd vkt fo'o 1945 dh rqyuk esa
fcYoqQy cny pqds gSA Hkkjr lcls cM+h pkSFkh vFkZO;oLFkk cuus dh vksj vxzlj gS vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
lHkkvksa esa bldk usr`Ro] fo'o esa la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk 'kkafr cukus osQ iz;kl eas blosQ ;ksxnku vkSj r`rh;
fo'o osQ fy, blosQ ;ksxnku dks ns[krs gq, lqj{kk ifj"kn esa LFkk;h lnL;rk dk ;g ,d izcy nkosnkj
gS vkSj dbZ fe=k jk"Vª bls viuk leFkZu Hkh ns jgs gSaA bl ekeys dh tfVyrk osQ dkj.k bl ij vafre
fu.kZ; ysus esa oqQN vkSj le; yxsxkA

ikBxr iz'u 26.5

1. lqj{kk ifj"kn dk LFkk;h lnL; ugha gS %&

(d) :l
([k) xzsV fczVsu
(x) Hkkjr
(?k) phu
2. dkSu&lk dFku vlR; gS &
(d) 'khr ;qn~èk dk var gks pqdk gSA
([k) lksfo;r la?k fo?kfVr gks pqdk gSA
(x) oS'ohdj.k ,d lR;rk gSA
(?k) la;qDr jk"Vª dk fo?kVu gks pqdk gSA

vkius D;k lh[kk

Hkkjr us viuh fons'k uhfr osQ oqQN vkèkkjHkwr fl¼kar cuk, gSa ftuls ;g cgqr vfèkd fopfyr ugha

284
 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr ekWM~;wy - 6
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
gqvk gSA okLro esa xqV fujis{krk tSls blosQ oqQN y{k.k vHkh rd lkFkZd vkSj egRoiw.kZ gSaA oqQN n'kd
iqjkus bu fl¼karksa osQ fVdkmQiu dk izek.k ;g gS fd ipkl o"kZ iqjkus iap'khy dks f}i{kh; lacaèkksa dk
vkèkkj cukdj Hkkjr vkSj phu us bls iquthZfor fd;k gSA la;qDr jk"Vª osQ 'kkafr dk;e j[kus osQ iz;kl
vkSj fu%'kL=khdj.k esa Hkkjr us egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA vkus okys oqQN o"kksZa esa Hkkjr ,d vkfFkZd
egk'kfDRk cu tk,xk vkSj Hkfo"; esa Hkh ;g jktuSfrd] dwVuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd {ks=kksa esa jk"Vªh; fgrksa
osQ fy, vko';d dne mBk,xkA fVIi.kh

ikBkar iz'u
1. Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ ewy fl¼karksa dk mYys[k dhft;sA

2. xqVfujis{k uhfr dh lkFkZdrk dk o.kZu dhft,A

3. lqj{kk ifj"kn~ eas Hkkjr dh LFkk;h lnL;rk dgk¡ rd mfpr gS\

4. 'khr ;q¼ osQ var osQ ckn vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ ckn Hkkjr osQ lkeus dkSu lh
pqukSfr;ka vkbZ gSa\
5. fuEufyf[kr ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,%

(d) iap'khy
([k) la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ fu%'kL=khdj.k iz;kl esa Hkkjr dk ;ksxnku
(x) la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ 'kkafr iz;kl esa Hkkjr dk ;ksxnkuA

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

26.1
1. (d) usg:
([k) cSUMax
(x)csyxzsM] 1961
(?k) Hkkjr]phu
(Ä) ubZ fnYyh
2. (d) vlR;
([k) lR;
(x)lR;

285
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfrd foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o 26.2
1. (d)vlR;
([k)lR;
(x) vlR;
(?k) lR;
fVIi.kh
26.3
1. (d)ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa & jfgr lalkj dk
2. ([k)dkWfEizgSaflo VSLV cSu VªhVh
(x) U;wfDy;j ukWu&izksyhiQjs'ku VªhVh
26.4
1. ([k)
2. (x)
3. (x)
26.5
1. (x)
2. (x)
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 26.1 ns[ksa

2. [k.M 26.1.2 ns[ksa

3. [k.M 26.4 ns[ksa

4. [k.M 26.2 ns[ksa

5 (a) [k.M 26.1.1 ns[ksa

(b) [k.M 26.3.1 ns[ksa
(c) [k.M 26.3.2 ns[ksa

286
 vesfjdk vkSj :l ls Hkkjr osQ laca/ ekWM~;wy - 6
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o

27
vesfjdk vkSj :l ls Hkkjr osQ lacaèk fVIi.kh

f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn (1945)] la;qDr jk"Vª vesfjdk (laf{kIr esa ;w-,l-,-;k ;w-,l-) nks
egk'kfDr;ksa esa ls ,d egk'kfDRk cudj mHkjk] nwljh egk'kfDr lksfo;r la?k FkhA lSU; vkSj vkfFkZd n`f"V
ls nksuksa gh jk"Vª brus vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh Fks fd os fo'o osQ fdlh Hkh dksus esa viuh 'kfDr dks iz{ksfir
dj ldrs FksA tc 1947 esa Hkkjr us Lora=krk izkIr dh rks nksuksa gh ns'kksa ls og vius lacaèk vPNs cukuk
pkgrk FkkA ;g ,d fo'okl Fkk fd Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk osQ chp ,d izkd`frd lacèa k cusxkA Hkkjr fo'o
dk lcls cM+k vkSj ,f'k;k dk igyk iw.kZ yksdra=k cudj mHkjk vkSj vesfjdk dks lcls vfèkd
'kfDr'kkyh vkSj fo[;kr yksdra=k gksus dk xkSjo izkIr FkkA Hkkjr vkSj :l osQ lacaèk esa nksuksa esa oqQN
lekurk,a lgt gh fn[kkbZ iM+rh FkhaA ijarq nksuksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ lacèa kksa us ,d vyx gh jkLrk viuk;kA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z Lora=krk izkfIr osQ fy, Hkkjr osQ la?k"kZ esa vesfjdk dk lg;ksx tku losaQxs_
z 'khr ;qn~èk osQ nkSjku Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacaèkksa esa mRiUu leL;kvksa dks tku losaQxs_
z ledkyhu ekeyksa osQ ifjizs{; esa Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacaèk le> losaQxs_
z rRdkyhu lksfo;r la?k vkSj Hkkjr osQ chp jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd {ks=kksa esa lacaèkksa dh etcwrh osQ
fo"k; esa tkudkjh ysaxs_
z Hkkjr vkSj :l osQ chp lg;ksx osQ {ks=k tkusaxsA

27.1 Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacaèk

Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk osQ chp jktuhfrd lacaèkksa dh 'kqjQvkr gekjh Lora=krk ls Ng o"kZ igys uoECkj
1941 esa gqbAZ vesfjdk esa Hkkjr dh Lora=krk osQ fy, ,d ln~Hkkouk FkhA Hkkjr osQ lkFk jktuf;d lacaèkksa
dh LFkkiuk osQ fu.kZ; us ;g n'kkZ;k fd vesfjdk Lora=krk osQ iz'u ij vaxzstksa osQ O;ogkj ls [kq'k ugha
FkkA vesfjdk dks fo'okl Fkk fd Hkkjr osQ }kjk fgVyj osQ fo#¼ la?k"kZ esa nh xbZ lgk;rk osQ cnys
fczVsu dks ;g oknk djuk pkfg, fd ;qn~èk osQ ckn os Hkkjr dks mldh viuh ljdkj cukus nsaxsA
vVykafVd pkVZj esa vesfjdk vkSj fczVsu us 'kksf"kr yksxksa dks ,d ubZ lqcg dh vk'kk dh fdj.k fn[kkbZ
tks fd ;q¼ osQ liQyrkiwod Z lekIr gksus ij mUgsa izkIr gksxhA blosQ fy, Hkkjrh;ksa dh vk[kksa esa vesfjdk
osQ izfr vkHkkj fn[kkbZ nsrk FkkA gkykafd mlosQ ckn fczVsu us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd ;g pkVZj osQoy mu
;wjksfi;u {ks=kksa ij ykxw gksuk Fkk tks fgVyj osQ ukth dCT+ks osQ varxZr vkrs FksA
287
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o 27.1.1 'khr ;qn~èk osQ nkSjku lacaèk
Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk osQ lacaèk f'k[kj ij igqapus esa vliQy jgsA bloQks okLrfod fn'kk nsus esa dbZ dkjd
mÙkjnk;h FksA vesfjdk }kjk lkE;okn dks nckus dh lksp dk ;g ifj.kke Fkk] ftlosQ dkj.k vesfjdk
vkSj lksfo;r la?k esa 'khr ;qn~èk vkjaHk gqvkA uo Lora=k Hkkjr osQ izFke izèkkuea=kh tokgj yky usg:
us nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa }kjk mdlkus ij Hkh 'khr ;qnè~ k esa mudk lkFk nsus ls udkj fn;kA usg: us xqV fujis{k
jgus dh uhfr viuk;h ftlus Hkkjr dks mldh fons'k uhfr vkSj lacaèkksa osQ ckjs esa Lora=krk iwoZd fu.kZ;
fVIi.kh ysus dh Lora=krk iznku dhA vesfjdk us Hkkjr osQ bl budkj dks veS=khiw.kZ le>kA Hkkjr&vesfjdh
lacaèkksa dks 1954 esa xgjk vk?kkr yxkA vesfjdk us 'khr ;qq¼ dks Hkkjr osQ njokts ij yk [kM+k dj fn;kA
mlus lhVks vkSj lSaVks uke osQ nks lSU; lewg cuk, ftuesa ikfdLrku ,d izeq[k lnL; FkkA vesfjdh lsuk
ikfdLrku dks lkE;okn osQ izlkj dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, lgk;rk iznku djrh Fkh vkSj ikfdLrku
bldk iz;ksx Hkkjr osQ fojQ¼ djrk Fkk tks fd izkjafHkd vk'okluksa osQ foijhr FkkA
vDVwcj 1962 esa Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp ;qn~èk us Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk osQ chp lacaèkksa esa ,d u;k rRo
tksM+ fn;kA igyh ckj Hkkjr esa dbZ vkoktsa mBha fd phu osQ fojQ¼ Hkkjr dks vesfjdk osQ lkFk lSU;
lafèk dj ysuh pkfg,A cgqr&ls yksx ;g Hkh pkgrs Fks fd xqV fujis{krk dh uhfr esa xaHkhj isQjcny
fd;k tk,A laHkor% vesfjdk dks Hkh ;g vk'kk Fkh fd Hkkjr vc phu fojksèkh vkSj lkE;okn fojksèkh
xBtksM+ osQ fy, rRij gks tk,xkA tc phuh vkØe.k rhoz gks x;k] rc Hkkjr us okf'kaxVu (vesfjdk)
ls rqjUr lSU; lgk;rk dh ekax dhA mlosQ izR;qRrj esa vesfjdk osQ jk"Vªifr tkWu ,iQ dSUksMh us Hkh rqjar
gh NksVs gfFk;kj vkSj vU; lkt&lkeku Hkstdj Hkkjr dh lgk;rk dhA nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp bl lkSns ij
gLrk{kj gksus ls igys gh gfFk;kjksa dh igyh [ksi Hkkjr igqap xbZA mlosQ ckn] vesfjdk us jQi;s esa
Hkqxrku Lohdkj djus ij Hkh lgefr fn[kkbZA
gkykafd vesfjdk dk ;g eS=khHkko Hkkjr esa rc lekIr gks x;k tc mlus 1965 esa Hkkjr osQ fo#¼ ;q¼
NsM+us dk ftEesnkj Bgjkus osQ fy, ikfdLrku ij lhèks&lhèks vkjksi yxkus esa viuh vfuPNk fn[kkbZA
blosQ lkFk gh ikfdLrku dks vesfjdk dk lg;ksx vkSj fo;ruke ij vesfjdh ;qn~èk ls Hkkjr&vesfjdh
lacaèkksa esa f'kfFkyrk vk xbZA 1970 osQ 'kq: esa vesfjdk dk phu ls ?kqyuk&feyuk] Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacaèkksa
esa cnyko dk eq[; dkj.k cukA caxykns'k dh ?kVuk Hkh Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacaèkkas esa ,d u;k laoQV FkhA
vesfjdh iz'kklu us dgk fd iwohZ ikfdLrku (orZeku ckaXykns'k) dk fonzksg ikfdLrku dks rksM+us okyk
vkanksyu Fkk vkSj bls nckus osQ fy, u`'kalrkiwoZd O;ogkj mfpr FkkA 1971 esa ckaXykns'k ;qn~èk osQ nkSjku
vesfjdk us lqj{kk ifj"kn esa Hkkjr&fojksèkh izLrko j[kk vkSj vesfjdk us Hkkjr dks lHkh izdkj dh vkfFkZd
lgk;rk nsuk can dj fn;kA LoSfPNd laLFkkvksa }kjk eqÝr Hkkstu forj.k djus dh ,d ek=k lgk;rk
fujarj pyrh jghA okaf'kxVu us vesfjdk osQ lkrosa csM+s osQ ,d Hkkx dks Hkh caxky dh [kkM+h esa Hkst
fn;kA ijek.kq 'kfDr okyk ;w-,l-,l- ,UVjizkbZT+k caxky dh [kkM+h esa ikfdLrku dks gkj ls cpkus osQ fy,
igqap x;kA vesfjdk dks ;g ckr le>us esa oqQN le; (oqQN o"kZ) yxk fd nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=k esa
Hkkjr ,d egRoiw.kZ ns'k gSA ;g fj'rksa dks lkekU; cukus dh gh Hkkouk Fkh fd Hkkjr us 1977 esa jk"Vªifr
dkVZj dh ;k=kk dh estckuh dhA
ijarq ,d ckj fiQj >Vdk yxkA 1979 esa viQxkfuLrku ij lksfo;r la?k osQ vkØe.k us Hkkjr vkSj
vesfjdk dks ,d&nwljs osQ fojQ¼ [kM+k dj fn;kA viQxku eqtkfgnhu dks lSU; lgk;rk iznku djus esa
ikfdLrku izeq[k FkkA dksbZ lansg ugha fd viQxkfuLrku osQ fojQ¼ lksfo;r la?k osQ dk;ksZa dks Hkkjr dh
lgkuqHkwfr us vesfjdk osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ lacaèkksa dks {kfr igq¡pkbZA

288
 vesfjdk vkSj :l ls Hkkjr osQ laca/ ekWM~;wy - 6
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
ikBkar iz'u 27.1
fjDr LFkku Hkfj, µ
(d)Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacèa kksa dh 'kqjQvkr ----------------------------- esa gqbAZ (1941) (1947)
([k),f'k;k esa vesfjdk us ------------------------- lSU; lewg dh LFkkiuk dhA (lhVks)] (lSUVks)
(x) 1977 esa Hkkjr ;k=kk ij vkus okys vesfjdh jk"Vªifr dk uke -------------- Fkk fVIi.kh
(fteh dkVZj@fjpMZ fuDlu)
(?k) vesfjdk }kjk Hkkjr osQ fodkl gsrq lgk;rk -------------------------esa pje lhek ij igqp
¡ hA (1962@1965)
27.1.2 Hkkjr dks vesfjdh lgk;rk
vesfjdk }kjk Hkkjr dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsus dh 'kqjQvkr èkheh FkhA Lora=krk osQ le; Hkkjr dk
[kk| mRiknu bldh djksM+ksa dh tula[;k osQ fy, vi;kZIr Fkk_ blosQ vkS|ksfxd vkSj lsok {ks=k
Hkh fiNM+s gq, FksA blh dkj.k] f}i{kh; lgk;rk osQ fy, Hkkjr nwljs ns'kksa ij fuHkZj FkkA [kk|
lacaèkh lgk;rkvksa esa lcls igyh lgk;rk vesfjdk ls 1951 esa izkjEHk gqbZA 1954 esa vesfjdh
dkaxzsl us ,d ifCyd ykW 480 tkjh djosQ vfrfjDr vesfjdh xsg¡w dks Hkkjr esa cspus dh vuqefr
ns nhA 1970 osQ izkjEHk rd ih-,y 480 osQ varxZr Hkkjr ;g lgk;rk izkIr djrk jgkA jktuSfrd
lacaèkksa esa lansg dh dgkuh flDosQ dk osQoy ,d igyw gSA 'khr ;q¼ osQ nkSjku] jktuSfrd
vlekurkvksa osQ ckotwn 1950 ls gh Hkkjr dks vkfFkZd vkSj [kk| lgk;rk feyrh jghA [kk|
lgk;rk osQ vfrfjDr vesfjdk us Hkkjr osQ fodkl esa cgqr cM+h f}i{kh; lgk;rk iznku dh gSA
fiQj Hkh ;g Lej.k jgs fd ;g lgk;rk Hkkjh m|ksxksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, ugha Fkh cfYd ;g o`Qf"k]
dPps eky vkSj [kfutksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, FkhA ,d etcwr vkS|ksfxd vkèkkj cukus osQ fy,
Hkkjr dks lksfo;r la?k dh vksj #[k djuk iM+kA vesfjdk }kjk fodkl osQ fy, nh xbZ lgk;rk]
tks fd yxHkx 500 fefy;u MkWyj Fkh] 1962 esa pje lhek ij igqap x;hA ckaXykns'k ;qn~èk osQ
nkSjku vesfjdk us Hkkjr dks nh tkus okyh lHkh lgk;rk can dj nhA ijarq ,d yacs le;kUrjky
osQ ckn 1978 esa ;s f}i{kh; lgk;rk fiQj ls izkjEHk gqbZA ijarq 1970 osQ ckn f}i{kh; lgk;rk
dk egRo de gks x;k D;ksafd varjkZ"Vªh; fodkl izkfèkdj.k (vkbZMh,) vkSj fo'o cSad ls lac¼
cgqeq[kh lgk;rk esa rsth ls fodkl gqvkA ;|fi vkbZMh, dk vfèkdka'k èku vesfjdk dk gh Fkk
tks fd ijks{k :i ls vkbZMh, dks izkIr gksrk FkkA 1980 osQ var rd fo'o cSad dh dtZ nsus dh
{kerk yxHkx nks fefy;u MkWyj gks xbZA vr% Hkkjr osQ fy, cgqeq[kh vkfFkZd lgk;rk f}i{kh;
lgk;rk ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ FkhA vesfjdk us Hkh Hkkjr osQ 5-8 fefy;u ½.k osQ vuqjksèk dks 1981
esa baVjus'kuy ekWfuVjh iaQM (vkbZ,e,iQ) }kjk Lohd`fr nsus esa dksbZ vkifRr ugha trk;hA ;g ½.k
fdlh Hkh lnL; ns'k }kjk ekaxh xbZ lcls cM+h jkf'k FkhA
27.1.3 ledkyhu Hkkjr& vesfjdh lacaèk
1990 esas 'khr ;qn~èk dh lekfIr us vesfjdk dks vosQyh egk'kfDr cuk fn;kA bl okLrfodrk ls
Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacaèkksa dk u, izdkj ls ewY;kaadu fd;k tkus yxkA blls Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk dks fudV
vkus osQ u, volj izkIr gksus yxsA lSfud lacaèkksa dh 'kqjQvkr gqbZA vesfjdh fuos'k gksus yxs_ lwpuk
vkSj lapkj rduhd osQ oqQ'ky O;olkf;;ksa us Hkkjr dh Nfo dks vesfjdk esa jktuSfrd n`f"V ls
ldkjkRed :i esa izLrqr fd;kA vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr osQ fj'rksa dks u;k eksM+ nsus okyh lcls gkfy;k

289
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o ?kVuk 1999 esa cnyko ykus esa dkjfxy laoQV osQ le; vesfjdk }kjk fuHkkbZ xbZ Hkwfedk izeq[k FkhA
jk"Vªifr fDyaVu us 2000 esa Hkkjr dk dkiQh liQy nkSjk fd;kA jktuhfrd n`f"V ls vkradokn rFkk
ijek.kq vizlkj eq[; eqn~ns FksA foxr o"kks± esa Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacaèkksa dks jk"Vªifr fcy fDyaVu }kjk
ikfdLrku dks d'ehj esa mldh lsukvksa dks fu;a=k.k js[kk ls gVkus osQ fy, dgus dks Hkkjr us ,d ehy
dk iRFkj ekukA
tEew d'ehj esa ikfdLrku dh Hkwfedk dks eq[; :i ls mNky dj Hkkjr vkradokn osQ ladV ls la?k"kZ
fVIi.kh djus osQ egRo dks izdk'k esa yk;kA ijarq vesfjdk us vkradokn osQ fojQ¼ dkjZokbZ djus esa jQfp ugha
fn[kkbZ] tc rd fd mlosQ nks 'kgjksa] U;;kWdZ vkSj okf'kaxVu ij 11 flracj 2001 dks cgqr cM+k geyk
ugha gqvkA vesfjdk osQ vkradokn fojksèkh vfHk;ku esa Hkkjr us viuk iwjk lg;ksx fn;kA ;|fi vesfjdk
ls gekjh nyhy fd viQxkfuLrku esa rkfycku rFkk tEew d'ehj esa tsgkfn;ksa dks ikfdLrku dh lgk;rk
us bls vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkradokn dk vM~Mk cuk fn;k gS] fu"izHkkoh jghA vy dk;nk vkradokfn;ksa ls laidZ
djus osQ fy, vesfjdk dks ikfdLrku dh cgqr vko';drk FkhA vr% vesfjdk us vkradokfn;ksa dks
^vPNs* vkSj ^cqjs* vkradokfn;ksa osQ :i esa ns[kkA d'ehj foèkku lHkk vkSj Hkkjr dh laln ij tc
Øe'k% vDrwcj vkSj fnlEcj] 2001 esa vkradoknh geys gq, rks mUgksaus lgkuqHkwfr fn[kkbZA vkradokn
osQ fojQ¼ yM+kbZ eas lkFk nsus okyksa dh lwph esa vesfjdk us fiQj ls 'khr ;q¼ osQ le; mldk lkFk
nsus okys ikfdLrku dks lfEefyr fd;kA tujy ijost eq'kjZiQ osQ ikfdLrku esa lSU; 'kklu dh dM+h
fuank djus okys okf'kaxVu us eq'kjZiQ dks vkradokn fojksèkh yM+kbZ osQ fy, cuk, x, varjkZ"Vªh; xBtksM+
dk ,d iw.kZr% fodflr Hkkxhnkj cuk;kA cq'k iz'kklu us ikfdLrku osQ mQij yxh cafn'ksa gVk nh vkSj
mls mnkj :i ls lgk;rk nsus dk ok;nk fd;k rFkk eq'kjZiQ ljdkj dks vkSfpR;iw.kZ crk;k_ tSlk mlus
igys dHkh ugha dgk FkkA ;qfDrlaxr :i ls Hkkjr dks ;g yxus yxk fd okf'kaxVu ,d ckj fiQj
bLykekckn dh vksj >qd tk,xkA
vesfjdk dks lpsr Hkh fd;k x;k fd ?kVuk,a fu;a=k.k ls ckgj tk ldrh FkhaA ubZ fnYyh dks ;g n'kkZus
osQ fy, fd bu geyksa esa ikfdLrku dk gkFk gksus osQ Hkkjr osQ vkjksi dks vesfjdk us xaHkhjrk ls fy;k
gS] cq'k iz'kklu us mu nks ikfdLrkuh vkradoknh xqVksa dks vkradoknh laxBuksa dh vesfjdh lwph esa Mky
fn;k] ftUgas Hkkjr geys dk ftEesnkj ekurk FkkA Hkkjr osQ vkjksi osQ vuqlkj vesfjdk us [kqydj Lohdkj
ugha fd;k fd ikfdLrku ljdkj vkradoknh xfrfofèk;ksa easa layXu Fkh] ijarq okf'kaxVu osQ dFkuksa vkSj
dk;ksZa ls ;g Li"V Fkk fd bLykekckn vkradokn osQ fojQ¼ dkjZokbZ dj ldrk Fkk vkSj mls ,slk djuk
pkfg,A
vesfjdk us dukMk dh Hkkafr 1963 esa Hkkjr esa ijek.kq la;a=k dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;rk dhA ijarq 1970
osQ n'kd esa lg;ksx fiQj èkaqèkyk iM+ x;k D;ksafd 1974 esa Hkkjr us iks[kju eas 'kkafriw.kZ ijek.kq ijh{k.k
fd, vkSj ijek.kq vizlkj le>kSrs ij Hkh gLrk{kj djus ls euk dj fn;kA
1978 esa vesfjdh dkaxzsl us ijek.kq vizlkj vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;kA bl fu;e osQ varxZr ;wjsfu;e dk
fu;kZr osQoy mUgha ns'kksa dks fd;k tk ldrk Fkk ftuosQ ijek.kq la;a=kksa dk fujh{k.k djus dh vuqefr
Fkh vkSj ftudh lqj{kk varjkZ"Vªh; ijek.kq mQtkZ ,tsl
a h osQ ekunaMksa ij vkèkkfjr FkhA Lej.k jgs fd ijek.kq
vizlkj vesfjdk dk ,d vifjorZuh; y{; gSA vesfjdk dks vk'kk Fkh fd Hkkjr 1996 esa lhVhchVh
ij gLrk{kj dj nsxkA ijarq Hkkjr us ,slk ugha fd;k vkSj tc Hkkjr us 1998 esa iks[kj.k esa ikap ijek.kq
foLiQksV djosQ Lo;a dks ijek.kq 'kfDr j[kus okyk (ijek.kq laiUu) ns'k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k rks vesfjdk
us lSU; vkSj vkfFkZd izfrcaèk yxk,A f}i{kh; lacaèk vc fxjkoV dh vksj tkrs izrhr gksus yxs ijarq Hkkjr
vius fu'p; ij vM+k jgkA nks o"kksZa rd Hkkjr osQ rRdkyhu fons'k ea=kh tloar flag vkSj vesfjdk osQ

290
 vesfjdk vkSj :l ls Hkkjr osQ laca/ ekWM~;wy - 6
milfpo LVªkcs VkyckWV osQ chp okrkZ,a gqbAaZ nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp 1960 osQ izkjEHk ls bl izdkj dh xaHkhj Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
vkSj fu.kkZ;d okrkZ,a dHkh ugha gqbAaZ bu okrkZvksa us f}i{kh; lacèa kksa dks ,d ubZ fn'kk iznku dhA 1999 esa
vesfjdk us Hkkjr ij yxk, x, oqQN izfrcaèkksa dks gVk fy;kA dkaxl sz }kjk vkxs nh xbZ dbZ lgk;rkvksa dh
vksj ;g igyk dnek FkkA vc vesfjdk Hkkjr dks ijek.kq vL=kksa ls ;qDr ,d ftEesnkj jk"Vª ekurk gSA
1990 esa Hkkjr dh [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ ckn vesfjdh daifu;ksa }kjk lgk;rk osQ ctk; fuos'k dks
egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkus yxkA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh osQ {ks=k easa vFkkZr dEI;wVj gkMZos;j vkSj lWkÝVos;j osQ {ks=k
esa_ Hkkjrh; ;qok ih<+h dh Hkwfedk us Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk osQ chp O;kikj dks ,d ubZ fn'kk iznku dhA fVIi.kh
mlosQ ckn lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh osQ os O;olk;h tks vesfjdk esa tkdj cl x, Fks] os ogk¡ lcls vfèkd
liQy xSj&;wjksih; lewg cu x,A mUgksaus vesfjdk esa Hkkjr dh ubZ Nfo izLrqr djus esa lgk;rk dhA
Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk osQ chp lu~ 2003 esa yxHkx $18 fcfy;u Mkyj dk O;kikj gqvkA bl lacaèk esa
lcls vfèkd mRlkgoèkZd ckr ;g jgh fd vesfjdk dks $13 fcfy;u dk Hkkjrh; fu;kZr fd;k x;k
vkSj Hkkjr dks $5 fcfy;u vesfjdh fu;kZrA ijarq vesfjdk vkSj phu osQ chp $180 fcfy;u dk O;kikj
gqvkA phu us vesfjdk dks $152 fcfy;u dk fu;kZr vkSj vesfjdk us $28 fcfy;u dk fu;kZr phu
dks fd;kA ;gka ij ;g ckr è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd phu dk osQoy 'ka?kkbZ 'kgj gh laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa fd,
vesfjdh fuos'k ls vfèkd fuos'k viuh vksj [khap ysrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 27.2

9 ) yxkbZ, %
lgh mÙkj ij (9
(d) vesfjdh vL=k Hkkjr esa fcuk fdlh jktuSfrd 'krZ osQ vk,A (lR;@ vlR;)
([k) 1971 esa ckaXykns'k ;q¼ us Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacaèkksa dks rukoiw.kZ cuk fn;kA (lR;@ vlR;)
(x) fDayVu iz'kklu osQ nkSjku vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr osQ lacaèk lqèkjsA (lR;@ vlR;)
(?k) vesfjdk ijek.kq vL=kksa dk izlkj fojksèkh gSA (lR;@ vlR;)
(Ä) vesfjdk us Hkkjr }kjk 1998 esa fd, x, ijek.kq ijh{k.kksa ij ldkjkRed izfrfØ;k O;Dr dhA
(lR;@ vlR;)
fjDr LFkku Hkjsaµ
(p) vesfjdh dkaxzsl us _____________ ikfjr dj Hkkjr dks xsgwa cspus dh vuqefr nhA
N.D (ih-,y- 480@ih-,y 408)
(N) Hkkjr osQ fodkl osQ fy, vesfjdh lgk;rk ________ esa pje ij FkhA (1962) (1965))

27.2 lksfo;r la?k ls Hkkjrh; lacaèk

Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ chp laca/ oqQN la;qDr ?kVdksa ij vk/kfjr FksA Hkkjr }kjk vaxzstksa ls Lora=krk
izkIr djuk vkSj lksfo;r la?k dh lkezkT;okn fojks/h fopkj/kjk ,d&nwljs ls esy [kkrh FkhA bl dkj.k
Hkkjr esa lksfo;r la?k osQ mís';ksa ,oa xfrfof/;ksa osQ izfr if'pe }kjk izpkfjr dksbZ Mj ugha FkkA
lksfo;r dE;wfuLV ikVhZ osQ usrk dh 1955 esa Hkkjr ;k=kk osQ ckn jktuSfrd lacaèkksa esa rhozrk ls lqèkkj
gqvkAA lqj{kk ifj"kn esa lksfo;r la?k us d'ehj ekeys ij Hkkjr dk leFkZu djrs gq, if'peh ns'kksa }kjk
bl ekeys esa fy, x, fu.kZ; osQ fo#¼ viuh ohVks 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fd;kA lcls egRoiw.kZ lgk;rk
291
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o lksfo;r la?k }kjk Hkkjr esa Hkkjh m|ksxksa dks fodflr djus esa FkhA 1950 osQ vafre o"kks± esa lksfo;r la?k
us Hkkjr osQ vk/kjHkwr m|ksxksa osQ fodkl rFkk vU; lkoZtfud {ks=kksa_ tSls bLikr] dks;yk] e'khuh
midj.k fuekZ.k osQ fy, ifCyd lSDVj esa cgqr vfèkd vkfFkZd vkSj rduhdh lgk;rk [kqydj iznku
fd;kA Hkkjr us lksfo;r la?k osQ lkFk 1955 esa ,d egRoiw.kZ le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd, tks fHkykbZ esa
,d bLikr mRiknu bdkbZ dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, FkkA
lksfo;r la?k }kjk nh xbZ lgk;rk dh 'krs± Hkkjr osQ i{k esa FkhaA tc vU; if'peh ns'k 6-5 izfr'kr dh
fVIi.kh C;kt nj olwy jgs Fks] lksfo;r osQoy 2-5 izfr'kr olwy jgk FkkA fnlacj 1953 esa Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r
la?k us ,d yach vofèk osQ O;kikj le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd,A bl le>kSrs dk vkd"kZd igyw ;g Fkk
fd Hkkjrh; vk;kr osQ fy, Hkqxrku MkWyj ;k vU; djsalh esa u djosQ #i;s esa fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
blosQ foijhr if'peh ns'kksa osQ lkFk O;kikfjd ysu&nsu MkWyj esa FkkA bl mn~ns'; gsrq fofHkUu Hkkjrh;
cSadksa esa lksfo;r la?k osQ [kkrs [kksys x, vkSj mUgsa pkyw j[kk x;kA
Hkkjr dks lSU; vkiwfrZ Hkkjr&lksfo;r fe=krk dk egRoiw.kZ izrhd cudj mHkjhA 1962 esa] Bhd
Hkkjr&phu ;q¼ ls igys] phu osQ fojksèk osQ ckotwn Hkh fex (yM+kdw foeku) lkSns ij gLrk{kj gq,A
vc rd yM+kdw foekuksa dh vkiwfrZ djus okys fczVsu dk LFkku lksfo;r la?k us ys fy;kA
1965 osQ Hkkjr&ikd ;q¼ osQ ckn lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjrh; vkSj ikfdLrkuh usrkvksa dh tuojh 1966
esa rk'kdan esa ,d cSBd cqykbZA 1971 esa Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ usrkvksa us 'kkafr] fe=krk vkSj vkilh
lg;ksx dh ,d ,sfrgkfld lafèk ij gLrk{kj fd, tks bl izdkj dh igyh lafèk FkhA bl lafèk osQ
varxZr ;fn nksuksa esa ls fdlh ij Hkh cká vkØe.k gksrk gS rks nksuksa rqjar ikjLifjd lykg e'kfojk djsaxsA
blls Li"V gks x;k fd cakXykns'k ekeys esa ekWLdks Hkkjr dk i{k ysus dks opuc¼ gSA
Hkkjr us Hkh lksfo;r la?k }kjk fnlacj 1979 esa viQxkfuLrku ij geys osQ le; mldk lg;ksx fd;kA
lkoZtfud c;kuckth osQ ekeys esa Hkkjr us fu;a=k.k cjrkA Hkkjr osQ fy, viQxkfuLrku ekeyk] vesfjdk
vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp fd, x, lSU; lg;ksx ls de egRo dk FkkA
fe[kkbZy xksckZpkso osQ 1985 esa lRrk esa vkus osQ ckn lksfo;r fons'k lacaèkksa esa ,d cM+k ifjorZu vk;kA
vc lksfo;r la?k dk è;ku vesfjdk vkSj vU; if'peh ns'kksa osQ lkFk ijLij ykHk osQ fj'rksa dks cukus
esa yxus yxkA ^dkeu ;wjksih;u gkse* cukus osQ mlosQ iz;kl us Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ egRo
dks de dj fn;kA phu osQ lkFk lksfo;r la?k osQ HkkbZpkjs osQ iz;klksa ls Hkkjr osQ lkFk lacaèkksa esa vLFkk;h
:i ls fxjkoV vkbZA

ikBxr iz'u 27.3

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,%
(d) Hkkjr esa fdl bLikr bdkbZ osQ fy, lksfo;r la?k us foRrh; lgk;rk nh\ ---------------------------
-
(nqxkZiqj] fHkykbZ] jkmjosQyk)
([k) lksfo;r usrk lcls igyh ckj fdl o"kZ Hkkjr nkSjs ij vk,\ -------------------------------------------
(1955) (1957) (1971)
(x) rk'kdan ?kks"k.kk dc gqb\Z ------------------------------------------------------------- (1966) (1971) (1974)
292
 vesfjdk vkSj :l ls Hkkjr osQ laca/ ekWM~;wy - 6
(?k) lksfo;r la?k osQ lkFk 'kkafr] fe=krk vkSj vkilh lg;ksx dh lafèk ij fdl o"kZ gLrk{kj fd, Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
x,\ -------------------- (1971) (1979)
(Ä) lksfo;r la?k dh vkradokn uhfr fdlosQ usr`Ro esa cny xbZ\ -------------------------------------
(fe[kkby xksckZpkso@fe-
iqfru)
27.2.1 lksfo;r osQ ckn dk ;qx
fVIi.kh
fnlacj 1991 esa lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ i'pkr] u;s :lh jk"Vªifr cksfjl ;sSYrflu us vesfjdk
vkSj if'peh ns'kksa osQ lkFk ?kfu"B lacèa kksa dks dk;e j[kk] vkSj Hkkjr osQ lkFk ^^O;kogkfjd uohuhdj.k**
dh vko';drk ij Hkh tksj fn;kA 1993 esa ;SYrflu dh Hkkjr ;k=kk osQ nkSjku] Hkkjr vkSj :l osQ chp
fe=krk vkSj lg;ksx dh lafèk ij gLrk{kj fd, x,A bl le>kSrs us 1971 osQ 'kkafr] fe=krk vkSj lg;ksx
osQ le>kSrs dk LFkku fy;kA fiNyh lafèk dk lqj{kk mica/ gVk fn;k x;k vkSj 'kkafr rFkk fe=krk cjdjkj
j[kus dk iSQlyk fd;k x;kA ,d vU; fu.kZ; #i;s vkSj :cy esa eqnzk fofue; ij le>kSrk gksuk FkkA
lSU; {ks=k esa Hkh lg;ksx dh ,d lafèk ij gLrk{kj gq, ftlesa ;SYrflu us ;g fo'okl fnyk;k fd
vesfjdk }kjk vkifRr trkus osQ ckotwn Hkh :l Hkkjr dks Øk;kstSfud jkWosQV baftu nsxkA
:lh jk"Vªifr Oykfnehj iqfru osQ Hkkjr nkSjs osQ le; tc j.kuhfrd fgLlsnkjh dh ?kks"k.kk ij gLrk{kj
fd, x, rks Hkkjr&:l lacaèkksa dks ubZ mQWpkbZ vkSj laosx izkIr gqvkA Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh vVy fcgkjh
oktis;h dh uoEcj 2001 esa ;k=kk osQ ifj.kkeLo:i varjkZ"Vªh; vkradokn dh ?kks"k.kk ij gLrk{kj gq,A
bl ?kks"k.kk us vkradokn ij if'peh ns'kksa }kjk viuk, x, nksgjs ekun.Mksa dh fuUnk dhA
;|fi :l vc ,d egk'kfDr ugha jgk ijarq Hkkjr osQ fy, bldh egRrk dks de ugha vkadk tk ldrkA
la;qDr jk"Vª dh lqj{kk ifj"kn dk LFkk;h lnL; gksus osQ dkj.k ;g viuh fu"ksèkkfèkdkj 'kfDr dk iz;ksx
dj ldrk gS vkSj tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa] :l osQoy ,d ,slh fo'o 'kfDr gS ftlus d'ehj vkSj
lhek ikj vkradokn esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr dk lnSo leFkZu fd;k gSA ;g ikfdLrku dks lalkj osQ bl
Hkkx esa èkkfeZd dV~Vjrk vkSj vkradokn iQSykus dk ftEesnkj ekurk gSA dk'ehj osQ ekeys esa egRoiw.kZ
leFkZu ,d la;qDr dFku osQ :i esa vk;k tks fd izèkkuea=kh oktis;h dh rhu fnolh; ekWLdks ;k=kk
osQ nkSjku tkjh fd;k x;kA blus fu;a=k.k js[kk vkSj lhek osQ vU; LFkkuksa ls gksdj tEew vkSj d'ehj esa
ikfdLrku }kjk ?kqliSB jksdus dh ekax dhA blus ikfdLrku ls ;g vkxzg Hkh fd;k fd og ikfdLrku
vkSj ikfdLrku fu;af=kr {ks=k esa vkradoknh fBdkuksa dks lekIr dj ns ftlls fd nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp
lkFkZd okrkZ gks losQA la;qDr jk"Vª dh lqj{kk ifj"kn osQ LFkk;h lnL;ksa esa :l Hkkjr dh lnL;rk dk
leFkZu djus okyk lcls izeq[k vkSj eq[kj ns'k gS tks foLrkfjr lqj{kk ifj"kn esa Hkkjr dh LFkk;h lnL;rk
pkgrk gSA :l Hkkjr osQ fy, lcls Hkjkslsean] lLrs ijarq mPp xq.koRrk okys lSU; midj.kksa dh vkiwfrZ
djus okyk ns'k gSA Hkkjr dh j{kk lacaèkh vko';drkvksa ftlesa vkèkqfud vL=k vkSj rduhd Hkh 'kkfey
gSa] dh lRrj izfr'kr vkiwfrZ :l djrk gSA :l osQ j{kk fu;kZrksa esa yM+kdw foeku (tSls fex&21) ;q¼
VSad (Vh&72 ,e,y) gSyhdkWIVj] VSad jksèkh felkbysa] tgkt jksèkh felkbysa] iuMqfCc;k¡] ukfHkdh;
iuMqCch (vdyk&2) vkSj foeku okgd (xksl[Z kksc) vkfn 'kkfey gSaA tuojh 2004 esa ,d ^^egRoiw.kZ
lkSns** esa Hkkjr us 12 fex&29 yM+kowQ foekuksa osQ lkFk ,Mfejy xkslZ[kksc dks [kjhnuk Lohdkj fd;kA
foeku okgd 2008 rd Hkkjr dks igqp ¡ k fn, tk;sxa As Hkkjr vkSj :l osQ chp j{kk lg;ksx osQoy ljdkjh
[kjhn rd gh lhfer ugha gS cfYd buesa ls oqQN gfFk;kjksa (tSls fd fex& 27 ,e] lq[kksbZ&30 ,eosQ]
Vh& 72 VSad vkfn) dk Hkkjr esa mRiknu djuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA blesa la;qDr 'kks/ vkSj fodkl vkSj

293
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o ,[k&j[kko dk lg;ksx Hkh lfEefyr gSA Hkkjr&:l la;qDr iz;kl dk lcls mRÑ"V mnkgj.k èofu ls
rst pyus okyh ,UVh f'ki Øwt felkbZy]^czãksl* dks mRikfnr djuk vkSj cspuk gSA
Hkkjr vkSj :l osQ chp etcwr ,sfrgkfld lacaèk jgs gSaA orZeku varjkZ"Vªh; ifjizs{; esa fo'o osQ ckjs
esa nksuksa osQ fopkj cgqr vfèkd esy [kkrs gSaA muosQ lqj{kk vkSj vkfFkZd fgr bls vkSj etcwr cukrs gSaA
lHkh izdkj ls mRre lacaèkksa esa Hkkjr&:l O;kikj lcls detksj dM+h gSA ijarq nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp vkfFkZd
vU;ksU; fØ;k mQtkZ vkSj lqj{kk tSls {ks=kksa esa lg;ksx ls vkSj vfèkd rst gks xbZ gSA
fVIi.kh oqQN vU; {ks=kksa esa Hkh nksuksa f}i{kh; lg;ksx osQ fy, vk'kkfUor gSaA muesa ls ,d {ks=k mQtkZ lg;ksx Hkh
gSA Hkkjr mQtkZ dk ,d cM+k miHkksDrk cudj mHkjk gSA :l osQ rsy vkSj xSl osQ HkaMkj rFkk rkih;~
tyfo|qr vkSj ukfHkdh; mQtkZ 'kfDr esa bldh fo'ks"kKrk Hkfo"; esa Hkkjr dh mQtkZ lqj{kk dks lqfuf'pr
djus esa egRoiw.kZ gksaxsA lksfo;r :l osQ lg;ksx ls rkih; vkSj tyfo|qr 'kfDr osQ dbZ la;a=k ;gka rS;kj
fd, tk pqosQ gSaA ukfHkdh; mQtkZ {ks=k esa Hkkjr osQ y{;ksa dks :lh lgk;rk dh vko';drk gS D;ksafd
osQoy :l gh og ukfHkdh; 'kfDr gS tks ijek.kq mQtkZ {ks=k esa Hkkjr osQ lkFk lg;ksx djus dks rS;kj
gSA

vkius D;k lh[kk

Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk nks cM+s yksdrU=k gSa] ijarq yacs le; ls nksuksa osQ chp lacaèk vPNs ugha gSaA 'khr ;q¼
osQ nkSjku vesfjdk dk eq[; y{; lkE;okn dks ijs j[kuk FkkA ijarq Hkkjr 'khr ;q¼ uhfr ls vyx jguk
pkgrk FkkA vr% Hkkjr us xqV fujis{krk dh Lora=k uhfr viuk;hA ;g ckr vesfjdk dks vPNh ugha yxhA
nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp lacaèk ml le; rukoiw.kZ gks x, tc 1950 esa vesfjdk us ikfdLrku dks gfFk;kjksa
dh vkiwfrZ dh] tcfd ih,y 480 osQ rgr vesfjdk Hkkjr dks xsgw¡ dh vkiwfrZ Hkh dj jgk FkkA phu
osQ vkØe.k osQ le; vesfjdh lgk;rk ls 1960 osQ izkjEHk eas vesfjdk osQ lkFk eS=kh lacaèkksa esa lqèkkj
vk;kA ijarq ;g vYidkfyd FkkA [kk| lgk;rk lacaèkh 'krkss± us ckn osQ n'kd esa Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacaèkksa
esa leL;k mRiUu dj nhA ckaXykns'k ;q¼ esa ikfdLrku dk [qkydj leFkZu vkSj caxky dh [kkM+h esa
;w,l,l ,UVjizkb”k dks Hkstus osQ dkj.k lacaèk fuEure fcUnq ij igq¡p x,A 'khr ;q¼ osQ ckn lacaèkksa
esa FkksMk+ ifjorZu vk;kA fo'ks"kr% ml le; tc vesfjdk us 1999 esa ikfdLrku ls fu;a=k.k js[kk ls viuh
lsukvksa dks gVkus dk nokc cuk;k rFkk Hkkjr dks ukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksa ls ;qDr ,d ftEesnkj ns'k ekukA
Hkkjr&lksfo;r la?k osQ lacaèk izkjEHk ls gh oqQN mHk;fu"B fgrksa ij vkèkkfjr FksA lksfo;r la?k }kjk
d'ehj ekeys esa lg;ksx nsus ls lacaèk vkSj xgjs gks x,A blosQ ckn ,d vkRe fuHkZj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ
fuekZ.k esa_ tSls fd fHkykbZ la;a=k dh LFkkiuk vkfn esa lksfo;r la?k ls lg;ksx izkIr gqvkA Hkkjrh; l'kL=k
lsukvksa dks Hkh lksfo;r la?k ls gfFk;kj vkSj ;q¼ midj.k izkIr gq,A lksfo;r la?k us fex tSls yM+kdw
foekuksa osQ mRiknu dh vuqefr Hkkjr dks ns nhA Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ lacaèkksa dh pje lhek ml
le; gqbZ tc 1971 esa ckWXykns'k ladV osQ le; Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k us ,d eS=kh lafèk ij gLrk{kj
fd,A 'khr ;q¼ osQ rqjar ckn osQ le; esa lacaèk FkksM+s de vo'; gq, ijarq vc ;s fiQj ls lgh fn'kk
esa vxzlj gSaA

ikBkar iz'u
1. 'khr ;q¼ osQ nkSjku Hkkjr&vesfjdh jktuSfrd lacaèkksa ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
2. ukfHkdh; ekeyksa osQ lanHkZ esa Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacaèkksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
3. vkradokn osQ lanHkZ esa Hkkjr&vesfjdh lacaèkksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

294
 vesfjdk vkSj :l ls Hkkjr osQ laca/ ekWM~;wy - 6
4. Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk osQ chp vkfFkZd lacaèkksa ij fVIi.kh dhft,A Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
5. 'khr ;q¼ osQ nkSjku Hkkjr lksfo;r la?k osQ lacaèkksa vkSj miyfCèk;ksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
6. 'khr ;q¼ osQ ckn Hkkjr&lksfo;r la?k osQ lacaèkksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

fVIi.kh
27.1
(d) 1941
([k) lhVks vkSj lsUVks
(x) fteh dkVZj
(?k) ih-,y- 480
(Ä) 1962
27.2
(d) lR;
([k) lR;
(x) lR;
(?k) lR;
(Ä) vlR;
(p) ih- ,y 480
(N) 1962
27.3
(d) fHkykbZ
([k) 1955
(x) 1966
(?k) 1971
(Ä) iqfru
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 27.1.1 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 27.1.3 ns[ksa
3. [k.M 27.1.3 ns[ksa
4. [k.M 27.1.2 ns[ksa
5. [k.M 27.2 ns[ksa
6. [k.M 27.2.1 ns[ksa
295
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o

28
fVIi.kh Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh% phu] ikfdLrku
vkSj Jhyadk

fiNys vè;k; esa vkius i<+k fd Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dk eq[; mn~ns'; vU; lHkh ns'kksa] fo'ks"kdj
vius iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ lkFk varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsuk gh ugha vfirq muls eS=kh lacaèkksa
dks fodflr djuk Hkh gSA ikfdLrku] ck¡Xykns'k] usiky] Jhyadk] HkwVku tks fd Hkkjr osQ iM+kslh gSa rFkk
ftuosQ lkFk blosQ eS=kh lacaèk ,d tSlh laLo`Qfr rFkk fojklr ij vkèkkfjr gSaA
bl vè;k; esa ge ikfdLrku] phu vkSj Jhyadk osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ lacaèkksa dk vè;;u djsaxsA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki
z Hkkjr&phu osQ chp lacaèkksa esa ruko osQ izeq[k dkj.k tku losaQxs_
z phu osQ lkFk lhek fookn osQ gy osQ lacaèk esa fd;s x;s iz;kl tku losaQxs_
z Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp ukfHkdh; 'k=kqrk tku losaQxs_
z Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk osQ chp ,sfrgkfld] laLd`fr vkSj tkrh; lacaèk tku losaQxs_
z d'ehj dh ,sfrgkfld leL;k osQ ifjizs{; esa Hkkjr&ikd lacaèkksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj losaQxs_ rFkk
z rfey vyxkooknh vkanksyu dk fodkl vkSj Hkkjr&Jhyadk lacaèkksa ij bldk izHkko tku losaQxsA

28.1 Hkkjr vkSj phu

Hkkjr vkSj phu ,f'k;k osQ nks cM+s fo'kky ns'k gaSA fo'kky tula[;k okys ns'k gksus osQ lkFk gh lkFk
;s nksuksa fo'o dh izkphure lH;rk,sa Hkh gSaA bfrgkldkjksa us nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp nwljh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- ls
lkaLd`frd lacaèk gksus osQ ;Fks"B rF; fn, gSaA
1949 osQ lkE;oknh vkanksyu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i bekvksRls rqax osQ usr`Ro esa phu] ihiqYl fjifCyd vkWiQ
phu cu x;kA fo'o osQ v'osr yksxksa osQ usr`Ro osQ fy, usg: us Hkkjr dks phu dk izfr}anh ekukA nwljh
vksj] Hkkjr us phu osQ fudV vkus dh Hkjld dksf'k'k dh gSA Hkkjr igyk xSj lkE;oknh ns'k gS ftlus

296
 Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh% phu] ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk ekWM~;wy - 6
1949 esa lkE;oknh phu dks ekU;rk iznku dhA la;qDr jk"Vª esa lnL;rk osQ fy, phu osQ nkos dks Hkkjr Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
us iw.kZ leFkZu fn;kA blus iQkeksZlk (rkbZoku) ij Hkh phu osQ nkos dks Lohd`fr nhA Hkkjr us phu osQ
fcuk tkiku osQ lkFk 'kkafr lafèk ls badkj dj fn;kA dksfj;k ladV esa Hkh Hkkjr us phu dks geykoj
ekuus ls budkj dj fn;k tcfd phu us mÙkjh dksfj;k dh vksj ls gLr{ksi fd;k FkkA okLro esa Hkkjr
us phu dks if'peh ns'kksa osQ lewg fo'ks"kdj vesfjdk dh ukjktxh tkfgj djus osQ ckotwn Hkh leFkZu
fn;kA
usg: dh phu uhfr dks 1950 esa igyk vk?kkr yxk tc phu us frCcr ij vfèkdkj LFkkfir dj fy;kA fVIi.kh
bl lacaèk esa ;g Lej.k j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd frCcr esa yacs le; ls Hkkjr dh :fp jgh gS D;ksafd
;g nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp vojksèk osQ leku gSA frCcr ls Hkkjr dks oqQN fo'ks"k ykHk Hkh feys gSaA vr%
frCcr ij phu dk lhèkk fu;a=k.k bu ykHkksa vkSj Hkkjr dh lqj{kk dks [krjs esa Mky ldrk FkkA
frCcr leL;k ij Hkkjr }kjk 'kkafr iwoZd gy osQ lq>ko dks phuh lkE;oknh 'kklu }kjk gLr{ksi ekuk
x;kA èkhjs&èkhjs frCcrh yksx phu dh ijkèkhurk ls vèkhj gks mBs vkSj 1959 esa fonzksg dh Hkkouk dks
jksd ugha ik,A phu us ØwjrkiwoZd bl vkanksyu dk neu djosQ frCcr dks phu dk ,d Hkkx ?kksf"kr
dj fn;kA frCcr osQ eqf[k;k nykbZ ykek us Hkkxdj Hkkjr esa 'kj.k yh vkSj vius ns'k dh jgh lgh
Lok;Rrrk [kks nhA nykbZykek dks Hkkjr }kjk nh xbZ 'kj.k dks phu us vfo'okl osQ :i esa ns[kkA
1950&53 dh dksfj;kbZ leL;k ij phu us Hkkjr dh fu"i{k rFkk eè;LFkrk lacaèkh Hkwfedk dh ljkguk
dhA 1954 dh Hkkjr&phu eS=kh&lafèk us ,d u;k vè;k; izkjEHk dj fn;kA bl lafèk }kjk frCcr ij
phu osQ vkfèkiR; dks Hkh Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA bl lafèk dh izLrkouk esa izfl¼ ^iap'khy fl¼kar*
Hkh 'kkfey Fks ftuosQ ckjs esa vki vè;k; 26 esa vè;;u dj pqosQ gSaA bl le>kSrs ls 'kkafriw.kZ lacaèkksa
dh 'kqjQvkr gqbZ] ftls fgUnh&phuh HkkbZ HkkbZ osQ ukjs ls fpfUgr fd;k x;kA ;gka ij ;g ckr è;ku nsus
;ksX; gS fd ckaMqaxk lEesyu (1955) esa] usg: lfØ; :i ls phu dks vizQhdh ,f'k;kbZ ,drk esa ys
vk;sA
28.1.1 Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp lhek fookn
1950 osQ n'kd dks Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp lhek fookn ls fpfUgr fd;k tkrk gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i
nqHkkZX;o'k nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp 1962 esa ;q¼ gqvkA lcls igys phu us Hkkjrh; {ks=k] ukFkZbZLV izaQfV;j
,tsla h tks vc v:.kkapy izn's k gS vkSj yn~k[k ij vius vfèkdkj dk nkok izLrqr fd;k vkSj ,sls ekufp=k
izdkf'kr fd, ftuesa bUgsa phu osQ Hkkx iznf'kZr fd;k x;k FkkA phu us viuh lhek osQ foLrkj dks fujarj
cuk;s j[kk rFkk 1956&57 esa 110 ehy yach lM+d cukbZ tks vDlkbZ phuh {ks=k Hkkjr osQ yn~nk[k {ks=k
ls gksdj tkrh gSA 1959 esa] phu us Hkkjrh; {ks=k osQ 51]000 oxZ ehy {ks=k ij viuk nkok izLrqr fd;k
vkSj eSdegksu js[kk dh oSèkrk dks Hkh udkjkA
eSdesgksu js[kk ;g Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp lhek js[kk gS tks HkwVku osQ iwoZ esa gSA fczfV'k Hkkjr]
phu rFkk frCcr osQ izfrfufèk;ksa osQ chp 1914 esa gqbZ ,d xks"Bh esa bldk fuèkkZj.k fd;k x;kA
fczfV'k osQcSfuV esa Hkkjrh; lfpo vkFkZj gSujh edesgksu us xks"Bh esa fczfV'k Hkkjr dk izfrfufèkRo
fd;k FkkA
bl le; rd frCcr phu dk ,d vax cu pqdk Fkk tks vc Hkkjr&phu lhek ij ,d etcwr fLFkfr
esas FkkA ogka pkjksa vksj phuh lSfud FksA tc nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp eSdesgksu js[kk ij fookn py jgk Fkk]
phu us usiQk (NEFA) vkSj yn~nk[k lSDVj esa vDVwcj 1962 esa Hkkjr ij vkØe.k dj fn;kA Hkkjrh;
{ks=k osQ cgqr cM+s Hkkxksa vkSj phu osQ Hkkjr osQ mÙkj iwohZ osQ Hkkx osQ 200 ehy vkSj yn~nk[k esa 15000
oxZ ehy {ks=k ij dCtk tekdj vosQys gh (,d i{kh;) ;qn~èk fojke dh ?kks"k.kk dhA nksuksa ns'kksa osQ

297
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o chp 'kkafriw.kZ le>kSrk djkus dk ,d vliQy iz;kl Jhyadk }kjk fd;k x;kA dksyacks osQ izLrko dks
phu us izLrko esa j[kh 'krksZa osQ dkj.k Bqdjk fn;k vkSj ;g iz;kl foiQy gks x;kA ;qn~èk osQ ckn vusd
o"kksZa rd phu&Hkkjr osQ lacaèkksa esa dskbZ lqèkkj ugha fn[ksA okLro esa phu us Hkkjr dks vyx djosQ
ikfdLrku osQ lkFk fe=krk c<+kus dk jkLrk [kkstkA
28.1.2 lacaèkksa dk lkekU;hdj.k
nksuksa ns'kksa osQ jktuhfrd lacaèk 1976 esa jktnwrksa osQ ijLij fofue; ij lkekU; gq,A Hkkjr&phu lacaèkksa
fVIi.kh dks 1988 esa rRdkyhu izèkkuea=kh jktho xkaèkh dh iakp fnolh; phu ;k=kk osQ ckn izksRlkgu feykA nksuksa
ns'kksa us okrkZ }kjk lhek fookn dks gy djus dh is'kd'k dhA mlosQ ckn dbZ vU; mPp Lrjh; ;k=kk,a
Hkh gqbZ] tSls fd iwoZ izèkkuea=kh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us 2003 esa phu ;k=kk dhA lhek fookn dks vyx
j[kdj nksuksa ns'kksa us vU; {ks=kksa esa eS=kh lacaèkksa osQ fodkl dh Lohd`fr nhA tc rd fd lhek fookn
dk fuiVkjk gks] nksuksa ns'kksa us okLrfod fu;a=k.k js[kk (,y , lh) ij 'kkafr vkSj la;e dk;e j[kus dh
lgefr trk;hA
vc Hkkjr osQ izfr phu osQ :[k esa Li"V varj vk x;k gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g Fkk fd iwoZ osQ
lksfo;r la?k ls phu dk laca/ fcxM+ukA blosQ vfrfjDr 1979 osQ ckn phu osQ vkfFkZd cnyko esa
cM+s mRiknu dks ,d cM+h cktkj dh vko';drk FkhA phu osQ jk"Vªifr ft;kax tsfeu dh 1996 esa Hkkjr
;k=kk bl eS=kh fodkl dks osQUnz fcUnq cukus dh xokg cuhA phuh jkT;kè;{k dh ;g lcls igyh Hkkjr
;k=kk FkhA ukxk vkSj fetks fonzksfg;ksa dks phu }kjk lgk;rk nsuk can dj nsuk_ flfDde (ftls phu ,d
Lora=k jk"Vª ekurk Fkk) dh fLFkfr phu osQ ekSu :[k }kjk ,d vPNs laosQr fn,A ;gh ugha] d'ehj
osQ ekeys dks ysdj Hkh phu us fu"i{k :i viuk;k tks fe=krk dk ldkjkRed igyw ekuk x;kA Hkkjr
}kjk 1998 esa fd;s x;s ukfHkdh; foLiQksVksa osQ ckn nksuksa ns'kksa osQ lacaèkksa esa vpkud gh ,d vYi
dkyhu ladh.kZrk vk x;hA blosQ ckn phu dh rh[kh izfØ;k ;g vk;hA la;qDr jk"Vª vkSj vU; blh
izdkj dh laLFkkvksa esa bl izdkj osQ ijh{k.kksa dh fuank djkus osQ izLrko dks vuqeksnu djkus esa phu us
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA Hkkjr osQ }kjk fd;s x;s bu ijh{k.kksa dks bl {ks=k esa phu osQ c<+rs izHkko ,d
vk?kkr osQ jQi esa ns[kk x;kA ijarq 1999 esa d'ehj (dkjfxy) esa Hkkjr ikd lSU; {kerk izn'kZu ekeys
esa phu osQ mnklhu joS;s us phu osQ Hkkjr osQ izfr uje eS=khiw.kZ joS;s dks Li"V dj fn;kA okLro esa
bl la?k"kZ esa phu }kjk gLr{ksi ls euk djus ls ikfdLrku dks Hkkjr ls ;q¼ can djus osQ fy, ckè;
gksuk iM+kA iwoZ izèkkuea=kh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h dh 2003 esa phu ;k=kk nksuksa iM+ksfl;ksa osQ chp ?kfu"B
vkSj gkfnZd lacaèkksa dks c<+kok nsus dk ,d uohu iz;kl FkkA flfDde esa ukFkwyk ikl dks lhek le>kSrs
osQ vuqlkj lhek ekuk x;k gS] vkSj flfDde dks phu vc ,d Lora=k jk"Vª ugha ekurkA nksuksa ns'kksa us
lhek fookn dks jktuSfrd Lrj ij f}i{kh; lacaèkksa osQ }kjk lqy>kus dh vko';drk ij tksj fn;kA ;g
bl ckr dh Lohd`fr gS fd fookn dks jktuSfrd rjhosQ ls gy fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls okrkZ esa nsjh
djus osQ chftax osQ :[k dks] bl eqn~ns dks NksM+ nsus osQ :i esa ns[kk x;kA Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªh; lqj{kk
lykgdkj vkSj phu osQ miea=kh bu okrkZvksa osQ djus osQ fy, fu;qDr fd, x, gSaA jktuf;d vkSj
jktuSfrd Lrj osQ dkj.k fodkl ij vkfFkZd fn'kk esa f}i{kh; lacaèkksa dks etcwr cukus dh igy dks
vkSj cy feykA Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp lhekikj O;kikj us 10 fcfy;u Mkyj osQ vkadM+s dks ikj dj
fy;k gSA

ikBxr iz'u 28.1

(d)phu ,d lkE;oknh ns'k lu~ ------------------------ esa cukA (1947] 1949] 1962)

298
 Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh% phu] ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk ekWM~;wy - 6
([k)vizQhdh&,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dk ckaMqax lEesyu o"kZ ------------------ esa gqvkA (1945] 1949] 1955) Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
(x) iwohZ {ks=k esa Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp -------------------------------- lhek js[kk dh rjg gSA
(gk¡x gqvk ckMZj] eSdeksgu ykbu] bUMks pkbZuks ckMZj)
(?k) phu us ----------------------------- esa vkfFkZd mnkjrk viukbZA (1970 osQ izkjEHk esa] 1970 osQ
var esa] 1990 osQ izkjEHk esa)
(Ä) phu osQ jk"Vªifr -------------------------------------------------------------------- us 1996 esa Hkkjr ;k=kk dhA fVIi.kh
(tkvks,uykbZ] tkvksUls rqax] ft;kax >sfeu)

28.2 Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku

fo'o osQ fdUgha Hkh nks ns'kksa esa bruh lekurk ugha gS ftruh fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa gSA fiQj Hkh
yacs le; ls nksuksa osQ chp fujUrj v?kksf"kr ;q¼ py jgk gSA ikfdLrku osQ dkjfxy vkØe.k (1999)
osQ ckn nksuksa ns'k ukfHkdh; 'kfDr {kerk izn'kZu rd igqap x, gSaA bl lansg vkSj vfo'okl dh Hkkouk
dk tUe 1947 esa Hkkjr foHkktu osQ ckn gks x;k FkkA Lokèkhurk laxzke osQ nkSjku eqgEen vyh ftUuk
osQ usr`Ro esa mUgksaus eqlyekuksa osQ fy, ,d vyx jkT; dk izLrko j[kkA ftUuk us bl ckr ij vkxzg
fd;k fd fgUnw vkSj eqfLye nks leqnk; gSa vr% nksuksa osQ fy, nks vyx jk"Vª cuuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh;
jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl }kjk foHkktu izLrko ij vlgefr trkus ls ikfdLrku esa lansg dh Hkkouk vkSj iq"V gks
xbZ fd Hkkjr foHkktu dk var djus dh dksf'k'k djsxkA nwljh vksj ikfdLrku dks bl {ks=k esa v{kerk
dk Hkh irk FkkA ikfdLrku us ,d vkSj n`f"Vdks.k fodflr fd;k fd fcuk d'ehj dks ikfdLrku esa
feyk;s ikfdLrku ,d iw.kZ jkT; ugha gks ldrkA ;gh ugha] d'ehj osQ Hkkjr esa foy; dks Hkkjr viuh
èkeZfujis{k vkSj la?kh; lajpuk dk vko';d rRo ekurk gSA
28.2.1 d'ehj fookn
foHkktu osQ le; tEew vkSj d'ehj mu jtokM+ksa esa ls ,d Fkk ftUgsa 1947 esa vfuf'prrk dh fLFkfr
esa NksM+ fn;k x;k FkkA ikfdLrku us bPNk trkbZ fd eqfLye ckgqY; gksus osQ dkj.k d'ehj dks ,d
eqfLye jk"Vª ikfdLrku esa fey tkuk pkfg,A ijarq jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl osQ izeq[k usrkvksa us ikfdLrku osQ
bl fopkj dk fojksèk fd;kA egkjktk gfjflag us rc rd dksbZ fu.kZ; ugha fy;k tc rd fd ikfdLrku
us 1947 esa vius l'kL=k ?kqliSBh, d'ehj esa mrkjsA ikfdLrku ?kqliSfB;ksa dks fu"iQy djus osQ fy,
egkjktk us Hkkjr ls lgk;rk ekaxh vkSj vfèkdkj ;a=k ij gLrk{kj fd;s fd d'ehj Hkkjrh; la?k dk ,d
fgLlk cu tk,A bl volj ij ,d lPps yksdrkaf=kd usrk dh rjg izèkkuea=kh usg: us ;g fo'okl
fnyk;k fd ikfdLrku }kjk ;q¼ dh lekfIr ?kks"k.kk osQ ckn jkT; dh fLFkfr d'ehjokfl;ksa dh bPNk
osQ vkèkkj ij r; gksxhA ikfdLrku osQ lkFk Hkkjr ,d [kqyk Vdjko ugha pkgrk FkkA vr% mlus bl
ekeys dks la;qDr jk"Vª osQ gokys dj fn;kA Hkkjrh; lsukvksa us ?kwliSfB;ksa ls Jhuxj dks cpk;k rFkk
ikfdLrkfu;ksa dks d'ehj ?kkVh ls [knsM+ fn;kA ijarq lEiw.kZ d'ehj ij Hkkjr }kjk iqu% dCtk ugha fd;k
tk ldk D;ksfa d bldk vFkZ nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp ,d vkeus lkeus dk Hkh"k.k ;q¼ gksuk FkkA Hkkjr us 1948
esa la;qDr jk"Vª ls lgk;rk ekaxhA 1 tuojh 1949 dks ;q¼fojke dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA blls tEew d'ehj
dk ,d cM+k Hkkx (jkT; osQ yxHkx 2@5 Hkkx) ikfdLrku osQ vfèkdkj esa jg x;k ftls ge ikfdLrku
vf/o`Qr d'ehj (ih vks osQ) osQ uke ls tkurs gSaA 1950 esa la;qDr jk"Vª osQ eè;LFkksa us bl fookn
dks lqy>kus dh dbZ ;kstuk, cuk;h ijarq nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp varj ikVus esa foiQy jgsA
d'ehj dh leL;k vc Hkh fopkjkèkhu gSA la;qDr jk"Vª osQ 1948 esa fu.kZ; osQ vuqlkj ikfdLrku }kjk
vfèkxzfgr {ks=k ls mldh lsukvksa dks gVkus osQ ckn ogka ij tuer ls fu.kZ; fy;k tkuk Fkk ftls
299
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o ikfdLrku us ekuus ls badkj dj fn;kA vr% Hkkjr us vihy dh fd 1954 esa lhèks pquko }kjk bl {ks=k
esa yksxksa dh bPNkvksa dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,] blus tEeq d'ehj dk Hkkjr esa foy; larks"ktud
<ax ls dj fn;kA eè;LFkrk osQ lq>ko dk var gks x;kA ikfdLrku d'ehj vfèkx`g.k osQ fy, vèkhj
FkkA ;g lkspdj dh 1962 esa phu ;qn~èk osQ ckn Hkkjrh; lsuk detksj gks x;h Fkh] ikfdLrku us 1965
esa d'ehj dks okil ysus osQ fy, ;qn~èk NsM+kA ijarq Hkkjrh; lsukvksa us ikfdLrku osQ iz;kl dks foiQy
dj fn;kA
fVIi.kh fu;a=k.k js[kk% 1949 esa fuèkkZfjr ;qn~èk fojke js[kk 1972 osQ ckn fu;a=k.k js[kk osQ uke ls tkuh
x;hA oqQN yksx ekurs gSa fd Hkkjr ikd dh d'ehj leL;k dk lEHko gy bl fu;a=k.k js[kk dks
varjkZ"Vªh; lhek esa cnyuk gSA
blosQ ckn ikfdLrku oQks ,d ckj vkSj eqag dh [kkuh iM+h tc mldh iwohZ ikfdLrkuh 'kk[kk tks ,d
gtkj ehy nwj bldh if'peh 'kk[kk (foax) us 1971 esa Lora=krk la?k"kZ vkjEHk fd;kA Hkkjr us ckaXyk
ns'k dks vktkn djkus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA ckaXyk ns'k osQ tUe us fln~èk dj fn;k fd f}&jk"Vªh;
fl¼kar osQ vkèkkj ij d'ehj ij ikfdLrku osQ vfèkdkj osQ nkoksa dk ;g var FkkA ikfdLrku dk vkdkj
vc ?kVdj Hkkjr osQ vkdkj dk ,d pkSFkkbZ ek=k jg x;kA blus nf{k.k ,sf'k;k esa 'kfDr lehdj.k dks
Hkkjr osQ i{k esa dj fn;kA
lacaèkksa dks lkekU; djus osQ fy, Hkkjr us ikfdLrku dks ,d le>kSrs osQ fy, vkeaf=kr fd;k ftlosQ
iQyLo:i 1972 esa f'keyk le>kSrk gqvkA f'keky le>kSrs dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd nksuksa
ns'kksa us bl ckr ij lgefr trk;h fd fdlh rhljs osQ gLrk{ksi osQ fcuk os d'ehj lfgr viuh lHkh
leL;kvksa dk ijLij gy <wa<saxsA bl izdkj f'keyk le>kSrs osQ varxZr d'ehj ekeyks dks fdlh
varjkZ"Vªh; xks"Bh esa ugha mBk;k tk ldrkA gkykafd ikfdLrku us bl le>kSrs osQ ewy rRo dks udkjus
esa fgpd ugha fn[kk;h gSA le>kSrs osQ vuqlkj ;qn`èk cafn;ksa dks ykSVkus dh ckr dgha x;h FkhA ;|fi
Hkkjr us vfèkx`fgr ikfdLrkuh {ks=k dks ykSVk fn;k rFkk ,d u;h ;qn~èk fojke js[kk (1948&49) esa
[khph x;h iqjkuh ;qn~èk fojke js[kk osQ LFkku ij) [khaph x;h] ftls fu;a=k.k js[kk osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk
gSA ijarq ikfdLrku us [kqys ;qn~èk osQ ctk; iatkc esa vkradokn dks c<+kok vkSj lgk;rk nsdj rFkk tEeq
vkSj d'ehj esa jkT; lefFkZr vkradoknh xfrfofèk;ksa }kjk 1980 osQ eè; ls vc rd Hkkjr dks [kafMr
djus osQ jkLrsa <wa<s gSaA ikfdLrku vc Hkh ikfdLrku vfèkxzfgr {ks=k esa pyk;s tk jgs vkradoknh izf'k{k.k
f'kfojksa }kjk d'ehj esa vkradoknh vkSj i`Fkd djus okyh izo`fr;ksa dks c<+kok nsus esa yxk gqvk gSA
fu;a=k.k js[kk dh ifo=krk tks fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp 1972 osQ f'keyk le>kSrs osQ varxZr
fuèkkZfjr dh x;h Fkh] bldk ebZ 1999 esa ,d cM+h ;kstuk osQ varxZr ikfdLrku us mYya?ku fd;kA
;g ikfdLrkuh lsukvksa }kjk dkjfxy Mªkl vkSj csrfyd {ks=kksa esa Hkkjr esa ?kqliSB }kjk fd;k x;kA Hkkjrh;
lsukvksa us ,d ckj fiQj yxHkx 60 fnu rd pyus okys bl ;qn~èk esa ikfdLrkfu;ksa dks ijkftr fd;kA
dkjfxy esa ikfdLrkuh ?kqliSB dk mn~ns'; ukHkdh; ;qn~èk dh psrkouh dk ladV mRiUu djuk Fkk
ftlosQ }kjk d'ehj fookn ij la;qDr jk"Vª osQ i{k dks vius i{k esa djkus dks fuf'pr djuk FkkA
lkSHkkX;o'k la;qDr jk"Vª vkSj u gh phu us ikfdLrku dh lgk;rk dhA okLro esa ;g ikfdLrku dh
jktuf;d vkSj lSU; ijkt; gSA
28.2.2 ukfHkdh; ijh{k.k vkSj lacaèk lqèkkj osQ iz;kl%
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku }kjk ebZ 1998 esa fd, x, ijek.kq ifj{k.kksa us Hkkjr ikfdLrku lacaèkksa dks ,d
fcydqy ubZ fn'kk nhA nksuksa iM+ksfl;ksa osQ lacaèk fcYoqQy fuEuLrj ij igqap x,A 1970 osQ eè; osQ
ckn ikfdLrku dks phu }kjk ukfHkdh; vL=k fuekZ.k esa xqIr lgk;rk nsus ls Hkkjr dks ,d ukfHkdh;
psrkouh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA dksbZ lansg ugha gS fd ikfdLrku dh bl ukfHkdh; uhfr dk y{;
300
 Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh% phu] ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk ekWM~;wy - 6
Hkkjr osQ fojQ¼ gSA Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
ebZ 1998 esa ijek.kq ifj{k.kksa osQ iQyLo:i Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp mRiUu dVqrk us nksuksa ns'kksa
dks ;g lkspus ij etcwj dj fn;k fd ;g lc vfuf'pr :i ls tkjh ugha j[kk tk ldrkA nksuksa ns'kksa
dks dksbZ rks gy <wa<uk gksxkA vr% fons'k lfpo Lrj dh okrkZ izkjEHk dh xbZ vkSj fnYyh vkSj ykgkSj
osQ chp ,d cl lsok dk izLrko j[kk x;kA izèkkuea=kh cktis;h dh 1998 dh cl jktuhfr us nksuksa
ns'kksa osQ chp lnHkkouk dks c<+k;kA ykgkSj ?kks"k.kk dj gLrk{kj osQ ckn lHkh 'ks"k ekeyksa (d'ehj ekeyksa
lfgr) dk Hkh 'kkafriw.kZ rjhosQ ls gy <wa<us dh vko';drk ij cy fn;kA tcfd Hkkjr us ijLij ykHk fVIi.kh
osQ vU; {ks=kksa esa d'ehj lfgr okrkZ izfØ;k osQ lanHkZ esa ;g lq>k;k fd nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh fdlh ,d
Hkh ekeys esa mxz O;ogkj ugha viuk,xkA fcuk fdlh 'krZ okrkZ fiQj ls izkjEHk gks xbZ gSA bu okrkZvksa
}kjk fu;a=k.k js[kk osQ vkj&ikj yksxksa esa laidZ c<+kus ij tksj fn;k x;k gS] rFkk Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku
osQ chp vkfFkZd lacaèk lqèkkjkus ij Hkh tksj fn;k x;k gSA Hkkjr esa ljdkj osQ cnyus osQ ckn Hkh ge
ikfdLrku osQ lkFk 'kkafr vkSj le`¼rk dks c<+krs gq, lgvfLrRo dh opuc¼rk ls HkVosQ ugha gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 28.2

fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij lR; vFkok vlR; fyf[k,
(d) f}jk"Vªh; fl¼kar dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us Lohdkj fd;kA lR;@vlR;
([k) tEeq d'ehj osQ egkjkt gfjflag us Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa ls lgk;rk ekaxh ijarq osQoy Hkkjr
us mRrj fn;kA lR;@vlR;
(x) ikfdLrku vfèkxzghr d'ehj dks ikfdLrku esa vktkn d'ehj osQ uke ls tkuk tkrkA
lR;@vlR;
(?k) iwohZ ikfdLrku osQ yksxksa us vizSy 1971 esa Loa; dks Lora=kr ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA lR;@vlR;
(Ä) f'keyk le>kSrk 1972 esa Hkkjr vkSj ckaXykns'k osQ chp gLrk{kjfjDr gqvkA lR;@vlR;
(p) ebZ 1972 esa Hkkjr }kjk ukfHkdh; ifj{k.k osQ rqjar ckn dkjfxy ;qn~èk gqvkA lR;@vlR;

28.3 Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk

Jhyadk ftls igys (1972 rd) lhyksu osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk] ,d NksVk f}ih; ns'k gS tks fd
Hkkjr osQ nf{k.k esa fgan egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA bldk oqQy {ks=kiQy 25]332 oxZ ehy gSA lHkh ns'kksa esa
Hkkjr ls bldh HkkSxksfyd fudVrk lcls vfèkd gSA osQoy 18 ehy dk foLr`r ikdLVªsV okyk mFkyk
{ks=k tks fd mRrjh Jhyadk esa tkiQuk gS og Hkkjr osQ lqnqj nf{k.kh jkT; rfeyukMq ls Jhyadk dks vyx
djrk gSA fgUn egklkxj esa bldh fLFkfr (okf.kfT;d vkSj lqfu;ksftr leqnzh vkSj ok;q ekxksZ osQ osQUnz
ij) vkSj vefjdh tylsuk vkèkkj Mhxks xkflZ;k ls bldh fudVrk iznf'kZr djrh gS fd ;g vkdkj]
tula[;k vkSj lalkèkuksa osQ vkèkkj ij fdruk egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk osQ chp laLd`fr dk
bfrgkl izkphu le; ls gSA Jhyadk dh laiw.kZ tula[;k dks 64 izfr'kr cqn~èk èkeZ esa vkSj 15 izfr'kr
fgUnw èkeZ esa fo'okl j[krs gSaA 19oha 'krkCnh osQ vkjEHk esa Jhyadk ,d fczfV'k mifuos'k cu x;kA 4
iQjojh 1948 dks bls Lora=krk iznku dh x;hA
Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk osQ chp lacaèk lkekU;r gkfnZd jgs gsa] gkykafd oqQN voljksa ij rfey vkSj
flUgkfy;ksa osQ chp tkrh; la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k ;s lacaèk rukoiw.kZ gksrs jgs gSA tkrh; leL;kvksa osQ ckotwn

301
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o Hkh Hkkjr us viuh bPNk blosQ mQij dHkh ugha Fkksih gS vkSj viuh fons'k uhfr osQ vkèkkj ij vius
bl nf{k.k iM+kslh osQ lkFk ikjLifjd Lke> vkSj fe=krk dk O;ogkj fd;k gSA nksuksa iM+ksfl;ksa osQ chp
leku :fp dk ,d egRoiw.kZ {ks=k nksuksa gh dh xqV fujis{k fons'kh uhfr dk gksuk gSA Hkkjr phu fookn
esa Jhyadk lkekU;r% mnklhu jgk gSA okLro esa 1962 osQ Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ ;qn~èk osQ ckn blus
eè;LFkrk dk iz;kl fd;kA Hkkjr osQ ukHkhdh; lEiUu gksus ij Hkh Jhyadk us le>cw> fn[kkbZA gky
gh esa 2005 esa lqukeh }kjk Jhyadk osQ rVorhZ {ks=kksa esa gq, fouk'k dh lgk;rk osQ fy, Hkkjr us cgqr
cM+k ;ksxnku fn;kA
fVIi.kh
28.3.1 Hkkjrh; rfeyksa dh leL;k
Jhyadk dk tkiQuk jkT; ckgqY; rfey tula[;k okyk {ks=k gSA ;g leL;k rc xaHkhj gks x;h tc rfey
yksxksa us mRrjh Jhyadk esa vyx jk"Vª bZye dh ekax dhA ;gka ij ;g le>uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd Jhyadk
esa rfeyksa osQ nks oxZ gSa% lhyksu rfey ftuosQ iwoZt lfn;ksa igys Jhyadk osQ izoklh gks x, FksA mudh
vuqekfur la[;k yxHkx nl yk[k gSA nwljk oxZ Hkkjrh; rfey gSa ftuosQ iwoZt fczfV'kksa }kjk ikSèkkjksi.k
etnwjksa osQ :i esa 19oha 'krkCnh esa Jhyadk yk;s x;s FksA mudh tula[;k Hkh nl yk[k osQ yxHkx gS
ftuesa ls cgqr ls ogka ij fcuk ukxfjdrk osQ gSA mudh fLFkfr dh leL;k us Hkkjr Jhyadk lacaèkksa ij
viuk izHkko fn[kk;kA lhyksu rfeyksa osQ lkFk la?k"kZokn esa gqvkA
flUgkfy;ksa esa rfey izHkqRo dk Mj gS tks fd tkfr; la?k"kZ dk eq[; dkj.k gSA nksuksa leqnk;ksa osQ chp
bl Hksn dk fczfV'k 'kkldksa us flUgkfy;ksa dh c<+rh jk"Vªh;rk dks de djus esa fy;kA rfeyksa dks
iz'kklfud <kaps esa izos'k dh vuqefr ns nh x;h vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs mUgksaus O;kikj vkSj O;olk; ij fu;a=k.k
dj fy;kA vkfFkZd lalkèkuksa dh deh vkSj voljksa rFkk vius gh yksxksa osQ c<+rs ncko osQ dkj.k Jhyadk
ljdkj Hkkjr vkSj lhyksu osQ rfeyksa dh egRrk dks de djus osQ fy, dne mBkus osQ fy, ckè; gks
x;hA yksd lsokvksa esa tgk¡ 1948 esa 30 izfr'krk rfey izfrfufèk Fks og 1975 esa fxjdj osQoy ikap
izfr'kr jg x;hA flUgkfy;ksa dks rfey izHkqRo osQ {ks=kksa esa vfèkd ls vfèkd la[;k esa clus dks izksRlkfgr
fd;k x;kA ukxfjdrk osQ dkuwu us 1948 vkSj 1949 esa yxHkx 10 yk[k Hkkjrh; rfeyksa dks jktuSfrd
vfèkdkjksa ls oafpr dj fn;kA rfey ;qod ftudk vfgalk ls fo'okl mB pqdk Fkk] mUgksaus Loa; dks
fyczs'ku VkbZxlZ osQ :i esa laxfBr fd;kA bu VkbZxlZ dk y{; bZye esa lEiw.kkZ izHkqRo lEiUu rfey
jkT; dk fuekZ.k gSA
rfeyksa osQ ekeys vkSj ljdkj }kjk viuk;h xbZ uhfr;ksa us Hkkjr Jhyadk lacaèkksa ij dkyh Nk;k okyh
Nki NksM+hA le;&le; ij Hkkjr us lhyksu ljdkj osQ fojksèk esa HksnHkkoiw.kZ uhfr viukus dh f'kdk;r
dhA 1964 esa ,d le>kSrs }kjk jkT;ghu O;fDr;ksa (Hkkjrh; rfeyksa) dh leL;k dk gy <wa<us dh
dksf'k'k dh xbZA yxHkx rhu yk[k yksxksa dks Jhyadk dh ukxfjdrk vkSj Ng yk[k iPphl gtkj yksxksa
dks Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk iznku djuh FkhA bu yksxksa dks fdLrksa esa Hkkjr LFkkukarj.k osQ fy, ianzg o"kksZa dk
le; fn;k x;kA ckn esa 1974 esa cps gq, ,d yk[k ipkl gtkj yksxksa dh fu;fr dks fuf'pr djuk
FkkA nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp ;g lgefr gqbZ fd muesa ls vkèks yksxksa dks Jhyadk dh ukxfjdrk vkSj vkèkksa
dks Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk nh tkuh gksxhA vr% jkT;ghu (ukxfjdrk foghu)yksxksa dk ;g ekeyk nksuksa ns'kksa
us 'kkafriw.kZ rjhosQ ls gy dj fy;kA
Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk osQ chp 1968 esa osQoy ,d ehy yacs vkSj 300 xt pkSM+s ,d NksVs ls }hi dNkfVcw
osQ LokfeRo dk fookn mBkA 1974 esa nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp gq, ,d le>kSrs osQ rgr Hkkjr us bl }hi
ij Jhyadk osQ LokfeRo dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA
28.3.2 rfey i`FkDdj.k
rfeyksa vkSj flUgkfy;ksa osQ chp tkrh; fookn dk ,d yack bfrgkl gSA 1983 esa ;g leL;k vkSj xaHkhj
gks xbZA bu leqnk;ksa osQ chp [kkbZ osQ xgjk gksus osQ ckn vkradoknh vkSj i`FkDdkjh laxBu lfØ; gks
x,A rfey ;qukbVsM fyczs'ku izQaV us 1988 esa rfeyksa osQ fy, i`Fkd jk"Vª rfey bZye dh ekax dhA
302
 Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh% phu] ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk ekWM~;wy - 6
1983 esa fonzksgh rfeyksa osQ fo:¼ ,d vkrafdr djus okyh xfrfofèk viukbZ xbZA 1983&86 osQ nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
yxHkx nks yk[k rfey cs?kj gks x;sA bfrgkl esa lcls cnrj tkrh; naxksa us gtkjksa rfeyksa dks Hkkjr esa
'kj.kkFkhZ cuk fn;kA
Hkkjr us bl ladV osQ lekèkku esa viuh lgk;rk izLrqr dh ijarq bls rfeyksa dh vksj ls Hkkjr dk
Jhyadk esa Hkkjrh; gLr{ksi ekuk x;kA tc fLFkfr cgqr gh vlkekU; gks x;h rks 1987 esa nksuksa ns'kksa
us ,d le>kSrk fd;kA blosQ vuqlkj Hkkjr us lSU; lgk;rk nsus dh is'kd'k dhA bafM;u ihl dhfix
iQkslZ dks Jhyadk esa 'kkafr cgkyh esa en~n djus osQ fy, ogka Hkstk x;kA vkbZ-ih-osQ-,iQ- dks ;gka Hkstdj fVIi.kh
Hkkjr us Li"V dj fn;k fd Jhyadk vkSj ckã rkdrksa osQ lkeus ;fn bl {ks=k esa dksbZ Hkkjr&fojksèkh
xfrfofèk dh xbZ rks ubZ fnYyh pqi ugha cSBsxhA
;|fi 1987 dh lafèk Hkkjrh; dwVuhfr dh fot; Fkh ijarq ;g Hkkjr osQ fy, cgqr egaxk lkfcr gqvkA
Hkkjr osQ yxHkx 12]000 lSfud ekjs x, vkSj bldk bl la?k"kZ esa 'kkfey gksus ls bls izfrfnu nks djksM+
jQi, O;; djus iM+sA bldk cnrj fgLlk ;g Fkk fd rfey vkbZihosQ,iQ osQ fojksèkh gks x;s vkSj nksuksa
osQ chp ;qn~èk fNM+ x;kA 1987 dh Hkkjr&Jhyadk lafèk osQ fuekZ.kdrkZ jktho xkaèkh dh ,yVhVhbZ
(fyczs'ku VkbxlZ vkWiQ rfey bZye) osQ usrk ohywfiYys izHkkdju dh vksj ls 1991 esa gR;k djok
nh x;hA
28.3.3 ikjLifjd lg;ksx osQ {ks=k
1990 osQ ckn ls gh Hkkjrh; lsukvksa dks Jhyadk ls gVk, tkus osQ ckn ls Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk osQ chp
vkfFkZd lacaèkksa dks 'kfDr'kkyh cukus osQ iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaA 1998 essa nksuks ns'kksa esa fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa
f}i{kh; lg;ksx dks c<+kus osQ fy, Hkkjr&Jhyadk iQkm.Ms'ku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA os O;kikj dks ljy
cukus osQ fy, ,d eqDr O;kikj {ks=k cukus ij lger gks x;s gSa] tks mQapkbZ;ksa ij igqap x;k gSA
rfeyksa vkSj flUgkfy;ksa osQ chp 'kkafr izfØ;k osQ fy, Jhyadk }kjk nskuksa dks vkeaf=kr djus dks Hkkjr
us izksRlkfgr fd;kA 1998 esa Jhyadk us tkrh; leL;k dk 'kkafriw.kZ gy <aw<us osQ fy, ukWosZ dks vkeaf=kr
fd;kA Hkkjr Jhyadk dh ,drk pkgrk gSA bl izfØ;k dk lcls vge igyq ;g jgk fd Jhyadk vkSj
,yVhVhbZ osQ chp 2002 esa ;q¼ fojke lafèk gqbZ vkSj mu nksuksa osQ chp okrkZvksa dk flyflyk vkjEHk
gqvkA ukosZ us ekuk vkSj dgk fd iqu% bl {ks=k esa la?k"kZ osQ var osQ fy, Hkkjr }kjk dh xbZ fdlh Hkh
igy osQ jkLrs esa og ugha vk;sxkA

ikBxr iz'u 28.3

(d) Jhyadk dc Lora=k gqvk\
([k) Jhyadk osQ rfey Hkk"kh nks oxksZa osQ uke fyf[k,A
(x) fdl }hi osQ lanHkZ esa Hkkjr us 1974 esa vius nkos dks R;kx fn;k\
(?k) fdl o"kZ esa Hkkjr us vkbZihosQ,iQ dks Jhyadk esa Hkstk\

vkius D;k lh[kk

z Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k frCcr vkSj lhek fookn jgs gSaA Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp
1954 esa gq, ,d le>kSrs osQ vuqlkj frCcr osQ mQij phu dh izHkqlRrk dks Hkkjr Lohdkj djrk
gSA ijarq 1962 esa ;qn~èk osQ ckn lhek fookn gy ugha gks ik;k vkSj ftlesa Hkkjr us viuk oqQN
{ks=k phu dks [kks fn;k] og vc Hkh oSlk gh gSA o"kksZa dh nwjh osQ ckn Hkkjr vkSj phu vc vkfFkZd

303
 ekWM~;wy - 6 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o lacaèkksa vkSj lhek fookn ij okrkZ osQ }kjk lacaèkksa dk lkekU;hdj.k dj jgs gSaA
z Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp fookn dk eq[; dkj.k d'ehj gS ftlosQ dkj.k nksukas ns'k vc rd
1947] 1965] 1971 vkSj 1999 esa vkeus&lkeus ;qn~èk dj pqosQ gSaA lhek ikj vkradokn Hkh izeq[k
ekeyk gSA Hkkjr us nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp lacaèkksa esa vPNs ifjorZu ykus dk iz;kl fd;kA f'keyk
le>kSrs osQ }kjk ykgkSj ?kks"k.kk vkfn ls lkaLd`frd vkSj f'k{k.k lacaèkh vknku iznku dks c<+kok
feykA ikfdLrku osQ lkFk ,d lkjxfeZr vxzlj gks jgh okrkZ Hkh fodkl dh vksj gSA
fVIi.kh z Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk osQ chp lacaèkksa dks lkekU;r;k eS=kh lacaèk ekuk tk,xkA flok; rfey tkrh;
leL;k osQ ftlus nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp lacaèkksa ij ,d dkyh Nki NksM+h gSA Jhyadk esa Hkkjr }kjk
vkbZihosQ,iQ bafM;u ihl dhfiax iQkslZ dks Hkstuk Hkkjr osQ fy, ,d dM+ok vuqHko jgkA 1990
esa ogka ls mUgsa gVkus osQ ckn Hkkjr us Jhyadk esa py jgs tkrh; la?k"kZ ls vius vkidksa vyx
j[kus dk iQSlyk fd;k vkSj ukWosZ tSls vU; ns'kksa dks bl leL;k dk 'kkafriw.kZ izfØ;k }kjk gy
<wa<us dk volj fn;kA ijarq Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk osQ chp vkfFkZd lg;ksx dk foLr`r ,oa O;kid
gksuk muosQ chp ijLij fo'okl dk izrhd gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1. Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp 1962 esa gq, ;qn~èk osQ dkj.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
2. 1990 osQ ckn ls Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp lacaèkksa ds lkekU;hdj.k dk mYys[k dhft,A
3. Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp fookn dk dkj.k d'ehj gSA D;k vki blls lger gSa\
4. Jhyadk esa i`FkDdj.k osQ dkj.kksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A bl lanHkZ esa Hkkjr }kjk bl leL;k dks
lqy>kus esa fd, x, iz;klksa dk Hkh o.kZu dhft,A

ikB ij vkèkkfjr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

28.1
(d) 1949
([k) 1955
(?k) edesgksu js[kk
(Ä) 1970 dk mRrjk¼Z
(p) ft;kax >sfeu
28.2
(d) vlR;
([k) vlR;
(x) lR;
(?k) lR;
(Ä) vlR;

304
 Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh% phu] ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk ekWM~;wy - 6
(p) vlR; Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
28.3
(d) 4 iQjojh 1998
([k) Hkkjrh; rfey vkSj lhyksu osQ rfey
(x) dNkfroq }hi
(?k) 1987 fVIi.kh
l=kh; vH;kl osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 28.1.1 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 28.2.2 ns[ksa
3. [k.M 28.2.1 ns[ksa
4. [k.M 28.3.2 ns[ksa

fd'kksjksa osQ eqn~nksa ij vkb, fopkj djsa

MCyw ,p vks LokLF; dks ikfjHkkf"kr djrk gS] ^^,d ,slh 'kkjhfjd] ekufld
vkSj lkekftd fLFkfr] u fd osQoy chekjh ;k nqcZyrk dk u gksukA**

305
 SENIOR SECONDARY COURSE
POLITICAL SCIENCE
STUDENT’S ASSIGNMENT – 2

Maximum Marks: 50 Time : 1½ Hours

INSTRUCTIONS
z Answer All the questions on a seperate sheet of paper
z Give the following information on your answer sheet:
z Name
z Enrolment Number
z Subject
z Assignment Number
z Address
z Get your assignment checked by the subject teacher at your Study Centre so that you get positive feedback
about your performance.

Do not send your assignment to NIOS

1. When was the United Nations established ? 2
2. What is the main purpose of the U.N. Charter ? 2
3. What is meant by Non-alignment ? 2
4. What function is performed by ILO. ? 2
5. Where and when was the 1st summit of NAM held ? 2
6. What is meant by Cold War ? 2
7. What is meant by Panchsheel ? 2
8. What is meant by NIEO ? 2
9. What is meant by Disarmament ? 2
10. List any four guiding principles of Panchsheel. 4
11. Describe any four functions of the Security Council. 4
12. What functions are performed by WHO. 4
13. What is Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Mention any three Human Rights. 1+3
14. List any four functions of UNESCO. 4
15. Identity any two problems of Indo-US relations during the Cold War period. 2+2
16. Highlight any two areas of co-operation between India and Russia. 2+2
17. Describe the boundary dispute between India and China. 4
18. Briefly explain the Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan. 4

306
19. Describe any four steps talen by India to strengthen the United Nations. 4
20. Explain the factors that determine India’s foreign policy ? 8
21. Explain the role of United Nations in maintaining world peace ? 8
22. Discuss India’s relations with the USA. 8
23. Explain Indo-Pak relations since 1990. 8
24. Write a detailed note on the relavance of Non-alignment. 8

307
OPTIONAL MODULE - 1 Political Science

World Order and

the United Nations

29
Notes CONTEMPORARY WORLD
ORDER

The world of today consists of nearly 200 states, which are also known as countries. They
are similar in many ways. Each enjoys independence, with a government to administer an
army to protect the country against foreign invader. But, at the same time, states are
different in their geographical size, population, natural resources, economic conditions and
type of government, etc. However, no country – whether strong or weak, big or small –
can afford to conduct its affairs in isolation. They need to live together and work with
others for mutual benefit.
Although world affairs is mainly the sum total of relations among States, it is not limited to
States only. Contact and cooperation between ordinary people like us in our capacities as
tourists, journalists, businessmen, sportsmen, etc. are growing very fast. With satellite
technology and introduction of mobile, telephone conversations between people living in
distant countries has become easy. Not only this but also the live telecasts of sports,
political or cultural events or even of wars are brought to our sitting rooms by cable
television. All these developments have virtually made the huge world into a village where
a sense of togetherness prevails and problems are handled in that spirit. Hence, it is essential
for us to be aware of the happenings around the world. That necessarily includes trends in
world around us and also its problems.

Objectives
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
l explain the meaning of ‘world order’;
l discuss the working of bipolar world during the Cold War years;
l trace the emergence of a multipolar world;
l recognise that after the end of the Cold War, the world order has become unipolar;
l recall the enormity of human suffering on account of wars, violence and terrorist

308
 Contemporary World Order OPTIONAL MODULE - 1
activities in the contemporary world; World Order and
the United Nations
l explain the meaning of globalisation and the factors responsible for it;
l recognize the growing economic inequalities between the rich and the poor countries
in the contemporary global order.

29.1 Meaning of World Order

Notes
‘Order’ indicates a condition in which everything is in its correct place. It also refers to
respect for and enforcement of rules. Day-to-day activities would be normal and peaceful
if order exists. In the world affairs, order brings a certain method in the way one country
conducts its affairs with other states. The method can be noticed in the form of a set of
rules and principles, which are commonly accepted and respected by governments. These
rules and principles include equality of all countries, that one country should not interfere in
the internal affairs of another state, that force should not be used or even threatened in the
bilateral relations, that prisoners of wars and refugees should be treated humanely, etc.
For assisting countries to make and implement these rules, they often establish common
institutions like the United Nations. They are meant to assist in sorting out differences and
problems between countries through dialogue and diplomacy.
The phrase ‘world order’ may sound strange in the light of opposite realities. Though the
states are supposedly equal in a formal sense, there are gross inequalities among them.
And some of these inequalities have been recognised in the form of veto power conferred
on five permanent members in the UN Security Council. Countries often compete for
resources and influence, they suspect each other’s intentions and ambitions, and they
quarrel about borders, trade and several other issues. In fact, right now a dozen wars are
going on in counties of Asia, Africa and Europe causing death to millions and destruction
of valuable property. Moreover, problems arise not just between states but also within
those states. Many states are fighting civil wars. Civil war is a prolonged situation of brutal
war between state military and certain groups of people wanting to remove a government
from seat of power or form their own separate state. Sri Lanka is a good example of
countries fighting a civil war. Linked to this aspect is the spread of terrorism, which causes
fear among common people through indiscriminate violence and inhumane killings. Besides,
additional commercial and social pressure groups have emerged to make heavy demands
on state policies. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in America and Europe have become
powerful enough to dictate the economic policies of many poor states, whereas the influence
of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) on official policies is growing very fast.
MNCs are big business companies based in Europe or United States. They have
spread their business in consumer goods, drugs, etc. to most parts of the world. You
are familiar with Multinational Corporations like Coke, Microsoft, General Motors,
etc. They make huge profits, and the annual turnover of some of the MNCs is higher
than many less developed countries. NGOs are those bodies formed by individuals in
their private capacity without direct involvement or role of governments. YMCA,
Rotary International, International Red Cross, are a few examples of thousands of
NGOs active today at local, national and international level. They work in the areas
of environment protection, development and human rights.
In the light of realities, you may wonder how the situation could be described as world
order. No doubt, a lot is unsatisfactory, but it is also true that a lot more in world affairs is

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World Order and orderly which is not readily noticed. For example, exchange of diplomats, rules regarding
the United Nations wars, postal communication, air and sea traffic, treatment of foreigners, exchange of
currencies are part of international order. These and other aspects of international affairs
are regulated through customs and traditions, and also by rules laid down in various
international agreements and treaties. It is also common that states having differences
seek the help of another country or an international agency for reaching a compromise.
The talks currently in progress between India and Pakistan mirror these features of the
existing world order. That a world war has not taken place after 1945 speaks about the
Notes positive side of the world order.
Let us recognise that world order cannot be idealistic ignoring the realities completely.
Political and other conditions continuously influence the nature of the world order at any
time. The world order in turn evolves gradually in response to these developments by
making necessary adjustments. The order does not completely break up to give place to a
new order; it only makes changes as per the actual trends in the world. These changes
may be good or bad, minor or major. In other words, major developments like the end of
the Cold War necessitate change in the existing order, not change of the existing order.

Intext Questions 29.1

(1) Who are the main players in world affairs?
(2) Are states equal in their size and strength?

29.2 Bipolar Order during Cold War

As you can imagine, Europe remained the theatre of world affairs up to the Second World
War. European countries maintained peace by forming alliances in order to ensure that no
single country (like France, Great Britain, Germany) could dominate the rest. The system
so prevailed was known as the balance of power. Britain mastered this policy for very
long. However, the method collapsed in the beginning of the twentieth century with the
First World War. In the meanwhile, the rise of countries outside of Europe – such as the
United States and Japan – extended the nature and scope of world politics.
The Second World War ended with the defeat of Germany, Japan and Italy in the hands of
the alliance comprising mainly Great Britain, Soviet Russia and the United States of America.
In the last stages of the war, the United States produced and dropped nuclear bombs on
the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The war had produced effects of long-
term importance. The United States with its economic wealth and the military strength, no
doubt, made a matchless contribution to the victory in the War. It was felt that the strengths
and leadership of the United States would be needed to maintain peace in the post-War
world, too. Without surprise, Britain, France and other European countries became dependent
on the United States for economic recovery and military security. Having contributed
significantly to the victory in the war, Soviet Russia was not to be sidelined; the country
claimed equal say in deciding on European problems.
Soon after the Second World War, the erstwhile allies, viz. the United States and the
Soviet Union developed differences about working together for the peace and stability of
Europe. There were political and ideological reasons for these differences. The United
States practised and preached democracy and free market enterprise as the desirable

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 Contemporary World Order OPTIONAL MODULE - 1
model of governance. On the other hand the Soviet Union believed in and sought to spread World Order and
the merits of governance by single (communist) party and of state-controlled economy. the United Nations
These differences led to feelings of one being threatened by the other. So began the
bipolar phase in the world order immediately after the War. The United States and the
Soviet Union stood out as two opposite poles around which, to begin with, the European
politics revolved. While the countries of Western Europe joined hands with the United
States and called themselves the “Free World”, countries of Eastern Europe became part
of the Socialist camp led by the Soviet Union. These two leading countries of rival camps
were clubbed under the exclusive, new category of “super powers”. Notes

The term “super powers” is distinct from the term “great powers”. Whereas the
world identified only two countries, viz. the erstwhile Soviet Union and the United
States as the super powers, the history of Europe records the existence of great
powers like Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, etc. The super powers individually
possessed military capabilities and economic resources far superior to other countries
in the rest of the world. With nuclear and other destructive weapons in their possession,
they were able to influence events in many parts of the world and policies of many
other countries.
Relations between East and West were never cordial. Short of going to war directly, the
two camps indulged constantly in political and military competition. This state of affairs
was widely called as the “Cold War”. The Cold War was marked by a great deal of
competition in forming military alliances, viz. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
and the Warsaw Treaty Organization and the arms race through sophistication of nuclear
weapons.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in 1949 with the United
States and Canada and 10 countries in Western Europe (like Belgium, Britain,
Netherlands, West Germany, etc.). NATO members formed themselves as an alliance
to treat aggression against any one of them as aggression on all of them and fight the
aggressor together. The Soviet Union then cleverly offered to join the alliance. But
NATO turned down the offer because NATO’s real purpose was to stop the spread
of the Soviet influence and ideology. The Soviet Union set up in 1955 its own military
grouping (called the Warsaw Treaty Organization) with its allies in Eastern Europe
to counter NATO.
Soon the two Cold War rivals grudgingly acknowledged that each could destroy the other
in a nuclear confrontation many times over. In the face of such dangers, the bipolar relations
assumed new dimensions. On the one hand, the two camps got involved in local conflicts
in West Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Central America, and southern Africa. As a result a
good deal of military “aid” flowed to the newly found or prospective allies. At the same
time, attempts to stop the spread of nuclear weapons and deny their access to other
countries started in 1960s.
There were also some positive effects of the bipolar world order. Foremost, movements
for independence from European colonial rule gained great momentum in Africa and Asia,
as both Cold War blocs feverishly encouraged the trend in order to gain goodwill of the
native people. Beginning in 1960 nearly 100 new countries were born. However, these
countries did not want to compromise on their newly won political freedom by joining this
or that military bloc. Hence they launched the “Non Aligned Movement” which tirelessly
advocated world peace, nuclear disarmament, and economic advancement of the less

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OPTIONAL MODULE - 1 Political Science

World Order and developed countries. (India played leadership role in this effort.) Their collective voice and
the United Nations influence could not be missed in the working of world forums like the United Nations.
Great many initiatives were undertaken to pressurise the super powers for disarmament,
and also calling for creating just and equitable economic order. Side by side, the clout of
the oil-rich countries (in West Asia and elsewhere) asserted their importance by manipulated
production and price levels.
By 1970s, significantly the bipolar world started yielding place to multipolarity. Scholars
Notes and statesmen perceived presence of not two but many centres of power and influence in
world affairs. Apart from the collective bargaining strength of the Third World there were
many more interesting developments. The West European countries after enjoying the
economic and military protection from the United States recovered as part of regional
integration process known as the European Union. These countries have become a major
competitor for world markets to the United States. In East Asia too, economic rise of first
Japan and then China, followed by the Asian Tigers (like South Korea, Singapore, etc.)
loosened the grip of the bipolar world order. Interestingly, concerned over the challenge
from these new “poles”, the bipolar powers briefly tried reconciliation – known as “détente”
– during 1970s but they failed to sustain it. The bipolar world order continued till the totally
unexpected collapse of socialism in East Europe and the Soviet Union, which spelled
formal end to the Cold War era in the beginning of 1990s.

Intext Questions 29.2

(1) Name the victorious countries in the Second World War.
(2) Is it true that the importance of Europe declined after the Second World War?
(3) Which two countries were known as the super powers?
(4) Identify two military alliances formed during the Cold War era.
(5) Did the super powers attempt reconciliation? What was that process called?

29.3 Unipolar World after the Cold War

The fall of the Berlin Wall and the unification of the two Germanys set in motion a series
of stunning developments in Europe. Mobs in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and other countries
in Eastern Europe rose against socialist dictatorships and the regimes fell like a pack of
cards in quick succession, as the then Soviet Union under Michail Gorbachev’s leadership
was uninterested to militarily intervention. Soon the fever for freedom shook the master of
the socialist camp itself. The Soviet Union broke up into Russian Federation and 14 other
Republics in 1991. All these new states abandoned socialism and embraced Western
ideology of democracy and free market economy. It was regarded as a grand victory for
the United States. While Warsaw Treaty Organization was disbanded, the NATO continues
and is engaged in military activities in Yugoslavia and Afghanistan, something not originally
planned.
With victory in the Cold War, the United States became an object of both admiration and
fear. The US became the single remaining super power with the fall of socialism and
break up of the Soviet Union. To illustrate the domination of the United States, it may
suffice to cite just one area, arms exports. Although the arms exports markedly shrank by

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 Contemporary World Order OPTIONAL MODULE - 1
nearly half after the Cold War, the US share has remained dominant, approximately two- World Order and
thirds of the total value of arms exports. the United Nations
To many observers, the dominance of one single country – unipolarity – aptly describes
the world order since the time the Cold War ended 15 years ago. The United States has no
challenger in claiming the top slot. The erstwhile enemy, the Soviet Union, is now an ally,
a partner of the United States in matters of arms control, international security, settlement
of regional conflicts, trade and investment. Despite occasional tensions, Europe is nowhere
near challenging United States power. China has achieved impressive economic progress Notes
after abandoning the socialist model long before the end of the Cold War, but has limitations
in matching the United States power. The Nonaligned Movement has become less relevant.
Many socialist-oriented countries among the nonaligned too embraced free market ideology.
Economies were liberalised to attract foreign/Western investment. The role of International
Monetary Fund has become a key instrument of the United States in supervising the
adjustment process of these economies to market forces.
The new power realities are aptly brought to bear in the functioning of the United Nations
– a body designed to work for democratic and just world order. The United Nations began
playing “activist” role in restoring peace and security. The important security-related organ,
the Security Council earlier known for disagreements between the two super powers, is
transformed into an active agent of the US while other permanent members either
collaborated or looked the other way. Transparency and democratic functioning of the UN
suffered. The role of the United Nations during the first Gulf War to vacate the Iraqi
invasion of Kuwait in the early 1990s stands out as the best example of the new trend.
Nearly a decade later, an impatient US invaded Iraq in 2003 unilaterally without caring for
the United Nations. The functioning of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General
too suffered due to the domineering attitude of the United States.

Intext Questions 29.3

(1) Which country suffered defeat in the Cold War?
(2) Name the leader of the Soviet Union when the Cold War was declared over.
(3) Which country emerged as the most powerful country after the end of the Cold War?
(4) Did the emergence of the unipolar world help functioning of the United Nations?

29.4 Instability under Unipolarity

Regrettably, peace and stability in the world do not accompany unipolarity. An important
feature of the post-Cold War times is the multiplicity of challenges to the nation state.
Unlike in the bipolar times, many countries now face threats to their existence from internal
as well as external sources. Prior to 1990, territorial unity of countries was guaranteed as
an essential condition for stability. The Soviet disintegration encouraged demands for
separate statehood based on ethnic, linguistic or religious identity. The founding member
of the Nonaligned Movement, Yugoslavia broke up into five pieces in a bitter process, and
so formed states like Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina too soon faced serious threats of further
disintegration on narrow ethnic lines. Soon afterwards, Czechoslovakia was split into two.

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OPTIONAL MODULE - 1 Political Science

World Order and Eritrea got independence from Ethiopia after prolonged struggle for exercise of ‘right to
the United Nations self-determination’, although problems over border have brought the burden of a new war
between the two poor nations. East Timor is the latest in the list of territories that successfully
claimed right to self-determination in a violent atmosphere. No one could say that worst is
over.
The idea of “right to self-determination” aims to enable a population, under foreign
occupation or domination, to freely choose their own system of government. The
Notes American War of Independence and the French Revolution in the 18th century
promoted this idea. After the First World War, new states like Austria, Yugoslavia
came into being by applying the right to self-determination in central Europe. After
1945, the colonized people in Africa, Asia and Caribbean successfully demanded the
right to self-determination to gain freedom from their colonial masters. Of late, some
disgruntled groups (like in Kashmir) are interpreting the right to self-determination to
secede or separate from the existing state. There are widespread fears that agreeing
to such demand would lead to break of many countries on ethnic, linguistic, religious
lines. It could even pose a major danger to the contemporary world order.
Regimes in many countries are fighting civil war against one or more rebel groups, and as
a consequence state machinery has ceased to function or even exist in these unfortunate
countries. Afghanistan, Angola, Burundi, Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Somalia are among
the victims of this kind of instability. Some of them have been branded as “failed states” –
a source of worry to the rest of the world. At the same time some countries continued to
face threats of interference and military intervention from outside. The delicate situation
of Georgia in Europe and Zaire in Africa illustrates this trend.
The civil wars are being fought in the most brutal and uncivil fashion. Reports are available
about reckless use of small arms (like AK-47s), hand grenades, and landmines, which
have brought misery to the millions of unconnected and innocent men, women and children.
Nearly 20 million lives were lost in violent clashes in the past 15 years. According to
estimates 95 out of a hundred deaths in these wars are innocent civilians. Clearing a city
or town of ethnic minority groups through mass killings, forcible use of children as soldiers,
gang rapes of women are key and inhumane features of the civil wars. Human rights
violations by the official troops or rebels have now become a central concern for those
interested in security and stability as components of the post-Cold War global order. The
focus clearly shifted from the state security during the Cold War era to human security.
On the other hand, a number of countries fear that human rights could be used as a pretext
for foreign military interventions. In 2003 the United States invaded and occupied Iraq
after accusing the regime of Saddam Hussein of using deadly weapons against Shia and
Kurd sections of Iraqi population. A vast majority of countries criticised the US action as
illegal and unjustified, and also accused the US of misusing the human rights plank for its
own selfish interests. Ironically thousands of Iraqis and Americans lost – are losing – their
lives because of the continuing warfare between the American coalition and the Iraqi
resistance forces. There are apprehensions that the Iraqi venture could turn out as the
biggest mistake of the United States comparable to its defeat in the war against Vietnam
(1963 – 73).
Among other factors, religious intolerance is contributing to instability in the contemporary
world. Though religious extremism is commonly identified with Islam, it is not true that it is
confined to one religion alone. Many of these groups enjoy wide network of patronage
cutting across national boundaries encompassing supply of military hardware and funds.

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 Contemporary World Order OPTIONAL MODULE - 1
This network is said to include mafia connected with drug trafficking, arms dealing, etc. In World Order and
other words, the internal disorder faced by many countries often has cross-border linkages. the United Nations
It is these linkages that made international terrorism the most dangerous aspect threatening
security of not just one or the other state, but the world order at large. Al Qaeda under the
leadership of Osama bin Laden is one of the most feared terrorist organisations in the
world today. We all are familiar with the daredevil attacks planned and organised allegedly
by Osama bin Laden’s followers against the World Trade Center in New York and other
locations in the United States on 11 September 2001. Although terrorism as a menace Notes
existed much before 11 September 2001, the incident demonstrated on the television screens
how the mightiest power on earth was so easily shaken. In South Asia, India and Sri
Lanka have been fighting terrorists for more than a decade. And now terrorism has spread
to other countries like Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan in South Asia, Malaysia and Indonesia
in Southeast Asia, Palestine, Lebanon and Egypt in West Asia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan in
Africa and so forth. In a shocking incident in September 2004, Chechnya-associated
terrorists seized a school in southern Russia and in an unfortunate showdown with Russian
commandos caused death to 350 young school children.
In short, these aspects of instability point to the need to look at security in a new way. The
scope of security has expanded; it includes not only absence of foreign aggression but also
internal stability. Security does not just mean building up strong military force to protect
state; it has to ensure economic, social, environmental well being of people. Moreover, all
these problems including terrorism cannot be tackled alone by a state but by all countries
together.

Intext Questions 29.4

(1) Did unipolar era spell stability in the world order?
(2) Name some of the countries that were divided territorially.
(3) Give examples of countries under the spell of civil wars.
(4) Innocent population remained unaffected by wars and violence. True or False?

29.5 Positive and Negative Effects of Globalization

No doubt, the twenty first century world is in the thick of globalisation which is chiefly
economic in focus, although there are striking cultural and political dimensions also. The
end of the Cold War and near universal adoption of privatisation and economic liberalisation
as the only route to growth and development served as the right setting for significant
changes in the conduct of economic or business transactions during the 1990s. There
were other developments, which contributed to the deepening of globalisation. Advances
in information and communication technology that are associated with use of computer
and internet have heralded the “electronic age”. Along with the existing financial institutions
of the world like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank whose power and
reach now have become global, an equally powerful new organization dedicated to promotion
of free trade has come into being. It is the World Trade Organisation. The whole world
has become a single market allowing foreign investments and free flow of goods across
national boundaries. In the new climate, multinational corporations have gained global
respect and access.
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OPTIONAL MODULE - 1 Political Science

World Order and Globalisation is a process of integrating the world into one market to enable easy movement
the United Nations of capital, goods, information and even workers across borders with no barriers. Private
firms can invest and disinvest at will, locate production centres at a profit yielding or cost
reducing anywhere in the world, hire employees of foreign origin on cheaper rates, assign
work to far away people with the desired skills and experience, and flood markets in the
developing countries with consumer and other goods for sale at rates competitive to local
products, and safely take back profits. All this is happening with the help of technology
access to which is not yet universal or equal. The globalisation process as manifested in
Notes the activities of multinational corporations, media giants and non-governmental organisations
has considerably undermined the sovereign prerogatives of the state structures in the
Third World. Territorial borders identified with nation states have become less effective to
check ill effects of globalisation.
The bulk of the world community – the developing countries - has become part of
globalisation with great hope. Let us look at India’s experience. With strengths like well
developed and highly competitive computer software industry, the availability of technical
and skilled work force and its potential as a very large middle class market, India has
hopes to benefit in the era of globalisation. Since 1991, India changed the orientation of its
economic policy by injecting pronounced features of privatization, liberalisation of rules
for foreign investment, and disinvestment of public sector companies. Customers are
flooded with an amazing choice of goods in the market – from motor cars to food products.
India’s exports have gone up especially in service sector, investments have come into the
country, and our foreign exchange reserves are extremely comfortable. Overall, India
during globalisation has emerged as one of the fastest growing economies in the world.
Though India is open to beneficial aspects of globalisation, it is concerned over the adverse
effects. American companies, currency, TV channels and weapons have taken over the
world. Many local companies are being shut down causing unemployment to millions even
in the advanced countries. Withdrawal of Governmental support through subsidies in
fertilizers, electricity and other essential needs has added to the misery of rural and farming
sections. The income gaps between the rich and the poor both among and within countries
have sharply widened. Nearly one half of the world population (concentrated mostly in
sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia) are in terrible poverty. While official aid from the rich
donor countries has not grown, the debt burden of the developing countries has increased
to worrying levels. On the other hand, the assets of top 3 billionaires in the world are said
to be greater than the combined national wealth of all the least developed countries put
together. Goods of the least developed countries are denied preferential access to markets
in the advanced countries. Moreover, our life styles are undergoing significant shift
embracing meaningless consumerism. Thanks to globalisation, nations live with the fear
about the spread of the diseases like AIDS. The initiatives taken so far to address the
above problems have proved insufficient. There is need to provide human face to make
globalisation just and even-handed in its effects. Otherwise the credibility of contemporary
world order may come under question.

Intext Questions 29.5

(1) Globalisation is confined to economic areas alone. (True or False)?
(2) Private companies in the West benefited most from globalisation. (True or False)?
(3) Globalisation is aided by revolution in information and communication technology.
(True or False)?
(4) Income gaps between and within countries increased. (Yes or No)?

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 Contemporary World Order OPTIONAL MODULE - 1
World Order and
What You Have Learnt the United Nations

Multi-ethnic states with differences in size and capabilities have traditionally constituted
the bulk of world order. The few powerful countries have played significant role in shaping
the world order by setting certain rules and principles to guide relations among countries.
Peace and development have become the most important goals of the world order for the
past century. But these goals have been ill served by the Cold War and the emergence of
the bipolar world for nearly half a century during 1945 – 1990. During this period, however,
Notes
the European Union and the Nonaligned Movement gained some influence and tried to
make the world multipolar. The end of the Cold War and the emergence of the United
States as the most powerful country made the world unipolar. This shift in the world order
has only added problems especially in the context of political instability in different parts of
the world. The economic globalisation, which has swept the world like a hurricane, has
only induced income inequalities between peoples and countries.

Terminal Exercises
1. Outline the meaning and basic features of world order.
2. How did United States and the Soviet Union fight the Cold War?
3. Elaborate how the bipolar world gradually gave place to multipolarity?
4. Describe civil wars and terrorism as features of the unipolar world.
5. Discuss the negative effects of globalisation.

Answers to Intext Questions

29.1
(1) States, commonly known as countries.
(2) No.
(3) Regulation of relationships among countries through observance to accepted principles
and rules.

29.2
(1) The United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain.
(2) Yes.
(3) The US and the Former Soviet Union.
(4) NATO and the Warsaw Treaty Organisation.
(5) Yes, it was known as Détente.

29.3
(1) The Soviet Union.

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OPTIONAL MODULE - 1 Political Science

World Order and (2) Mikhail Gorbachov.

the United Nations (3) The United States.
(4) No.

29.4
(1) Yes.
Notes (2) Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, etc.
(3) Afghanistan, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Yugoslavia, etc.
(4) False.

29.5
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. Yes

Hints for Terminal Exercises

1. Refer to Section 29.1, paragraphs 1 and 3.
2. Refer to Section 29.2, paragraph 4
3. Refer to Section 29.2, paragraph 6
4. Refer to Section 29.4, paragraph 3, 6
5. Refer to Section 29.5, paragraph 3

318
 la;qDr jk"Vª oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
la;qDr jk"Vª

30
la;qDr jk"Vª fVIi.kh

la;qDr jk"Vª vius le; dh vf}rh; laLFkk gSA bldh lnL;rk

lkoZHkkSfed gSA 1945 eas blosQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 51 Fkh tks vc
c<+dj 192 gks xbZ gSA fo'o osQ djhc lHkh ns'k vkt la;qDr jk"Vª
osQ lnL; gSaA la;qDr jk"Vª dh xfrfofèk;ka osQoy ljdkjksa dh gh
ugha] vfirq iwjs fo'o osQ O;fDr;ksa dh vko';drkvksa o vk'kkvksa dks
fu:fir djrh gSaA blhfy, la;qDr jk"Vª fo'o laLFkk gSA bldh o`gn
dk;Ziz.kkyh esa jk"Vªksa osQ chp 'kkafr LFkkiuk] lnL; ns'kksa osQ
la;qDr jk"Vª fpg~u
jgu&lgu dks Åapk mBkuk] ekuokfèkdkjksa dk laj{k.k] varjkZ"Vªh;
fu;eksa dk vknj djuk lfEefyr gaSA blesa dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha fd gekjs thou dk dksbZ Hkh i{k
la;qDr jk"Vª dh c<+rh gqbZ xfrfofèk;ksa ls vNwrk ugha gSA fiQj Hkh cgqr&ls voljksa ij izHkkoiw.kZ
xfrfofèk;ksa osQ vHkko esa la;qDr jk"Vª dks gh nks"kh Bgjk;k tkrk gSA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z la;qDr jk"Vª dh mRifÙk dk vuqjs[ku dj losaQxs_
z blosQ y{;ksa o vkèkkjHkwr fl¼karksa dks le> losaQxs_
z blosQ izeq[k vaxksa] muosQ la;kstu o dk;Z dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z blosQ }kjk fd, x, jax Hksn o mifuos'kokn osQ fo#¼ vkSj ekuofèkdkj osQ izksRlkgu osQ fy,
fd, x, ;ksxnku dh ljkguk dj losaQxs_
z lqj{kk ifj"kn dkss O;kid izfrfufèkRo gsrq iqu% lajpuk dh vko';drk ij tksj ns losaQxs_ rFkk
z 'kkafriw.kZ ,oa csgrj fo'o osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª gh ,d mEehn gS] ;g Li"V dj losaQxsA

319
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa 30.1 la;qDr jk"Vª dh mRifÙk
la;qDr jk"Vª
chloha lnh osQ izkjafHkd n'kd nks fo'o ;q¼ksa osQ lk{kh gSaA izFke fo'o ;q¼ (1914&19) ls fo'oO;kih
thou o laifÙk dh gkfu ls Hk;Hkhr jk"Vªksa us nwljs fo'o ;q¼ dks jksdus osQ fy, jk"Vªla?k dh LFkkiuk
dhA ijarq] nqHkkZX;o'k jk"Vªla?k osQ lnL; ns'k foHkDr gks x, rFkk 1939&45 osQ nkSjku f}rh; fo'o ;q¼
gqvkA
fVIi.kh f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ izFke ls vfèkd fouk'kdkjh FkkA ;g vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS fd bl ;q¼ esa 80 djksM+
yksx ekjs x,A 'k=kq ns'kksa (teZuh] tkiku o bVyh) dh iw.kZ gkj osQ igys gh] vesjhdk] :l] fczVsu }kjk
lapkfyr fe=k ns'kksa us jk"Vª la?k osQ LFkku ij ,d ubZ laLFkk dh ;kstuk rS;kj dhA vesfjdh jk"Vªifr
ÚSadfyu :tossYV] fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh foaLVu pfpZy us vxLr 1941 eas vVykafVd pkVZj ij gLrk{kj
fd,A ;q¼ i'pkr 'kkafr&LFkkiuk osQ i{k esa fofHkUu fopkjksa o izLrkoksa ij fopkj djus osQ fy, ekLdks]
rsgjku] MacVZu vksDl o ;kYVk eas cgqr ls lHkk&lEesyu vk;ksftr fd, x,A var esa 1945 esa lsu ;kYVk
ÚkaflLdksa esa ubZ laLFkk la;qDr jk"Vª osQ ?kks"k.kki=k ij gLrk{kj djus osQ fy, lHkk gqbZA 51 lnL; jk"Vªksa
lfgr la;qDr jk"Vª 24 vDrwcj 1945 dks vfLrRo eas vk;kA
?kks"k.kki=k gh la;qDr jk"Vª dk lafoèkku gSA bleasa laLFkk osQ mn~ns';] la;qDr jk"Vª o blosQ lnL; ns'kksa
osQ lapkyu dks izHkkfor djrs fl¼kUr] vius la;kstu o 'kfDr;ksa lfgr blosQ vaxksa dh lwph gSA vr,o
?kks"k.kki=k eas la;qDr jk"Vª dk egÙoiw.kZ ifjp; gSA
30.1.1 mn~ns'; ,oa fl¼kUr
?kks"k.kki=k easa la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fuEufyf[kr pkj eq[; mn~ns'; fn, x, gSaµ
(i) fooknksa osQ 'kkafriw.kZ lekèkku rFkk izfrcaèk o vfrØe.k }kjk varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr o lqj{kk dh LFkkiuk
djukA
(ii) lekurk o vkRe&ladYi osQ fl¼kar gsrq fofHkUu jk"Vªksa esa fe=krkiw.kZ lacaèk fodflr djukA
(iii) vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd o ekuoh; {ks=kksa esa varjkZT;h; leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku esa varjkZ"Vªh;
lg;ksx izkIr djukA
(iv) ekuokfèkdkjksa osQ fy, lEeku] ekSfyd vfèkdkj vkSj Lora=krk dks izksRlkfgr djukA
mi;qDr mn~ns';ksa dk leFkZu djrs gq,] la;qDr jk"Vª o blosQ lnL; ns'kksa dks oqQN egÙoiw.kZ ekxZn'khZ
fl¼karksa dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA buesa lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ fl¼kar gS] NksVs&cM+s ns'kksa dh lekurkA
la;qDr jk"Vª lnL;ksa osQ ?kjsyw ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi ugha djsxkA
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lnL; ns'k vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr o lqj{kk dks gkfu igqapk, fcuk vius
fooknksa dks gy djsaxsA lkFk gh lnL; ns'k vU; ns'kksa osQ izfr fdlh /edh ;k cy dk iz;ksx ugha djsaxsA
lnL; ns'k 'kkafr ykxw djus esa la;qDr jk"Vª dh lgk;rk djsaxsA
tSlk fd gesa igys gh Kkr gS fd varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr ,oa lqj{kk cgky djuk la;qDr jk"Vª dk ,d egRoiw.kZ
mn~ns'; gSA vU; mn~ns'; 'kkafr osQ iwjd gSaA la;qDr jk"Vª dh Hkwfedk dh ppkZ djrs gq, gesa è;ku j[kuk
gksxk fd ;g ,d jktuhfrd laxBu gS tks lnL; n'kksa dh vUjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr ls tqM+s ekeyksa esa mudh
lgk;rk djrk gSA u rks ns'kksa dh vfHk#fp vkSj u gh vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfrd izo`fÙk;ka ,d leku jgrh
gSa_ os le;&le; ij cnyrh jgrh gSaA blfy,] viuh 'kfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksx esa la;qDr jk"Vª l[r] ;kaf=kd
,oa ,d leku ugha jg ldrkA vr,o bldh Hkwfedk esa yphykiu ,oa O;kogkfjdrk gSA vkerkSj ij

320
 la;qDr jk"Vª oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
'kkafr Hkax gksus dh lwpuk feyus ij la;qDr jk"Vª ml ns'k dh fuank ugha djrk ;k dM+k #[k ugha viukrkA fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
blosQ foijhr iz;kl ;g fd;k tkrk gS fd ;q¼ jksd dj lsuk,a ;q¼iwoZ dh fLFkfr esa pyh tk,aA la;qDr jk"Vª

ikBxr iz'u 30.1

fjDr LFkku Hkjh, %
fVIi.kh
(d) lu 1945 esa ________ 'kgj esa la;qDr jk"Vª ?kks"k.kki=k ij gLrk{kj fd, x,A (ftusok]
U;w;koZQ] lSu&ÚkaflLdks)
([k) _______________ ns'k] la;qDr jk"Vª osQ ekSfyd lnL; FksA (45] 51] 191)
(x) la;qDr jk"Vª ?kks"k.kki=k dk eq[; mn~ns'; __________________ gSA ('kkafr] lqj{kk LFkkfir
djuk] ;q¼ djokuk] mifuos'khdj.k)
lR; ;k vlR; fyf[k, %
(?k) lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp izHkqlÙkk laiUu lekurk la;qDr jk"Vª dk ,d vkèkkjHkwr fl¼kar gSA
(lR;@vlR;)
(M-) la;qDr jk"Vª lkekU;r% lnL; ns'kksa osQ ?kjsyw leL;kvksa ij fopkj ugha djsxkA(lR;@vlR;)
(p) la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k blosQ izkjafHkd vfLrRo ls ugha c<+h gSA (lR;@vlR;)

30.2 izeq[k vax&lajpuk vkSj dk;Z

'kkafr rFkk lg;ksx osQ y{;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fuEufyf[kr N% vax gSaµ
1 egklHkk
2 lqj{kk ifj"kn
3 vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn
4 U;kl ifj"kn
5 vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky;
6 lfpoky;
;|fi bu lHkh vaxksa eas vUr% lacaèk gSa fiQj Hkh buesa ls izR;sd viuh lajpuk o dk;ks± osQ vkèkkj ij
fof'k"V gSA vkb,] ,d&,d djosQ bUgsa tkusa%

30.2.1 egklHkk
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ izeq[k vaxksa eas egklHkk osQUnzh; laLFkk gSA lekurk o lkoZHkkSfedrk osQ fl¼kUr blh

321
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa lHkk esa var%fufgr gSA la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lHkh 192 lnL; bl egklHkk osQ gh lnL; gSaA vkdkj vkSj 'kfDr
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ HksnHkko osQ cxSj izR;sd lnL; dk ,d oksV gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ HkwVku o D;wck dk oksV Hkh mruk gh
egÙoiw.kZ gS ftruk fd la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dkA egklHkk nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls egÙoiw.kZ elyksa ij
fu.kZ; ysrh gS] tSls& 'kkafr o lqj{kk] u, lnL;ksa dk izos'k rFkk ctV&fuèkkZj.k vkfnA rkSj&rjhosQ lEcaèkh
lkèkkj.k elyksa ij lkèkkj.k cgqer dh t:jr gksrh gSA lHkk dh izR;sd o"kZ fu;fer l=k eas cSBd gksrh
gSA vc rd blosQ 59 l=k gks pqosQ gSaA vko';drk iM+us ij ;fn lHkk pkgs rks fo'ks"k l=k ;k
fVIi.kh vkikrdkyhu fo'ks"k l=k vk;ksftr dj ldrh gSA
egklHkk dks fo'o laln dh laKk nh xbZ gSA blosQ ikl cgqr&lh 'kfDr;ka o dk;Z gSaA izFke] ;g
?kks"k.kki=k osQ vUrxZr fdlh Hkh ekeyksa ij cgl dj ldrh gSA pwafd ?kks"k.kki=k dk {ks=k dkiQh foLr`r
gS] vr,o lHkk dh 'kfDr;k¡ Hkh bl izdkj gS&a 'kkafr o lqj{kk lac/ a h] i;kZoj.kh; lqj{kk] vkfFkZd fodkl]
vkSifuosf'kd iz'kklu dh leL;k,a] fujL=khdj.k] tula[;k foLiQksV] varfj{k ,oa leqnz dk iz;ksx vkfn
blosQ vfèkdkj {ks=k esa gSaA ;g osQoy ekeyksa ij lq>ko o fliQkfj'ksa izLrqr djrh gSA vius dk;ks± osQ
Hkkx osQ :i esa lHkk us jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd {ks=kksa easa varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx ij egÙoiw.kZ ?kks"k.kk,a
dh gSaA ekuokfèkdkj ij lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk (1948)] mifuos'kokn fojksèk ij ?kks"k.kk (1960)
varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk (1974)] cPpksa osQ vfèkdkjksa ij ?kks"k.kk (1989)] vkradokn fojks/h
?kks"k.kk (1994) vkfn oqQN mnkgj.k gSaA ;s ?kks"k.kk,a ns'kksa ij ckè;dkjh ugha gSaA fiQj Hkh buosQ uSfrd
o jktuSfrd egÙo gSa] ftUgsa udkjk ugha tk ldrkA

egklHkk us ekuokfèkdkj] leqnz lacaèkh dkuwu] jklk;fud gfFk;kj] 'kL=k fu;a=k.k] jktuf;d lacaèkksa ls
tqM+s gq, dbZ dkuwuksa dks viuk;k gSA egklHkk dh ?kks"k.kk,a fdlh ns'k dh laln }kjk ikfjr dkuwu dh
rjg Lo;a ykxw ugha gksrsA ;s mUgha ns'kksa osQ fy, ykxw gksrs] tks bu ij lafèki=k ij gLrk{kj djrsA egklHkk
fofHkUu vaxksa osQ fy, lnL;ksa dk p;u djrh gS vkSj egklfpo dks fu;qDr djrh gSA ;g U;k; ifj"kn~]
vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn o vU; laLFkkvksa osQ dk;ks± dk fujh{k.k djrh gSA egklHkk dks la;qDr jk"Vª
osQ ctV dks vuqeksfnr djus o jkf'k fuèkkZfjr djus dk vfèkdkj izkIr gSA

30.2.2 lqj{kk ifj"kn

varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr o lqj{kk cuk, j[kus eaas lqj{kk ifj"kn] la;Dq r jk"Vª dk 'kfDr'kkyh vax gSA vius lajpuk o fu.kZ;
fuèkkZj.k osQ vkèkkj ij ;g egklHkk ls ,dne fHkUu gSA ifj"kn dh lnL;rk 15 gS] ftueaas ls 5 LFkk;h lnL;
gSAa ;s ikap jk"Vª phu] Úkal] :l] fczVus o vesfjdk gSa ftUgsas oqQN ,sfrgkfld o jktuSfrd vkèkkjksa ij 1945
esa pquk x;k FkkA nl vLFkkbZ lnL; egklHkk }kjk nks o"kksaZ dh vofèk osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSAa ;s nl lnL; fo'o
osQ fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd izn's kks_a tSls ,f'k;k] vÚhdk] ySfVu vesfjdk] if'pe o iwohZ ;wjksi ls vkrs gSAa izkjaHk esa
ekuk x;k fd ifj"kn dk NksVk vkdkj fu.kZ;&fuèkkZj.k {kerk dks vklku cuk,xkA lqj{kk ifj"kn egÙoiw.kZ elyksa
ij fu.kZ; fuèkkZj.k ugha dj ldrh tc rd fd ikap LFkkbZ lnL;ksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ,d lnL; dk oksV udkjkRed
gSA LFkk;h lnL;ksa osQ bl fo'ks"kkfèkdkj dks ^ohVks ikoj* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ohVks ikoj osQ }kjk erkfèkdkj

322
 la;qDr jk"Vª oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
dk iz;ksx u djuk ohVks yxkuk ;k udkjkRed er ugha ekuk tkrk gSA ohVks izkoèkku dks vkjaHk ls gh vkykspuk fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gSA ohVks lekurk osQ fl¼kar dh vogsyuk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª
ohVks% egRoiw.kZ ekeyksa esa lqj{kk ifj"kn osQ ikap LFkk;h lnL;ksa dks udkjkRed ernku dk
vfèkdkj izkIr gSA bls ohVks 'kfDr osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
ifj"kn osQ dk;Z o 'kfDr;ka varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr o lqj{kk osQ j[kj[kko rd lhfer gaSA ;fn nks ;k
fVIi.kh
vfèkd ns'kksa eas fookn mRiUu gksrk gS rks ifj"kn bldk 'kkafriw.kZ lekèkku fudky ldrh gS] ijarq
;g lq>ko jk"Vªksa osQ fy, ckè;dkjh ugha gksrkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] tEew&d'ehj fookn eas lqj{kk ifj"kn
osQ lekèkkuksa dks ekuus osQ fy, u rks Hkkjr vkSj u gh ikfdLrku ckè; gSA os LosPNk ls bUgsa Lohdkj
dj ldrs gSaA ns'kksa osQ chp mRiUu ;q¼ksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, Hkh ifj"kn dks vfrfjDr vfèkdkj izkIr
gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa ifj"kn fuf'pr dj ldrh gS fd vkØked dkSu gS rFkk iqu% 'kkafr LFkkiuk osQ
fy, vko';d dne mBk ldrh gSA bu mik;ksa eas ifj"kn osQ Lofoosd ls lger vkfFkZd izfrcaèk
tSls& fons'k fLFkr laifÙk ij jksd] vk;kr o fu;kZr ij izfrcaèk] ty] Fky] ok;q }kjk lSU; dkjZokbZ
vkfn 'kkfey gSaA ,sls iQSlys lHkh lnL; ns'kksa ij ykxw gksrs gSaA budks ykxw djuk lcksa dh ftEesnkjh
gksrh gSA ifj"kn }kjk fu.kZ; fy, tkus osQ ckn fu.kZ;ksa dk ikyu djuk lnL; ns'kksa dk dÙkZO; gSA
ifj"kn] LFkk;h lnL;ksa osQ le>kSrs ls gh ,sls egÙoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysrh gSA gky gh osQ o"kks± esa 'khr
;q¼ osQ ckn ifj"kn varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr o lqj{kk dh leL;kvksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, vius vfèkdkjksa
dk l'kDr iz;ksx djus yxh gSA lqj{kk ifj"kn us vHkh rd 25 ns'kksa osQ fo#¼ fofHkUu Lrjksa ij
vkfFkZd ,oa jktuf;d izfrcaèk yxk, gSaA bu izfrcaèkksa esa fons'k fLFkr laifÙk ij jksd]
vk;kr&fu;kZr ij jksd] vL=k&'kL=k osQ O;kikj ij izfrcaèk rFkk jktuf;d lacaèkksa osQ foPNsn
'kkfey gSaA gSrh] bZjkd] fyfc;k] lksekfy;k] nf{k.k vizQhdk vkfn osQ fo#¼ ,sls izfrcaèk yxs gSaA
pwafd la;qDr jk"Vª osQ ikl ikap n'kdksa osQ ckn Hkh viuh lsuk ugha gS blfy, 'kkafr cgky djus
gsrq bls lnL; ns'kksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª us 1950 esa mÙkjh dksfj;k }kjk nf{k.k
dksfj;k osQ vkØe.k dks lekIr djus rFkk 1990 esa bZjkd }kjk oqQoSr ij dCtk gVkus osQ fy,
lSfud dkjokbZ fd;kA ;g xkSj ryc gS fd gky gh esa lqj{kk ifj"kn us vesfjdk dks bZjkd ij
vkØe.k djus dh btktr ugha nhA vr,o 2003 esa bZjkd ij vesfjdk dk vkØe.k xyr FkkA
lnL; ns'kksa osQ lkFk le>kSrk dj ifj"kn fooknxzLr {ks=kksa esa iqu% 'kkafr LFkkfir djus gsrq lsuk
Hkstrh gSA ;g iz;kl cgqr gn rd liQy jgk gSA bls ihl dhfiax ('kkafr j{kd lsuk) osQ uke
ls tkuk tkrk gSA

30.2.3 vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifj"kn

vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn dh dk;Ziz.kkyh mlosQ uke ls gh Li"V gS fd ;g varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd]
lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd o ekuoh; leL;kvksa ij fopkj djrh gSA ifj"kn osQ ikl fofHkUu vk;ksxksa

323
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa dks xfBr djus dk vfèkdkj gSA ;s vk;ksx efgyk] tula[;k] ekuokfèkdkj vkfn leL;kvksa ij
la;qDr jk"Vª lq>ko nsrs gSaA ifj"kn fofHkUu fof'k"V ,tsfUl;ksa tSls vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu] fo'o LokLF; laxBu]
[kk| o Ñf"k laxBu dh xfrfofèk;ksa osQ lkFk leUo; djrh gSA ifj"kn dk vU; egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z
xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dks vius fØ;k&dykiksa esa 'kkfey djuk gSA vè;;u] fopkj&foe'kZ o
leUo;u osQ }kjk ;g ifj"kn iw.kZ jkstxkj] jgu&lgu osQ mPp Lrj o varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd o
lkekftd leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku dk izpkj&izlkj djrh gSA o"kZ esa ,d ckj ifj"kn dh cSBd
fVIi.kh
gksrh gSA ifj"kn easa 54 lnL; gksrs gSaA lHkh dks egklHkk 3 o"kZ dh vofèk osQ fy, pqurh gSA
ifj"kn esa lkekU; cgqer }kjk fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSaA

30.2.4 U;kl ifj"kn

U;kl ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk U;kl {ks=kksa osQ iz'kklfud ns[k&js[k osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhA ftu X;kjg (11)
{ks=kksa dks blosQ vUrxZr j[kk x;k Fkk os vc Lora=k gks pqosQ gSaA U;kl ifj"kn osQ ikl vkt dksbZ dk;Z
ugha gSA blfy, bldh cSBd ugha gksrhA bls lekIr djus osQ fy, pkVZj dk la'kksèku djuk gksxkA
vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;kl iz.kkyh mu {ks=kksa osQ iz'kklfud ns[k&js[k osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ tks Lo'kklu dh fLFkfr
esa ugha FksA ;g O;oLFkk jk"Vª la?k osQ eSaMsV osQ LFkku ij yk;k x;k FkkA
varjkZ"Vªh; U;kl iz.kkyh dks ,sls {ks=kksa osQ iz'kklu osQ fy, cuk;k x;k Fkk ftUgsa Lora=krk ugha feyh
FkhA blus jk"Vª la?k osQ esaMsV dk LFkku fy;kA

30.2.5 varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky;

gsx fLFkr varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; la;qDr jk"Vª dk izeq[k U;kf;d vax gSA fo'o U;k;ky; osQ :i esa izfl¼
bl U;k;ky; esa lqj{kk ifj"kn o egklHkk }kjk ukS o"kZ dh vofèk osQ fy, pqus x, 15 tt gSaA O;fDr
ugha osQoy ns'k gh bl U;k;ky; esa eqdnek dj ldrs gSaA ;g U;k;ky; lqj{kk ifj"kn o egklHkk osQ
vkosnu ij viuh lykg iznku djrk gSA vc rd U;k;ky; us 72 eqdnes rFkk 23 lykg er iznku
fd, gSaA

30.2.6 lfpoky;
la;Dq r jk"Vª osQ U;w;kdZ vofLFkr eq[;ky; rFkk fo'o esa vU;=k dk;kZy;ksa esa dk;Zjr lHkh O;fDr
lfpoky; osQ lnL; gksrs gSAa ;s lnL; fu"i{k :i ls dk;Z djrs gSAa foHkkx fdlh ns'k fo'ks"k dks ugha
cfYd la;Dq r jk"Vª dks gh lsok,a iznku djrk gSA lfpoky; dk ize[q k egklfpo gksrk gSA bls lqj{kk ifj"kn
dh fliQkfj'kksa ij egklHkk }kjk ikap o"kZ osQ fy, fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA laLFkk osQ izkjaHk gksus osQ ckn ls
N% O;fDr egklfpo osQ :i esa jgs gSµ a ukosZ osQ f=kXosyh (1966&52)_ LohMu osQ Mkx gSej&'kksYM
(1953&61)] E;kaekj osQ ;wFkkaV (1961&71)] vkLVsfª y;k osQ oqQrZ okY¼kbe (1972&81)] is: osQ tsfo;j
isjt
s Mh owQb;kj (1982&91) rFkk felz osQ cqrjl ?kkyhA dkiQh vUuku Hkh dkiQh le; rd la;Dq r jk"Vª
ds egklfpo jgs gSAa orZeku esa nf{k.k dksfj;k osQ cku fd ewu bl izfrf"Br in ij fu;qDr gSAa

324
 la;qDr jk"Vª oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
ikBxr iz'u 30.2 la;qDr jk"Vª
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,A
(d) LFkk;h lnL;ksa dks __________ esa ohVks izkIr gS (la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lHkh vaxksa @ lqj{kk ifj"kn)
([k) U;kl ifj"kn dh orZeku lnL; la[;k D;k gS\ (5/11/15)
(x) fof'k"V ,tsafl;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa osQ lkFk leUo;u easa la;qDr jk"Vª dk dkSu lk&vax egÙoiw.kZ fVIi.kh
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS\ (lkekU; lHkk @ lqj{kk ifj"kn @ vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn)
(?k) futh O;fDr varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; eas eqdnes dj ldrs gSa (lgh @ xyr)
(M-) ______________ la;qDr jk"Vª osQ orZeku egklfpo gSa (dksiQh vUuku @ cku fd ewu)
(p) varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; osQ ttksa dk p;u ________________ }kjk fd;k tkrk gS (egklHkk@lqj{kk
ifj"kn~ @ egklHkk o lqj{kk ifj"kn nksuksa)

30.3 mifuos'kokn vkSj tkfrokn osQ fo#¼ la?k"kZ

tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa 1947 esa Lora=k gksus ls igys Hkkjr fczVsu dk mifuos'k FkkA osQoy Hkkjr vosQyk
mifuos'k ugha cuk FkkA tc 1945 esa la;qDr jk"Vª dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ rks] ml le; ,f'k;k ,oa vizQhdk
osQ vusd ns'k Lora=k ugha FksA mifuos'kokn dh lekfIr la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fy, 'kkafr ,oa izxfr ykus gsrq
,d egRoiw.kZ y{; cu x;kA
yk[kksa yksxksa dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqDr djokuk la;qDr jk"Vª dh ,sfrgkfld miyfCèk gSA la;qDr
jk"Vª osQ fy, mifuos'kokn dh lekfIr osQ nks igyw FksA ,d rks ,sls ns'k tks izR;{k :i ls if'peh ns'kksa
}kjk 'kkflr Fks & tSls& HkkjrA nwljs U;kl {ks=k ftudh ftEesnkjh Lo;a la;qDr jk"Vª dh FkhA 11 ns'k@{ks=k
la;Dq r jk"Vª osQ U;kl ifj"kn osQ rgr vk x,A oSQe:u] ukS:] U;w xqbfu;k] iz'kkar egk}hi] #vkaMk] cq:Ma h]
lksekfy;k] rUtkfu;k] VksxksySaM vkfn mueas ls oqQN gSaA blosQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª dks èkU;okn fn;k tkuk
pkfg, fd vc dksbZ Hkh U;kl {ks=k ugha gSA 11 esa ls lkr ns'k Lora=k gks x, o pkj dk LosPNk ls iM+kslh
ns'kksa esa foy; gks x;kA la;qDr jk"Vª us vkSifuosf'kd {ks=kksa dks Lora=k djkus ij fo'ks"k cy fn;kA
mifuos'kokn osQ fo#¼ bl izpkj esa 1960 esa egklHkk }kjk dh xbZ ?kks"k.kk egÙoiw.kZ gSA bl ?kks"k.kk esa
lHkh vkSifuosf'kd {ks=kksa o tula[;kvksa dks rRdky Lora=k djus dh ekax dh xbZA rHkh ls la;qDr jk"Vª
esa mifuos'kokn fojksèkh lewg osQ iz;qDr ncko ls 60 izns'k Lora=k fd, tk pqosQ gSaA bfjfVª;k] iwohZ freksj
dh Lora=krk mifuos'kokn osQ fo#¼ ,d liQy mnkgj.k gSA
nf{k.k vfizQdk osQ jaxHksn dh uhfr dk fojksèk la;Dq r jk"Vª dh ,d egRoiw.kZ miyfCèk gSA bldh 'kq#vkr
1946 ls gqbZA nf{k.k vizQhdk dh 'osr ljdkj us la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lq>koksa dks udkj fn;kA ckn esa v[ksrksa
(dkys yksxksa) ls HksnHkko osQ fo#¼ ncko c<+us yxkA [ksyksa esa nf{k.k vizQhdh Vhe ij izfrcaèk yxsA
lqj{kk ifj"kn us 'kL=kksa dh fcØh ij jksd yxk;kA blosQ ifj.kke 1993 rd fn[kus yxsA lEekfur v'osr
usrk usYlu eaMsyk dks 27 o"kksZa osQ ckn tsy ls eqDr fd;k x;kA jaxHksn dkuwuksa dks lekIr fd;k x;kA
vUrjkZ"Vªh; ns[k&js[k esa Lora=k o fu"i{k pquko djk, x, vkSj 1994 esa usYlu eaMy s k jk"Vªifr cusA blosQ
rqjar ckn la;qDr jk"Vª us lHkh iwoZ izfrcaèkksa dks gVkdj fo'o esa nf{k.k vizQhdk dks lgh LFkku fnyk;kA

325
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa 30.4 ekuokfèkdkjksa dh lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk
la;qDr jk"Vª
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ ?kks"k.kki=k esa fo'oO;kih ekuokfèkdkj dh lqj{kk osQ fy, izkoèkku gSA bl lacaèk esa
ekuokfèkdkj vk;ksx] vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn] egklHkk us #fp yh gSA ekuokfèkdkjksa dks izksRlkfgr
djus okyh yxHkx 80 ?kks"k.kk,a o le>kSrs (conventions) fiNys N% n'kdksa esa la;Dq r jk"Vª }kjk viukbZ
xbZ gSaA
fVIi.kh ekuokfèkdkjksa dh lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk la;qDr jk"Vª dh igyh mn~?kks"k.kk gSA 10 fnlEcj 1948 dks bls
viuk;k x;kA ;g fnu izfr o"kZ ekuokfèkdkj fnol osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA mn~?kks"k.kk esa ukxfjd]
jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd vfèkdkjksa dh O;kid Üka`[kyk gS] tks lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks
fcuk fdlh HksnHkko osQ fn, tkus pkfg,A ;g lkoZHkkSfed mn~?kks"k.kk] vU; ?kks"k.kkvksa dh gh Hkkafr ljdkjksa
osQ fy, ckè; ugha gSA ijaarq blus dkuwuh :i ls vko';d lafonkvksa osQ elkSns dks izsfjr fd;kA izFke]
vkfFkZd] lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd vfèkdkjksa vkSj nwljk] ukxfjd o jktuSfrd vfèkdkjksa osQ ckjs esa gSA
;s nksuksa lafonk,a 1976 osQ ckn ls bls ekuus okys ns'kksa ij ykxw gks xb±A lkoZHkkSfed mn~?kks"k.kk lfgr
;s nksuksa lafonk,a ^varjkZ"Vªh; ekuokfèkdkj fo/s;d* osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh gSaA
vkfFkZd] lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd vfèkdkj lafonk U;k;ksfpr ifjfLFfr esa dk;Z djus osQ vfèkdkj]
jgu&lgu osQ i;kZIr Lrj osQ vfèkdkj] lkekftd lqj{kk osQ vfèkdkj ij izdk'k Mkyrh gSA ukxfjd o
jktuSfrd vfèkdkj lafonk Lora=krk] dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk] pqukoksa esa Hkkxhnkjh dh Lora=krk]
vYila[;dksa osQ vfèkdkj dh lqj{kk ij cy nsrh gSA gLrk{kjdrkZ ns'kksa dh bu lafonkvksa osQ izfr
vuqikyu dks ekuokfèkdkj ij xfBr lfefr dh fjiksVZ ls tkuk tk ldrk gSA è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g
gS fd ukxfjd o jktuSfrd lafonk osQ vUrxZr la;qDr jk"Vª fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ls mudh ljdkjksa osQ
mis{kkiw.kZ o xyr O;ogkj osQ fo#¼ f'kdk;rsa lqurk gS_ c'krsZ og ns'k bl ij ,d vyx ,sfPNd lafèk
(izksVksdkWy) dks ekurk gksA
izrkM+uk] tkrh; HksnHkko dks jksdus rFkk ckydksa] efgykvksa o vizoklh Jfedksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, la;qDr
jk"Vª us dbZ ?kks"k.kk,a o lafonk,a viukbZ gSaA
la;qDr jk"Vª dh xfrfofèk;ksa esa ekuokfèkdkj ij le;&le; ij lEesyuksa dk vk;kstu Hkh 'kkfey gSA
1993 esa la;qDr jk"Vª us fo;uk eas ekuokfèkdkjksa ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu dk vk;kstu fd;kA bl lEesyu
dh fliQkfj'kksa ij dk;Z djus osQ fy, egklHkk us 1994 eas la;qDr jk"Vª ekuokfèkdkj mPp vk;ksx dks
fu;qDr fd;k] ftldk dke iwjs fo'o esa ekuokfèkdkjksa osQ izfr lEeku dks c<+kok nsuk gSA

30.5 la;qDr jk"Vª osQ iquxZBu dh vko';drk

;|fi la;qDr jk"Vª us ,d mÙkjnk;h Hkwfedk dk fuokZgu fd;k gS ijarq oqQN vojksèkksa osQ dkj.k ;g
izHkkfor Hkh gqvk gSA mnkgjk.kkFkZ] la;qDr jk"Vª osQ oqQN vax ugha cnys gSa tks fd okaNuh; gSaA vkb,] ge
lqj{kk ifj"kn ij fopkj djsaA lqj{kk ifj"kn esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k 15 rd lhfer gSA buesa ls 5 (phu]
izQkal] :l] ;wukbVsM fdaxMe vkSj vesfjdk) LFkk;h lnL; gSaA fdUgha ,sfrgkfld vkSj jktuSfrd dkj.kksa
ls 1945 esa bUgsa LFkk;h cuk;k x;kA 'ks"k 10 lnL;ksa dks 2 o"kZ osQ fy, egklHkk }kjk pquk tkrk gSA
;g fiNys lkB o"kksaZ ls pyrk vk jgk gS tc vfèkdka'k vizQhdh vkSj ,f'k;kbZ ns'k la;Dq r jk"Vª osQ lnL;

326
 la;qDr jk"Vª oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
ugha FksA vc tcfd lnL;ksa dh la[;k djhc pkj xquk gks xbZ gS] rks blosQ Lo:i esa cnyko dh fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
vko';drk gSA oqQN ns'k tSls Hkkjr vkfn dks LFkk;h lnL; cukus dk etcwr dkj.k gSA vLFkk;h lnL;ksa la;qDr jk"Vª
dh la[;k Hkh c<+kbZ tkuh pkfg, ftlls fd mUgsa Hkh yxs fd muosQ Hkfo"; osQ lacaèk esa Hkh lqj{kk
ifj"kn dke dj jgh gSA r`rh; fo'o osQ ns'k la;Dq r jk"Vª dks if'peh ns'kks]a fo'ks"kdj vesfjdk dk ,tsUV
ekurs gSaA bl Hkzkafr dks nwj djus osQ fy, LFkk;h lnL;ksa dh la[;k c<+kuh gksxhA tkiku] Hkkjr] teZuh]
czkthy vkSj ukbthfj;k blosQ nkosnkj gSaA tkiku vkSj teZuh vc 'k=kq ugha gSa rFkk mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr
vkSj la;Dq r jk"Vª dks muosQ lg;ksx osQ dkj.k os lqj{kk ifj"kn dh LFkk;h lnL;rk osQ lcls izcy nkosnkj fVIi.kh
gSaA la;qDr jk"Vª osQ 'kkafr dk;ksZa esa Hkkjr osQ lg;ksx vkSj izfrfØ;k osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dh nkosnkjh Hkh izcy
gSA Hkkjr la;qDr jk"Vª dk ekSfyd lnL; jgk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr Hkkjr nwljk lokZfèkd tula[;k okyk
ns'k rFkk lalkj esa lcls cM+k iztkra=k gSA

ikBxr iz'u 30.3

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsa %
(d) mifuos'kokn fojksèkh mn~?kks"k.kk dks _______ esa viuk;k x;kA (1945,1960,1995)
([k) vfèkU;klh {ks=kksa osQ iz'kklu osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª mÙkjnk;h FkkA (lgh @ xyr)
(x) nf{k.k vÚhdk esa jaxHksn osQ fo#¼ vkanksyu osQ usrk_________________ FksA (egkRek
xkaèkh @ usYlu eaMsyk)
(?k) ekuokfèkdkjksa ij lkoZHkkSfed mn~?kks"k.kk la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lHkh lnL; ns'kksa ij ckè;dkjh gSA
(lgh@xyr)
(M-) ekuokfèkdkj fnol dc euk;k tkrk gS\ (26 tuojh@10 fnlEcj@15 vxLr)
(p) ekuokfèkdkjksa ij nks lafonk,a __________ ls vfLrRo esa ykbZ xbZ (1948/1976/1997)
(N) 1993 esa la;qDr jk"Vª ekuokfèkdkj lEesyu dh fliQkfj'kksa ij fdl dk;kZy; dh LFkkiuk dh
xbZA (vkecMleSu@ekuokfèkdkj mPp vk;ksx@vk;qDr)

vkius D;k lh[kk

la;qDr jk"V dh LFkkiuk 24 vDVwcj 1945 dks varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr o lqj{kk LFkkfir djus dh mís'; ls
dh xbZA blesa N% vaxµ egklHkk] lqj{kk ifj"kn] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifj"kn] U;kl ifj"kn] lfpoky;
vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; gSaA la;qDr jk"Vª dh oqQN lhek,a Hkh gSaA fiQj Hkh ;g fo'o dk ,d vuks[kk
laxBu gS ftlls iwjh ekuork dh 'kkafr] lqj{kk] lekurk ,oa U;k; osQ fy, iz;kl dj ldrh gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª us fo'o eas 'kkafr LFkkiuk osQ fy, eè;LFkrk o vU; lsok,a iznku dhaA fofHkUu voljksa ij
la;qDr jk"Vª us lSU; cyksa osQ iz;ksx dks lqfuf'pr fd;kA la;qDr jk"Vª osQ 'kkafr iz;kl fo'o eas 'kkafr
LFkkiuk osQ fy, cgqr egÙoiw.kZ jgs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr bl laLFkk us fodflr nss'kksa }kjk vYifodflr

327
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djokus osQ fy, Hkh iz;Ru fd;kA mifuos'kokn o tkfrokn osQ fo#¼
la;qDr jk"Vª la;qDr jk"Vª dk fojksèk rFkk fo'o esa vU; laLFkkvksa }kjk ekuokfèkdkjksa osQ izpkj ls Hkh mRlkgtud
ifj.kke lkeus vk, gSaA
la;qDr jk"Vª us fofHkUu i{kksa ij mRlkgo/Zd izfrKk,a fl[kkbZ gSa] fiQj Hkh tu leqnk; osQ fy, blosQ
}kjk 'kkar] le`¼] leku o U;k;iw.kZ fo'o dk fuekZ.k eqf'dy gSA ikap n'kd bu vkn'kks± osQ fy, de
gS] ijUrq tuleqnk; ,oa ljdkjksa dh lgk;rk osQ cy ij vxys N% n'kdksa esa ;s vkn'kZ OkkLro esa izkIr
fVIi.kh
fd, tk ldrs gSaA

ikBkar iz'u
1. la;qDr jk"Vª ?kks"k.kki=k osQ mís';ksa o fl¼kUrksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
2. egklHkk o lqj{kkifj"kn osQ laxBu o dk;ks± dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k djsaA
3. mifuos'kokn dh lekfIr esa la;qDr jk"Vª dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk djsaA
4. lqj{kk ifj"kn osQ iqu% xBu dh vko';drk crk,A
5. fuEufyf[kr ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh dhft,&
(v) la;qDr jk"Vª egklfpo
(c) ekuokfèkdkjksa ij lkoZHkkSfed mn~?kks"k.kk
(l) U;kl ifj"kn
(n) vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

30.1
(d) lSu ÚkaflLdks
([k) 51
(x) varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr o lqj{kk dk j[kj[kko
(?k) lgh
(M-) lgh
(p) xyr
30.2
(d) lqj{kk ifj"kn

328
 la;qDr jk"Vª oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
([k) 11 fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
(x) vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn la;qDr jk"Vª

(?k) cku&fd&ewu
(M-) lqj{kk ifj"kn o egklHkk nksuksa
30.3 fVIi.kh
(d) 1960
([k) lR;
(x) uSYlu eaMsyk
(?k) xyr
(M-) 10 fnlacj
(p) 1976
(N) ekuofèkdkj mPpk;qDr

ikBkar iz'uksa osQ laosQr

1. [k.M 30.3 ns[ksaA
2. [k.M 30.4 ns[ksaA
3. [k.M 30.5 ns[ksaA
4. [k.M 30.8 ns[ksaA
5. (v) 30.4 (c) 30.8 (l) 30.4 vkSj 30.7 (n) 30.4

foLr`r Kku
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ ckjs esa ekSfyd rRo (U;w;kdZ] 1995)
igpku o lR;rk% la;qDr jk"Vª lacaèkh iz'u o mÙkj (U;;kdZ] 1996)

'kCnkoyh
1. fe=k jk"Vª
2. jk"Vª la?k
3. pkVZj

329
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
la;qDr jk"Vª

31
fVIi.kh la;qDr jk"Vª 'kkafr cgkyh xfrfof/;ka

fo'o osQ ns'kksa osQ fy, 'kkafr lcls vPNk y{; gSA 'kkafr osQ fcuk nwljs liuksa tSls vkfFkZd vkSj
lkekftd fodkl dks ikuk csgn dfBu gSA 'kkafr dh vkSj vf/d vko';drk chloha lnh esa gqbZ D;ksafd
[krjukd gfFk;kjksa osQ fodkl us ;qn~/ksa dks dkiQh [kwuh vkSj fouk'kdkjh cuk fn;kA blls Hkh c<+dj
ns'kksa vkSj yksxksa ij ;q¼ osQ udkjkRed izHkko tMsa+ tek jgs FksA blh dkj.k ls fo'o osQ usrkvksa us ;qn~/
dks jksdus vkSj ns'kksa osQ chp 'kkafriw.kZ laca/ cukus osQ fy, ijLij gkFk feyk fy,A ;gh og dkj.k Fkk
fd f}rh; fo'o;qn~/ osQ ckn la;qDr jk"Vª dh LFkkiuk gqbZA la;qDr jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k fo'o osQ dksus&dksus
esa 'kkafr osQ fy, dke djus osQ fy, gqvk FkkA lp dgsa rks] 'kkafr bldk loksZPpre y{; gSA oSls rks
la;qDr jk"Vª vkt lalkj oQh lcls vge laLFkk gS] tks fo'o 'kkafr osQ fy, dke dj jgh gSA la;qDr
jk"Vª osQ dbZ vax 'kkafr osQ fy, dke djrs gSAa lqj{kk ifj"kn] egklfpo vkSj egklHkk osQ iz;kl iz'kaluh;
gSaA nwljs fo'o;qn~/ osQ ckn vc rd djhc 300 ;qn~/ gks pqosQ gSa] ysfdu ;g la;qDr jk"Vª dk izHkko
gh gS fd vc rd rhljk fo'o;qn~/ ugha gqvkA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr osQ fy, viuk, x, vyx&vyx jkLrksa dh igpku dj losaQxs_
z la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk nks ns'kksa osQ chp eè;LFkrk osQ iz;klksa dks le> losaQxs_
z la;qDr jk"Vª osQ dkedkt esa 'khr;qn~/ osQ izHkko dh leh{kk] [kkldj 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk osQ lanHkZ
esa Li"V dj losaQxs_
z la;qDr jk"Vª dh 'kkafr dk;e j[kus dh xfrfof/;ksa osQ egRo dks le> losaQxs_
z 'kkafr Hkax djus okys ns'kksa osQ fojQ¼ la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk yxk, izfrca/ksa dks crk losaQxs_ rFkk
z la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fujL=khdj.k iz;klksa dks le> losaQxsA

330
 la;qDr jk"Vª 'kkafr cgkyh xfrfof/;ka oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
31.1 dbZ izdkj dh xfrfof/;ka fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
la;qDr jk"Vª
la;Dq Rk jk"Vª dh fo'o 'kkafr esa Hkwfedk osQ dbZ igyw gSAa blosQ fofo/ vax ;qn/ ~ ksa dks gksus ls jksdrs gSAa
;g ns'kksa dks lykg nsdj ;k muoQks ,sls fe=krkiw.kZ lac/ a fodflr djus ds fy, izkRs lkfgr djrk gS] ftlls
fofHkUu ns'k ,d&nwljs osQ vkrafjd ekeyksa esa n[ky u nsAa lkFk gh ;g fcuk cy&iz;ksx osQ ns'kksa osQ erHksn
lqy>kus dh Hkh ckr djrk gSA bl y{; dks ikus osQ fy, la;Dq r jk"Vª us dbZ rjg osQ ?kks"k.kki=k vkSj izLrkoksa
dks ikfjr fd;k gSA lnL; ns'kksa dks budk ikyu ckè;dkjh ugha gS] ysfdu budk uSfrd izHkko dkiQh gS]
fVIi.kh
gkykafd] ns'kksa osQ chp ;qn/
~ fiQj Hkh gksrs gSAa bl rjg osQ ekSoQs ij la;Dq r jk"Vª us yM+kbZ dks tYn ls tYn
jksoQus osQ fy, dke fd;k gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp 1947 esa ;qn/ ~ gqvk
rks la;Dq r jk"Vª us liQyrkiwod Z nksuksa gh ns'kksa dks yM+kbZ jksoQus osQ fy, euk fy;kA nwljh vksj la;Dq r jk"Vª
osQ dkeksa esa ;g Hkh vge gS fd [krjukd gfFk;kjksa dks fu;af=kr vkSj u"V djosQ 'kkafriw.kZ ekgkSy dks
fodflr fd;k tk losQA la;Dq r jk"Vª dh xfrfof/;ksa osQ eq[;r% pkj vk;ke gS]a ftlus gekjh nqfu;k dks
dgha u dgha FkksMk+ 'kkafriw.kZ cuk;k gSA os gS&a 1- ns'kksa osQ chp ,slh eè;LFkrk djuk] ftlls os lSU; cy
osQ bLrseky osQ fcuk gh fdlh le>kSrs ij igqp a losQAa 2- ,slh 'kkafr j{kd xfrfof/;ksa dk lapkyu djuk
ftlls yM+us okys ns'kksa dks vyx j[kk tk losQ rkfd fcuk ,d xksyh pys gh 'kkafr LFkkfir gks tk,A 3-
oqQN lnL; ns'kksa dks leL;kxzLr {ks=kkas esa cyiwod Z n[ky nsus dh vuqefr nsuk vkSj ogka 'kkafr dh iqu%
LFkkiuk djukA 4- fujL=khdj.k lac/ a h xfrfof/;ka ftldk y{; ;qn/ ~ osQ vL=kksa tSls ck:nh lqjxa ksa vkSj
jklk;fud gfFk;kj oxSjg dks iwjh rjg izfrcaf/r djuk ;k ?kVkuk gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª dh bu pkjksa 'kkafr laca/h xfrfof/;ksa esa izR;sd osQ ckjs esa tkuuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
31.2 eè;LFkrk laca/h xfrfof/;ka
la;qDr jk"Vª us vusd fooknksa esa eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS ftuesa dbZ ckj liQyrk feyh vkSj dbZ
ckj ugha HkhA
eè;LFkrk fdlh ns'k] O;fDr ;k laxBu dh oSlh xfrfof/ gS ftlls og fdlh leL;k dks lqy>krs
gSaA eè;LFk lh/s rkSj ij ml fookn ;k leL;k ls ugha tqM+k gksrk gSA >xM+ jgs ns'kksa osQ chp eè;LFk
dks nksLrkuk vkSj rVLFk gksuk pkfg,A eè;LFkrk rHkh 'kq: dh tk ldrh gS] tc leL;kxzLr i{k jkth
gksaA eè;LFk dksf'k'k djrk gS fd lHkh i{k vkeus&lkeus cSBdj okrkZ djsa] ;k le>kSrs osQ fcanqvksa
dks fpg~fur djus esa mudh enn djrk gSA ;g dkiQh oqQ'kyrk okyk ysfdu tfVy dke gS] ftlosQ
fy, la;qDr jk"Vª dks dkiQh c`gn vuqHko jgk gSA
la;qDRk jk"Vª ifj"kn us 1950 esa eè;LFkksa dks d'ehj leL;k dks nksuksa i{kksa dh lgefr ls lqy>kus osQ
fy, Hkstk Fkk] ysfdu iz;kl iQynk;d ugha gks losQA 1962 esa gqvk D;wck dk felkby laoQV bldk
,d vPNk mnkgj.k gS] tc egklfpo ;w Fkkar dh eè;LFkrk us vesfjdk vkSj iwoZ lksfo;r ;wfu;u osQ
chp lh/s rkSj ij lSU; dkjZokbZ dks Vkyus esa enn dhA 1989 esa la;qDr jk"Vª us liQyrkiwoZd lksfo;r
lsukvksa dh viQxkfuLrku ls okilh dh laf/ ij gLrk{kj djk,A blh rjg dh liQy eè;LFkrk 1991
esa dacksfM;k laoQV osQ le; dh xbZA vHkh la;qDr jk"Vª nks ntZu eè;LFkksa dh lgk;rk ls fiQygky
lksekfy;k] lkbizl] if'peh] lgkjk vkfn esa leL;k lek/ku esa enn dj jgk gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª lhek fookn osQ ekeays ij izfrcaf/r gfFk;kjksa osQ bLrseky vkSj nwljh f'kdk;rksa ij rF;
[kkstus ;k rVLFk tkap esa Hkh enn djrk gSA vjc&btjk;y fookn osQ elys ij la;qDr jk"Vª us 1969
esa ,d le>kSrs dh :ijs[kk lkeus j[kh ftlesa btjk;y vkSj fiQfyLrhu nksuksa dks gh lqjf{kr lhekvksa
esa jgus osQ vf/dkj dks ekuk x;kA dbZ ckj] blosQ U;kf;d vax varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; us Hkh vius iSQlys
331
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa osQ rgr (mu f'kdk;rksa ij tks ns'k blosQ lkeus ysdj vk,) 'kkafr LFkkiuk esa enn dhA mnkgj.k osQ
la;qDr jk"Vª fy,] 2003 esa U;k;ky; us btjk;y dh ml nhokj dks voS/ djkj fn;k] tks og fiQfyLrhuh dCts
okys {ks=k esa cuk jgk Fkk] lkFk gh mls voS/kfud vkSj HkM+dkus okyk dke Hkh crk;kA egklHkk us ckn
esa btjk;y dks dksVZ osQ iSQlys dk lEeku djus dh lykg nhA
31.3 ckè;dkjh izfrca/
fVIi.kh la;qDr jk"Vª us igys ges'kk vckè;dkjh rjhoQksa ls ns'kksa osQ chp 'kkafr cuk, j[kus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA
bldk eryc ;g ugha gS fd la;qDr jk"Vª ns'kksa dks nh xbZ viuh lykg u ekuus vkSj fo'o 'kkafr osQ
fy, [krjk cuus ij oqQN dj ugha ldrk ;k mlus fd;k ugha gSA tSlk fd vki igys gh ikB 30 esa
tku pqosQ gSa fd lqj{kk ifj"kn dks fdlh [krjukd ns'k ;k ljdkj osQ f[kykiQ izfrca/ yxkus dk
vfèkdkj gS ftlls fcuk lSU; ;k l'kL=k dkjZokbZ osQ gh 'kkafr oQh iqu% LFkkiuk gks losQA lqj{kk ifj"kn
osQ iSQlys osQ ckn ;s vlSfud izfrca/ lHkh lnL; ns'kksa }kjk vfuok;Z rkSj ij ykxw fd, tkrs gSaA
^izfrca/* oSls dBksj dne gSa tks ml ns'k dks vyx&Fkyx vkSj nafMr djus osQ fy, mBk, tkrs gSa]s
tks 'kkafr osQ fy, [krjk cu tk,aA bldk vFkZ lSfud rkdr dk bLrseky djuk ugha gSA lqj{kk ifj"kn
osQ vlSfud izfrca/ dk eryc yf{kr ns'k osQ ckdh fo'o ls jktuf;d laca/ dkV nsus] gfFk;kjksa dh
[kjhn iQjks[r jksd nsu]s ml ns'k ls fdlh Hkh rjg osQ vk;kr&fu;kZr (lHkh rjg osQ lkeku tSls rsy] nok,a
oxSjg) dks izfrcaf/r dj nsuk] fons'kksa esa mldh cSd
a tek dks tCr dj ysuk gSA ;s dne bl ckr dks lqfuf'pr
djus ij tksj nsrs gSa fd yf{kr ns'k viuh vkifRrtud xfrfof/;kas dks rqjra can dj nsAa
la;qDr jk"Vª us vc rd yxHkx 25 ckj bl rjg osQ ckè;dkjh vlSfud izfrca/ yxk, gSaA bl rjg
osQ ekeyksa eas igyk izfrca/ nf{k.k vizQhdk osQ f[kykiQ FkkA nf{k.k vizQhdk us jaxHksn dh viuh uhfr
dks [kRe djus osQ varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; osQ ckj&ckj osQ lykg dks ekuus ls vkSj v'osrksa] Hkkjrh;ksa vkSj
blh rjg dh nwljh uLy okys yksxksa osQ f[kykiQ HksnHkko feVkus ls budkj fd;k FkkA 1977 esa nf{k.k
vizQhdk dks etcwj djus osQ fy, mlosQ gfFk;kjksa dh vkiwfrZ ij izfrca/ yxk fn;k x;kA nwljs mik;
tSls varjkZ"Vªh; [ksyksa esa f'kjdr djus ij ikcanh dk Hkh lgkjk fy;k x;kA nf{k.k vizQhdk dks vkf[kjdkj
fo'o dh bPNk osQ lkeus >qduk iM+kA ,slk gh ,d vkSj mnkgj.k bjkd osQ f[kykiQ 1990 esa yxk,
x, O;kid izfrcaèkksa dk gS tks mlosQ f[kykiQ iM+kslh ns'k dqoSr ij geyk djus vkSj ml ij dCtk
tekus dh otg ls yxsA rsy dh [kjhn&iQjks[r ij izfrca/ yxk fn;k x;k] [kk| inkFkZ vkSj nwljh t:jh
phtksa ls euk dj fn;k x;k] lapkj vkSj ;krk;kr osQ lk/u dkV fn, x, vkSj fons'kh cSadks osQ [kkrksa
dks can dj fn;k x;kA bl dkjZokbZ dk vlj bjkd vkSj mlosQ yksxksa ij yacs le; rd jgkA blh rjg
la;qDr jk"Vª us dbZ vkradh laxBuksa osQ f[kykiQ Hkh izfrca/ yxk;k gS rkfd mudks fdlh rjg dh
foRrh; lgk;rk u fey losQA ;g dne la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ij 11 flrEcj 2001 dks gq, vkradh
geys osQ ckn mBk;k x;kA ysfdu gesa Lej.k j[kuk gksxk fd la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk yxk, x, izfrca/ksa ls
ges'kk bfPNr ifj.kke ugha fudys gSaA ;g tku iM+rk gS fd vkradoknh izfrca/ osQ ckotwn xqIr :i
ls /u izkIr dj jgs gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 31-1

lR; ;k vlR; fy[k, %
(d) la;qDr jk"Vª vkt fo'o esa 'kkafr osQ fy, lcls vf/d izfrc¼ laxBu gSA
(lR;@vlR;)

332
 la;qDr jk"Vª 'kkafr cgkyh xfrfof/;ka oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
([k) lnL; ns'kksa }kjk fooknksa osQ 'kkafriw.kZ lek/ku gsrq vkxzg djus okys la;qDr jk"Vª dh ?kks"k.kkvksa fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
,oa izLrkoksa dk ckè;dkjh izHkko gSA (lR;@vlR;) la;qDr jk"Vª
(x) jk"Vª la?k osQ eè;LFk dks liQyrk dh mEehn gks ldrh gS c'krsZa mls fookn osQ lHkh i{kksa
dk fo'okl izkIr gksA (lR;@vlR;)
(?k) 2003 esa varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; us btjkby dh ml nhokj dks voS/ vkSj HkM+dkus okyk dne
djkj fn;k] tks fiQfyLrhuh dCts okys {ks=k esa cukbZ tk jgh FkkA (lR;@vlR;) fVIi.kh
(M-) lqj{kk ifj"kn }kjk yxk, x, vlSfud izfrca/ksa dks ykxw djuk la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lHkh lnL; ns'kksa
osQ fy, vfuok;Z ugha gksrsA (lR;@vlR;)

31-4 lSU; dkjZokbZ osQ fy, vuqeksnu

la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fy, fo'o 'kkafr bruk egRoiw.kZ gS fd blosQ fuekZrkvksa us vkØe.k jksdus rFkk vkØe.k
dks Vkyus osQ fy, bls lSfud dkjZokbZ rd dk vf/dkj ns fn;kA blosQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª osQ ikl lnL;
ns'kksa osQ ;ksxnku ls lsuk cukus dh ;kstuk FkhA ;g lsuk la;qDr jk"Vª ,oa egklfpo osQ v/hu jg dj
vkØked ns'k osQ fojQ¼ yM+us osQ fy, cuuh Fkh] tks gks u ldkA bl elys ij vesfjdk ,oa rRdkyhu
lksfo;r la?k osQ chp xgjs erHksn FksA blfy, Ng n'kd osQ ckn Hkh vkØked ns'k osQ fojQ¼ lSfud
dkjZokbZ djus osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª osQ ikl viuh dksbZ lsuk ugha gSA blh detksjh osQ dkj.k la;qDr
jk"Vª fdlh vkØked ns'k osQ fojQ¼ Lor% o Lora=k :i ls lSfud dkjZokbZ ugha dj ldkA
'khr;q¼ osQ dkj.k vkØked ns'k dks nafMr djus esa lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp lgefr ugha cu ikrhA nksuksa
izcy fojks/h egk'kfDr;ka vius fe=k jk"Vªksa osQ fojQ¼ dksbZ dkjZokbZ djus dks ohVks iz;ksx dj jksdrs FksA
vr,o 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku lqj{kk ifj"kn vDlj v{ke jgkA blosQ ckotwn la;qDr jk"Vª us ,d ;k vf/
d ns'kksa dks vius LFkku ij dkjZokbZ djus dk vkns'k fn;kA mruk larks"ktud rks ugha ysfdu 1950 esa
dksfj;k bldk mnkgj.k gSA 1950 esa tc mÙkjh dksfj;k us nf{k.k dksfj;k ij vkØe.k dj ogk¡ ls gVus
ls budkj dj fn;k rks la;qDr jk"Vª us mÙkjh dksfj;k osQ fojQ¼ lSfud dkjZokbZ dk vkns'k fn;kA vius
eryc ls vesfjdk vius fe=k jk"Vªksa osQ lkFk nf{k.k dksfj;k dks cpkus osQ fy, rS;kj gh FkkA la;qDr
jk"Vª us vesfjdk dh bl Hkkouk dks lgefr nh vkSj mÙkjh dksfj;k dks nf{k.kh dksfj;k ls gVkus osQ fy,
vfèko`Qr fd;kA la;qDr jk"Vª osQ èot osQ lkFk vesfjdk us mÙkjh dksfj;k osQ vkØe.k dks lekIr dj
nf{k.k dksfj;k dh Lora=krk dks iqu%LFkkfir fd;kA
djhc pkj n'kd ckn la;qDr jk"Vª us fiQj vesfjdk vkSj mlosQ fe=k jk"Vªksa dks vf/o`Qr fd;k fd oqQoSr
dks bjkdh dCts ls NqM+k,A bl izdkj 1991 esa igyk [kkM+h ;q¼ gqvkA bjkd dh gkj ls bldh lekfIr
gqbZA ;g Lej.k j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd 'khr ;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ ckn vesfjdk osQ usr`Ro esa [kkM+h ;q¼
igyk ;q¼ FkkA
vesfjdh&lksfo;r 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr ls la;qDr jk"Vª dks 'kkafr LFkkiuk esa dkiQh lgk;rk feysxh] ,slh
mEehn FkhA nqHkkZX;o'k ;s lkjh xfrfof/;ka vesfjdk dh N=k&Nk;k esa gksus yxhaA la;qDr jk"Vª vesfjdk
dh pkgr dks utjankt dj dksbZ dke ugha dj ldkA ykbcsfj;k] lksekfy;k] rRdkyhu ;qxksLykfo;k
vkfn esa tc ukxfjd o tkrh; la?k"kZ osQ [krjs c<+s rks la;qDr jk"Vª dks vesfjdk ;k mlosQ fe=kksa dh
lgk;rk ysuh iM+hA [kkM+h ;q¼ osQ ckn nl ekSdksa ij la;qDr jk"Vª us 'kfDr osQ iz;ksx dks vf/o`Qr fd;kA
vesfjdk us lksekfy;k (1992)] ckSfLu;k (1993)] gSfr (1994) vkSj ykbcsfj;k (2003) vkfn esa

333
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa cgqjk"Vªh; lsukvksa dk usr`Ro fd;kA blosQ vfrfjDr vkLVªsfy;k vkSj izQakl dks Hkh dgk x;k fd os viuh
la;qDr jk"Vª lsuk,a Hkstdj Øe'k% iwohZ freksj vkSj jkWokaMk esa 'kkafr LFkkfir djasA bu lSfud dkjZokb;ksa osQ fo"k; esa
cgqr ls iz'u mBs gSa vkSj blls la;qDr jk"Vª dh Nfo izHkkfor gqbZ gSA blhfy, la;qDr jk"Vª lSfud
dkjZokbZ dh LohÑfr nsus esa lroZQrk cjrrk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª us 2003 esa vesfjdk dks bjkd osQ fojQ¼
;q¼ dh vuqefr ugha fn;kA ;g nwljh ckr gS fd la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fcuk vesfjdk bjkd ij vkØe.k
fd;kA
fVIi.kh
31.5 'kkafr cgkyh xfrfof/;ka
lSU; vf/dkj dh rqyuk esa 'kkafr dk;e j[kuk la;Dq r jk"Vª dk fo'o'kkafr osQ fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
gSA la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fuekZ.k osQ le; gkykafd ;g egRoiw.kZ xfrfof/ ugha lksph xbZ FkhA la;qDr jk"Vª dh
'kkafr dk;e j[kus dh igyh ,slh xfrfof/ 1948 esas 'kq: gqbZ tc laLFkk us lSU; fujh{kdksa dk ,d
NksVk lk ny igys vjc&btjk;y ;qn~/ osQ ckn 'kkafr oQks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, HkstkA rc ls vc
rd 'kkafr dh iqu%LFkkiuk ;k lqfuf'prrk osQ fy, vc rd pkj egkns'kksa vizQhdk] ,f'k;k] ;wjksi vkSj
nf{k.k vesfjdk esa ,sls lkB 'kkafr cgkyh vfHk;ku gks pqosQ gSaA nks ,sls vfHk;kuksa us Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku
osQ chp 'kkafr dk;e dhA
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lSU; fujh{kd lewgksa] (;w,uvksthvkbZih) dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr vkSj ikd esa tuojh
1949 esa nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp d'ehj eqn~ns ij gq, cM+s fookn osQ ckn gqbZ FkhA fujh{kd ekStwnk
le; rd yxkrkj vius dke esa yxs gSaA Hkkjr vkSj ikd osQ chp 1965 dh tax osQ ckn flracj
1965 esa la;qDr jk"Vª Hkkjr&ikd fujh{k.k lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k tks ekpZ 1966 rd tkjh
jghA
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ 'kkafr dk;e j[kus osQ dke esa oqQN ;knxkj eksM+ gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, 1956 esa 6]000
dh la[;k okyh etcwr lsuk tks la;qDr jk"Vª vkikrdkyhu cy osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh Fkh] us fcuk ,d
Hkh xksyh pyk, felz ls fons'kh lsukvksa dks ckgj fudky fn;kA 1960 esa Hkh blls cM+h lsuk us ,d
uo Lora=k jk"Vª dk¡xks dks VwVus ls cpk;kA 1993 esa bl rjg dk ,d cM+k vfHk;ku gqvk tks dacksfM;k
osQ iz'kklu dks ysdj Fkk vkSj ogka iztkrkaf=kd :i ls fuokZfpr ljdkj dk xBu gqvkA 1990 esa 'khr;qn/ ~
dh lekfIr us vpkud 'kkafr dk;e j[kus osQ vfHk;kuksa esa rsth yk nhA oqQN dkiQh liQy jgs rks oqQN
dks dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA vliQy {ks=kh; vfHk;kuksa osQ mnkgj.k iwoZ ;wxksLykfo;k] lksekfy;k
vkSj jokaMk gaSA la;qDr jk"Vª dh 'kkafr dk;e j[kus dh bl iwjh dksf'k'k dk ewY; rc le> esa vk;k]
tc 1988 esa 'kkafr j{kd lsuk dks ukscy 'kkafr iqjLdkj feykA
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ 'kkafr vfHk;kuksa esa lsuk vkSj ukxfjd lewgksa osQ fu"i{k O;fDr;ksa }kjk la;qDr jk"Vª
dh deku osQ rgr dk;Z fd, tkrs gSaA mudk izeq[k dk;Z vfgalkRed rjhosQ ls ;qn~/jr ns'kksa dks
yM+us ls jksduk vkSj ;qn~/ fojke oQks ykxw djokus esa mu ns'kksa dh lgk;rk djuk gSA ;s lSfud
,d ,slk okrkoj.k cukrs gSa rkfd tax dj jgs ns'k vius fooknksa dks lqy>k losQAa ewyr% os blfy,
Hksts tkrs gSa rkfd os mu fooknksa dks lqy>k ;k fu;a=k.k esa ys losQa tks fookn ns'kksa osQ chp gSa
vkSj dHkh&dHkkj fdlh ,d ns'k esa ,d&nwljs osQ f[kykiQ lewgksa osQ foijhr Hkh gSaA la;qDr jk"Vª
dh 'kkafr lsuk gYosQ gfFk;kj j[krh gSa vkSj osQoy vkRej{kk esa de ls de rkdr dk iz;ksx djus
dh fgnk;r mUgsa nh xbZ gksrh gSA

334
 la;qDr jk"Vª 'kkafr cgkyh xfrfof/;ka oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
ikBxr iz'u 31.2
la;qDr jk"Vª
fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dh O;oLFkk osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª dks ,d --------------------ls ySl gksuk pkfg, Fkk
tks lnL; ns'kksa }kjk iwjk fd;k tkrkA
([k) la;qDr jk"Vª us -------------------- dks bldh vuqefr nh fd mÙkj dksfj;k osQ f[kykiQ og lSU; fVIi.kh
dkjZokbZ djsA
(x) la;Dq r jk"Vª us blls euk fd;k fd og -------------------- osQ vuqjks/ dks eku dj bjkd osQ f[kykiQ
,d&nwljk ;qn~/ 2003 esa NsM+ nsA
(?k) vkt rd djhc --------------------'kkafr dk;e djus osQ fy, vfHk;ku la;Dq r jk"Vª }kjk fo'o osQ dbZ
lkjs ns'kksa esa fd, x, gSa rkfd 'kkafr dh iquLFkkZiuk dh tk losQA
(M-) 1993 esa --------------------------- osQ iz'kklu oQk Hkkj ,d cM+s vfHk;ku us la;qDr jk"Vª esa dke fd;kA

31.6 fujL=khdj.k xfrfof/;ka

;g ekuk x;k Fkk fd ujlagkj osQ gfFk;kjksa dk mRiknu vkSj HkaMkj.k ,d <ky osQ :i esa 'kkafr lqfuf'pr
djsxkA 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk rks nwj dh ckr jgh] bu gfFk;kjksa us nqfu;k dks ,d [krjukd LFkku cuk fn;k
gSA ukfHkdh; vkSj vU; [krjukd gfFk;kj ekuork osQ vfLrRo dks gh pqukSrh nsrs gSaA ;fn bl nqfu;k
esa ,d ckj ukfHkdh; ;qn~/ fNM+ tk,] rks u fliQZ ;q¼jr ns'kksa dh vkcknh gh] cfYd iwjh i`Foh ij
iSQys euq"; izHkkfor gksaxs vkSj mudh ekSr gks tk,xhA tks cpsaxs os /hjs&/hjs nnZ lgrs gq, ejsaxsA blfy,
i`Foh ij thou dks lajf{kr djuk fujL=khdj.k osQ fy, izkFkfed vkSj vfuok;Z dkjd gksuk pkfg,A mruk
gh egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd fujL=khdj.k ls gfFk;kj mRiknu esa yxus okyh Hkkjh /ujkf'k dks nqfu;k osQ xjhc
vkSj t:jrean yksxksa dh thou fLFkfr;ka lq/kjus dh vksj izo`Rr djus dh laHkkouk curh gSA
viuh LFkkiuk ls gh la;qDr jk"Vª us fujL=khdj.k esa lfØ; fnypLih fn[kkbZ gS vkSj mlosQ iz;klksa ls
dbZ fujL=khdj.k laf/;ka izHkko eas vkbZ gSaA blesa oqQN laf/;ak cs'kd fooknkLin gSa] elyu 1968 dh
ijek.kq vizlkj laf/A bl laf/ osQ rgr ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd ftu ns'kksa osQ ikl ijek.kq gfFk;kj
ugha gSa os mUgsa gkfly u djsa] tcfd ftuosQ ikl igys ls ;s ekStwn gSa mu ij dksbZ izfrca/ u yxk;k
tk,A bl HksnHkko dk fojks/ djus osQ fy, Hkkjr us bl ij nLr[kr djus ls euk dj j[kk gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª egk lHkk us fujL=khdj.k dh vko';drk dh vksj nqfu;k dk è;ku [khapus osQ fy, rhu
fo'ks"k l=k cqyk, ftuesa ikjaifjd vkSj ukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksa esas dVkSrh djus osQ nokc ij lcdh vke
jk; cukus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ] ysfdu 'khr;qn~/ osQ ruko osQ pyrs dksbZ Bksl ifj.kke lkeus ugha vk
ldkA
'khr;qn~/ dh lekfIr us ujlagkjd gfFk;kjksa ij fu;a=k.k vkSj dVkSrh dh vksj xaHkhj igy dh mEehns
txkbZaA egk lHkk us flracj 1996 esa lhVhchVh ;kuh O;kid ijh{k.k izfrca/ laf/ osQ ?kks"k.kki=k dks
Lohdkj fd;kA lhVhchVh osQ izHkko esa vkus dh laHkkouk cgqr Nh.k gS D;ksafd Hkkjr lesr dbZ vU;
ns'kksa us bls ,d fod`r laf/ djkj nsrs gq, nLr[kr djus ls euk dj fn;k vkSj ;g 'krZ j[kh fd blls
igys os ikap ns'k fujL=khdj.k dk oknk djsa ftuosQ ikl ukfHkdh; gfFk;kj gSA

335
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy- 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa bldk ,d ldkjkRed igyw ;g jgk fd fujL=khdj.k ij la;qDr jk"Vª osQ iz;klksa us 1997 esa ck:nh
la;qDr jk"Vª lqjaxksa ij izfrca/ yxkus esa enn dh rFkk 1993 esa jklk;fud gfFk;kjksa osQ ekStwnk HkaMkjksa dks varjkZ"Vªh;
ns[k&js[k esa lekIr djus esa enn dhA la;qDr jk"Vª us okLro esa ,f'k;k] vizQhdk vkSj vU; txgksa ij
yk[kksa dh la[;k eas fcNh ck:nh lqjaxksa dks gVokus esa cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ rFkk jklk;fud gfFk;kj osQ
ekStwnk HkaMkj dks lekIr fd, tkus dh izfØ;k dk i;Zos{k.k fd;kA la;qDr jk"Vª us bjkd esa uCcs osQ
n'kd eas jklk;fud vkSj tSfod gfFk;kjksa osQ fouk'k esa Hkh Hkwfedk vnk dhA

fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 31.3
fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) ------------------------------------ gfFk;kjksa us i`Foh dks ,d [krjukd LFkku cuk fn;k gSA
([k) bl i`Foh ij thou dh j{kk dh izkFkfedrk vkSj vfuok;Z gksuk gh -------------------- dh vko';drk
osQ ihNs ,d dkj.k gSA gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ ls -------------------------- dk xyr txg bLrseky gksrk gS
ftls vkfFkZd fodkl osQ fy, Hkh bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(x) ------------------------------ us ukfHkdh; gfFk;kj lEiUu ns'kksa vkSj blls jfgr ns'kksa osQ chp HksnHkko
fd;kA
(?k) egklHkk us fujL=khdj.k ij -------------------------------------- fo'ks"k l=k cqyk,A
(M-) egklHkk us lhVhchVh dks ------------------------------- esa Lohd`fr nhA

vkius D;k lh[kk

la;qDr jk"Vª dk loksZPp y{; nqfu;k dh 'kkafr gS vkSj og bldh izkfIr osQ fy, fujUrj fofHkUu
xfrfofèk;ksa esa layXu jgrk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª us ntZuksa la?k"kksZa esa viuh lsok,a ,d eè;LFk osQ :i esa eqgS;k
djkbZ gSa ftuesas og dHkh liQy jgk gS vkSj dHkh foiQyA la;Dq r jk"Vª us ges'kk ns'kksa osQ chp 'kkafr dk;e
j[kus osQ fy, ,sls rjhdkas dks izkFkfedrk nh gS tks vckè;dkjh gks] ysfdu bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd
mlus mu ns'kksa osQ ekeys esa oqQN u fd;k gks ;k djus esa v{ke jgk gS ftUgksaus mldh lykg dks Bqdjk;k
gS vkSj fo'o 'kkafr osQ fy, [krjk cu x, gSaA la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fy, fo'o 'kkafr dk y{; bruk egRoiw.kZ
gS fd blosQ laLFkkidksa us bl laxBu dks ;g vf/dkj fn;k fd og vius fdlh lnL; ns'k ij fons'kh
dCts dks iyVus ;k mls jksdus osQ fy, lSU; cy dk Hkh bLrseky dj ldrk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª dh fdlh
Hkh xfrfof/ dh rqyuk esa 'kkafr cgkyh dh xfrfof/;ka okLro esa fo'o 'kkafr esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
gSA ;g egRoiw.kZ xfrfof/ la;qDr jk"Vª dh LFkkiuk osQ oDr ugha lksph xbZ FkhA la;qDr jk"Vª us 'kq: ls
gh bl rduhd dk bLrseky fd;kA oqQN 'kkafr cgkyh vfHk;ku liQy jgs rks vU; esa fnDdras iSnk gqbZaA
viuh LFkkiuk osQ le; ls gh bl laLFkk esa fujL=khdj.k esa lfØ; fnypLih fn[kkbZ gS vkSj blosQ iz;klksa
ls dbZ fujL=khdj.k lafèk;ka izHkko esa vkbZ gSaA

ikBkar iz'u
1. la;qDr jk"Vª dh xfrfof/;ksa osQ ,sls dkSu ls pkj eq[; igyw gSa ftUgksaus fo'o 'kkafr esa enn dh\
2. la;qDr jk"Vª dh eè;LFkrk osQ oqQN mnkgj.kksa dh ppkZ djsaA

336
 la;qDr jk"Vª 'kkafr cgkyh xfrfof/;ka oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
3. la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk yxk, tkus okys fofHkUu fdLe osQ vlSU; izfrca/ dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\ fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
4. viuh lSU; dkjZokb;ksa dks vatke nsus osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª osQ ikl viuk lSU; cy D;ksa ugha gS\ la;qDr jk"Vª
5. 'kkafr cgkyh D;k gksrh gS\ ,sls vfHk;ku D;kas Hksts tkrs gSa\
6. la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk fujL=khdj.k osQ fy, fd, x, iz;klksa osQ oqQN igyqvksa ij ppkZ djsaA

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fVIi.kh

31.1
(d) lR;
([k) vlR;
(x) lR;
(?k) lR;
(M-) vlR;
31.2
(d) LFkk;h lsuk
([k) vesfjdk
(x) vesfjdk
(?k) 60
(M-) dacksfM;k
31.3
(d) ukfHkdh;
([k) fuj'kL=khdj.k lalk/u
(x) vizlkj laf/
(?k) rhu
5. 1996
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [kaM 31.1 ns[ksa
2. [kaM 31.2 ns[ksa
3. [kaM 31.3 ns[ksa
4. [kaM 31.4 ns[ksa
5. [kaM 31.5 ns[ksa
6. [kaM 31.6 ns[ksa

337
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
la;qDr jk"Vª

32
fVIi.kh la;qDr jk"Vª vkSj vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd
fodkl

la;qDr jk"Vª (;w,u) vkSj bldh fof'k"V ,tsafl;ka vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd {ks=k esa varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx oQks
c<+kok nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA la;qDr jk"Vª dk ekuuk gS fd lHkh ns'kksa dk vkfFkZd vkSj
lkekftd fodkl lqfuf'pr fd, fcuk LFkk;h 'kkafr osQ y{; dks gkfly ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blfy,
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ vf/d ls vf/d lalk/uksa dk mi;ksx vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl ls lacaf/r
fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, gksrk gSA o"kZ 1960 ls la;qDr jk"Vª uo Lora=k vkSj xjhc ns'kksa osQ vkfFkZd vkSj
lkekftd fodkl osQ fy, dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl {ks=k esa fØ;kdykiksa dk eq[; y{; vkokl vkSj chekjh
tSlh leL;kvksa dk gy fudkyuk gSA bu leL;kvksa dh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd nksuksa gh fo'ks"krk,a vkSj
izHkko gSaA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk dh xbZ izeq[k igy
dks le>us esa l{ke gksaxs_
z fodkl osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa] vfHkdj.k bdkb;ksa rFkk vfHkdj.k lewgksa dks
tku losaQxs_
z fofHkUu lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl vfHkdj.kksa osQ fØ;kdykiksa dks ;kn j[kus esa l{ke gksaxs_
rFkk
z ck/kvksa osQ ckotwn fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh fodkl laca/h t:jrksa dks iwjk djus esa la;qDr jk"Vª dh
vge Hkwfedk ls vki voxr gksxsaA

338
 la;qDr jk"Vª vkSj vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd fodkl oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
32.1 lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª dh izeq[k igy fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
la;qDr jk"Vª
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkdkj vkSj etcwrh osQ vk/kj ij lkekU;r% ns'kksa dkss fodflr ;k fodkl'khy ns'kksa
osQ :i esa oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gSA iwjs ;wjksi vkSj mÙkjh vesfjdk esa fodflr ns'k fo"kqor~ js[kk osQ mÙkj
vofLFkr gSaA ;s ns'k (tSls vesfjdk] dukMk] xzsV fczVsu] izQkal] teZuh vkfn) dh izfr O;fDr vk; mQaph
gSA budk vkS|ksfxd o 'kSf{kd Lrj Hkh mQapk gS rFkk LokLF;] foKku o vU; {ks=kksa esa ;s dkiQh vkxs
gSaA ;s ns'k fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk ij viuk izHkqRo j[krs gSaA fo'o dh oqQy vkcknh dk nks frgkbZ fgLlk fVIi.kh
fodk'khy ns'kksa esa gS tks O;kid xjhch] fuj{kjrk] Hkw[k vkSj chekfj;ksa ls xzLr gSaA budh O;fDrxr vk;
Lrj csgn de gSA bu ns'kksa us lfn;ksa rd vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu >syk gSA vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa us bu ns'kksa
osQ yksxksa dh vkfFkZd vkSj vkS|ksfxd izxfr esa dksbZ fnypLih ugha fn[kkbZA mUgksaus vius vkfFkZd iQk;ns
osQ fy, fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ izkd`frd lalk/uksa dk nksgu fd;k gSA
1960 ls dbZ lkjs mifuos'k Lora=k ns'k osQ :i eas mHkj dj lkeus vkus yxs vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª dh
lnL;rk xzg.k dhA la;qDr jk"Vª esa vius c<+ jgs cgqer dh enn ls os vfHkdj.k fufeZr djus esa l{ke
FksA la;qDr jk"Vª us igyk fodkl n'kd dh 'kqjQvkr dhA 1960 osQ n'kd esa la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl
dk;ZØe] la;Dq Rk jk"Vª vkS|ksfxd fodkl laxBu] varjkZ"Vªh; fodkl la?k tSlh varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk,a vfLrRo
esas vkbZaA
fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh igy ij la;qDr jk"Vª O;kikj vkSj fodkl lEesyu (vadVkM) dk xBu
fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ iQk;ns vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, 1964 esa fd;k x;kA blus
dbZ rjhoQksa ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh enn dhA
vadVkM us {ks=kh; vkSj mi&{ks=kh; Lrjksa ij ijlij O;kikfjd vkSj vkfFkZd lg;ksx c<+kus osQ fy,
fodkl'khy ns'kksa }kjk mBk, x, dneksa dks vPNk&[kklk leFkZu iznku fd;kA blus rduhdh lgk;rk
dks Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;kA
vadVkM esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk ,d lewg xfBr fd;k x;kA bl lewg esa vc 132 ns'k gSaA blus
fodflr ns'kksa osQ lkFk vkfFkZd vkSj O;kikfjd leL;kvksa ij okrkZ izfØ;k esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ chp
,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dk izfrfuf/Ro fd;k gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, blesa izkFkfed miHkksDrk oLrqvksa] tSls
fodflr ns'kksa osQ cktkjksa dks fu;kZr fd, tkus okys dikl vkSj dkWiQh dh LFkk;h dherksa osQ fy,
fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh ekax ij tksjnkj leFkZu fd;kA
vadVkM us fodflr ns'kksa esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa }kjk 'kks/ fodkl laca/h fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, fuEu vk;
okys ns'kksa dks vf/dkf/d fodkl lgk;rk vkSj ½.k jkgr vkfn nsus osQ fy, vf/ekU; ;k fo'ks"k O;kikj
;k 'kqYd dVkSrh lqfuf'pr djus dh dksf'k'k dhA
vadVkM vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk us ,d dne vkxs c<+dj xSj U;k;ksfpr varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk
ij loky [kM+s fd,A fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ vkjf{kr fgrksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª us 1974 esa
,d ubZ varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk (,uvkbZbZvks) dh LFkkiuk dk vkg~oku fd;k vkSj /uh rFkk xjhc
lHkh ns'kksa osQ fy, ,drk vkSj U;k; osQ vkn'kksZa dks lkeus j[kkA
,uvkbZbZvks dk xBu oqQN fl¼karkas tSls lekurk osQ vk/kj ij fo'o vkfFkZd leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku osQ
fy, lHkh ns'kksa dh Hkkxhnkjh] vius fodkl osQ fy, lcls mi;qDr vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk
viukus laca/h izR;sd ns'k osQ vf/dkj] vius izkd`frd lalk/uksa ij izR;sd ns'k dh iwjh LFkk;h laizHkqrk]
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa dke dj jgh cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa (,e,ulh) dk fu;eu vkSj fujh{k.k] fodkl'khy

339
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa ns'kksa }kjk fu;kZfrr dPps eky lkefxz;ksa vkSj izkFkfed miHkksDrk oLrqvksa rFkk lkekuksa dh mfpr dher]
la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks rduhdh vkSj foRrh; lgk;rk rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, vf/ekU; vkSj
xSj&vf/ekU; O;ogkj vkfn ij gqvk FkkA
fodflr ns'kksa osQ lg;ksx osQ vHkko esa ,uvkbZbZvks }kjk muosQ lkeus j[kh xbZ egRoiw.kZ fj;k;rksa osQ fy,
os rS;kj ugha FksA /uh ns'kksa us lewg 77 osQ Hkhrj fofHkUu vkfFkZd fgrksa dk iQk;nk mBk;k vkSj rsy vk;kr
djus okys ns'kksa dks rsy osQ ekeys esa laiUu ns'kksa osQ fojQ¼ ykdj [kM+k dj fn;kA blosQ vykok eè;
fVIi.kh vk; tSls Hkkjr vkSj czkthy ns'kksa osQ fojQ¼ lcls de fodflr ns'kksa dks [kM+k djus dk dke fd;kA
1970 osQ n'kd osQ var rd dbZ fodkl'khy ns'k xaHkhj Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k dk lkeuk dj
jgs Fks vkSj os ½.k osQ fy, varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (vkbZ,e,iQ) vkSj fo'o cSad dh enn ysus osQ fy,
ckè; FksA bu laLFkkuksa dk fu;a=k.k /uh ns'kksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr us fodkl'khy nqfu;k esa
vkfFkZd vkSj O;kikj lacaèkh uhfr;ksa ij /uh ns'kksa dks viuk xaHkhj izHkko Mkyus dk volj iznku fd;kA
vkfFkZd ladV dh ot+g ls nwljs fodkl n'kd osQ y{; igys n'kd dh rqyuk esa dkiQh de gkfly
fd, tk losQA la;qDr jk"Vª us vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl ls tqM+h fparkvksa vkSj t:jrksa dks lacksfèkr
djus osQ fy, j.kuhfr;ksa ij ckrphr osQ fy, dbZ lkjs varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyuksa dk vk;kstu fd;k vkSj dk;Z
;kstuk,a Lohdkj dh xbZaA fodkl ls lacaf/r lcls egRoiw.kZ lEesyuksa esa 'kkfey gSa_ i;kZoj.k vkSj
fodkl lEesyu ftls i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ij fo'o lEesyu (1992) osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS]
ekuo vf/dkj ij lEesyu (1993)] tula[;k vkSj fodkl ij varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu (1994)] fo'o
lkekftd fodkl lEesyu (1995)] fo'o efgyk lEesyu (1995) vkSj ekuo vkokl ij la;qDr jk"Vª
flVh lEesyu (1997)A
blosQ vykok la;qDr jk"Vª egklfpo us rhljh nqfu;k osQ vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl laca/h fgrksa
oQks c<+kok nsus esa Hkh viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA 1994 esa egklfpo cqrjl cqrjl ?kkyh osQ fodkl osQ ,tsaMs
esa ,d nwjxkeh n`f"Vdks.k gSA
o"kZ 2000 osQ la;qDr jk"Vª lEesyu eas lgL=kkCnh fodkl y{; (,eMhth) r; fd, x,A bu y{;ksa
esa vR;f/d xjhch dks [kRe djuk] lkoZHkkSe izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ y{; dks gkfly djuk] ekr` LokLF;
esa lq/kj ykuk vkSj cky e`R;q nj esa deh ykuk tSls y{; 'kkfey gSaA fodkl laca/h y{; dks la;qDr
jk"Vª osQ lHkh lnL;ksa ns'kksa }kjk loZlEefr ls Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k vkSj xjhch] f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;
lsokvksa dks 2015 rd gy djus dk vkg~oku fd;k x;k gSA

ikBxr iz'u 32.1

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk igyk fodkl n'kd 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk o"kZ ------------------------------------------ esaA
([k) igyk vadVkM (;w,ulhVh,Mh) dk vk;kstu o"kZ ------------------------------------------ esa gqvk FkkA
(x) la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lalk/uksa osQ vf/dka'k fgLls dk mi;ksx vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl lacaèkh
fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, gksrk gSA (lgh@xyr)
(?k) lewg 77 /uh o fodflr ns'kksa dk ,d lewg gSA (lgh@xyr)

340
 la;qDr jk"Vª vkSj vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd fodkl oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
32.2 la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl vfHkdj.kksa dk lewg fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
la;qDr jk"Vª
vius vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd dk;ZØekssa osQ ;kstuk fuekZ.k] leUo;] iz'kklu vkSj fØ;kUo;u osQ fy,
la;qDr jk"Vª dh lajpuk fo'kky vkSj foosQanzhd`r gSA
lajpuk esa lcls mQij la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk vkSj vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd ifj"kn (bZlhvks,lvkslh) gSaA
egklHkk vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, lkekU; fn'kk vkSj fuxjkuh dk dk;Z djrh gSA
bZlhvks,lvkslh fliQZ blh dke ij vius vki dks dsafnzr djrk gS vkSj fØ;kUo;u vk;ksxksa dh lgk;rk fVIi.kh
ls bu dk;ksZa dks vatke nsrk gSA ;s lakf[;dh; vk;ksx] ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx] efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ls
lacaf/r vk;ksx] lkekftd fodkl vk;ksx] ukjdksfVd Mªx vk;ksx gSA
oqQN {ks=kh; vkfFkZd vk;ksx Hkh gSa tks vius HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r izeq[k leL;kvksa ij cy nsrs
gSaA ,sls ikap vk;ksx xfBr fd, x, gSa% ;wjksih; vkfFkZd vk;ksx (bZlhbZ)] ,f'k;k vkSj iz'kkar osQ fy,
vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd vk;ksx (bZ,llh,ih)] nf{k.k vesfjdk osQ fy, vkfFkZd vk;ksx] vizQhdk osQ fy,
vkfFkZd vk;ksx (bZlh,) vkSj if'peh ,f'k;k osQ fy, vkfFkZd vk;ksxA
vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd {ks=k esa dbZ vU; laLFkk,a Hkh vfLrRo esa gSa tks bZlhvks,lvkslh osQ fn'kk&funsZ'k
;k fu;a=k.k ls izR;{k rkSj ij izHkkfor ugha gS] ysfdu os bZlhvks,lvkslh osQ fØ;kdykiksa ls djhch rkSj
ls tqM+h gSaA bu ,tsafl;ksa esa 'kkfey gSa% 1- la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe (;w,uMhih)] 2- la;qDr jk"Vª
varjkZ"Vªh; cky dks"k (;w,uvkbZlhbZ,iQ ;k ;wfulsiQ) 3- 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª mPpk;qDr
(;w,ulhvkj) 4- la;Dq r jk"Vª O;kikj vkSj fodkl lEesyu (;w,ulhVh,Mh ;k vadVkM)] 5- la;Dq r jk"Vª
vkS|ksfxd fodkl laxBu (;w,uvkbZMhvks)] 6- fo'o [kk| dk;ZØe] 7- la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe
(;w,ubZih)A ;s la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fof'k"V vfHkdj.k gSaA ;|fi ;s vfHkdj.k la;qDr jk"Vª O;oLFkk osQ fgLls
gSa ysfdu ;s la;qDr jk"Vª ls tqM+s laxBuksa ls Lora=k gksdj dke djrs gSa vkSj lkekU; rkSj ij mUgsa
Lok;Ro'kklh laxBu dgk tkrk gSA buesa ls izR;sd dk viuk eq[;ky;] lafo/ku] deZpkjh vkSj ctV
gSA izR;sd dk xBu ,d varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu osQ rgr la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk ,d gh rjhosQ ls fd;k x;k gSA
bu fof'k"V vfHkdj.kksa dh lnL;rk vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª dh lnL;rk leku ugha gSA bu ,tsafl;ksa dh
lnL;rk lkoZHkkSed gSA tks ns'k la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lnL; ugha gS os Hkh bu fof'k"V vfHkdj.kksa osQ lnL;
gks ldrs gSaA
izR;sd fof'k"V vfHkdj.k ,d varj&ljdkjh ,tsalh gS vkSj bldk xBu varjkZ"Vªh; laf/ ;k ,tsalh rFkk
la;qDr jk"Vª osQ chp le>kSrs osQ rgr fd;k tkrk gSA bl le>kSrs ij ,tsalh vkSj bZlhvks,lvkslh osQ
chp okrkZ gksrh gS vkSj bl ij egklHkk dh Lohd`fr t:jh gSA
yxHkx 15 fof'k"V vfHkdj.k gSa tks la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lkFk laioZQ cukdj dke djrs gSaA ge la;qDr jk"Vª
fodkl vfHkdj.kksa tSls ;w,uMhih] ;w,uvkbZlhbZ,iQ] fo'o LokLF; laxBu (MCY;w,pvks) la;qDr jk"Vª
'kSf{kd] oSKkfud vkSj lkaLd`frd laXkBu (;w,ubZ,llhvks) vkSj fo'o cSad osQ fØ;kdykiksa dh igpku
vkSj mldh O;k[;k djsaxsA

32.3 fodkl lgk;rk dk;ZØe

1965 esa LFkkfir ;w,uMhih la;qDr jk"Vª O;OkLFkk dk ,d izeq[k fodkl vfHkdj.k gSA fodkl'khy ns'k
;w,uMhih osQ lkFk dke djus esa vf/d lqfo/k eglwl djrs gSA ;|fi ;w,uMhih dksbZ foRrh; lgk;rk
iznku ugha dj ldrh gS] ysfdu ;g izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks rduhdh fo'ks"kK

341
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa miyC/ djkus tSls dk;ksZa osQ tfj;s enn djrh gSA oqQN feykdj blus fofHkUu ifj;kstukvkas osQ fy,
la;qDr jk"Vª 40 vjc MkWyj ls vf/d [kpZ fd;k gSA
gky esa 'kq: dh xbZ oqQN ifj;kstuk,a bl izdkj gSa%
z fyax lekurk dks c<+kok nsuk ;w,uMhih daVªh izksxzke dk ,d izeq[k dk;Z {ks=k gSA Hkkjr esa ;w,uMhih
[kk| lqj{kk dk;ZØe esa fujarj ekuo fodkl osQ fy, d`f"k dk;Z esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus
vkSj efgykvksa osQ l'kfDrhdj.k ij cy fn;k x;kA
fVIi.kh
z ;w,uMhih us fiQyhLrhuh {ks=k dks vkikr dkyhu lgk;rk osQ :i esa 1-5 yk[k MkWyj vkcafVr
fd,A
z ebZ 2001 esa ;w,uMhih us lcls de fodflr ns'kksa esa lkoZtfud {ks=k esa lq/kj ykus] lalnh;
O;oLFkk esa lq/kj ykus] la?k"kZ jksdus vkSj 'kkafr O;oLFkk cukus tSls {ks=kksa esa dk;ZØe 'kq: djus osQ
fy, ,d u, ;w,uMhih yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu VªLV dks"k dh LFkkiuk dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
z Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lg;ksx ls ;w,uMhih us uohd`r dh tkus okyh mQtkZ osQ mRiknd mi;ksx dks
c<+kok nsus osQ fy, xqtjkr jkT; (vkink izHkkfor {ks=k) osQ dPN ftys esa tqykbZ 2004 esa 4o"khZ;
ifj;kstuk 'kq: dhA
z ;w,uMhih us Hkkjr esa lkeqnkf;d LokLF; osQ {ks=k esa foÙkh; igy ls lacaf/r ifj;kstuk dks leFkZu
fn;k] D;ksafd vf/dka'k xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh >qXxh&>kasiMh esa jgus okyh vkcknh Lora=krk osQ 50 o"kZ
iwjs gksus osQ ckotwn LokLF; vkSj fpfdRlk O;oLFkk osQ nk;js ls ckgj gSaA
z ;w,uMhih us 23 tuojh] 2004 dks fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ lkewfgd f'k{k.k osQUnzksa esa rduhdh
izf'k{k.k dh ubZ 'kqjQvkr dhA

32.4 la;qDr jk"Vª varjkZ"Vªh; cky dks"k (;w,uvkbZlhbZ,iQ ;k ;wfulsiQ)

1946 esa LFkkfir ;wfulsiQ iwjh rjg ls oafpr cPpkas dh fLFkfr lq/kjus ls lacaf/r dk;ksZa ij è;ku
nsrk gSA

;wfulsiQ us cky dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, LokLF;] f'k{kk] eysfj;k mUewyu] iks"k.k] xzkeh.k]
fodkl] ifjokj vkSj cky dY;k.k rFkk vkikrdkyhu lgk;rk ls lacaf/r ifj;kstuk,a lapkfyr dh gSaA
blosQ }kjk lapkfyr fd, x, lkekftd vkSj ekuoh; dk;ksZa osQ fy, ;wfulsiQ dks 1965 esa ukscy 'kkafr
iqjLdkj fn;k x;k FkkA ;g cM+s Lrj ij Hkkjr ij è;ku nsrk gSA ;wfulsiQ us Hkkjr esa cPpksa osQ fy, ,d
csgrj ifjos'k fufeZr djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA blus Hkw&ty lalk/uksa esa vR;f/d ÝyksjkbM
dh leL;k dh igpku dhA jktLFkku vkSj vka/z izns'k blls lcls vf/d izHkkfor jkT; gSaA

MCY;w,pvks osQ y{; gSa% (1) chekjh osQ izlkj dks jksduk (2) chekjh oQh jksdFkke vkSj 3- chekjh
osQ izdksi dks jksdukA chekjh osQ izlkj dks jksdus osQ fy, mBk, x, rjhdks esas yksdLokLF; osQ fy,
varjkZ"Vªh; ekud miyC/ djkus ls lacan~/k cSBdsa 'kkfey gSaA MCY;w,pvks oSKkfud tkudkjh dk ,d
Dyh;fjax gkmQl vkSj chekjh ls futkr osQ fy, tkudkfj;ksa dk izlkj djus okyk ,Dlpst a jgk gSA chekjh
osQ izdksi dks jksdus osQ {ks=k esa MCY;w,pvks osQ dke 'kks/ osQ urhtksa dks ,d txg ls nwljh txg igapq kus
esa lg;ksx nsuk vkSj 'kks/ dks c<+kok nsus esa enn djuk gSA blus jksdFkke osQ lLrs mik;ksa osQ lkFk 'kks/

342
 la;qDr jk"Vª vkSj vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd fodkl oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
dks c<+kok fn;k gSA fo'ks"k :i ls V~;wcjD;wyksfll osQ fy, VhosQ vkSj eysfj;k osQ fy, MhMhVh dks fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
blus izksRlkfgr fd;k gSA eysfj;k osQ fojQ¼ vfHk;ku MCY;w,pvks osQ lcls cM+s dk;ZØeksa esa ls ,d la;qDr jk"Vª
jgk gSA pwafd ,M~l iSnk djus okyk g~;weu bE;wu fMfiQfl,alh ok;jl (,pvkbzoh) dk nqfu;k osQ
vfèkdka'k ns'kksa esa vkrad c<+rk tk jgk gS] blfy, MCY;w,pvks ,M~l osQ bykt osQ fy, VhosQ cukus
osQ fy, 'kks/ esa tqM+k gqvk gSA bl [krjukd chekjh dh pqukSrh dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, bls laiUu
lnL; ns'kksa esa foRrh; lgk;rk dh t:jr gSA
fVIi.kh
iksfy;ks mUewyu Vhdkdj.k MCY;w,pvks dk csgn egRoiw.kZ dk;ZØe gSA 21oha lnh eas [kRe gksus okyh
iksfy;ks igyh chekjh gSA la;qDr jk"Vª LokLF; ,tsalh MCY;w,pvks dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vfHk;ku rEckdw
mi;ksx dk fojks/ gS tks fo'ks"k :i ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa rEckowQ mi;ksx osQ fojQ¼ gSA

[kk| vkSj d`f"k laxBu (,iQ,vks) xzkeh.k fodkl ij è;ku nsrk gSA jkse fLFkr ;g vfHkdj.k d`f"k osQ
fodkl dks c<+kok nsdj] iks"k.k esa lq/kj djosQ vkSj Hkkstu rd yksxksa dh vklku igqap laHko djosQ
xjhch vkSj Hkw[k dh leL;k dks [kRe djus osQ fy, dke djrh gSA varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (vkbZ,yvks)
vkS|ksfxd dkexkjksa osQ jgus vkSj dke osQ ekudksa o Lrjksa esa btkiQk djus esa fofHkUu ns'kksa dh enn djrk
gSA la;qDr jk"Vª vkS|ksfxd fodkl laxBu] oS'ohdj.k osQ ;qx esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ vkS|ksfxd fodkl
osQ fy, iz;kl djrk gSA

f}rh; fo'o ;qn~/ osQ var osQ lkFk ;g ckr lkeus vkbZ fd ;qn~/ yksxksa osQ efLr"d esa iSnk gksrk gS
vkSj vKkurk] lansg vkSj ?k`.kk bls c<+kok nsrk gSA bu phtksa ls ;qn~/ dh 'kqjQvkr gksrh gSA ;g eglwl
fd;k x;k fd varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx ls yksxksa osQ chp tkudkjh vkSj csgrj le> vk ldrh gSA
32.5 fo'o cSad lewg
fiNys [k.M esa la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fofHkUu vfHkdj.kksa osQ dk;ZØeksa esa ls oqQN dh ppkZ gqbZA ;s ,tsafl;ka
fodkl osQ mn~ns'; osQ fy, i;kZIr foRrh; ;ksxnku nsrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ;w,uMhih dk yxHkx 670
fefy;u MkWyj dk okf"kZd ctV iwjh rjg ls fodkl izfØ;k dks lgk;rk nsus osQ fy, lefiZr gSA fodkl
osQ fy, iwath izkFkfed dkjd gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª dh lcls egRoiw.kZ foRrh; ,tsafl;ka varjkZ"Vªh; iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl cSad (vkbZvkjchMh)
;k fo'o cSad vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (vkbZ,e,iQ) gSaA bUgas czsVu oqM~l laLFkku Hkh dgk tkrk gS]
D;ksafd ;s ,tsafl;ka vesfjdk osQ U;w gsEi'kk;j esa fnlEcj 1945 esa vk;ksftr cszVu oqM~l lEesyu esa
vfLrRo esa vkbZ FkhA vkbZ,e,iQ Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k lqy>kus osQ fy, ljdkjksa dks vLFkk;h
foRrh; lgk;rk miyC/ djkrk gSA
fo'o cSad lewg cqfu;knh lajpuk osQ fodkl laca/h ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, dks"k miyC/ djkus okyk
lcls cM+k cgqi{kh; lzksr gSA vHkh rd yxHkx 300 fcfy;u MkWyj dh lgk;rk nh tk pqdh gSA
fo'o cSad vkSj vkbZ,e,iQ dh dM+h vkykspuk Hkh dh tkrh gSA bu laLFkkuksa ij /uh ns'kksa dk izHkko
gSA ;s la;qDr jk"Vª osQ izfr ftEesnkj Hkh ugha gSaA budh lajpuk yksdrkaf=kd ugha gSA bu laLFkkuksa esa ernku
egklHkk dh rjg ,d ns'k ,d er osQ fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr ugha gSA bu laLFkkuksa esa foRrh; ;ksxnku osQ
vk/kj ij fdlh lnL; osQ ikl dbZ lkjs er gks ldrs gSA vr% lnL;ksa osQ erksa dh la[;k muosQ }kjk
fn, tkus okys foRrh; ;ksxnku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

343
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1 jktuhfr foKku
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa fo'o cSad dk ½.k nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr gSA fuos'k laca/h ½.k nh?kZdkfyd ½.k gS] ftldk mn~ns';
xjhch de djuk vkSj fujarj fodkl osQ fy, vko';d HkkSxksfyd vkSj lkekftd cqfu;knh <kaps dk
la;qDr jk"Vª
fuekZ.k djuk gSA fo'o cSad dk ½.k izkFkfed Ldwyksa osQ fuekZ.k esa fodk'khy ns'kksa dh enn djrk gSA
vU; ifj;kstukvksa esa xjhch fuokj.k] xzkeh.k fodkl] ty vkSj liQkbZ] izkd`frd lalk/uksa dk izca/u
vkSj LokLF; vkfn lfEefyr gSaA fo'o cSad osQ lHkh ½.k esa fuos'k ½.k dh fgLlsnkjh 75 ls 80
iQhlnh gSA lek;kstu ½.k fo'o cSad osQ ½.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA ;g cktkj lajpukvksa rFkk
jktuhfrd O;oLFkkxr lq/kj dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, de vof/ dk ½.k gSA fiNys 20 lkyksa osQ nkSjku
fVIi.kh lek;kstu ½.k dk izfr'kr fo'o cSad osQ lHkh ½.kksa esa 20&25 izfr'kr osQ chp jgk gSA
fodkl osQ fy, cgqi{kh; foRr iks"k.k osQ vU; egRoiw.kZ lzkrs ksa esa {ks=kh; cSd
a tSls varj vesfjdh fodkl
cSad vkSj ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad vkfn 'kkfey gSaA vius {ks=k esa lSdM+ksa ifj;kstukvksa dks foRr miyC/
djkus osQ ;s izeq[k lzksr jgs gSA

ikBxr iz'u 32.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, igy djus okys la;qDr jk"Vª osQ eq[; vax ------
---------------- vkSj -------------------------------------------- gSAa
([k) ,iQ,vks dk eq[;ky; ------------------------------------------------- esa gSAa
(x) ;w,u O;oLFkk esa {ks=kh; vkfFkZd vk;ksx ------------------------------------------ osQ fgLls gSaA
(?k) varjkZ"Vªh; iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl cSd
a dk laf{kIr uke --------------------------------------------------- gSA
(M-) fuEufyf[kr dks lgh ;k xyr osQ :i esa fpg~fur djsa%
(i) la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe (;w,uMhih) fodkl ifj;kstukvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa osQ fy, foRr
miyC/ djkus okyh izeq[k ,tsalh gSA (lgh@xyr)
(ii) vkb-,e-,iQ- dk iwjk uke Hkkjrh; eqnzk dks"k gSA (lgh@xyr)
(iii) fo'o cSad Hkqxrku larqyu dks lgh djus esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh enn djrk gSA
(lgh@xyr)

vkius D;k lh[kk

la;qDr jk"Vª us u fliQZ varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, cfYd fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ
vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl osQ fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ dne mBk, gSaA egklHkk] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd
fodkl dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, fofHkUu fØ;kdykiksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk leUo; djrh gSA la;qDr jk"Vª
fodkl laca/h leL;kvksa osQ fujkdj.k osQ fy, cgqi{kh; lgk;rk miyC/ djkus dk eq[; lzksr gSA
fofHkUu la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl vfHkdj.kksa tSls ;w,uMhih] ;wuhlsiQ] MCY;w,pvks] fo'o cSad vkfn fodkl
dk;ZØeksa vkSj ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, dks"k mxkgus] dks"k miyC/ djkus vkSj lgk;rk djus dk dke
djrs gSaA

344
 la;qDr jk"Vª vkSj vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd fodkl oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 1
fo'o O;oLFkk ,oa
ikBkar iz'u la;qDr jk"Vª
1. vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl laca/h fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª dh lajpuk crk,aA
2. vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª dh izeq[k igy D;k gS\
3. fodkl osQ fy, eq[; foRrh; ,tsalh osQ :i esa fo'o cSad osQ fØ;kdykiksa dh foospuk dhft,A
4. la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe (;w,uMhih) osQ dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dhft,A fVIi.kh

5. cPpksa osQ dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsus esa ;wuhlsiQ dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

32.1
(d) 1960
([k) 1964
(x) lgh
(?k) xyr
32.2
(d) egklHkk vkSj vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifj"knA
([k) jkse
(x) vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifj"kn
(?k) fo'o cSad
(M-) (i) xyr
(ii) xyr

(iii) xyr

ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr

1. [kaM 32.1 ns[ksa
2. [kaM 32.2 ns[ksa
3. [kaM 32.5 ns[ksa
4. [kaM 32.3 ns[ksa

345
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk

33
fVIi.kh yksd lsok vk;ksx

fofHkUu Lrjksa ij ns'k osQ liQy iz'kklu esa yksd lsodksa (flfoy losZaV) dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh
gSA blfy, mudh HkrhZ] izf'k{k.k] osru] lsok dh 'krs±] inksUufr dh uhfr;ka vkfn egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh
gSA flfoy losZaV ls tqM+s gq, bu ekeyksa ij fu"i{k fopkj osQ fy, ,d Lora=k vkSj fo'ks"kK izkf/dkj
dh t:jr gksrh gS] ftls yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
gekjs lafo/ku dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa esa dsUnz vkSj jkT; nksuksa Lrjksa ij yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ xBu dks
lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk gSA
;|fi la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx (;wih,llh) vkSj jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx (,lih,llh) laoS/kfud
fudk; gS] ysfdu la;qDr yksd lsok vk;ksx dk xBu laln osQ vf/fu;e osQ rgr gksrk gSA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z flfoy losZaV dh HkrhZ osQ fy, ,d Lora=k ,tsalh dh vko';drk dks le> losaQxs_
z ;wih,llh dh lajpuk dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z ;wih,llh osQ fØ;kdyki dk o.kZu dj losaQxs_
z jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx dh lajpuk dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ dk;ks± dks igpku losaQxs_
z la;qDr yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ fy, laoS/kfud izko/ku dks ;kn dj ld losaQxs_ rFkk
z yksd lsok vk;ksx dh Lora=krk ls tqM+s laoS/kfud izko/kuksa dh ppkZ dj losaQxsA

33.1 ,d Lora=k ,tsalh dh t:jr

flfoy losZaV dh HkrhZ fdlh Hkh rjg osQ i{kikr ls eqDr] fu"i{k vkSj Lora=k gksuh pkfg,A ,slh fLFkfr
esa gh ;ksX;rk ij vk/kfjr O;oLFkk yksxksa esa fo'okl tkx`r djsxhA HkrhZ esa oLrqfu"Brk vkSj fu"i{krk

346
 yksd lsok vk;ksx oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, cgqr lkjs mik; fd, x, gSaA HkrhZ osQ fy, yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ :i esa ,d Hkkjr dh
Lora=k ,tsalh dk xBu buesa ls ,d gSA bl ,tsalh osQ tfj,& iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
(i) dk;Zdkjh 'kk[kk dks yksd lsok osQ mPprj Lrjksa ij HkrhZ djus dk vf/dkj fn;k x;k gSA

(ii) vfLrRo esa vkbZ ,tsalh ,d vk;ksx osQ :i esa vfrfjDr foHkkxh; bdkbZ gS tks ljdkj dh lkekU;
O;oLFkk ls ckgj dke djrh gSA
(iii) Lok;Ùk dkedkt lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, bl ,tsalh dks fo'ks"k laoS/kfud LFkku iznku fd;k x;k fVIi.kh
gSA
;g fuf'pr :i ls ;kn j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd vk;ksx fliQZ ,d HkrhZ ,tsalh gS u fd fu;qfDr izkfèkdkjA
fu;qfDr djus dk vf/dkj ljdkj osQ ikl gSA vk;ksx ,d lykgdkj vkSj vuq'kalk djus okyh bdkbZ
gSA blosQ fu.kZ; ckè;dkjh ugha gSaA lkekU; rkSj ij ljdkj bldh vuq'aklk,a Lohdkj dj ysrh gS ysfdu
ljdkj vk;ksx osQ lq>ko dks Lohdkj ugha Hkh dj ldrh gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa vuq'kalk Lohdkj ugha djus
osQ dkj.k crk;s vkSj fjdkMZ fd, tkrs gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 33.1

lgh mÙkj ij (9) dk fu'kku yxkb, %
(1) ljdkj dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk lapkfyr gksrh gS&
(d) pqus x, izfrfuf/;ksa }kjk
([k) eaf=k;ksa }kjk
(x) flfoy losZV }kjk
(?k) Hkkjr osQ yksxksa }kjk
(2) flfoy losZaV dh fu;qfDr djus okyh Lora=k laoS/kfud ,tsalh gS%
(d) deZpkjh p;u cksMZ
([k) pquko vk;ksx
(x) ;kstuk vk;ksx
(?k) yksd lsok vk;ksx
(3) flfoy losZaV dh HkrhZ osQ fy, ,d Lora=k ,tsalh dh t:jr gS D;ksafd%
(d) ;g yksd lsokvksa esa ;ksX;rk O;oLFkk vkSj fu"i{krk cuk, j[krh gSA
([k) ;g yksxksa osQ vf/dkjksa dh j{kk djrh gSA
(x) ;g eaf=k;ksa dh vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh gSA
(?k) ;g flfoy losZaV dh fu;qfDr djus okyk izkf/dkj gSA

347
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh 33.2 vk;ksx dh rjg osQ laxBu dh vko';drk
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
lafo/ku esa flfoy losZaV dh fu;qfDr dks lapkfyr djus osQ fy, ijEijkxr foHkkxh; O;oLFkk ls vyx
,d vk;ksx dh O;oLFkk gSA lafo/ku osQ fuekZrk 'kk;n bl rF; ls izsfjr Fks fd bl dke osQ fy,
fo'ks"kK vkSj nh?kZdkyhu fo'ks"kKrk ;qDr tkudkjh dh t:jr gSA bl lacaèk esa fo'ks"kKksa dk ,d lewg
fopkj foe'kZ djsxkA fo'ks"kK viuh tkudkjh vkSj vuqHko osQ vk/kj ij oLrqfu"B vkSj csgrj fu.kZ; ij
igqapus esa l{ke gksaxsA lkewfgd :i ls fu.kZ; ysus osQ ,sls rjhosQ dks fØ;kdyki ;k fu.kZ; ysus dh
fVIi.kh
izfØ;k dk dkWjiksjsV rjhdk dgk tkrk gSA
blosQ vykok yksd lsok vk;ksx tSlh cgqyoknh bdkbZ esa fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k ls is'ksoj vkSj rduhdh
fo'ks"kK Hkh tqM+s gksrs gaSA tc dbZ lkjs fo'ks"kK fopkj foe'kZ osQ fy, ,df=kr gksrs gSa rks i{kikr dh
laHkkouk [kRe gks tkrh gS vkSj oLrqfu"Brk lqfuf'pr gks ikrh gSA vk;ksx lkekU; ljdkjh O;oLFkk ls
vyx dke djrk gS] blosQ fy, vf/d yphyk vkSj izxfr'khy rjhosQ viukuk laHko gSA ukSdj'kkgh
okyh dBksjrk vkSj foyac tks ljdkjh foHkkxksa dh fo'ks"krk gS] ls cpk tk ldrk gSA

33.3 vk;ksx osQ fy, laoS/kfud LFkku dk egRo

laoS/kfud LFkku nsus dk mn~ns'; ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd vk;ksx fcuk Hk; vkSj i{kikr osQ dke
djus esa l{ke gksxkA ;g rc laHko gks ldrk gS tc bldh jpuk] Hkwfedk vkSj vf/dkj] blosQ lnL;ksa
osQ fo'ks"kkf/dkj] fu;qfDr vkSj gVk, tkus osQ rjhosQ] fu;qfDr dh ;ksX;rk vkSj gVkus osQ vk/kj vkfn
lafo/ku }kjk lajf{kr gksA vk;ksx fcuk fdlh jktuhfrd ;k fdlh vU; ckgjh izHkko ;k lksp osQ dke
dj ldrk gSA bl rjg ls vk;ksx dks lao/ S kfud gSfl;r nsus dk eryc gS mlosQ vf/dkj vkSj Lora=krk
dk fdlh dk;Zdkjh ;k fo/k;h 'kfDr }kjk fdlh Hkh laHkkfor vfrØe.k osQ fojQ¼ mls lqj{kk iznku
djukA

33.4 osQUnzh; yksd lsok vk;ksx dk xBu

osQanz ljdkj osQ mPp Lrjh; yksd lsokvksa osQ fy, lafo/ku esa osQanzh; yksd lsok vk;ksx (;wih,llh)
dh LFkkiuk dk izko/ku gSA vk;ksx osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k vkSj mudh lsok 'krsZ jk"Vªifr }kjk r; dh
tkrh gSa ftldk eryc ljdkj gSA ;g r; fd;k x;k gS fd vk;ksx esa ,d vè;{k vkSj Ng ls vkB
lnL; gksaxsA bl le; vk;ksx osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k vè;{k lesr ukS gSA vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa
oQh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk gksrh gSA lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj vk;ksx osQ de ls de vk/s lnL; ,sls gksus pkfg,
ftUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj ;k jkT; ljdkj osQ rgr de ls de nl lky dh lsok dk vuqHko gksA
vk;ksx ls tqM+us dh rkjh[k ls dksbZ Hkh lnL; Ng o"kZ osQ dk;Zdky rd ;k fiQj 65 o"kZ iwjs gksus rd
vius in ij jg ldrk gSA vk;ksx dk vè;{k ljdkj osQ varxZr Hkfo"; esa dksbZ ljdkjh ukSdjh ugha
dj ldrk gSA ysfdu mlosQ vU; lnL; ;wih,llh ;k jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k in ij fu;qDr
gks ldrs gaSA
fu;qfDr osQ ckn vk;ksx osQ lnL;ksa dh os lsok 'krsZ cnyh ugha tk ldrha ftuls mUgsa ?kkVk gksA muosQ
osru] HkRrs vkfn lalnh; dk;Z{ks=k osQ varxZr ugha vkrs gaS] D;ksafd mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lafpr dks"k
ls osru] HkRrs vkfn feyrs gSaA ;g Hkh izko/ku gS fd vk;ksx osQ vè;{k ;k fdlh lnL; dks jk"Vªifr
}kjk nqO;Zogkj osQ vk/kj ij in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr osQ funsZ'k osQ ckn loksZPp U;k;ky;
dh tkap osQ ckn gh bl laca/ esa dkjZokbZ dh tk ldrh gSA vnkyr }kjk dh tk jgh tkap yafcr gksus

348
 yksd lsok vk;ksx oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
dh fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr lnL; dks fuyafcr dj ldrs gSaA vè;{k lesr dksbZ Hkh lnL; nqO;Zogkj dk Hkkjr dh
nks"kh ik;k tk ldrk gS] vxj og lnL; osQ :i esa viuk nkf;Ro fuHkkrs le; fdlh ekSfnzd ykHk iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
esa fnypLih j[krs gq, ik;k tkrk gSA ;g izko/ku Hkh gS fd jk"Vªifr vè;{k ;k fdlh vU; lnL; dks
fnokfy;kiu] efLr"d ;k 'kjhj dh detksjh ;k vius dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku vius drZO; ls vyx fdlh
osru;qDr jkstxkj ls tqM+s gksus dh fLFkfr esa in ls gVk ldrs gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 33.2 fVIi.kh

lgh mÙkj ij (9) dk fu'kku yxkb, %

(1) yksd lsok vk;ksx ,d
(d) laoS/kfud bdkbZ gS
([k) oS/kfud bdkbZ gS
(x) dk;Zdkjh fu.kZ; }kjk LFkkfir bdkbZ gS
(?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(2) yksd lsok vk;ksx dke djrk gS
(d) ,d HkrhZ ,tsalh osQ :i esa
([k) oS/kfud bdkbZ gS
(x) lHkh ljdkjh fu;qfDr;ksa osQ ekeys esa lykgdkj bdkbZ osQ :i esa
(?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(3) ;wih,llh osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dks muosQ in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gS
(d) ea=kh ifj"kn }kjk
([k) jk"Vªifr }kjk
(x) iz/kuea=kh }kjk
(?k) loksZPp U;k;ky }kjk

33.5 osQanzh; yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ fØ;kdyki

lafo/ku esa of.kZr izko/kuksa osQ vuqlkj ;wih,llh osQ fØ;kdyki gSa%
(i) HkrhZ osQ rjhoQksa ls lacf/r ekeyksa vkSj izR;{k ;k inksUufr osQ }kjk yksd lsok osQ fy, dh tkus
okyh fu;qfDr;ksa ls lacaf/r fu;eksa osQ laca/ esa ljdkj dks lykg nsukA
(ii) fu;qfDr] inksUurh vkSj LFkkukarj.k osQ fy, mEehnokjksa dh mi;qDrrk osQ ckjs esa lykg nsukA
(iii) iwjs ns'k osQ Lrj ij vk;ksftr lsokvksa osQ fy, fu;qfDr laca/h ijh{kk,a lapkfyr djukA
(iv) yksd lsodksa dks izHkkfor djus okys vuq'kklukRed ekeyksa ij lykg nsukA

349
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh (v) fdlh ljdkjh lsod osQ fojQ¼ 'kq# dh xbZ dkuwuh dkjZokbZ osQ nkos vkSj drZO; fuoZgu osQ nkSjku
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk fdlh ljdkjh lsod osQ ?kk;y gksus ls lacaf/r nkos ij lykg nsukA
(vi) jk"Vªifr }kjk fufnZLV fdlh vU; ekeys ij lykg nsukA

laln }kjk vk;ksx osQ fØ;kdykiksa dks foLrkfjr djus ls lacaf/r Hkh izko/ku gSaA ;g u fliQZ ljdkjh
lsokvksa osQ lanHkZ esa gS] cfYd LFkkuh; izkf/dj.k] fuxe ;k vU; lkoZtfud laLFkkvksa ls tqM+h lsokvksa
osQ lanHkZ esa Hkh laHko gSA
fVIi.kh
vk;ksx osQ {ks=kkf/dkj dks blosQ nk;js ls oqQN inksa dks gVkdj de fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ
fy,] fuEufyf[kr inksa osQ fy, fu;qfDr osQ flyflys eas vk;ksx ls e'kfojk ugha fd;k tkrk gS%
(i) fdlh izkf/dj.k ;k vk;ksx osQ lnL; ;k vè;{k dh fu;qfDr
(ii) mPp jktuf;d izd`fr osQ in
(iii) lewg ^lh* vkSj lewg ^Mh* osQ deZpkjh tks osQUnz ljdkj osQ oqQYk deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k esa
yxHkx 90 iQhlnh gSaA
fuank] ckè;rk] lsokfuo`fRr gVk, tkus ;k in ls c[kkZLrxh] inksUufr jksd dj uhps dh Js.kh ;k in ij
cuk, j[kuk] ykijokgh dh ot+g ls ljdkj dks gksus okyh {kfr osQ ijs ;k vkaf'kd fgLls dh mxkgh
;k vkns'k dk mYya?ku tSls ekeyksa esa vk;ksx ls e'kfojk fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ vykok fdlh ;kfpdk
;k Kkiu ij fopkj osQ ckn uhps osQ fdlh vf/dkjh }kjk yxk, x, fdlh tqekZus osQ fojQ¼ nk;j vihy
ij jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'k osQ laca/ esa e'kfojk fd;k tkrk gSA
vk;ksx fu;qfDr osQ rkSj rjhdksa vkSj ,d lsok ls nwljh lsok esa fu;qfDr;ka] inksUufr vkSj LFkkukarj.k osQ
ekeys esa viuk, tkus okys fu;eksa vkSj ,slh fu;qfDr;ksa] inksUufr;ksa ;k LFkkukarj.k osQ fy, mEehnokjksa
dh mi;qDrrk osQ laca/ esa Hkh ljdkj dks lykg nsrk gSA
vk;ksx }kjk fd, x, dk;ksZa osQ laca/ esa jk"Vªifr dks okf"kZd fjiksVZ nsuk Hkh vk;ksx dk drZO; gSA fjiksVZ
osQ lkFk Kkiu Hkh fn;k tkrk gS ftlesa vk;ksx dh vuq'kalkvksa ij ljdkj }kjk mBk, x, dne dh ppkZ
gksrh gSA bls laln osQ le{k j[kk tkrk gSA bl rjg ls vk;ksx dh vuq'kalkvksa dks Lohdkj u djus dh
fLFkfr esas ljdkj dkj.k crkus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gks tkrh gSA
ikBxr iz'u 33-3
lgh mÙkj ij (9) dk fu'kku yxkb, %
(1) ;wih,llh osQ okf"kZd fjiksVZ dks is'k djuk Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dk nkf;Ro gS%
(d) Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ le{k
([k) laln osQ le{k
(x) Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd vkSj egkys[kk ijh{kd osQ le{k
(?k) ea=kh ifj"kn osQ le{k
(2) Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh /kjk 321 osQ varxZr osQUnzh; yksd lsok vk;ksx dks vfrfjDr
fØ;kdyki lkSais tk ldrs gSa%

350
 yksd lsok vk;ksx oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
(d) jk"Vªifr }kjk Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
([k) iz/kuea=kh }kjk
(x) laln }kjk
(?k) loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk
fVIi.kh
33.6 jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx dk xBu
Hkkjr osQ izR;sd jkT; esa ,d yksd lsok vk;ksx gksrk gSA lafo/ku osQ varxZr izko/ku gS fd jkT;iky
vk;ksx osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k r; djrs gSaA vk;ksx osQ de ls de vk/s lnL;ksa dks osQUnzh; ;k jkT;
ljdkj osQ rgr U;wure 10 o"kZ dk vuqHko izkIr gksuk pkfg,A lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk Ng
o"kZ osQ dk;Zdky ;k 62 o"kZ dh mez rd osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA ;|fi jkT;iky fu;qfDr djus esa l{ke
gSa ysfdu lnL;ksa dks fliQZ jk"Vªifr gh gVk ldrs gSaA lnL;ksa dh lsok 'krsZa jkT;iky }kjk r; dh tkrh
gSa ysfdu lafo/ku osQ varxZr izko/ku gS fd mudh lsok 'krksZa esa dksbZ vykHkdkjh ifjorZu ugha fd;k
tk ldrk gSA blesa vk;ksx dh Lora=krk lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, oqQN izko/ku varfuZfgr gSaA
jkT; yksdlHkk vk;ksx osQ fdlh lnL; dh lsokfuo`Rr ;k fdlh vU; fLFkfr esa ;wih,llh osQ vè;{k
;k lnL; dks mlh vk;ksx ;k fdlh vU; jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx dk vè;{k fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;wih,llh dh rjg jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx jkT;iky dks viuh okf"kZd fjiksVZ lkSairk gSA jkT;iky bl
fjiksVZ dk vè;;u djus osQ ckn mls jkT; fo/kf;dk osQ le{k mu ekeyksa osQ lkFk j[krs gSa ftuesa
ljdkj us vk;ksx dh lykg dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa ljdkj dks vk;ksx dh vuq'kalkvksa
dks Lohdkj ugha djus ;k [kkfjT+k djus dh oT+kg crkuh iM+rh gSA
jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx jkT; ljdkj ls tqM+s gq, mUgha dk;ksZa dks laikfnr djrk gS tks osQUnz ljdkj osQ
ekeys esa dsanzh; yksd lsok vk;ksx djrk gSA

33.7 ,d la;qDr yksd lsok vk;ksx

nks ;k mlls vf/d jkT; vius fy, ,d yksd lsok vk;ksx cukus ij lger gks ldrs gSaA vxj bl
laca/ esa izR;sd jkT; dh fo/kf;dk osQ izR;sd lnu (2 lnu gksus dh fLFkfr esa) }kjk izLrko ikfjr
fd;k tkrk gS rks laln mu jkT;ksa osQ fy, la;qDr jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ xBu laca/h dkuwu cuk
ldrh gSA
la;qDr vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj vU; lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr Hkh jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA

33.8 yksd lsok vk;ksx dh Lora=krk

fuEufyf[kr laoS/kfud izko/kuksa dk mn~ns'; ;wih,llh vkSj ,lih,llh nksuksa dks fdlh Hkh rjg osQ
ckgjh izHkko ls Lora=k j[kuk gS%
1- lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr 6 o"kZ dh r; vof/ ;k fiQj ;wih,llh osQ ekeys esa 65 o"kZ dh mez vkSj
,lih,llh osQ ekeys esa 62 o"kZ dh mez osQ fy, gksrh gSA
2- fdlh lnL; dh lsok 'krksaZ esa muosQ dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku vykHkdkjh ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

351
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh 3- fdlh lnL; dks gVk;k tkuk loksZPp U;k;ky; ls e'kfojk djus osQ ckn oqQN fo'ks"k vk/kjksa ij
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk gh jk"Vªifr }kjk laHko gSA
4- vk;ksx ij gksus okys [kpZ Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/ ls gksrk gSA
5- vk;ksx osQ {ks=kkf/dkj esa vkus okys fdlh ekeys dks NksM+dj ljdkj }kjk tkjh fd, tkus okys lHkh
funsZ'kksa dks laln ;k jkT; fo/kf;dk osQ le{k ,sls&,sls ifjorZu tks mi;qZDr gks ldrs gSa] osQ fy, j[kk
tkuk t:jh gSA
fVIi.kh 6- r; lhek ls vkxs fdlh lnL; dh fu;qfDr dM+kbZ ls izfrcaf/r gSA

ikBxr iz'u 33.4

lgh mÙkj ij (9) dk fu'kku yxk,a %
(1) jkT; ih,llh osQ lnL; vius in ij bl mez lhek rd jg ldrs gSa%
(d) 60 o"kZ
([k) 62 o"kZ
(x) 63 o"kZ
(?k) 64 o"kZ
(2) ,lih,llh osQ lnL; dk dk;Zdky gksrk gS%
(d) 4 o"kZ
([k) 5 o"kZ
(x) 6 o"kZ
(?k) 7 o"kZ
(3) la;qDr yksd lsok vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr gksrh gS%
(d) jk"Vªifr }kjk
([k) jkT;iky }kjk
(x) iz/kuea=kh }kjk
(?k) loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk

vkius D;k lh[kk

1. bl vè;k; esa vkius i<+k gS fd yksd lsodksa dh fu;qfDr osQ fy, oqQN Lora=k vkSj fo'ks"kK
bdkb;ka gSa ftUgsa yksd lsok vk;ksx dgk tkrk gSA vk;ksx flfoy losZaV dh HkrhZ djrk gS vkSj
mudh fu;qfDr] inksUufr vkSj LFkkukarj.k osQ ckjs esa ljdkj dks lykg nsrk gSA
2. osQUnzh; yksd lsok vk;ksx] jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx vkSj la;qDr yksd lsok vk;ksx] yksd lsok
vk;ksx dh rhu Jsf.k;ka gSaA
3. ;wih,llh osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA

352
 yksd lsok vk;ksx oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
Hkkjr dh
4. jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ lnL; dh fu;qfDr lacaf/r jkT; osQ jkT;iky }kjk dh tkrh gSA iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
5. yksd lsok vk;ksx dh Lora=krk osQ fy, lafo/ku esa i;kZIr izko/ku gSaA
6- lkekU; rkSj ij ;s vk;ksx flfoy losZaV] fo'ks"k :i ls mPprj Lrj ij mudh fu;qfDr osQ ekeys
esa fu"i{krk vkSj oLrqfu"Brk cuk, j[kus esa csgn mi;ksxh lkfcr gq, gSaA

fVIi.kh
ikBkar iz'u
1. flfoy losZaV dh HkrhZ djus okyh fdlh Lora=k ,tsalh osQ izeq[k osQ ckjs esa crk,aA
2. osQanzh; yksd lsok vk;ksx dh jpuk vkSj fØ;kdykiksa dh O;k[;k djsaA
3. la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx vkSj jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr fdl rjg
ls dh tkrh gS vkSj blosQ fy, D;k ;ksX;rk,a gSa\
4. fdl rjg ls Hkkjr dk lafo/ku yksd lsok vk;ksx dh Lora=krk lqfuf'pr djrk gS\

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

33.1
1. x
2. ?k
3. d
33.2
1. d
2. d
3. [k
33.3
1. [k
2. x
33.4
1. [k
2. x
3. d
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [kaM 33.1 ns[ksa
2. [kaM 33.4 ,oa 33.5 ns[ksa
3. [kaM 33.6 ns[ksa
4. [kaM 33.8 ns[ksa

353
oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw -2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk

fVIi.kh
34
osQanz] jkT; o ftyk Lrjh;
iz'kklfud ra=k

Hkkjr esa la?kh; O;oLFkk gS ftlesa osQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa osQ chp fo"k;ksa vkSj 'kfDr;ksa dk cVokjk gSaA
;g la?kh; iz.kkyh gS] ysfdu oqQN vyx rjg dh gSA gkykafd ;g la?kh; iz.kkyh f}Lrjh; O;oLFkk gksrh
gS] ysfdu Hkkjr esa 1992 ls] tc lafo/ku esa 73oka vkSj 74oka la'kks/u fd;k x;k] rc ls 'kklu dk
rhljh lajpuk LFkkuh; ljdkj ,d vyx Lrj ij ,d iz'kklfud dke dj jgh gSA rc ls Hkkjr esa
LFkkuh; ljdkj 'kgjh o xzkeh.k nksuksa dks lafo/ku esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ;g LFkkuh; ljdkj osQ
l'kDrhdj.k dk vPNk rjhdk gSA orZeku le; esa ns'k esa 28 jkT; o lkr osaQnz 'kkflr izns'k gSaA Hkkjrh;
iz'kklu dk vè;;u ftyk] jkT; vkSj osQanz ls tqM+h lajpukvksa osQ vè;;u esa ls ,d gSA buesa ls lcls
vf/d izHkko'kkyh osQanz ljdkj gS] ftldk foLrkj {ks=k vf/d gS vkSj og vU; vaxksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj
mÙkjnkf;Ro dks fu/kZfjr djrh gSA bl vè;k; dk mn~ns'; dsanz] jkT; vkSj ftyk Lrj ij iz'kklfud
ra=k dk foLr`r o.kZu djuk gSA lafo/ku esa ljdkjh ra=k ;k lfpoky; tSls 'kCnksa dk ftØ ugha fd;k
x;k gSA ;g lk/kj.kr;k ,d O;oLFkk gS tks fd Hkkjr ljdkj osQ dkedkt osQ lapkyu osQ fy, fu;e
cukus osQ fy, Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dks 'kfDr iznku djrh gSA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
l osQanz] jkT; ,oa ftyk Lrj ij iz'kklfud ra=k dks tku losaQxs_
l osQUnzh; Lrj ij lcls egRoiw.kZ laxBu dsanzh; lfpoky;] tks fd ea=kky;ksa] foHkkxksa vkSj Lora=k
,tsafl;kas ;kuh cksMksZa vkSj lfefr;ksa ls cuk gS] oQSfcusV ;k eaf=ke.Myh; lfpoky; vkSj iz/kuea=kh
dk;kZy; gSa] dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
l jkT; Lrj ij iz'kklu dk <kapk eq[;r% jkT; lfpoky; ;k eq[; lfpo dk;kZy; ls cuk gS] dks
Li"V dj losaQxs_ rFkk

354
 osQUnz] jkT; o ftyk Lrjh; iz'kklfud ra=k oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw - 2
l ftyk iz'kklu ftyk dysDVj dk;kZy;] ftys esa mldh fLFkfr vkSj Hkwfedk] mi[kaM vf/dkjh] Hkkjr dh
iz[kaM fodkl vf/dkjh vkSj muds dkedkt dh O;k[;k dj losaQxsA iz'kklfud O;oLFkk

ikBxr iz'u 34.1

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d)la?kh; iz.kkyh esa ------------------------------ vkSj -------------------------------------------- chp fo"k;ksa dk Li"V fVIi.kh
foHkktu gksrk gSA
([k) bl le; Hkkjr esa ------------------------------------ jkT; vkSj ----------------------------------------- la?kh; {ks=k gSAa
(x) Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud ra=k eq[;r% --------------------------------------------- vkSj -------------------------- Lrj ij i<+k
tkrk gSA
(?k) lafo/ku osQ ------------------------ vkSj --------------------- la'kks/u osQ ckn ftyk ,oa LFkkuh; iz'kklu vfèkd
egRoiw.kZ gks x;kA

34.1 osQanzh; lfpoky;

Hkkjr ljdkj dk dkedkt ea=kky;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa esa caVk gSA bu lHkh dks feykdj osQanzh; lfpoky;
curk gSA dsanzh; Lrj ij iz'kklfud ra=k osQanz ljdkj osQ lHkh ea=kky;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa dks ,d lkekU;
uke osQanzh; lfpoky; osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ea=kky;ksa dk jktuhfrd eqf[k;k ea=kh vkSj iz'kklfud
eqf[k;k lfpo gksrk gSA nks ;k vf/d vaxksa dk osQanz foHkkx gksrk gSA ,d vax esa nks ;k mlls vf/d
[kaM gksrs gSaA lcls fupys Lrj ij dk;kZy; gksrk gS] ftlesa dbZ lfpoky; gks ldrs gSaA ea=kky; esa
,d ;k vf/d foHkkx gksrs gSaA lfpoky; dk eq[; dk;Z uhfrxr vkSj iz'kklfud ekeyksa esa eaf=k;ksa dks
lykg nsuk gSA gj ea=kh dk lgk;d lfpoky; dk deZpkjh gksrk gSA fuEu pkVZ esa inkuqØe fn;k x;k gS%&

lfpoky; dk lajpukRed pkVZ

ea=kky;
foHkkx
vax ;k foax
[kaM
'kk[kk
izeq[k ea=kh (jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh)
lg vij ;k la;qDRk lfpo
mi&lfpo
voj lfpo
lfpo (iz'kklfud izeq[k)

dsUnz esa ljdkj osQ rhu vko';d vo;o gSa] ea=kh tks uhfrxr fu.kZ; ysrs gSa] lfpo tks fd bl fu.kZ;
rd igqapus osQ fy, lykg o lkexzh miyC/ djkrs gSa vkSj fu.kZ; osQ fØ;kUo;u ij utj j[krs gSa rFkk
dk;Zdkjh izeq[k tks fd fu.kZ; dks izHkko esa ykrs gSaA lfpo fdlh fo'ks"k ea=kh dk ugha vfirq laiw.kZ

355
oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw -2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh osQanzh; ljdkj dk lfpo gksrk gSA lfpoky; esa uhfr fu/kZj.k] leUo; vkSj fujh{k.k dk dke djrk
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk gSA lfpoky; dk izkFkfed mRrjnkf;Ro fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa eaf=k;ksa dh lgk;rk djuk vkSj lykg
nsuk gSa%&
1. le;&le; ij uhfr;ka cukuk vkSj mlesa ifjorZu djuk
2. fo/k;h dkuwu cukuk vkSj mudk fu;a=k.k
fVIi.kh 3. fofHkUu [kaMksa dh ;kstuk,a vkSj dk;ZØe cukuk
4. [kpZ dk ctV cukuk vkSj fu;a=k.k djuk
5. {ks=k esa dke dj jgh ,tsafl;ksa osQ dk;ZØeksa vkSj uhfr;ksa rFkk ifj.kkeksa osQ vkadyu vkSj fu;a=k.k
dk fu"iknu djukA
6. uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk leUo; o ,dhdj.k] jkT;ksa ls laidZ djuk
7. o`gn laxBukRed ;ksX;rk fodflr djuk vkSj
8. eaf=k;ksa dks muosQ lalnh; nkf;Roksa osQ fuoZgu esa lgk;rk djukA
lfpoky; uhfr cukus esa jktuhfrd dk;Zdkjh dks lykg nsrk gS vkSj mudh lgk;rk djrk gSA
lfpoky; dh fofHkUu vk/kj ij vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA ;s vk/kj fuEu gSa%&
lfpoky; osQ ikl cgqr lkjs {ks=k laca/h dk;Z gksrs gSaA blesa vius izHkqRo c<+kus dh izo`fÙk vk tkrh
gSA dkykUrj esa lfpoky; cgqr cM+k gks x;k gS tks cgqr foHkkxksa esa deZpkfj;ksa dh cgqrk;r esa ifjyf{kr
gksrk gSA {ks=k esa dk;Z dj jgh ,tsafl;ksa dh rqyuk esa lfpo vius dks cgqr vf/d Åij le>rs gSaA
lfpoky; esa foHkkxksa dh la[;k dh vf/drk osQ dkj.k leUo; ,d cM+h leL;k osQ :Qi esa lkeus
vkrk gSA lfpoky; osQ dke esa gksus okys nsj osQ eq[; dkj.k gSa&
dk;Zdkfj.kh ,tsafl;ksa dks dke osQ fy, i;kZIr /u dk vHkko] dk;Z dh tfVy izfØ;k] fu.kZ;ksa dks
jksoQus dh bPNk] vf/d ijke'kZ ysuk] vf/d leUo; vkfnA ;s =kqfV;ka lfpoky; dh vo/kj.kk esa
ugha gSa cfYd blosQ fØ;kdykiksa esa gSaA

ikBxr iz'u 34.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d)dsUnzh; lfpoky; lHkh --------------------------------- vkSj --------------------------------- ls feydj cuk gSA
([k) lfpoky; osQ eq[; dk;Z gSa ------------------------------------------A
(x) lfpoky; dk iz'kklfud ize[q k ---------------------------------- dgykrk gSA
(?k) lfpoky; ----------------------------- bdkbZ ds lkFk ------------------------------------- nkf;Roksa osQ fy, dke djrk
gSA

356
 osQUnz] jkT; o ftyk Lrjh; iz'kklfud ra=k oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw - 2
dSfcusV ;k eaf=ke.Myh; lfpoky; Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
dSfcusV lfpoky; dk xBu
dSfcusV lfpoky; dk xBu 1947 esa gqvk FkkA laxBu vkSj dk;Z'kSyh osQ vk/kj ij bls osQanz dk nwljk
iz'kklfud ra=k dgk tk ldrk gSA bldk jktuhfrd izeq[k iz/kuea=kh gksrk gS rFkk dSfcusV dk lfpo
bldk iz'kklfud izeq[k gksrk gSA orZeku esa eaf=ke.Myh; lfpoky; osQ rhu vax gSa& vlSfud] lSfud
vkSj [kqfiQ;kA 1988 esa yksd f'kdk;r funs'kky; dks bldk ,d vax cuk;k x;kA oSQfcusV lfpoky; fVIi.kh
esa iz/kuea=kh dks fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij lykgdkj gksrs gaSA
oSQfcusV lfpoky; fuEufyf[kr dke djrk gS %
oSQfcusV lfpoky; dk dke eaf=ke.My vkSj bldh fofHkUu lfefr;ksa dks lgk;rk iznku djuk rFkk
eaf=ke.My dh cSBdksa osQ fy, mUgsa rS;kj djuk] fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, vko';d lwpuk vkSj lkexzh
miyC/ djkuk rFkk eaf=ke.My osQ fu.kZ; o okrkZ dk fjdkMZ j[kuk gSA blosQ vykok eaf=ke.My esa
Lohd`fr osQ fy, ;ksX; eqn~nksa ls lacaf/r Kkiu ckaVuk vkSj eaf=ke.My osQ fu.kZ;ksa dk vU; ea=kky;ksa esa
forj.k vkSj cM+h la[;k esa fof'k"V fo"k;ksa dh ekfld jiV cukdj mUgsa eaf=keaMy esa tek djuk Hkh
dSfcusV lfpoky; dk dke gSA ;g lacaf/r ea=kky;ksa vkSj vU; dk;Zdkjh ,tsafl;ksa }kjk fy, x,
eaf=ke.Myh; fu.kZ;ksa osQ fØ;kUo;u dh fuxjkuh Hkh djrk gSA blfy, ;g fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa ;k foHkkxksa
ls lwpuk,a ekaxus dk Hkh dke dj ldrk gSA dSfcusV lfpoky; }kjk tkjh fd, x, funsZ'kksa osQ vkèkkj
ij izR;sd ea=kky; bls ,d ekfld oDrO; Hkstrk gSA blesa eaf=ke.My osQ fu.kZ; ls lacaf/r ekeyksa
esa izxfr dk C;ksjk gksrk gSA
dSfcusV lfpoky; dk nwljk vge dk;Z ;g gS fd og Hkkjr ljdkj osQ izeq[k leUo; ,tsalh osQ :i
esa dke djrk gSA jk"Vªifr] iz/kuea=kh fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa vkSj laln ls lacaf/r fofHkUu ekeys
eaf=ke.Myh; ;k dSfcusV lfpoky; esa yk, tkrs gSa vkSj ;g buosQ fu"iknu esa enn] lykg vkSj lgk;rk
djrk gSA
eaf=ke.Myh; lfpoky; osQ eq[; dk;Z
& vè;kns'k tkjh djus lfgr vU; fo/k;h ekeys_ laln dks jk"Vªifr osQ lacks/u vkSj lans'k
& laf/;ksa vkSj le>kSrksa ij fons'kksa ls okrkZ ls tqM+s ekeys
& fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fdlh Hkh in ij O;fDr;ksa dk izfrfuf/eaMy Hkstus dk izLrko
& tkap osQ fy, lkoZtfud lfefr;ka fu;qfDr djus dk izLrko rFkk bl rjg dh tkap jiVksa ij fopkj
djukA
& foRrh; ekeys
& ekeys ftls ea=kh fu.kZ; o funsZ'k osQ fy, eaf=ke.My osQ le{k j[krs gSaA ea=kky;ksa osQ chp vlgefr
laca/h ekeys
& fojks/kHkk"kh fu.kZ;ksa osQ izLrko
& ,sls ekeys ftUgsa iz/kuea=kh ;k jk"Vªifr dks eaf=ke.My osQ lkeus j[kus dh t:jr iM+rh gSA
& ljdkj }kjk 'kq: fd, x, vfHk;kstu dks gVkus dk izLrko

357
oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw -2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ikBxr iz'u 34.3
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft, %
1. fuEu esa ls dkSu eaf=ke.Myh; ;k dSfcusV lfpoky; dk vax ugha gS A
(d) vlSU; 'kk[kk
fVIi.kh ([k) lSU; 'kk[kk
(x) iz'kklfud 'kk[kk
(?k) [kqfiQ;k 'kk[kk
2. dSfcusV lfpoky; osQ laxBu dk o.kZu dhft,A
3. dSfcusV lfpoky; dk xBu dc fd;k x;k\
(d) 1947
([k) 1961

34.3 dSfcusV ;k eaf=ke.Myh; lfpo

tSlk fd igys crk;k tk pqdk gS] dSfcusV lfpoky; dk iz'kklfud izeq[k dSfcusV lfpo gksrk gSA
1950 essa dSfcusV lfpo dk dk;kZy; cuk;k x;kA dSfcusV lfpo iz/kuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa dke djrk
gS] tks fd jktuhfrd Lrj ij bldk izHkkjh ea=kh gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok osQ lcls ofj"B
vfèkdkjh dks gh dSfcusV lfpo cuk;k tkrk gSA
;|fi dSfcusV lfpo dk izeq[k dk;Z eaf=kifj"kn dks lgk;rk iznku djuk gS ysfdu vly esa og
eaf=ke.Myh; ekeyksa dks laikfnr djrk gSA bl mn~ns'; osQ fy, og fofHkUu eaf=k;ksa ls laidZ cuk,
j[krk gS vkSj lkFk gh fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa@foHkkxksa osQ izHkkjh lfpoksa osQ lkFk Hkh djhch laca/ cuk;s j[krk
gSA og yksd lsok dk izeq[k Hkh gksrk gS vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd yksd lsodksa ;k flfoy losZaV
dk uSfrd Lrj mQapk jgsA og mls jktuhfrKksa vkSj yksd lsodksa osQ chp eè;orhZ dk dke djrk vkSj
nksuksa osQ chp erHksn dh fLFkfr esa yksd lsodksa osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk djuh iM+rh gSA izR;sd ukSdj'kkg
osQ fy, ;g ,d LoIuhyk in gksrk gSA ujs'k pUnz] chth ns'keq[k] Vh ,u 'ks"ku tSls iz[;kr ukSdj'kkg
bl in ij jgs gSAa
dSfcusV lfpo eaf=ke.My osQ cSBd dk izk:i rS;kj djrk gS ftlesa oSQfcusV osQ fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSaA
iz/kuea=kh dh Lohd`fr osQ ckn og fu.kZ;ksa dks eaf=k;ksa vkSj lacaf/r lfpoksa rd igqapkrk gSA ekeyksa osQ
ckjs esa mls iwjh xksiuh;rk cjruh iM+rh gSA dSfcusV lfpo dks lqfuf'pr djuk iM+rk gS fd eaf=ke.My
osQ fu.kZ; mfpr rjhosQ ls fØ;kfUor gksaA og iz/kuea=kh dk utnhdh O;fÙkQ gksrk gSA dSfcusV lfpo
dk ,d izeq[k dk;Z iz'kklfud ekeyksa ij cuh lfpoksa dh lfefr dh cSBd dh vè;{krk djuk gSA
,slh cSBd dk vk;kstu var%eaf=ke.Myh; fooknksa dk gy fudkyuk gSA og eq[; lfpoksa osQ lEesyu
dh Hkh vè;{krk djrk gSA iz/kuea=kh vkSj iwjs ns'k osQ lanHkZ esa dSfcusV lfpo dh ,d vU; Hkwfedk
Hkh gSA lHkh vU; yksd lsod dh rjg og Hkh iz/kuea=kh osQ R;kxi=k ;k e`R;q dh fLFkfr esa LFkkf;Ro
vkSj fujarjrk cuk, j[krk gSA ,d dk;Zokgd iz/kuea=kh ;k ea=kky; varfje vof/ osQ nkSjku jgrk gS

358
 osQUnz] jkT; o ftyk Lrjh; iz'kklfud ra=k oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw - 2
ysfdu bl nkSjku dSfcusV lfpo dh lsok dkiQh egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA og osQUnz ljdkj dk eq[; Hkkjr dh
leUo;drkZ gksrk gSA dSfcusV lfpo osQanz ljdkj osQ vf/dkf/d fØ;kdykiksa ij utj j[kus dh izfØ;k iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
esa iz/kuea=kh dks t:jh tkudkjh vkSj lykg nsrk gSA bl vFkZ esa og iz/kuea=kh dh vka[k vkSj dku gSA

ikBxr iz'u 34.4

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, % fVIi.kh
(d)dSfcusV lfpo dk eq[; dk;Z ------------------------------------------ dks lgk;rk miyC/ djkuk gSA
([k) ------------------------------------ osQ dk;kZy; dk l`tu 1950 esa fd;k x;kA
(x) dSfcusV lfpo dks bu ekeyksa osQ ckjs esa iwjh ------------------------------------------- cjruh iM+rh gSA
(?k) mlls ftl fdlh Hkh ekeys ij lykg ekaxh tkrh gS] og ------------------------------ dks lykg nsrk gSA

34.4 iz/kuea=kh dk;kZy;

ljdkj osQ izeq[k vkSj okLrfod dk;Zdkjh iz/ku osQ :i esa iz/kuea=kh ns'k dh jktuhfrd vkSj iz'kklfud
O;oLFkk esa csgn egRoiw.kZ vkSj fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA viuh fofHkUu ftEesnkfj;ksa osQ fuoZgu esa
mls iz/kuea=kh dk;kZy; (ih,evks) ls enn feyrh gSA ;g iz/kuea=kh dks lfpoky; laca/h lgk;rk
vkSj fu.kkZ;d lykg nsrk gSA iz/kuea=kh Hkkjr ljdkj us loksZPp Lrj ij fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;|fi ;g ,d lafo/kusÙkj bdkbZ gS] ysfdu bls Hkkjr ljdkj osQ ,d
foHkkx dh gSfl;r izkIr gSA blls tqM+k ;k blosQ uhps dksbZ dk;kZy; ugha gSA ;g vxLr 1947 esa
vfLrRo esa vk;k] tc Hkkjr dk vH;qn; ,d Lora=k ns'k osQ :i esa gqvk FkkA bls iz/kuea=kh osQ
lfpoky; dh laKk nh xbZA twu 1977 esa bldk uke cny x;k vkSj vc ;g iz/kuea=kh dk;kZy;
(ih,evks) ls tkuk tkrk gSA
34.4.1 jpuk
ih,evks dk jktuhfrd izeq[k iz/kuea=kh vkSj iz'kklfud izeq[k iz/ku (eq[;) lfpo gksrk gSA blesa
oqQN vfrfjDr lfpo vkSj la;qDr lfpo Hkh gksrs gSaA
iz/kuea=kh dk iz/ku lfpo egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA og fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdykiksa dks laikfnr
djrk gS%
1. dk;kZy; esa lHkh ljdkjh nLrkostksa dks fuiVkrk gSA
2. iz/kuea=kh osQ le{k vkns'k vkSj funsZ'k osQ fy, lHkh egRoiw.kZ nLrkost vkSj tkudkjh is'k djrk
gSA
3. egRoiw.kZ 'kf[l;rksa osQ lkFk iz/kuea=kh dh gksus okyh cSBdksa dk elkSnk rS;kj djrk gSA
4. iz/kuea=kh osQ funsZ'k ij og fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa ls tqM+s ekeyksa dh fuxjkuh djrk gSA
5. dk;kZy; esa fofHkUu vf/dkfj;ksa osQ fØ;kdyki osQ chp leUo; LFkkfir djrk gSA
ih,evks dbZ vU; rjg osQ dk;ksZa dks vatke nsrk gSA ;s dk;Z gSa%& osQanzh; eaf=k;ksa vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa

359
oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw -2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh osQ lkFk laca/ cuk, j[kuk] ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ vè;{k osQ :i esa viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa osQ fuoZgu osQ ekeys
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk esa iz/kuea=kh dh enn djuk vkfnA jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn iz/kuea=kh dh tulaidZ ,tsalh osQ :i esa
dke djrh gS vkSj bls iz/kuea=kh dk fFkad VSad Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA ;g ,sls ekeyksa dk Hkh gy fudkyrk
gS tks fdlh ea=kky; ;k foHkkx dks vkoafVr ugha gksrs gSaA
fFkad VSad& leL;kvksa osQ vè;;u vkSj mUgsa lqy>kus esa yxs fo'ks"kKksa dk lewgA
foxr o"kksZa osQ nkSjku ;g dkiQh cM+k vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh gksdj mHkjk gSA bl le; ih,evks esa 350 ls
fVIi.kh vfèkd yksx gSaA ;g ,d cM+k izfr"Bku lekarj iz'kklu dh rjg dke djrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, osQanz
ljdkj osQ izR;sd ea=kky;h foHkkx osQ dk;ksZa dk ;gka izk:i gksrk gSA vkykspdksa us ih,evks dks lqij
dSfcusV] ekbØks dSfcusV] lqij lsØsVsfj,V] Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj ,sls gh dbZ uke fn, gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls
Jherh bafnjk xka/h vkSj Jh jktho xka/h osQ le; esa ih,evks l'kDr gqvk vkSj vHkh rd ;g oSlk gh
cuk gqvk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 34.5

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) iz/kuea=kh dk;kZy; iz/kuea=kh dks --------------------------------- vkSj -------------------------------------------- lykg
nsrk gSA
([k) 1977 esa iz/kuea=kh lfpoky; dk uke cny fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj vc bls -------------------------------- osQ
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
(x) iz/kuea=kh dk ----------------------------------------------- csgn egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
(?k) bl le; iz/kuea=kh dk;kZy; esa ------------------------------------------------- ls vf/d yksx gSAa

34.5 jkT; lfpoky;

osQanzh; lfpoky; dh rjg izR;sd jkT; esa ,d jkT; lfpoky; gSA ;g jkT; iz'kklu dk osQUnz fcUnq
gSA blesa jkT; ljdkj osQ dbZ lkjs ea=kh vkSj foHkkx gksrs gaSA ea=keaMyh; foHkkxksa dk jktuhfrd izeq[k
ea=kh vkSj iz'kklfud izeq[k lfpo gksrs gSaA eq[; lfpo iwjs jkT; lfpoky; dk izeq[k gksrk gS vkSj lfpo
fdlh ,d ;k nks foHkkxksa dk izeq[k gksrk gSA lfpo vke rkSj ij ofj"B vkbZ,,l vf/dkjh gksrk gSA
;gka è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd lfpo jkT; ljdkj dk lfpo gksrk gS u fd fdlh fo'ks"k ea=kh dkA

34.5.1 laxBu
,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; esa lfpokyh; foHkkxksa dh la[;k vyx&vyx gksrh gSA foHkkxksa dh la[;k
15&25 rd gksrh gSSA oqQN ,sls foHkkx gSa tks lHkh jkT;ksa esa ,d ls gksrs gSaA ;s eq[; :i ls vke iz'kklu]
x`g] foRr] tsy] ou] o`Qf"k] Je vkSj jkstxkj] iapk;rh jkt] yksd dk;Z] f'k{kk ;kstuk] lekt dY;k.k]
Hkou fuekZ.k] ifjogu] flapkbZ vkSj fctyh] dkuwu] LFkkuh; ljdkj] LokLF;] mRikn vkSj djkjksg.k]
vkS|ksfxd foKkiu vkSj lwpuk vkfnA
lfpokyh; foHkkx esas ,sls vf/dkjh gksrs gSa ftudh fu;qfÙkQ ,d r; vof/ osQ fy, gksrh gSA lfpoky;
osQ vf/dkfj;ksa dk inkuqØe osQanzh; lfpoky; tSlk gh gksrk gSA

360
 osQUnz] jkT; o ftyk Lrjh; iz'kklfud ra=k oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw - 2
34.5.2 fØ;kdyki Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
jkT; lfpoky; eq[; :i ls fuEufyf[kr dk;ksZa dks lEikfnr djrk gS%
l vius dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa ea=kh dh lgk;rkA
l jkT; ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk fuekZ.k djukA
l jkT; ljdkj osQ dk;ZØeksa osQ chp leUo; LFkkfir djukA fVIi.kh
l jkT; dk ctV rS;kj djukA
l dkuwu] fu;e vkSj izko/ku cukukA
l uhfr osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ urhtksa dh leh{kk djukA
l osQanz vkSj vU; jkT; ljdkjksa osQ lkFk laidZ cuk, j[kukA
l yksxksa dh f'kdk;rksa] izfrfuf/Ro vkSj vihyksa dks izkIr djuk vkSj mudk lek/ku fudkyukA
l jkT; ljdkj osQ fFkad VSad osQ :i esa dke djukA
34.5.3 eq[; lfpo
eq[; lfpo jkT; lfpoky; dk izeq[k gksrk gSA og jkT; iz'kklu dk iz'kklfud izeq[k gksrk gSA jkT;
iz'kklfud ra=k osQ f'k[kj ij gksrk gSA og iwjs jkT; iz'kklu dk usr`Ro] fn'kk&funsZ'ku vkSj fu;a=k.k djrk
gSA oLrqr% og lfpoksa dk izeq[k gksrk gS vkSj mldk fu;a=k.k lHkh lfpoky;h foHkkxksa ij gksrk gSA og
jkT; dk lcls ofj"B yksd lsod gksrk gSA
34.5.4 'kafDr;ka vkSj fØ;kdyki
eq[; lfpo dbZ lkjs fØ;kdykiksa dks laikfnr djrk gSA mlosQ }kjk laikfnr izeq[k dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr gSa%
1. og jkT; dh uhfr;ksa vkSj iz'kklu ls lacaf/r lHkh ekeyksa esa eq[;ea=kh osQ iz/ku lykgdkj dh
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
2. og jkT; ea=khe.My osQ lfpo osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA og ea=kheaMyh; cSBdksa dk ,tsaMk rS;kj
djrk gS vkSj mldh dk;Zokfg;ksa dk fjdkMZ j[krk gSA
3. og jkT; iz'kklu dk eq[; la;kstd gksrk gS vkSj var% foHkkxh; fooknksa dk funku fudkyrk gSA
4. vf/dka'k ekeyksa esa vke iz'kklfud foHkkx] dkfeZd foHkkx] ;kstuk foHkkx vkSj iz'kklfud lqèkkj
foHkkx izR;{k :i ls eq[; lfpo osQ izHkko osQ varxZr gksrs gSaA
5. lw[ks] ck<+] vdky] lkaiznkf;d minzo tSlh vkinkvksa osQ nkSjku eq[; lfpo ladVdkyhu iz'kkld
dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
6. blosQ vykok og jkT; ljdkj osQ izoDrk osQ :i esa Hkh dke djrk gSA og viuh ljdkj vkSj
osQUnz ljdkj vkSj vU; jkT; ljdkjksa osQ chp eq[; lapkj o laioZQ lw=k dk Hkh dk dke djrk
gSA eq[; lfpo jkT; esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu yxk;s tkus dh fLFkfr esa jkT;iky osQ eq[; lykgdkj
osQ :i esa dke djrk gS vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn dh cSBd esa fgLlk ysrk gS rFkk jkT; ljdkj
osQ eq[; tulaidZ vfèkdkjh osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA

361
oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw -2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh 7. og jkT; yksdlsok osQ izeq[k osQ :i esa Hkh dke djrk gSA og jkT; osQ ofj"B flfoy losZaV dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk fu;qfDr] LFkkukarj.k vkSj inksUufr ls tqM+s lHkh ekeyksa dks ns[krk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 34.6

fuEu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, %
fVIi.kh 1. lfpoky; esa fuEu vf/dkfj;ksa osQ inksa dk uhps ls mQij dk lgh inkuqØe D;k gS\

(d) la;qDr lfpo

([k) mi lfpo
(x) vfrfjDr lfpo
(?k) lfpo
(M-) voj lfpo
(p) lsD'ku vkWfiQlj
2. lfpoky; --------------------------------- dk /euh osQUnz gSA
3. jkT; lfpoky; osQ eq[; dk;Z ---------------------------- vkSj ------------------------------ gSAa
4. eq[; lfpo jkT; iz'kklfud ra=k osQ --------------------------------------------------- ij gSA

34.6 jkT; iz'kklu

jkT; Lrj ij ea=kh] lfpo vkSj dk;Zdkfj.kh ljdkj osQ izeq[k rhu ?kVd gSaA ea=kh vkSj lfpo feydj
ml laLFkk dk xBu djrs gSa ftldk yksdfiz; uke lfpoky; gSA nwljh rjiQ dk;Zdkjh izeq[k osQ
dk;kZy; dks funs'kky; dgk tkrk gSA funs'kky; jkT; lfpoky; osQ v/hu dke djrk gSA lfpoky;
dk laca/ uhfr fuekZ.k ls gS tcfd funs'kky; dk laca/ uhfr osQ fØ;kUo;u ls gSA bl rjg ls
funs'kky; ljdkj dh dk;Zdkjh bdkbZ gSA mudk dk;Z mu uhfr;ksa dks dk;Z:i nsuk gS ftudk fuekZ.k
lfpoky; djrk gSA funs'kky; lfpoky; osQ ckgj fLFkr gksrk gSA
funs'kky; izeq[k osQ fØ;kdyki gSa%
1. eaf=k;ksa dks rduhdh lykg iznku djukA
2. foHkkx dk ctV rS;kj djukA
3- ftyk Lrjh; foHkkxh; deZpkfj;ksa }kjk fd, x, dk;ks± dk fujh{k.kA
4. inksUufr vkSj vuq'kklukRed dk;ksZa osQ laca/ esa jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx dks lykg nsukA
5. foHkkxh; vf/dkfj;ksa osQ fy, lsok izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu djukA
blosQ vykok funs'kky; yxkrkj foHkkxh; dk;ZØeksa osQ fØ;kUo;u dh dq'kyrk oQks lq/kjus dh dksf'k'k
djrk gSA

362
 osQUnz] jkT; o ftyk Lrjh; iz'kklfud ra=k oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw - 2
34.7 ftyk iz'kklu Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
izkphu dky ls Hkkjr esa ftyk iz'kklu dh ewy bdkbZ jgh gSA Hkkjr esa gekjk yksdrkaf=kd dY;k.kdkjh
jkT; gS tgk¡ yksxksa vkSj ns'k osQ fodkl osQ fy, dkiQh lkjh xfrfof/;ka lapkfyr dh tkrh gSaA ftyk
iz'kklu yksd iz'kklu dk og fgLlk gS tks ftys osQ lhfer {ks=k esa dke djrk gSA ,l-,l- [ksM+k osQ
vuqlkj ^ftyk iz'kklu esa ljdkj osQ lHkh rjg osQ dke gksrs gSa*A ;g vHkh Hkh Hkkjrh; iz'kklu dk osQUnz
cuk gqvk gSA ;kstuk vkSj fodkl dk;ksZa dh 'kqjQvkr gksus ls ftyk iz'kklu dh Hkwfedk uhps ls ns'k osQ
fuekZ.k osQ fy, vf/d c<+ xbZ gSA yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k vkSj iapk;rh jkt ykxw fd, tkus ls ftyk fVIi.kh
iz'kklu dh izd`fr cqfu;knh rkSj ij cny xbZ gSA
osQanz vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa eq[;ky;ksa ls viuh uhfr;ksa dks izR;{k rkSj ij fØ;kfUor ugha dj ldrhaA blfy,
jkT; {ks=kh; [kaMksa vkSj ftyksa esa caVk gqvk gSA ljdkj osQ okLrfod dk;ksZa dk lapkyu ftyk Lrj ij
gksrk gSA ftyk Lrj ij dk;ZØeksa osQ fØ;kUo;u ls yksx ljdkj osQ dk;ks± dk ewY;kdau djrs gaSA jkT;
;k osQUnz dh rqyuk esa yksx ftyk Lrjh; iz'kklu osQ izR;{k lEidZ esa vf/d vkrs gSaA
ftyk iz'kklu dh Hkwfedk dks tkuus osQ fy, oqQN fcanqvksa dks tkuuk t:jh gSA ftyk iz'kklu dk eq[;
dke o fpark yksxksa dh lqj{kk vkSj muosQ lHkh vf/dkjksa dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA blesa dkuwu vkSj
O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kuk vkSj vkijkf/d rFkk flfoy U;k; iz'kklu 'kkfey gSA
jktLo iz'kklu osQ {ks=k eas ;g egRoiw.kZ gSA blesa tehu oQk jktLo] flapkbZ] d`f"k] vk;dj] mRikn]
'kqYd] euksjatu dj vkfn lfEefyr gSaA bleas dks"k dk lapkyu] Hkwfe lq/kj] tehu dk vf/xzg.k] tehu
dk izcaèku] tehu dk fjdkMZ vkfn 'kkfey gSaA ljdkj us d`f"k] lgk;rk vkSj m|ksx osQ {ks=k esa dbZ
uhfr;ka vkSj dk;ZØe ykxw fd, gSaA lekt osQ detksj rcdksa dks fodflr djus osQ fy, fo'ks"k dk;ZØe
'kq: fd, x, gSaA bu lHkh dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØeksa dk fØ;kUo;u yksxksa dks larqf"V osQ fy, l{kerk osQ
lkFk ftyk iz'kklu }kjk ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA fodkl dk;ZØeksa dh ;kstuk cukus vkSj mlosQ fØ;kUo;u
esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djuk ftyk iz'kklu dh ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA ;g lqfuf'pr
djrk gS fd vko';d miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ nwj&njkt esa fLFkr xkaoksa esa gks jgh gSA
izkd`frd vkinkvksa osQ nkSjku ftyk iz'kklu yksxksa dh enn djrk gSA
ikBxr iz'u 34-7
lR; vFkok vlR; ij (P ) dk fu'kku yxkb, %
(d) ftyk Lrj ij gh yksx iz'kklu osQ izR;{k lEidZ esa vkrs gSaA (lR;@vlR;)
([k) ftyk/h'k jkT; ljdkj dh vka[k] ukd vkSj ckag oQh rjg dke djrk gSA (lR;@vlR;)
(x) ftyk Hkkjrh; iz'kklu dh cqfu;knh {ks=kh; bdkbZ gSA (lR;@vlR;)
(?k) ftys dks i;kZIr :i ls cM+s {ks=k osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa oqQYk feykdj ,drk
vkSj lk>k ,frgkfld] HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ka gksrh gSaA (lR;@vlR;)
(M-) ftyk iz'kklu ljdkj osQ lHkh dk;ksZa dks lapkfyr djrk gSA (lR;@vlR;)

34-8 ftyk/h'k
ftyk] ftyk vf/dkjh osQ varxZr gksrk gS ftls ftyk/h'k dyDVj dgrs gSaA ;g izeq[k iz'kklfud in
gksrk gSA og ftys esa ljdkj dk eq[; izfrfuf/ gksrk gSA ;g dk;kZy; fodkl dh yach izfØ;k dk
urhtk gSA 1772 esa fczfV'k 'kklu dky osQ nkSjku ftyk/h'k osQ dk;kZy; dk l`tu gqvk FkkA ml le;

363
oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw -2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh ftyk/h'k eq[; :i ls jktLo laxzg] dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus] iqfyl vkSj tsy O;oLFkk dk
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk mfpr fØ;kUo;u] vkijkf/d U;k; iz'kklu tSls dk;ksZa dks vatke nsrk FkkA
ftyk/h'k dk dk;kZy; xqykeh osQ nkSj ls Lora=krk ckn rd dh ,sfrgkfld Hkwfedk ij iz'kaluh; rjhosQ
ls [kjk mrjrk vk;k gSA Lora=krk osQ ckn ls bldh Hkwfedk yxkrkj cgqi{kh; gks xbZ gSA ;g Hkkjrh;
iz'kklfud lsok ls tqM+k gksrk gSA lafo/ku dh /kjk 50 U;k;ikfydk dks dk;Zikfydk ls vyx djrh
gSA vc ftyk Lrj ij vyx U;kf;d vf/dkjh gksrk gS] blfy, ftyk/h'k osQ ikl vc igys tSlk
U;kf;d vf/dkj ugha jgk] tSlk fd og igys ftyk n.M vf/dkjh osQ :i esa Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu
fVIi.kh djrk FkkA ;|fi ftyk/h'k dh fodkl ij Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa dkiQh oqQN dgk tk pqdk gS] ysfdu
nq[kn gdhdr ;g gS fd iapk;rh jkt osQ :i esa yksdrkaf=kd foosQanzhdj.k us oqQN jkT;ksa esa ftykèkh'k
dh 'kfDr;k¡ dkiQh de dj nh gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls ftyk ifj"kn 'kfDr osQ ,d vyx osQUnz osQ :i esa
mHkjh gS tks ftyk/h'k ls dkiQh gn rd Lora=k gSA dbZ rduhdh foHkkx tSls Je] d`f"k] dks&vkWijsfVo
vkfn dk fu;a=k.k jkT; Lrj ij izR;{k :i ls oqQN dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] ftlosQ
dkj.k ftyk/h'k osQ vf/dkj esa deh vkbZ gSA oqQN rduhdh foHkkxksa dh vè;{krk fo'ks"kKksa }kjk dh
tkrh gS tks rqyukRed :i ls ftyk/h'k osQ nk;js ls Lora=k gSaA ftyk/h'k dks dbZ lkjs jktuhfrd usrkvksa
vkSj ikfVZ;ksa ls tw>uk iM+rk gS ftlls mldh ftEesnkjh vf/d gks xbZ gSA
34-8-1 ftyk/h'k dh Hkwfedk vkSj dk;Z
jktLo laxzg%
ftyk/h'k ftys osQ jktLo iz'kklu dk izeq[k gksrk gSA mldk lcls cM+k dke Hkw&jktLo dk ewY;kadu
vkSj laxgz gSA
blosQ fy, og fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djrk gS%
Hkw&jktLo dk laxzgA
vU; ljdkjh cdk;k jkf'k dk laxzg djukA
rdksoh ½.k dk forj.k vkSj mxkghA
tehu dk fjdkMZ j[kukA
xzkeh.k vkadM+ksa dk laxgz A
tehu vf/xzg.k vf/dkjh osQ vf/dkjksa] tSls dkWyksuh] m|ksx] >qXxh&>ksiM+h gVkus vkfn mn~ns';ksa osQ
fy, tehu dk vf/xzg.kA
tehu lq/kj dk fØ;kUo;uA
o`Qf"k dk;Z djus okys yksxksa osQ dY;k.k dh ns[kHkkyA
izkd`frd vkink tSls vkx] lw[ks vkSj ck<+ vkfn osQ nkSjku iQlyksa dh cckZnh dk ewY;kdau vkSj jkgr
dh vuq'kalk djukA
dks"k vkSj midks"k dh fuxjkuhA
LVkWEi dkuwu dk fØ;kUo;uA
iquokZl vuqnku dh vnk;xhA
ljdkjh lEifRr;ksa dk izca/uA
fupys vf/dkfj;ksa osQ vkns'kksa osQ fojQ¼ jktLo vihy ij lquokbZA
tehunkjh mUewyu eqvkots dh vnk;xhA

364
 osQUnz] jkT; o ftyk Lrjh; iz'kklfud ra=k oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw - 2
rdksoh& ;g fdlkuksa dks nh tkus okyh vfxze jde gSA ;g vfxze jkf'k dk ½.k iQly cksus osQ le; Hkkjr dh
;k [kjkc ekSle osQ nkSjku ;k fdlkuksa dh viuh [ksrh esa foLrkj djus esa l{ke cukus osQ fy, fn;k iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
tkrk gSA iQly rS;kj gksus ij bl ½.k dks okil dj nsuk iM+rk gSA
d`f"k ½.k dk forj.k ftyk/h'k vkSj mlosQ deZpkfj;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA vdkyµ ck<+ tSlh fLFkfr;ksa
esa jkgr dk;ksZa dks dkiQh cM+s iSekus ij lapkfyr djuk iM+rk gSA tehu vf/xzg.k ftyk/h'k dh ,d
vU; egRoiw.kZ ftEesnkjh gSA fofHkUu fodkl ifj;kstukvksa tSls Hkou fuekZ.k ;kstuk] >qXxh&>kasiM+h dks
gVk;k tkuk rFkk vU; lkoZtfud mn~ns';ksa osQ fy, tehu dk vf/xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA ftyk/h'k bl
vf/xzg.k osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gSA og tehu dk Hkh mfpr fjdkMZ j[krk gSA og u fliQZ bu fjdkMksZa fVIi.kh
dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gS cfYd le;&le; ij og bldh leh{kk Hkh djrk gSA og
ljdkjh lEifRr] ljdkjh Hkwfe] ou] tyekxZ vkfn dk izca/d gksrk gSA var esa] og ftys esa fuEu
vnkyr osQ vkns'k osQ fojQ¼ jktLo ekeyksa dh vihysa Hkh lqurk gSA jktLo dk;Z vius vki esa ,d
cM+k dk;Z gS vkSj blfy, mldh lgk;rk osQ fy, dbZ fupys vf/dkjh gksrs gSaA vka/z izns'k tSls oqQN
jkT;ksa esa vU; vkbZ,,l vf/dkjh dks ftyk jktLo vf/dkjh osQ :i esa fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS tks jktLo
dk;Z esa ftyk/h'k dh lgk;rk djrk gSA
34-8-2 dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk cuk, j[kuk
ftyk/h'k vius ftys osQ dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dh fLFkfr dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gSA bleas
rhu rRo gksrs gSa& iqfyl] U;k;ikfydk vkSj tsyA ftyk/h'k osQ :i esa og fuEufyf[kr dk;ksZa dks
lEikfnr djrk gS%
(1) fupys iz'kklu dk fu;a=k.k vkSj fuxjkuhA
(2) lkoZtfud 'kkafr ij [krjs dh gkyr esa vkijkf/d izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kjk 144 osQ rgr
fu"ksèkkKk ykxw djukA
(3) tsyksa dh fuxjkuh djukA
(4) dSfn;ksa dks isjksy ij fjgk djukA
(5) dSfn;ksa dks mPp Lrj ;k oxZ iznku djukA
(6) ljdkj dks okf"kZd vkijkf/d fjiksVZ nsukA
(7) gfFk;kj] gksVy] foLiQksVd inkFkZ vkfn osQ ykblsla tkjh djuk] fuyafcr djuk ;k [kkfjt djukA
(8) ftyk iqfyl osQ dk;ksZa dks fu;af=kr vkSj funsZf'kr djukA
(9) euksjatu dj vf/fu;e vkSj izsl vf/fu;e dks fØ;kfUor djukA
(10) iSQDVªh vf/fu;e vkSj VªsMekdZ vf/fu;e osQ rgr nksf"k;ksa dks ltk nsukA
(11) fcuk nkosnkjh okyh laifRr osQ fuiVkus dk vkns'k nsukA
(12) ou osQ fodkl osQ fy, ;kstukvksa dh vuq'kalk djukA
(13) LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh fuxjkuh vkSj fu;a=k.kA
ftyk/h'k dbZ rjg ls U;k;ikfydk osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esa Hkh dke djrk gSA flfoy vkSj vkijkf/d
vnkyrksa osQ ;kfpdk dks fØ;kfUor djuk ftlesa ftys osQ ckgj dh vnkyrksa dh vkijkf/d ;kfpdk
Hkh 'kkfey gS]a ftudk laiknu ftyk iz'kklu osQ naMkf/dkjh rRo osQ tfj, gh lkekU; rkSj ij gksrk gSA og
uhps osQ iz'kklu dh fuxjkuh djrk gS vkSj t:jh iM+us ij naMkf/dkfj;ksa osQ in~LFkkiu dk vkns'k nsrk gSA
ftyk tsy vkerkSj ij mlosQ fu;a=k.k esa gksrk gSA tsyksa esa O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, og le;&le;
ij tsy dh ;k=kk dj ldrk gS vkSj lkFk gh vaMj&Vªk;y oSQfn;ksa osQ ekeyksa dh tYn lquokbZ Hkh
lqfuf'pr dj ldrk gSA og tsy iz'kklu ls tqM+h vyx&vyx leL;kvksa osQ gy Hkh fudkyrk gSA
365
oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw -2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh 34-8-3 fofHkUu foHkkxksa@dk;kZy;ksa dk leUo;drkZ
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
igys ftyk/h'k ftys osQ izR;sd egRoiw.kZ dk;ksZa dks leUo; ,tsalh dk dk;Z djrk FkkA Lora=krk osQ
ckn rduhdh izd`fr osQ dbZ foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA mnkgj.k osQ fy, yksd LokLF;] yksd dk;Z]
o`Qf"k] flapkbZ] f'k{kk vkSj lg;ksxA budh vè;{krk fo'ks"kK djrs gSa vkSj ;s dk;Z ftyk/h'k dh fuxjkuh
esa ugha gksrs gSaA buosQ fodkl laca/h vius dk;ZØe gksrs gSa ftUgsa os ftyk/h'k osQ gLr{ksi osQ cxSj [kqn
gh lapkfyr djrs gSaA blls oqQN gn rd ,d leUo; ,tsalh osQ :i esa ftyk/h'k dh Hkwfedk detksj
gks xbZ gSA blosQ ckotwn ftys dh iwjh Vhe mlh izfrc¼rk osQ lkFk dke djrh gS tSls lSfud ;q¼
fVIi.kh
osQ eSnku esa yM+rs gSaA ftykf/dkjh vHkh Hkh dekaMj dh Hkwfedk esas gSa ftls fofHkUu foHkkxksa dk vk;kstu
vkSj leUo; djuk iM+rk gS vkSj Li"V y{; dks gkfly djuk iM+rk gSA ,d liQy leUo;drkZ osQ
:i eas mHkjus osQ fy, ftyk/h'k dks izR;sd ,tsl a h dks i;kZIr Lora=krk nsuh pkfg,A jkLrs dh ijs'kkfu;ka dks
nwj djuh pkfg, vkSj fofHkUu foHkkxksa dk fo'okl thrdj ,drk osQ mn~n's ; dks izfr"Bkfir djuk pkfg,A
34-8-4 vkink izc/
a u
izkd`frd vkink] ck<+] vdky] leqnzh rwiQku tSlh izkd`frd vkinkvksa ;k yksxksa }kjk iSnk dh xbZ leL;k,a
tSls lkaiznkf;d naxs] vkx ;k ckgjh geys dh fLFkfr esa ftyk/h'k ftys osQ fy, ,d Nrjh dk dke
djrk gSA og ukxfjd lqj{kk mik; cgky djrk gS vkSj izeq[k izfr"Bkuksa dh lqj{kk] Hk; vkSj Mj dh
fLFkfr dks [kRe djus vkSj vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;ksZa osQ laiknu osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gSA

34-8-5 fodkl dk;Z

fodkl dk;ZØeksa osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ ekeys esa ftyk/h'k dh loZizeq[k Hkwfedk gks xbZ gSA dbZ jkT;ksa esa
mls ftyk fodkl vf/dkjh osQ :i esa Hkh ns[kk tkrk gSA og fu;eu vkSj fodkl iz'kklu nksuksa osQ fy,
ftEesnkj gksrk gSA ftys esa ftyk/h'k osQ ikl ftruh vf/d 'kfDr;ka vkSj izHkko gksrs gSa] mldk mi;ksx
fodkl dk;ksZa dks vatke nsus esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkkjr esa fodkl ;kstuk dh 'kqjQvkr osQ ckn mldh
fodkl laca/h Hkwfedk csgn egRoiw.kZ gks xbZ gSA ljdkj }kjk ncs vkSj dqpys yksxksa osQ fy, dbZ lkjs
dY;k.kdkjh vkSj iQk;ns igqapkus okys dk;ZØe 'kq: fd, x, gSaA xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØeksa dk y{;
xjhch dk mUewyu djuk vkSj xjhcksa osQ thou Lrj eas lq/kj ykuk gSA 1970 osQ n'kd osQ ckn xzkeh.k
fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks vf/d egRo feyk gSA vc ftys osQ fodkl laca/h fØ;kdykiksa esa ftyk/h'k
dh usr`Ro Hkwfedk ij dkiQh tksj fn;k tkrk gSA ftyk/h'k ftyk xzkeh.k fodkl ,tsalh (MhvkjMh,)
dk LokHkkfod vè;{k gksrk gSA xzkeh.k fodkl esa mldh Hkwfedk cnyrh vk jgh gS vkSj ftyk ifj"kn
dh Lok;rrk vkSj ftyk/h'k vkSj 'kfDr;ksa osQ chp ,d larqyu LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA 73osa vkSj 74osa
lafo/ku la'kks/u vkSj 1993 vkSj 1994 osQ 'kqjQ esa fofHkUu jkT;ksa }kjk iapk;rh jkt dkuwu osQ fuekZ.k o
fØ;kUo;u us fodkl lac/ a h fØ;kdykiksa osQ ekeys esa ftyk/h'k dh Hkwfedk vkSj ftEesnkfj;ka cny nh gSA
34-8-6 vU; dk;Z
mijksDr dk;ksZa osQ vykok ftyk/h'k dbZ lkjs vU; dk;ksZa dks Hkh vatke nsrk gSA ;s dk;Z gSa%
1- ftyk Lrj ij lalnh; vkSj fo/kulHkk {ks=kksa osQ fjVfuZax vkWfiQlj vkSj leUo;drkZ dh HkwfedkA
2- izR;sd 10 lky ij gksus okyh tux.kuk dk og lapkyu djkrk gSA
3- ftyk xtV dk fuekZ.k vkSj izkphu Lekjdksa dh lqj{kkA
4- cqtqxksZa dks nh tkus okyh isa'ku vkSj ?kj cukus dk ½.k miyC/ djkrk gSA
5- ftys osQ uxj fudk;ksa dh fuxjkuh vkSj fu;a=k.kA
6- izksVksdkWy vkWfiQlj osQ :i esa dke djukA

366
 osQUnz] jkT; o ftyk Lrjh; iz'kklfud ra=k oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw - 2
7- Hkkjr dh
og NksVh cpr ;kstukvksa vkSj jk"Vªh; j{kk dks"k (,uMh,iQ) esa ;ksxnku osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gSA
8- og dbZ lkjh lfefr;ksa tSls& ifjokj fu;kstu lfefr] yksd f'kdk;r lfefr] ;kstuk lfefr] lSU; iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
dY;k.k dks"k lfefr vkfn dk vè;{k gksrk gSA
9- pfj=k izek.k&i=k] fuokl izek.k i=k] vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj fiNM+s oxZ dk izek.k i=k] jktuhfrd
ihfM+r dk izek.k i=k vkfn tkjh djrk gSA
10- ftyk iz'kklu dh lHkh vU; 'kk[kkvksa dh fuxjkuhA
fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 34-8
fuEu iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft, %
1. ftyk/h'k osQ dk;kZy; dk l`tu fd;k x;k Fkk%
(d) 1771
([k) 1772
(x) 1774
(?k) 1777
2. ftyk/h'k izeq[k gksrk gS%
(d) iqfyl foHkkx
([k) jktLo foHkkx
(x) U;kf;d foHkkx
3. dkSu lalnh; vkSj fo/kulHkk pquko osQ nkSjku fjVfuZax vkWfiQlj osQ :i esa dke djrk gS%
(d) iqfyl v/h{kd
([k) ftyk U;k;k/h'k
(x) ftyk/h'k
4. ftyk/h'k osQ jktLo dk;Z ----------------------------------------- dk laxgz djuk vkSj ---------------------------- dks
cuk, j[kukA

34.9 ftyk Lrj ls uhps dk iz'kklu

iz'kklfud mn~ns'; ls ftys dks mi&eaMyksa] rglhy] ijxuk ;k ldZy ;k iQdkZ vkSj lcls fupys Lrj
ij xkao esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA lc fMfotu dk izeq[k ,lMhvks&,lMh,e@lgk;d ftykèh'k gksrk
gSA vius lc fMfotu esa og jktLo osQ lkFk&lkFk dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk laca/h dk;ksZa dks Hkh vatke nsrk
gSA jktLo osQ ekeyksa esa og ftyk/h'k vkSj rglhynkj osQ chp lsrq dk dke djrk gSA og dkuwu vkSj
O;oLFkk osQ ekeys esa Mh,e vkSj LVs'ku iqfyl vkWfiQlj osQ chp Hkh lsrq dk dke djrk gSA lkekU;
iz'kklu] dks"k] Hkw&jktLo] Hkw&fjdkMZ vkfn mn~ns';ksa osQ fy, rglhy cqfu;knh bdkbZ gSA rglhy esa
yxHkx ,d lkS xkao gksrs gSAa
fofHkUu dk;ksZa osQ fØ;kUo;u esa mldh lgk;rk fuEufyf[kr vf/dkjh djrs gSa ftudk inkuqØe bl
rjg gS%

367
oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw -2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ftyk ftyk/h'k
lc&fMfotu lc&fMfotu Lrjh; vf/dkjh

rglhy rglhynkj
fVIi.kh
ldZy jktLo fujh{kd

xkao iVokjh

34.9.1 [kaM fodkl vf/dkjh (chMhvks)

1952 esa lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa dh 'kqjQvkr dh xbZ FkhA iz'kklfud mn~ns';ksa osQ fy, rglhy
dks dbZ CykWdksa dks ckaVk x;k FkkA ;s CykWd xzkeh.kksa osQ lh/s laioZQ esa gksrs gSa vkSj fodkl laca/h
dk;ZØeksa dk fØ;kUo;u rst xfr vkSj izHkko'kkyh rjhosQ ls djrs gSaA chMhvks eq[; leUo;drkZ gksrk
gS tks iz[kaM Lrj ij fodkl dk;ZØeksa dk fØ;kUo;u djrk gSA og ljdkjh lsod gS ftldk p;u
jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA og rglhynkj dh fuxjkuh esa jkT; ljdkj osQ ,tsaV osQ
:i esa dke djrk gSA og iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ls djhch rkSj ij tqM+k gqvk gSA og iz[kaM Lrjh;
iapk;r lfefr osQ lfpo osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA
34.9.2 dk;Z
1. iz[kaM lfefr dh cSBosQa cqykuk vkSj mldk elkSnk rS;kj djuk rFkk fjdkMZ cuk, j[kukA
2. iz[kaM Lrj ij ctV rS;kj djukA
3. fodkl dk;ksZa osQ fy, dk;ZØe rS;kj djuk vkSj blosQ fØ;kUo;u esa enn djukA
4. og fofHkUu ,tsafl;ksa tSls d`f"k] eRL;] i'kq&ikyu vkfn osQ dk;ksZa dh fuxjkuh djrk gSA
34.9.3 chMhvks osQ nks eq[; dk;Z gSa%
(1) fodkl izca/u
(2) iapk;r lfefr dk izca/u
og iz[kaM Lrj ij fodkl dk;ksZa dks laikfnr djus okyk eq[; vf/dkjh gksrk gS vkSj ftyk ifj"kn osQ
vf/dkfj;ksa rFkk ftyk/h'k dks bldh izxfr fjiksVZ nsrk gSA og flapkbZ vkSj lM+d fuekZ.k tSls dk;ksZa
ls tqM+s fodkl dk;ZØeksa osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gSA mls mu ;kstukvksa dh fuxjkuh djuh iM+rh gS]
ftuls vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj tutkfr;ksa dks enn feyrh gSA chMhvks dk in vc iwQyksa dh lst+ ugha
jg x;k gS D;ksafd ml ij ges'kk LFkkuh; usrkvksa] xzkeh.kksa vkSj iapk;r osQ lnL;ksa dk nokc cuk jgrk
gSA mls dbZ rjg dh dfBukb;ksa osQ lkFk le>kSrk djrs gq, vius fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks mfpr rjhosQ
ls fØ;kfUor djuk iM+rk gSA

368
 osQUnz] jkT; o ftyk Lrjh; iz'kklfud ra=k oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw - 2
Hkkjr dh
ikBxr iz'u 34.9 iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) chMhvks osQ eq[; dk;Z gS -------------------------------------- vkSj -------------------------------------------------A
([k) chMhvks ---------------------------------------------------- Lrj ij ctV rS;kj djrk gSA
fVIi.kh

vkius D;k lh[kk

yksd iz'kklu lkoZtfud dk;ksZa dk izca/u gSA
osQUnz] jkT;] ftyk vkSj LFkkuh; Lrjksa osQ iz'kklu ra=k dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
dk vè;;u cgqLrjh; gksuk t:jh gSA
vkius osQUnzh; Lrj ij dsanzh; lfpoky;] dSfcusV lfpoky;] dSfcusV lfpo vkSj iz/kuea=kh dk;kZy;ksa
dh lajpuk vkSj dk;ksZa dk vè;;u t:j fd;k gksxkA
vkius jkT; Lrj ij eq[; lfpo vkSj jkT; lfpoky; osQ dk;ksZa dk Hkh vè;;u fd;k gksxkA ljdkj
dh ftEesnkfj;ksa vkSj drZO;ksa dks r; djus vkSj ml ij [kjs mrjus osQ ekeys esa dsUnz vkSj jkT; Lrj
ij ljdkj osQ ;s lHkh iz'kklfud vax csgn egRoiw.kZ gSaA
dsUnz vkSj jkT; Lrj ij ljdkj eq[;ky;ksa ls izR;{k rkSj ij viuh uhfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u ugha dj ldrh
blfy, jkT; dks fofHkUu [kaMks esa ckaV fn;k x;k gS ftls ftyk dgrs gSa tks iz'kklu dk dsUnz fcUnq
gSA
ftyk Lrj ij gh okLro esa ljdkj osQ dk;ksZa dk fØ;kUo;u gksrk gSA dbZ fodkl ;kstukvksa vkSj yksxksa
osQ fy, mi;ksxh lsokvksa dk lapkyu ftyk Lrjh; vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk gksrk gSA buesa ftyk/h'k dk
dk;kZy; csgn egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA og gekjs iz'kklu osQ dsUnz dk izeq[k gksrk gSA ftyk Lrj ij fofHkUu
fodkl ifj;kstukvksa osQ fØ;kUo;u ls mlosQ vf/dkj] Hkwfedk vkSj dk;ksZa esa dkiQh btkiQk gqvk gSA
var esa vkius iz[kaM fodkl inkf/dkjh osQ dk;kZy; dk Hkh vè;;u fd;k gS tks iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk
ls djhch rkSj ij tqM+k gqvk gSA og iz[kaM Lrjh; iapk;r lfefr dk lfpo gksrk gS vkSj dbZ lkjs dk;ksZa
dks laikfnr djrk gSA og iz[kaM Lrj ij xkao osQ mRFkku ls lacaf/r fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa osQ leUo;drkZ
osQ :i esa dke djrk gS vkSj bu dk;ZØekssa osQ mfpr fØ;kUo;u esa enn djrk gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1. osQanzh; lfpoky; dh lajpuk dh ppkZ djsaA
2. dSfcusV lfpo osQ eq[; dk;Z D;k gSa\
3. iz/kuea=kh dk;kZy; vkSj iz/kuea=kh osQ iz/ku lfpo dh izeq[k Hkwfedk,a D;k gSa\
4. jkT; lfpoky; ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bldk egRo crk,aA
5. funs'kky; osQ eq[; dk;Z D;k gSa\

369
oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw -2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh 6. ftyk/h'k dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;ksZa dh ppkZ djsaA
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk 7. [kaM fodkl vf/dkjh osQ dk;ksZa dh ppkZ djsaA

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj

34.1
fVIi.kh (d) (i) osQnz ljdkj (ii) jkT; ljdkj
([k) (i) 28 (ii) 7
(x) (i) dsUnz] jkT;] ftyk (ii) LFkkuh;
(?k) (i) 73ok (ii) 74ok
34.2
(d) (i) ea=kh (ii) foHkkx
([k) (i) uhfr fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk (i) uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djuk
(x) lfpo
(?k) (i) vosQys (ii) lkewfgd
34.3
(d) x
([k) ;g rhu vaxksa ls cuk gksrk gS & flfoy] lSU; vkSj [kqfiQ;k rFkk yksd f'kdk;r funs'kky;
(x) d
34.4
(d) ea=kh ifj"kn
([k) dSfcusV lfpo
(x) xksiuh;rk
(?k) iz/kuea=kh
34.5
(d) (i) lfpoh; lgk;rk (ii) fu.kkZ;d
([k) iz/kuea=kh dk;kZy;
(x) iz/ku lfpo
(?k) 350
34.6
(d) p] M+] [k] d] x] ?k
([k) jkT; iz'kklu

370
 osQUnz] jkT; o ftyk Lrjh; iz'kklfud ra=k oSdfYid ekWM;~ yw - 2
(x) (i) jkT; dk ctV rS;kj djuk (ii) jkT; ljdkj osQ fFkad VSad osQ :i esa dke djuk Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
(?k) loksZPp
34.7
(d) lR;
([k) lR; fVIi.kh
(x) lR;
(?k) vlR;
(M-) lR;
34.8
1. [k
2. [k
3. x
4. (d) Hkw&jktLo laxzg djuk ([k) tehu dk fjdkMZ cuk, j[kuk
34.9
1. (d) fodkl izca/u ([k) iapk;r lfefr dk izca/u
2. iz[kaM Lrj
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ laosQr
1. [kaM ns[ksa 34.1
2. [kaM ns[ksa 34.2.1
3. [kaM ns[ksa 34.6, 34.6.1
4. [kaM ns[ksa 34.5
5. [kaM ns[ksa 34.6
6. [kaM ns[ksa 34.8.1
7. [kaM ns[ksa 34.9.1
i<+us osQ fy, lq>ko%
1. MkW- ,lvkj ekgs'ojh% Hkkjr dk iz'kklu (2003)

2. MkW- jes'k osQ vjksjk vkSj jtuh xks;y% Hkkjrh; yksd iz'kklu] laLFkku vkSj ekeys (2001)

371
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk

35
fVIi.kh jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh rFkk ukSdj'kkgh

ljdkj dk dke eq[;r% nks LraHkksa ij fVdk gS& jktuhfrd vkSj LFkk;h dk;Zdkfj.khA bl O;oLFkk dk
lkjk fufoZ?u dkedkt bu nksuksa osQ lkeatL;iw.kZ laca/ksa ij gh fuHkZj gSA gkykafd] gky osQ o"kksZa esa
iz'kklfud o jktuhfrd ekgkSy cnyk x;k gS ftlls vkilh le>nkjh ls pyus okys bu nks lewgksa osQ
chp ruko mRiUu gq, gSaA vr% lcls igys gesa ukSdj'kkgh osQ ek;us o mldh Hkwfedk dks le>uk gksxk]
fiQj jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh o ukSdj'kkgh osQ laca/ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk gksxk vkSj var eas eaf=k;ksa vkSj
ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ laca/ksa dh lhek js[kk r; djus o Hkkjr osQ orZeku ifjn`'; ij mls ykxw djus
laca/h iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dks igpkuuk gksxkA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki %
z ukSdj'kkgh 'kCn osQ vFkZ dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z fodkl esa ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkwfedk vkSj mlosQ egRo dks igpku losaQxs_
z ljdkj osQ jktuhfrd o iz'kklfud [kaM osQ chp laca/ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj losaQxs_
z bu nksuksa osQ chp ruko osQ dkj.kksa vkSj fojks/ osQ lw=kksa dks igpku losaQxs_
z iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dks ;kn dj losaQxs_ rFkk
z ukSdj'kkgh osQ jktuhfrdj.k rFkk orZeku ifjn`'; ij mlosQ izHkko dks le> losaQxsA

35.1 ukSdj'kkgh dk vFkZ

ukSdj'kkgh 'kCn dh ,slh dksbZ Hkh ifjHkk"kk ugha gS tks loZlEefr ls Lohdkj dh xbZ gksA dHkh&dHkh
ukSdj'kkgh 'kCn vR;Ur voekuuk osQ lkFk iz;ksx gksrk gS ftldk vk'k; gksrk gS dYiuk'kwU;] ladh.kZ
o v{ke ljdkjh iz'kkldA bldks ykyiQhrk'kkgh] foyEc rFkk O;FkZrk ls tksM+k tkrk gSA rFkkfi vusd

372
 jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh rFkk ukSdj'kkgh oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
lekt foKkfu;ksa us ukSdj'kkgh dks rVLFk :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS& ukSdj'kkgh ,d fof'k"V izdkj dh Hkkjr dh
lkekftd laxBu gS] ftlesa iz'kklfud iz;kl Hkh 'kkfey gksrk gSA ;g ,d ra=k gS tks ljdkj dks pykus iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
osQ fy, vko';d gSAa ;g fdlh Hkh vk/qfud ljdkj osQ 'kklu dk ,dek=k midj.k gSA vktdy ge
;wukuh uxj&jkT; ;k NksVs Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; esa ugha jgrs gSaA vkt lekt cgqr tfVy gks x;k gSA rnuqlkj
ljdkj vc ,d cM+h vkSj tfVy e'khujh gks xbZ gS tks osQoy vyx&vyx vf/dkfj;ksa osQ lewgksa }kjk
pyk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ftls ukSdj'kkgh osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;gka rd fd oqQN fo}kuksa us rks
ukSdj'kkgh dks ljdkj osQ pkSFks vax dk uke fn;k gSA blkfy, ukSdj'kkgh dks pkgdj Hkh ugha gVk;k fVIi.kh
tk ldrk gSA teZu lekt foKkuh eSDl oscj ftlus igyh ckj ukSdj'kkgh dk O;ofLFkr vè;;u fd;k]
us bldh O;k[;k djrs gq, bls laxBu dk lcls cqf¼eku vkSj n{k Lo:i dgk gSA mlus ukSdj'kkgh
osQ vkn'kZ Lo:i dh O;k[;k dh vkSj mlosQ fuEu y{k.k crk,%
1. fuf'pr vf/dkj {ks=k esa laxfBr ljdkjh vf/dkjh
2. nÝ+rjksa dh ,d vf/Øfed O;oLFkk (;g ,d fijkfeM dh rjg dh O;oLFkk gksrh gS ftlesa
izR;sd dfu"B vf/dkjh ,d ofj"B vf/dkjh osQ fu;a=k.k esa gksrk gSA
3. fyf[kr nLrkost (iQkbYl) ftlesa gj fLFkfr esa ykxw fd, tkus okys fu;e fy[ks gksrs gSaA
4. ,slh O;oLFkk ftlosQ ckjs esa oqQN Hkh Li"V irk ugha gksrkA
5. blesa lHkh fu;e lHkh ij leku :i ls ykxw gksrs gSa fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k osQ fy, vyx fu;e
ugha gksrs gSaA (blesa fu;e O;fDr osQ vk/kj ij ugha leku:irk osQ vk/kj ij ykxw fd, tkrs
gSa)
6. ;g O;oLFkk jktuSfrd :i ls rVLFk gksrh gSA
fdlh Hkh cM+s laLFkku dks pykus osQ fy, mDr y{k.kksa ls ;qDr ukSdj'kkgh vR;ko';d gSA eSDl oscj
osQ vuqlkj ^^ukSdj'kkgh** osQ fodkl dk fuf'pr dkj.k gS vU; laxBuksa ls bldh rduhdh mPprk
--------------------- lqfuf'prrk] xfr] vlafnX/rk] U;wure erHksn] O;fDr;ksa vkSj lkexzh ij de ls de
O;;&;s lc loksZRo`Q"V Lrj rd osQoy ,d ,sls iz'kklu esa laHko gks ldrk gS tks lajpukRed :i ls
ukSdj'kkgh gSA

ikBxr iz'u 35.1

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) lalnh; O;oLFkk ---------------------- vkSj ------------------------------------ dk;Zdkfj.kh osQ nks [kaHkksa ij fVdk gSA
(lkekftd@jktuSfrd@vkfFkZd@iz'kklfud)
([k) iz/kuea=kh vkSj eaf=kifj"kn --------------------------------- dksfV esa vkrs gSAa
(lkekftd@vkfFkZd@jktuSfrd)
(x) jktuSfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh dk eq[; dke ---------------------------------- gSA (fu.kZ; ysuk@fiQYe cukuk)
(?k) iz'kklfud dk;Zdkfj.kh dk eq[; dke ----------------------------------- gSA
(fufr;ksa dks ykxw djuk@pquko izpkj djuk)

373
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh (M-) ukSdj'kkgh osQ izR;; dk fodkl loZizFke teZu nk'kZfud ----------------------------------- us fd;k FkkA
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
(dkyZ ekDlZ@eSDl oscj)
(p) eSDl oscj us ukSdj'kkgh dks ljdkj osQ lcls ------------------------------- vkSj ------------------------------ osQ :i
ls O;k[;kf;r fd;k gSaA (lM+k@ dk;ZoqQ'ky@/hjs@ foosdlaxr)

fVIi.kh 35.2 fodkl esa ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkwfedk

ukSdj'kkgh ,d oSf'od ifj?kVuk gSA ;s gj lekt osQ vk/qfudhdj.k dh igyh vko';drk gSA cgqr
ls fodkl'khy ns'k jk"Vª fuekZ.k o rst+ lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh izfØ;k esa yxs gq, gSaA tSls
lkekftd lsokvksa dh miyfC/] LokLF;] f'k{kk] vk/kjHkwr lajpuk] lM+d] fctyh] m|ksx vkSj o`Qf"k
esa mRiknu dk dke vkfnA fodkl ra=k esa bl izdkj osQ cMs m|eksa dh tfVy izfØ;k,a ljdkj dh
ftEesnkjh gSA ;gka yksd iz'kklu fodkl dh eq[; ,tsalh gSA ;gka ukSdj'kkgh ,d lykgdkj] fuekZrk vkSj
fu.kkZ;d eaMy dh rjg dke djrs gq, cgqr ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA ;g lkekftd okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k
djosQ] izkRs lkgu osQ }kjk ftEesnkfj;ka fuHkkus ij tksj nsdj] LoLFk izfrLi/kZ vkSj vkRe fodkl dks c<+kok
nsdj] ;ksX; o izxfroknh usr`Ro osQ }kjk lakLFkkfud izca/u dks O;ofLFkr djosQ] fodkl dks vf/dre
djus osQ fy, uhps osQ Lrjksa rd vf/dkj lkSai dj iz'kklu dks ltho o lfØ; cuk ldrh gSA
ukSdj'kkgh O;oLFkk osQ midj.kksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS ftuosQ }kjk jkT; vius mn~ns'; dks
igpkurh gSA ;g lgh dgka x;k gS fd fdlh Hkh ns'k dh thou js[kk blosQ iz'kklu dh xq.koRrk osQ
}kjk gh cuk;h tkrh gSA dksbZ Hkh ;kstuk rc gh liQy gksrh gS tc mls iz'kklfud :i ls ykxw fd,
tkus ij O;kid :i ls rS;kjh dh xbZ gksA vr% fodkl osQ xfr'khy ekudksa dks vkSj vkxs c<+kus osQ
fy, mPpLrjh; ukSdj'kkgh dh i;kZIrrk@;ksX;rk cgqr vko';d gSA vusd fodk'khy ns'kksa eas ljdkj }kjk
fodkl osQ mfpr dk;ZØe cukus dh vleFkZrk ;k vk;ksX;rk leL;k ugha gS] cfYd leL;k gS mudks
vkxs rd ys tkus dh v{kerkA

ikBxr iz'u 35.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) ---------------------------- gh og eq[; O;oLFkk gS ftlosQ }kjk jkT; vius fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw
djrk gSA
([k) ukSdj'kkgh fliQZ ------------------------- fØ;kdyki gh ugha djrh gSA og ----------------------------- xfrfof;ka
Hkh djrh gSA

35.3 ukSdj'kkgh vkSj jktuhfr

35.3.1 jktuhfrd&iz'kklfud f}Hkktu
ljdkjh iz'kklu dk ijEijkxr fopkj jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu osQ f}Hkktu ij vk/kfjr gSA iz'kklu vkSj
jktuhfr dks i`Fkd j[kuk pkfg,A jktuhfr o uhfr fuekZ.k oS/kfud fudk;ksa dk dke gS vkSj iz'kklu

374
 jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh rFkk ukSdj'kkgh oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
uhfr;ksa dk ikyu djus@djokus okys iz'kkldksa dk dke gSA ;g fdlh Hkh ljdkjh deZpkjh dh jktuSfrd Hkkjr dh
Hkwfedk dk fojks/ djrh gSA ;g jktuhfrK vkSj iz'kkld osQ chp LoLFk Je foHkktu dk laca/ iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
gS&jktuhfrK uhfr;ka cukrk gS vkSj iz'kkld mls dk;kZfUor djrk gSA ukSdj'kkg@vfèkdkjh vius jktuSfrd
Lokeh osQ lykgdkj osQ rkSj ij dke djrk gS] ?kVukvksa@ fo"k; osQ rF;ksa dks izLrqr djrk gS] izfrfØ;k
osQ jkLrs lq>krk gS vkSj oSdfYid uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djrk gSA uhfr&fu/kZj.k jktusrkvksa dk fo'ks"kkf/dkj
gSA ,d ukSdj'kkg ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd fu.kZ; oqQN Hkh gks og bZekunkjh ls uhfr;ksa dks ykxw
djsxkA og vutku vkSj rVLFk jgdj vius drZO; dk ikyu djsA mls fcuk fdlh Hk; vkSj i{kikr
fVIi.kh
osQ fu"i{k lykg nsus dh vk'kk dh tkrh gSA ukSdj'kkgh osQ oscj ekWMy esa rVLFkrk vkSj xqeukeh dk
fl¼kar ,d ewyHkwr fl¼kar gSA ;g ukSdj'kkg dks fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ jktuhfrdj.k ls vyx djrk gS
vkSj mls vius fopkj esa O;kolkf;d cukrk gSA Hkkjr osQ ;kstukdkjksa us Hkh ljdkjh lsokvksa esa oscj osQ
vkn'kksaZ okyk rVLFk ekWMy gh viuk;k gSA gekjs ns'k esa ljdkjh lsokvksa osQ fu;eksa esa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa
osQ fy, jktuSfrd xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkkx ysuk izfrcaf/r gSA osQoy xqIr :i ls oksV nsus osQ vfrfjDr fdlh
Hkh jktuSfrd vkanksyu ;k xfrfof/] ftlesa pquko izpkj Hkh 'kkfey gS] esa Hkkx ysuk ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa
osQ fy, izfrcafèkr gSA os fdlh Hkh jktuSfrd ny esa u 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa] ;gka rd fd ,d fuf"Ø;
lnL; osQ rkSj ij Hkh ugha vkSj uk gh vkfFkZd :i ls fdlh ny dks vuqnku vkfn dh lgk;rk ns ldrs
gSaA os fdlh Hkh jktuSfrd eqn~ns ij dksbZ fopkj ugha izdV dj ldrs gSaA os fdlh Hkh fo/kulHkk ls
pquko osQ fy, ugha [kM+s gks ldrs gSaA
35.3.2 rVLFkrk osQ vo/kj.kk dk iru@âkl
rVLFkrk dh ikjEifjd vo/kj.kk dks dbZ vk/kjksa ij pqukSrh nh xbZA iz'kklu vkSj jktuhfr osQ iw.kZ
i`FkDdj.k dh vo/kj.kk vc ekU; ugha gSA ljdkjh lsok dh Hkwfedk vc cny pqdh gS vkSj mls vc
jktuSfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esa u ns[kk tkrk gS cfYd os ,d&nwljs osQ lg;ksxh gSaA
jktuhfrd v[kkM+s esa ukSdj'kkgh dk 'kkfey gksuk vc dkiQh izpfyr gks pqdk gSA
rVLFkrk osQ fl¼kar osQ [kRe gksus osQ vusd dkj.k gSaA igyk ;g fd uhfr fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k,a vc
cgqr T;knk jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh osQ }kjk ugha dh tkrhA ukSdj'kkg uhfr fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gS tks pqus gq, jktusrkvksa dk ,dkf/dkj ekuk tkrk gSA ,slk blfy, gqvk D;ksafd laln ls tks
dkuwu ikl gksrs gSa os Li"V ugha gksrs gSa] oqQN foLr`r gksrs gSa vkSj oqQN osQoy leL;k dh igpku Hkj
djrs gSaA ea=kh vius foHkkx osQ dke vFkok ljdkjh iz'kklu esa 'kk;n gh fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA mUgsa osQoy
vius ny dh jktuSfrd fopkj/kjk dh lkekU; le> Hkj gksrh gS ysfdu vDlj mUgsa ;g ugha irk gksrk
gS fd fdlh leL;k fo'ks"k dk lcls csgrj lekèkku D;k gSA blfy, rF;ksa o lykg osQ fy, mUgsa vius
LFkk;h deZpkfj;ksa ij fo'okl djuk IkM+rk gSA okLro esa ukSdj'kkgh gh uhfr fuekZ.k esa vge Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gSA
nwljk ;g fd xBca/u jktuhfr dh ekax vkSj nokc osQ dkj.k rVLFkrk dk âkl gqvk gSA xBca/u dh
jktuhfr esa ljdkj o ea=kh vius thfor jgus osQ fy, lRrk osQ [ksy vkSj frdM+eksa esa O;Lr gS] vkSj
muosQ ikl vius foHkkx vFkok ukSdj'kkgksa dk ekxZn'kZu djus] funsZ'k nsus vFkok fu;af=kr djus dk u
rks le; gS vkSj u gh blesa mudh dksbZ #fp gS vkSj Hkh dHkh&dHkh fo/k;h izfØ;k cgqr gh rwiQkuh
vkSj fofHkUurkvksa ls Hkjh gqbZ gksrh gS ftlls fd tc dkuwu curk gS rks uhfr funsZ'k esa cgqr gh varfoZjks/
gksrk gSA fo/k;d xBuca/u dks cuk, j[kus o ,d lkeatL;iw.kZ lek/ku rd igqapus osQ fy, ,d
vfuf'pr@ vfLFkj lh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rFkk ukSdj'kkgksa dks bldh O;k[;k djus osQ fy, [kqn
gh fu.kZ; ysuk iM+rk gSA blhfy, uhfr fuekZ.k esa ukSdj'kkgksa dk n[ky jgrk gS vkSj fu;eksa osQ ckotwn
ukSdj'kkgh dk cgqr jktuhfrdj.k gks pqdk gSA
375
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh rhljk ;g fd oqQN jktuSfrd fVIi.khdkjksa osQ vuqlkj ljdkjh lsokvksa dh rVLFkrk osQ LFkkfir fl¼kar
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk yksdra=k osQ ewy fl¼karksa ij lgefr dk iwokZuqeku gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa rVLFk] ewY; foghu ukSdj'kkgh
osQoy mlh lekt esa laHko gks ldrh gS tgka ewY;ksa ij loZlEefr gks] ysfdu Hkkjr tSls
ijorhZ@laØkafrd lekt esa tgka }a} vkSj vlgefr;ka fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSa fdlh ls rVLFk gksus dh vis{kk
djuk cgqr T;knk gSA Hkkjr tSls fodk'khy ns'k esa tgka rhoz lkekftd] vkfFZkd fodkl dks /Ddk nsdj
vkxs c<+k;k tkrk gS ogka ukSdj'kkgh osQ pfj=k vkSj LoHkko dks egÙoiw.kZ ekuuk pkfg,A pkgs oks LVhy
IykaV osQ fy, txg dk ekeyk gks ;k fiQj xkao esa Ldwy dh bekjr dk ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dk fu.kZ;ksa
fVIi.kh
esa cgqr T;knk 'kkfey gksuk] usrkvksa osQ lkFk gh mUgsa Hkh fodkl esa Hkkxhnkjh cukrk gSA rduhdh lykg
osQ lkFk gh muosQ ewY;ksa dh izkFkfedrk rks vius vki gh mlesa 'kkfey@m¼j.kh; gks tkrh gSA blfy,
O;kid Lrj ij dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØeksa esa rVLFkrk laHko ugha gSA okLro esa jkT; osQ i{k ls oqQN fuf'pr
y{;ksa vkSj mn~ns';ksa osQ izfr izfrc¼rk ukSdj'kkgh osQ fy, vifjgk;Z gSA vfuPNk osQ :i esa rVLFkrk
dk iru ekU; ugha gSA fodkl osQ y{;ksa dks liQyrkiwoZd vkxs c<+kus osQ fy, iz'kkldksa osQ i{k ls
u osQoy usr`Ro vkSj Lrjh; igy dh vko';drk gS cfYd uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa osQ izfr ,d
HkkoukRed vuqdwyu rFkk vke vkneh dh t:jrksa dh igpku Hkh t:jh gSA vr% ljdkjh dkeksa esa
ukSdj'kkgh oQh vo/kj.kk dks ,d rVLFk midj.k dh rjg ns[kuk [kf.Mr lkfcr gqvk gSA
35.3.3 izfrc¼ ukSdj'kkgh
vusd fodk'khy ns'kksa esa oscj dk ukSdj'kkgh dk ekWMy lkekftd cnyko osQ fy, vuqi;qDr ik;k x;k
gSA Hkkjr esa ;g ekWMy vliQy gS] bldh dkiQh vkykspuk dh xbZ D;ksafd ;g c<+rh lkekftd foèks;d
dh ekaxksa dh iwfrZ ugha dj ikrkA Lora=krk osQ nks n'kdksa osQ ckn rRdkyhu iz/kuea=kh Jherh bafnjk xkaèkh
us izfrc¼ ukSdj'kkgh dh vo/kj.kk dh odkyr dhA mUgksaus ukSdj'kkgh osQ rkSj rjhoQksa ij vlarks"k Hkh
O;Dr fd;kA bruk gh ugha mUgksua s Hkkjrh; ukSdj'kkgh esa rVLFkrk] fu"i{krk o xqeukeh dks js[kkafdr djrs
gq, mlosQ ewy Lo:i dh mi;qDrrk ij lansg O;Dr fd;kA mUgksaus vkjksi yxk;k fd ukSdj'kkgksa esa
izfrc¼rk dh deh gksrh gSA mUgksaus cM+h fojfDr ls Hkkjr dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dks Hkkjr dh izxfr
esa Hkwy ls vk;k vojks/ crk;k vkSj bl ckr dks nksgjk;k fd Hkkjr dks ,d ,slh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
dh t:jr gS tks jk"Vªh; y{;ksa osQ izfr lefiZr gks vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt dh t+:jrksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy
,oa tokcnsg gksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ^izfrc¼ ukSdj'kkgh* Hkkjr esa rVLFkrk okyh ukSdj'kkgh dk
izRa;Ùkj gks ldrk gS] tks fodkl dks jksosQ gq, gSA mudk n`<+ fo'okl Fkk fd osQoy izfrc¼ ukSdj'kkgh
gh visf{kr cnyko ykus esa lgk;d gks ldrh gSA
iz'kklfud vkSj jktuSfrd gYkdksa esa izfrc¼ ukSdj'kkgh dh vo/kj.kk dks ysdj dkiQh okn&fookn gqvkA
;g vkjksi Hkh yxk;k x;k fd ;g bl lsok osQ <akps dks u"V dj nsxkA ;g lnSo ^;l fefuLVj* (th
ea=kh th) dgus dks rRij jgus okys jh<+ foghu ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh ,d ,slh dkSe rS;kj dj nsxk
tks ges'kk gh vius jktuSfrd Lokeh osQ }kjk dgs tkus ij >qdus vkSj jsaxus dks rRij jgsaxsA ;g Hkh vkjksi
yxk;k x;k fd izfrc¼rk osQ uke ij 'kkld ny dh jktuhfrd fopkj/kjk osQ lkFk ukSdj'kkgh dk
xBca/u gksxk tks mlosQ 'kklu dks lnSo gh cuk, j[kus esas lgk;d gksxkA fiQj] ckn esa ljdkj }kjk ;g
Li"V fd;k x;k fd izfrc¼rk ls vk'k; lRrk vFkok lRrk/kjh ny dh fopkj/kjk osQ lkFk tqM+ko ugha
gS] cfYd ns'k osQ fodkl osQ izfr ukSdj'kkgh dh izfrc¼rk rFkk y{;ksa dh izkfIr esa mlosQ O;fDrxr
tqM+ko ls gS u fd jktuhfr osQ uke ij 'kqrqjeqxZ dh rjg vius dks vyx&Fkyx dj ysukA
vr% ;fn izfrc¼ ukSdj'kkgh ,d funZyh; o lkekftd :i ls laosnu'khy ljdkjh lsok curh gS tks
,sls jktusrkvksa osQ lkFk lekuqHkwfr O;Dr dj losQa tks okLro esa ns'k osQ fodkl vkSj izxfr esa #fp j[krs

376
 jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh rFkk ukSdj'kkgh oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
gS] rks ,d fodkl'khy ns'k osQ fy, ,d izfrc¼ ljdkjh lsok laosnu'kwU; rVLFk ljdkjh lsok ls dgha Hkkjr dh
T;knk mi;qDr gksxhA iz'kklfud O;oLFkk

ikBxr iz'u 35.3

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) ljdkjh iz'kklu dk ijEijkxr fopkj -------------------------- vkSj ----------------------------------- osQ f}Hkktu ij fVIi.kh
vk/kfjr gSA
([k) ------------------------------------ dk fl¼kar ljdkjh lsok oQks fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ ------------------------ ls vyx
djrk gSA
(x) Hkkjr esa ljdkjh lsokvksa osQ fu;eksa esa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ fy, jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysuk -----
-------------------------- gSA
(?k) vc ;g Lohd`r rF; gS fd ukSdj'kkgh uhfr;ka ------------------- vkSj uhfr;ka -------------------------- nksuksa
esa viuk ;ksxnku djrh gSA
(M-) ,slk de gh gksrk gS fd ea=kh vius dke@{ks=k osQ fo'ks"kK gksa] vr% rF;ksa o lykgksa osQ fy,
os ------------------------------- ij Hkjkslk djus dks foo'k gksrs gSaA
(p) ------------------------------------- us Hkkjrh; ukSdj'kkgh dks ,d cM+k vojks/ crk;k vkSj ------------------------
----------- ukSdj'kkgh dh 'kqjQvkr djus dh T+k:jr ij T+kksj fn;kA
(N) fodkl dh vko';drkvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa osQ fu"iknu esa i;kZIr u dj ikus dh otg ls ugha
cfYd ------------------------------------------------- oQh otg ls ukSdj'kkgh dh vkykspuk gqbAZ

35.4 ncko osQ lzksr

O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls izfrc¼ jktuhfrdj.k vkSj pkiywlh dk fod`r :i ys fy;k gSA lkekftd mn~ns';ksa
osQ izfr izfrc¼ gksuk ,d ckr gS vkSj jktuSfrd nyksa dh maxfy;ksa ij ukpuk fcYdqy vyx ckr gSA
vDlj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ukSdj'kkgh eqn~nksa dk Lora=k :i ls ijh{k.k fd, fcuk vf/drj jktuhfrd
dk;Zdkfj.kh osQ vuqlkj gh izfrfØ;k djrh gSA ;g izo`fÙk iz'kklfud dk;ksZa esa ges'kk jktuSfrd n[+ky
nsus osQ dkj.k gh vkrh gSA jktuSfrd n[kyankth vkSj fu"i{k iz'kklu nksuksa ,d lkFk ugha py ldrsA
iz'kkld vius Kku vkSj fo'ks"kKrk osQ dkj.k uhfr fuekZ.k esa viuh Hkwfedk jktusrkvksa osQ vkKkdkjh osQ
:i esa ugha ns[krs] rks Hkh mUgsa izfrfuf/Ro dh jktuhfr dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus okyksa osQ :i esa gh
ns[kk tkrk gSA jktusrk turk osQ lPps izfrfuf/ gksus dk nkok djrs gSa vkSj tkuus dk Hkh fd muosQ fy,
D;k csgrj gS vkSj viuh ofj"B LFkku ij gksus osQ dkj.k os ukSdj'kkgksa ij 'krsZ Fkksius esa liQy gks jgs
gSaA ,sls ukSdj'kkg tks muosQ vuqlkj ugha djrs] os vius fy, ijs'kkfu;ka eksy ysrs gSaA jktuSfrd Lokfe;ksa
osQ ikl mRihM+u osQ vusd rjhosQ gksrs gSa& izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k nksuksaA lHkh izdkj osQ ekeyksa esa jktuSfrd
n[kyankth ,d LFkk;h rF; gS] mu ekeyksa esa Hkh tgka ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ ikl oS/kfud 'kfDr izkIr
gSA jktusrkvksa osQ chp [kkeks'k jgus rFkk iQdZ jk; dh }kjk foijhr ;k fojks/ osQ Lrj dh vfHkO;fDr
osQ iqjLdkj ;k n.M osQ rkSj ij ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ LFkkukUrj.k] izksUufr] neu] lsokvksa ls vfuok;Z
lsok eqfDr vkfn dks ,d gfFk;kj osQ rkSj ij bLrseky djus osQ vla[; mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA

377
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh jktuhfrdj.k vU; rjhdksa ls Hkh dke djrk gSA vusd iz'kkld viuk dSfj;j cukus esa jktuSfrd rkdrksa
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk o jktusrkvksa ls vius laca/ksa dk bLrseky djrs gSaA os vifjiDo jktusrkvksa vkSj jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk dh
fLFkfr;ksa esa mudh deT+kksfj;ksa dk iQk;nk mBkrs gSa rFkk LosPNkpkjh vkSj xSjfT+kEesnkj gks tkrs gSaA nksuksa
Hk;kog fLFkfr gSA blls tks fo'ys"k.k lkeus vkrk gS og ;g fd ukSdj'kkgh vkSj jktuSfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh
nksuksa osQ chp la?k"kZ jgrk gS] nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa lkaLFkkfud vlarqyu c<+rk gS vkSj varr% 'kklu dks
uqdlku gksrk gSA
fVIi.kh 35.5 O;oLFkk dks csgrj cukus osQ fy, iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx osQ fopkj
iz'kklfud ekudksa dks u"V gksrs ns[k dj 1966 esa ljdkj us iz'kklfud O;oLFkk osQ laiw.kZ vè;;u djus
vkSj mik; lq>kus osQ fy, iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr dhA iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx us viuh
fjiksVZ esa nks lcls T+k:jh {ks=kksa ij è;ku osQfUnzr fd;k%
1- eaf=k;ksa vkSj ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ ikjLifjd laca/ tgka iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx us bl ckr ij
T+kksj fn;k fd bu lsokvksa esa jktuhfrdj.k u gksA
2- ,d ,sls iz'kklu dk ekgkSy vkSj laLd`fr cuk, tkus dh T+k:jr gS tks eaf=k;ksa vkSj ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa
osQ chp osQ vLoLFk laca/ksa osQ fodflr gksus dk n`<+rk ls fojks/ djsxkA
iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx us bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh vkSj ukSdj'kkgh osQ chp
mfpr laca/ ,d cgqr gh T+k:jh elyk gS D;ksafd ;g ljdkj osQ csgrj iz'kklfud dk;Z osQ fy,
vfuok;Z gSA ;g ik;k x;k fd bu nksuksa osQ chp orZeku esa tks laca/ksa dk Lo:i gS os ekSfyd O;oLFkk
ls fHkUu fopyu osQ vusd mnkgj.k lkeus vk jgs gSA
jktuhfr esa ukSdj'kkgh dk n[ky cgqr T;knk Fkk rFkk ukSdj'kkgh ij fu;a=k.k cuk, j[kus osQ fy,
LFkkukUrj.k vkSj inLFkkiu dk bLrseky fd, tkus osQ vusd mnkgj.k FksA jktusrkvksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa osQ
chp xyr laca/ Fks tks iz'kklfud {kerk osQ fy, vk?kkrh FkkA blfy, iz'kklu dks lgh djus osQ fy,
lgh dne mBkus dh t:jr gSA
iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx us bl ckr ij T+kksj fn;k fd jktuhfr esa ukSdj'kkgh dh vkØked Hkwfedk dks
jksdk tk, vkSj bl ckr ij uT+kj j[kh tk, fd iz'kklfud ekeyksa esa jktusrkvksa dk n[ky u gksA ;g
ekuk x;k fd ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa vkSj jktusrk ,d nwljs osQ dke dh ljkguk djsa ctk; blosQ fd os
,d&nwljs dks gs; n`f"V ls ns[ksa vkSj ,d&nwljs osQ fopkjksa dks ;FkklaHko viuk;sA iz'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx
osQ 'kCnksa essa jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh dks%
z iz'kklfud dk;ksZa dh iwjh le> vkSj O;kolkf;drk LoHkko dh iwjh igpku gksuh pkfg,A
z lsokvksa ls lacaf/r ekeyksa] tSls& inLFkkiu] LFkkukUrj.k] izksUufr vkfn esa ;FkklaHko de ls de
n[ky nsuk pkfg,A
z fdlh Hkh O;fDr fo'ks"k osQ i{k esa fu/kZfjr vkSj Lohd`r uhfr;ksa ls gVdj dke djus dk vkxzg
ugha djuk pkfg,A
Bhd mlh rjg ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks%
z mu y{;ksa dks ikus@ dkeksa dks djus dk xaHkhj vkSj bZekunkj iz;kl djuk pkfg, tks muosQ jktuSfrd
izeq[k pkgrs gSa] rFkk mudh bPNk osQ vuqlkj uhfr;ksa o izfØ;kvksa osQ lkFk T+k:jh lkeatL; cukuk
pkfg,A
378
 jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh rFkk ukSdj'kkgh oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
z tc rd erHksn dk dksbZ cM+k vk/kj u gks rc rd lHkh ekeyksa esa vius jktuSfrd izeq[k osQ Hkkjr dh
vuqlkj pyus dks rS;kj jguk pkfg,A iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
nwljs 'kCnksa esa ukSdj'kkgh dks ljdkjh uhfr;ksa vkSj mldh fopkj/kjk vkSj ml ij dke djus okyksa
osQ lkFk ,d ekufld vkSj HkkoukRed Lohd`fr gksuh pkfg,A
35-5-1 gky esa vk, cnyko
blosQ ckotwn fd iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx us eaf=k;ksa vkSj ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ chp laca/ lqèkkjus fVIi.kh
osQ fy, cgqr gh ewY;oku fliQkfj'ksa dh Fkha fdarq jktuSfrd vkSj iz'kklfud mnklhurk osQ dkj.k dksbZ
Hkh fo'ks"k cnyko ugha gqvkA mYVs gky esa ^ikjLifjd iQk;ns* osQ vk/kj ij jktusrkvksa] vijkf/;ksa]
iqfyl vkSj ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ xBtksM+ us gkykr vkSj Hkh [+kjkc dj fn;k gSaA ;g tx tkfgj gS fd
pquko thrus osQ fy, jktuSfrd nyksa esa iSls vkSj 'kkjhfjd rkdr osQ iz;ksx dk pyu c<+k gSA pwafd
'kkjhfjd rkdr vf/drj ekfiQ;k vkSj vijkf/;ksa osQ }kjk miyC/ djokbZ tkrh gS] blfy, xBtksM+
c<+us ls ^jktuhfr dk vijk/hdj.k* gks x;k gSA
;g eq[; fu"d"kZ oksgjk desVh dh 1993 dh fjiksVZ esa lkeus vk;k gS tks rRdkyhu x`g lfpo Jh ,u-
,u- oksgjk us jktuhfr osQ vijk/hdj.k dh tkap djus osQ fy, cuk;h xbZ FkhA
oksgjk desVh dh fjiksVZ esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd vijk/h vkSj ekfiQ;k jktusrkvksa osQ vkJ; vkSj ljdkjh
ra=k dh lqj{kk dk vkuan vkSj iQk;nk ysrs gSaA ;g crk;k x;k fd ;s xBtksM+ fdl rjg ls ,d lekukUrj
ljdkj pyk jgk gS rFkk ljdkjh midj.kksa dks ukdke dj jgs gSaA ;gka nks mPp oxZ gSa& jktusrk vkSj
iz'kkld] tks ,d&nwljs dk lkFk nsrs gSa] muesa xgjh fe=krk Hkh gSA ,sls xBtksM+ turk osQ fgrksa osQ fy,
gkfudkjd gSaA
blfy, ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd bl 'kSrkuh xBtksM+ dks [kRe djus osQ fy, oqQN fuf'pr vkSj lgh
dne mBkus gksaxsA bl mn~ns'; ls rRdkyhu iz/kuea=kh uoEcj 1996 esa eq[; lfpoksa dks ,d lEesyu
dk mn~?kkVu fd;k ftldk fo"k; Fkk ^,d izHkko'kkyh vkSj fT+kEEksnkj iz'kklu osQ fy, ,ts.Mk*A lEesyu
esa bl ckr ij tksj fn;k x;k fd ljdkjh lsokvksa esa vkewy cnyko yk;k tkuk pkfg, tks mUgsa T+;knk
izHkko'kkyh] lkiQ&lqFkjk] tokcnsg cuk,xk vkSj ukxfjdksa@turk ls tksM+sxkA lEesyu esa bl ckr dks Hkh
js[kkafdr fd;k x;k fd ljdkjh lsokvksa osQ fy, oqQN ^vkpkj lafgrk* fuèkkZfjr fd, tkus dh T+k:jr
gS tks u osQoy ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk dks fuf'pr djsa cfYd ljdkjh lsok esa yxs deZpkfj;ksa
vkSj usrkvksa osQ chp laca/ dks Hkh lqfuf'pr djsaA ;g blfy, fd ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh ewy izfrc¼rk
turk osQ dY;k.k vkSj mu fl¼karksa osQ izfr gS tks lafo/ku esa ckj&ckj dgs x, gSaA ge osQoy vk'kk
dj ldrs gSa fd izLrkfor dk;Z ;kstuk dks ykxw fd;k tkuk izHkkodkjh gksxkA

vkius D;k lh[kk

jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh vkSj ukSdj'kkgh ljdkj osQ nks LraHk gSaA tgka jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh vLFkk;h
gksrh gS vkSj vDlj lRrk esa vius ny dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS] ogha ukSdj'kkgh ,d LFkk;h O;oLFkk
gSA lS¼kafrd :i ls os fHkUu Hkwfedk,a fuHkkrs gSa] tSls jktusrk uhfr;ka cukrs gSa vkSj ukSdj'kkg mls ykxw
djrs gSaA ysfdu O;ogkj esa vDlj mudh Hkwfedkvksa esa }a} gksrk gS vkSj os ,d&nwljs dh Hkwfedkvksa
esa vfrØe.k djrs gSa D;ksafd uhfr osQ fuekZ.k vkSj mls ykxw djus dh foHkktu js[kk dkiQh /qa/yh vkSj
vLi"V gSA

379
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh ukSdj'kkgh ,d LFkk;h] osruHkksxh vkSj fuiq.k vf/dkfj;ksa dk fudk; gSA ;g ljdkj dh ;kstuk,a cukus
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk vkSj mUgsa vkxs ys tkus osQ fy, ljdkj dks lgk;rk vkSj lykg nsrh gSA ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkwfedk cny
pqdh gSA ;g osQoy fu;a=k.k dk dk;Z ugha djrk cfYd fodkl vkSj dY;k.k osQ dkeksa esa lfØ; :i
ls tqM+k jgrk gSA
ljdkjh deZpkjh dh ikjEifjd igpku gS fd ;s vius ea=kh dk og vKkr ukSdj gS tks vius drZO;ksa
dks viuh iwjh {kerk ls ikyu djrk gS] tks vius ea=kh dks fopkj /kjk ls ijs csgrj vkSj xaHkhj e'kfojk
fVIi.kh nsrk gSA mldh ;s lykg ea=kh osQ }kjk Lohdkj Hkh dh tk ldrh gS vkSj ugha Hkh Lohdkj dh tk ldrh
gS] ysfdu ,d ckj tc fu.kZ; gks tk, rks og izHkko'kkyh rjhosQ ls vius drZO; osQ ikyu osQ fy,
ckè; gksxkA
rVLFk vkSj vKkr ukSdj'kkgh dh vo/kj.kk lkekftd U;k; osQ y{; osQ fy, vO;kogkfjd vkSj
vuqi;qDr ekuk x;k gSA blfy, Jherh xka/h us izfrc¼ ukSdj'kkgh dh vo/kj.kk dh ckr dh Fkh ysfdu
bl izfrc¼rk us ukSdj'kkgh dk jktuhfrdj.k dj fn;k rFkk jktuSfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh vkSj ukSdj'kkgh osQ
chp laca/ fcxM+ x,A
ukSdj'kkgh jktusrkvksa dks muoQh vrkfdZd]i{kikrh vkSj vkn'kZoknh n`f"Vdks.k rFkk LFkkukUrj.k o
izksUufr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls lsokvksa dh fLFkfr;ka fcxkM+us osQ fy, nks"k nsrs gSaA jktusrk ukSdj'kkgksa dks muosQ
iwokZxzgksa rFkk izfØ;k laca/h dfBukb;ka [kM+h djus esa oqQ'ky gksus dk nks"k nssrs gSaA bl izdkj dh eqf'dysa
iz'kklfud {kerkvksa osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSaA iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx 1966 esa cuk;k x;k Fkk ftlus bu
nksuksa osQ laca/ksa osQ chp esa ,d foHkktd js[kk [khapus dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA bu nks vfoHkkT; oxksZa osQ
chp laca/ ljdkjh ra=k osQ lqxerk ls dke djus dks egRoiw.kZ gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1. ukSdj'kkgh dh D;k ifjHkk"kk gS\
2. fodkl esa ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkwfedk dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa\
3. oscj osQ ukSdj'kkgh ekWMy osQ eq[; y{k.k D;k gSa\
4. jktuhfr&ukSdj'kkgh f}Hkktu osQ fl¼kar osQ fo"k; esa crk,aA
5. rVLFkk dh vo/kj.kk dks de djus okys dk dkjdksa dks crk,aA
6. izfrc¼ ukSdj'kkgh ls vkidk D;k vk'k; gS\ D;k ;g Hkkjr osQ fy, vko';d gS\
7. ea=kh vkSj ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ laca/ksa esa nckoksa osQ dkj.k crk,aA
8. ukSdj'kkgh dk jktuhfrdj.k fdl izdkj ls jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djrk gS\
9. ea=kh vkSj ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ laca/ksa dks csgrj cukus osQ fy, iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx us D;k
lq>ko o fliQkfj'ksa nh gSa\

ikBxr iz'u
35.1
(d)jktuSfrd] iz'kklfud

380
 jktuhfrd dk;Zdkfj.kh rFkk ukSdj'kkgh oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
([k)jktuSfrd Hkkjr dh
(x) fu.kZ; ysuk iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
(?k) uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djuk
(Ä) eSDl oscj
(p) dk;ZoqQ'ky] foosdlaxr
fVIi.kh
35.2
(d) ukSdj'kkgh
([k) fu;ked] dY;k.kdkjh
35.3
(d) iz'kklu]jktuhfr
([k) rVLFkrk] jktuhfrdj.k
(x) izfrcaf/r
(?k) cukuk] ykxw djuk
(Ä) ukSdj'kkgh
(p) bafnjk xka/h] izfrc¼
(N) izfrc¼rk
ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr
1. [k.M 35.1 ns[ksa
2. [k.M 35.2 ns[ksa
3. [k.M 35.1 ns[ksa
4. [k.M 35.3.1 ns[ksa
5. [k.M 35.3.2 ns[ksa
6. [k.M 35.3.3 ns[ksa
7. ns[ksa [k.M 35.4
8. ns[ksa [k.M 35.4
9. ns[ksa [k.M 35.5

381
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk

36
fVIi.kh yksd f'kdk;r rFkk fuokj.k ra=k

tura=k esa turk ljdkj dk xBu djrh gS rFkk mls mlosQ mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk cksèk djkrh gSA ljdkj dk
lapkyu osruHkksxh vfèkdkfj;kssa osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA izk;% ljdkjh deZpkjh yksxksa dh lgk;rk djus
dh vis{kk dk;ns&dkuwu dks T;knk rwy nsus yxrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd viQlj'kkg Hkh rF;ksa dks xqIr j[krs
gq, viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ty] fctyh] jsy] nwjHkk"k vkfn foHkkx vius gh vfèkdkj vkSj
fu;e ls pyrs gSaA turk dh bu f'kdk;rksa dk fuokj.k ljdkj osQ fy, vko';d gks tkrk gS] ugha rks
,slk u gksus ij turk ljdkj osQ izfr viuh fu"Bk R;kx nsxhA blfy, yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k gsrq
,d fuokj.k ra=k dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z tura=k esa yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k osQ egÙo dk fo'ys"k.k dj losaQxs_
z yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k esa dke vkus okys fofoèk midj.kksa dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_
z yksdiky rFkk yksdk;qDr dh Hkwfedk Li"V dj losaQxs_ vkSj
z osQUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx osQ dk;Z ,oa Hkwfedk ij izdk'k Mky losaQxsA

36.1 tura=k esa yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k dk egÙo

Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k dh ljdkj dks cgqr lkjs dk;ks± dk fu"iknu djuk gksrk gSA ns'k osQ ukxfjd
ljdkj }kjk miyCèk djkbZ xbZ cSad] iksLV vkfiQl] jsyos] vLirky vkfn lqfoèkkvksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA
turk dks ljdkjh nqdkuksa ls pkoy] xsgwa] phuh tSlh [kk| lkexzh [kjhnus osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk fuèkkZfjr
jk'kudkMZ cuokuk gksrk gSA jk'kudkMZ cuokuk bruk vklku ugha gksrkA mls cuokus osQ fy, ,d leqfpr
izfØ;k fuèkkZfjr gSA blh izdkj dh vU; dbZ nwljh lqfo/k,a Hkh gSaA buesa ls vf/dka'k lqfoèkkvksa dh
xq.koÙkk vlarks"ktud gksrh gSA vke ukxfjdksa dks thou dh vusd lsokvksa ,oa lqfoèkkvksa osQ fy, ljdkj
osQ fofoèk foHkkxksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA
ljdkjh foHkkxksa eas turk osQ fy, dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk vke ckr gSA dk;ns&dkuwu rks cgqr lkjs
fuèkkZfjr gSa foaQrq mudk ikyu cgqr de gh gks ikrk gSA jsyxkfM+;ka vFkok clsa dHkh Hkh vius fuèkkZfjr
le; ij ugha pyrhaA cSad] vLirky rFkk iqfyl turk osQ lkFk lg;ksx ugha djrsA ljdkjh foHkkxksa
}kjk dk;ks± dks yafcr djus vFkok turk dks rax djus dh izo`fÙk;ksa osQ pyrs ljdkj Lo;a gh cnuke
gksrh gSA

382
 yksd f'kdk;r rFkk fuokj.k oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
ljdkj turk osQ fgrkssa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, gh fofoèk lqfoèkkvksa dk izkoèkku djrh gSA foaQrq fnDdr Hkkjr dh
;g gS fd turk dh lsok djus okys deZpkfj;ksa osQ pyrs turk lqfoèkkvksa dk ykHk ugha mBk ikrhA iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
buesa xjhc yksx lcls vfèkd ihfM+r gksrs gSa] D;ksafd lcls vfèkd ljdkjh lgk;rk rFkk lsokvksa dh
vko';drk xjhc yksxksa dks gh gksrh gS foaQrq yksxksa rd ;s lqfoèkk,a igqap ugha ikrha vkSj mUgssa rjg&rjg
ls rax fd;k tkrk gSA ;g tura=k osQ fy, cgqqr cqjh ckr gSA vfèkdka'k ukxfjdksa dh ea'kk ;gh gksrh
gS fd mUgsa lg;ksxh rFkk laosnu'khy yksd iz'kklu miyCèk gksA vkt ljdkjh foHkkxksa osQ f[kykiQ bruh
yksd f'kdk;rssa ntZ gSa fd muosQ fuokj.k osQ fy, ,d fuf'pr ekinaM r; djuk iM+sxkA
fVIi.kh
ykssd f'kdk;rksa osQ egÙo dks è;ku eas j[krs gq, 1966 esa ^yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k dh leL;k*
ij ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj dh xbZ rFkk ljdkj us bl vkèkkj ij ^iz'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx* dk xBu fd;kA
vk;ksx us fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk mYys[k fd;k%
^^;fn dksbZ ukxfjd viuh leL;k ntZ djkrk gS rks ljdkj mldh leL;k osQ lacaèk eas tkap djsxh rFkk
mlosQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr turkaf=kd ewY;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, mldk fuokj.k djsxhA ;g ,d ,sls
laxBu osQ :i esa dk;Z djsxk ftlls vfèkdka'k turk osQ eu esa vkLFkk iSnk gks losQ rFkk mUgsa tYnh
vkSj de [kpsZ esa leqfpr U;k; fey losQ**A

36.2 yksd f'kdk;r fuokj.k osQ midj.k

iz'kklfud Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus rFkk yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k gsrq cgqr lkjs dkuwu rFkk izfØ;kvksa dk
fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS] rFkk bUgsa ykxw djus dk izkoèkku Hkh cuk;k x;k gSA buosQ vfrfjDr fofHkUu ns'kksa
eas dbZ u, laxBuksa dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA
yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k gsrq lcls igyh laLFkk dk izek.k LoSaQMsusfo;k eas feyrk gS] ftls
^vksEcM~leSu* osQ uke ls tkuk gSA vksEcM~leSu dk dk;kZy; LohMsu esa 1809 ls fiQuySaM esas 1919
ls] MsuekoZQ esa 1955 ls] ukosZ rFkk U;wthySaM esa 1962 ls dk;Z dj jgk gS rFkk baxySaM esa lalnh;
laLFkkvksa esa iz'kklfud vk;ksx dk xBu 1967 eas fd;k x;kA vksEcM~leSu osQ xBu osQ ckn nqfu;k osQ
vfèkdka'k ns'kksa eas bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA
vksEcM~leSu ,d LohfM'k 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS] ,d ,slk vfèkdkjh tks foèkkf;dk }kjk fu;qDr
fd;k x;k gks vkSj og iz'kklu rFkk U;k; lacaèkh f'kdk;rksa dk fucVkjk djrk gSA vksEcM~leSu ,d
vUos"kd gksus osQ ukrs ntZ f'kdk;rksa ls lacafèkr tkap djrk gS rFkk fiQj mldh fjiksVZ foèkkf;dk dks
Hkstrk gSA f'kdk;rasa iz'kklfud fu.kZ;ksa osQ f[kykiQ lhèks vksEcM~leSu osQ uke Hksth tkrh gSaA viuh lgt
rFkk rsth ls dk;Z djus dh izÑfr osQ pyrs gh vksEcM~leSu izfl¼ gqvkA ;g iz'kklfud fu.kZ;ksa osQ
f[kykiQ vihy djus dk cgqr lLrk lkèku gksrk gSA
Hkkjr esa tc fdlh ukxfjd dks dksbZ oLrq vFkok lsok Bhd #i blesa ugha feyrh rks og miHkksDrk
laj{k.k vf/fu;e 1986 dh 'kj.k ys ldrk gSA gekjh laln us lwpuk vfèkdkj vf/fu;e ikfjr djosQ
;g vfèkdkj fn;k gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;g tku ldrk gS fd mlosQ }kjk dh xbZ f'kdk;r dk D;k
gqvkA

36.3 Hkkjrh; midj.k

Hkkjr esa iz'kklu ls lacafèkr f'kdk;rksa osQ fucVkjs osQ fy, oqQN fo'ks"k izdkj dh lfefr;ksa rFkk vk;ksxksa
dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA fofHkUu izdkj dh laLFkk,a Hkh yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fucVkjs esa yxh gqbZ gSaA mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] ;fn dksbZ ljdkjh deZpkjh vius dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu ugha djrk gS rFkk mlls fdlh ukxfjd
dks ijs'kkuh mBkuh iM+rh gS rks og fdlh Hkh vnkyr eas mlosQ f[kykiQ f'kdk;r ntZ djk ldrk gSA

383
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh ;g U;kf;d fuokj.k dgykrk gSA bl izdkj dh f'kdk;rksa osQ lLrs rFkk rsth ls fuokj.k osQ fy, dbZ
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk izdkj dh iz'kklfud bdkb;ksa dk Hkh xBu fd;k x;k gSA bueasa ls vk;dj vihy U;k;kfèkdj.k] etnwj
U;k;kf/dj.k izeq[k gSaA
nwljk] laln esa dksbZ Hkh laln lnL; vius fuokZpu {ks=k ls lacafèkr ekeyksa dks mBk ldrk gSA blosQ
vykok ,d lalnh; lfefr dk Hkh xBu fd;k x;k gS tks bl rjg dh f'kdk;rksa dk fucVkjk djrh
gSA bl lfefr dks ;kfpdk lfefr dgrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd bleaas U;k; osQ fy, f'kdk;r ntZ djk
fVIi.kh ldrk gSA bl izdkj laln vFkok foèkku eaMy bl izdkj dh ntZ f'kdk;rksa ij dk;Zokgh dk fopkj
dj ldrh gSA
rhljk] yksd lsod (fujh{k.k) vfèkfu;e osQ rjg foHkkxh; rFkk lkoZtfud iwNrkN osQ vuqlkj fdlh
Hkh ljdkjh deZpkjh dks mlosQ nqO;Zogkj ij nf.Mr djus dk izkoèkku gSA fnu&izfrfnu osQ ekeys rks
ugha ysfdu oqQiz'kklu osQ egRoiw.kZ elys bu dkuwu osQ nk;js esa vkrs gSaA
pkSFkk] yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fucVkjs osQ fy, fofHkUu Lrjksa ij f'kdk;r iQksjeksa dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] jsyos LVs'kuksa rFkk cl LVSaMksa ij yksd f'kdk;rsa ntZ djus osQ fy, f'kdk;r isfV;ka
j[kh gksrh gSaA vktdy rks fdlh nqdkunkj }kjk xyr lkeku csps tkus osQ f[kykiQ f'kdk;rsa lquus osQ
fy, miHkksDrk osQUnzksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gS tgk¡ fyf[kr vFkok VsyhiQksu }kjk f'kdk;rsa ntZ djkbZ tk
ldrh gSaA jsyos] VsyhiQksu tSls foHkkxksa esa rks muls lacafèkr vyx ls ,d f'kdk;r osaQUnz cuk, x, gksrs
gSAa

ikBxr iz'u 36.1

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) ukxfjdksa }kjk ljdkjh ra=k osQ f[kykiQ ntZ f'kdk;rksa dks lquuk rFkk mldk ------------ f'kdk;r
iQksjeksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA (fuokj.k@ijh{k.k)
([k) gj ---------- esa yksd f'kdk;rksa dks lquus rFkk muosQ fuokj.k osQ fy, ,d mi;qDr ra=k dk
xBu fd;k tkrk gSA (rkuk'kkgh@yksdra=k)
(x) ---------------- laxBu LoSaQMsusfo;k us LFkkfir fd;k FkkA (yksdiky@vksEcM+leSu)
(?k) Hkkjr dk dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd fdlh ljdkjh deZpkjh }kjk fd, x, nqO;Zogkj osQ f[kykiQ
viuh f'kdk;r -------------- esa ntZ djk ldrk gSA (jk"Vªifr@vnkyr)
(Ä) vius fuokZpu {ks=k ls lacafèkr fdlh f'kdk;r dks dksbZ Hkh lkaln ------- eas mBk ldrk gSA
(vnkyr@laln)
(p) yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fucVkjs osQ fy, f'kdk;r --------- dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh xbZ gSA
(lsy@iQksje)A

36.3 yksdiky rFkk yksdk;qDr

yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fucVkjs osQ fy, ftu mi;qZDr rjhdks vkSj laxBuksa osQ xBu dh ckr dgh xbZ gS]
os cgqqr gh [kphZyh rFkk foyac ls fu.kZ; nsus okys lkfcr gks pqosQ gSaA ;s fdlh ukxfjd }kjk ljdkj

384
 yksd f'kdk;r rFkk fuokj.k oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
vFkok jktusrk osQ f[kykiQ ntZ djkbZ xbZ f'kdk;rksa dk rsth ls fucVkjk djus easa T;knk liQy ugha jgh Hkkjr dh
gSaA bldh i`"BHkwfe esa iz'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx (,vkjlh&1966) us viuh fuEufyf[kr fVIif.k;ka nh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
Fkha%
^^------ fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, vius ns'k dh turk }kjk nk;j f'kdk;rksa dh mfpr
lquokbZ osQ fy, geus nks fo'ks"k laxBuksa dk xBu fd;k gSA ,d laxBu osaQnz rFkk jkT; Lrj osQ ea=kh
rFkk ljdkj osQ lfpoksa osQ f[kykiQ turk }kjk nk;j iz'kklfud f'kdk;rksa dh lquokbZ djsxkA osQUnz rFkk
jkT; Lrj ij nwljk laxBu gksxk] tks ckdh iz'kklfud vfèkdkfj;ksa ls lacafèkr yksd f'kdk;rksa dk fVIi.kh
fucVkjk djsxkA ;s laxBu dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk rFkk foèkkf;dk osQ nckoksa ls eqDr gksaxsaA**
iz'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx us igyh 'kk[kk dks yksdiky rFkk nwljs dks yksdk;qDr dk uke fn;k gSA
vusd iz;klksa osQ ckotwn laln esa yksdiky foèks;d ikfjr ugha gks ik;k gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd
nksuksa&dkaxzsl vkSj xSj&dkaxzslh ljdkjsa yksdiky osQ ekeys esa lPph vkSj xaHkhj ugha gSa_ ckotwn blosQ
osQ os ges'kk ,slk izpkfjr djrs vkSj LoPN iz'kklu nsus dk oknk djrs jgs gSaA yksdiky dh dk;Z'kSyh
vkykspuk dk fo"k; cuh gqbZ gSA vc loky ;g gS fd D;k yksdiky osQoy Hkzz"Vkpkj ls lacafèkr ekeyksa
dh gh tkap djsxk vFkok turk dh ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa }kjk dh xbZ vU;k;iw.kZ gjdrksa vFkok oqQiz'kklu
lacaèkh f'kdk;rksa dk Hkh fuokj.k djsxkA yksdiky foèks;d lHkh jktuhfrd nyksas dh fufoZjksèk lgefr
osQ }kjk gh ikl gks ldrk gSA vc ;g mEehn cuh gqbZ gS fd tYnh gh ljdkj laln esa bl ij dksbZ
lkFkZd fu.kZ; ys losQxhA

yksdk;qDr
gkykafd osQUnz esa yksdiky in dh LFkkiuk ugha gks ikbZ gS ysfdu oqQN izns'k tSls egkjk"Vª] eè; izns'k]
jktLFkku] dukZVd] mM+hlk] fgekpy izns'k rFkk fnYyh us , vkj lh }kjk crk, x, lq>ko osQ vkèkkj
ij yksxksa dh f'kdk;r fuokj.k gsrq yksdk;qDr in LFkkfir fd, gSaA 1971 esa egkjk"Vª esa lcls igys
blosQ fy, dkuwu cuk;k x;kA nwljs jkT;ksa esa egkjk"Vª dh rtZ ij yksdk;qDr dks jkT; osQ eaf=k;ksa] lfpoksa
,oa vU; mPp vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ fo#¼ f'kdk;rksa dh iM+rky djus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gSA fgekpy
izns'k yksdk;qDr dkuwu 1983 osQ [kaM 12 esa izkoèkku gS fd] ^^f'kdk;r dh tkap osQ ckn vxj fdlh
vf/dkjh dks yksdk;qDr vkaf'kd ;k iw.kZ:is.k nks"kh ik, rks fyf[kr :i esa vuq'kalk vkSj jiV lEc¼
l{ke vfèkdkjh dks nsA** lEc¼ vfèkdkjh jiV dks ijh{k.k dj dkjZokbZ dh fØ;k lesr lwpuk
yksdk;qDr dks nsxkA ;g è;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd yksdk;qDr ek=k vuq'kalk djrk gSA blosQ vuq'kalk dks
u rks dkuwuh ekU;rk gS vkSj u gh ;s ckè;dkjh gksrs gSaA vijkèk osQ lanHkZ esa vafre fu.kZ; dk vfèkdkj
l{ke ljdkjh inkfèkdkjh osQ ikl gh gksrk gSA

36.4 osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;ksx

ns'k eas c<+rs gq, Hkz"Vkpkj dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr ljdkj us 1962 esa osQ laFkkue dh vè;{krk esa ,d mPp
Lrjh; vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k FkkA laFkkue vk;ksx us osQUnz rFkk fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa ,d lroZQrk vk;ksx
osQ xBu gsrq fliQkfj'ksa is'k dh FkhaA fdUrq vkt rd fliZQ osQUnz Lrj ij gh ,d mPp Lrjh; lroZQrk
vk;ksx dk xBu gks ik;k gSA fofHkUu ljdkjh foHkkxksa rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØeksa eas lroZQrk lsy
dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA loksZPp Lrj ij osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;ksx gSA
osQUnzh; lrZdrk vk;ksx (lh-oh-lh-) dk vè;{k lroZQrk vk;qDr gksrk gSA bldh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk
6 o"kks± osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA og vius in ij vius dk;Zdky vFkok 65 o"kZ dh mez rd cuk jgrk

385
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh gSA lroZQrk vk;ksx x`g ea=kky; osQ varxZr ,d Lok;Ùk'kklh laxBu gSA lroZQrk vk;qDr osQ lg;ksx osQ
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk fy, mlosQ vèkhu ,d lfpo] ,d fo'ks"k vfèkdkjh] ,d eq[; rduhdh vk;qDr] rhu foHkkxh; tkap
vk;qDr] nks voj lfpo rFkk 6 rduhdh vk;qDr gksrs gSaA blosQ dk;Z {ks=k esa osQUnz ljdkj] lkoZtfud
miØe] dkjiksjsV laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ deZpkjh vkrs gSa tks osQUnz osQ dk;Zdkfj.kh vfèkdkjksa osQ
vUrxZr vkrs gSaA lroZQrk vk;ksx eaf=k;ksa rFkk lkalnksa osQ f[kykiQ ntZ f'kdk;rksa ij dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha
dj ldrkA
fVIi.kh dksbZ Hkh O;fDr viuh f'kdk;rsa lhèks lroZQrk vk;qDr dks Hkst ldrk gSA gkykafd vk;ksx izsl }kjk]
lalnh; cglksa ls izkIr lwpukvksa] ys[kk lacaèkh vkifÙk;ksa rFkk nwljs dbZ laxBuksa osQ ekè;e ls Hkh fofHkUu
foHkkxksa esa gks jgs Hkz"Vkpkj] oqQiz'kklu vFkok oqQjhfr;ksa lacaèkh lwpuk,a bdV~Bh djrk gSA ;fn osQUnz
ljdkj osQ deZpkfj;ksa ls lacafèkr dksbZ f'kdk;r jkT; lroZQrk vk;qDr dks izkIr gksrh gS rks og mlosQ
fuokj.k gsrq osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;ksx osQ ikl Hkst nsrk gSA bl izdkj dh f'kdk;rsa izkIr gksus osQ ckn
vk;ksx fuEufyf[kr dkjZokbZ djrk gS%
(d) lacafèkr ea=kky; vFkok foHkkx ls iwNrkN djrk gSA
([k) lh-ch-vkbZ- dks bl ij tkap gsrq fliQkfj'k djrk gSA
(x) lh-ch-vkbZ- blls lacafèkr ,d f'kdk;r ntZ djrh gS rFkk tkap djuk 'kq: dj nsrh gSA blosQ
ckn miyCèk lk{;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSaA naM dh izfØ;k osQ fy, leqfpr vfèkdkjh
osQ vkns'k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
f'kdk;r feyus ij dh tkus okyh dk;Zokgh lacaèkh rjhdksa osQ fo"k; esa fn'kk funsZ'k lhohlh us cuk,
gSa ftldk ikyu fofHkUu ea=kky; vkSj foHkkx djrs gSaA bu f'kdk;rksa ij dk;Zokgh lac¼ ea=kky;@foHkkx
djrs gSaA lroZQrk vk;ksx lacafèkr ea=kky; vFkok foHkkx dks laiw.kZ ekeyksa esa iz'kklfud bZekunkjh ls
lacafèkr lq>ko vFkok fgnk;rsa ns ldrk gSA vk;ksx tkap osQ i'pkr lacn/ ea=kky; vFkok foHkkx dks
viuh fjiksVZ nsus dks dg ldrk gSS rkfd vk;ksx Hkz"Vpkpkj fojksèkh xfrfofèk;ksa ij utj j[k losQA ;g
fdlh vfxze dk;Zokgh osQ fy, fdlh f'kdk;r dks vius varxZr ys ldrk gSA
blosQ vykok osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;ksx lHkh ea=kky;ksa rFkk foHkkxksa eas eq[; lroZQrk vfèkdkjh dh
fu;qfDr esa Hkh ,d izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA blosQ fy, fu;qfDr;ksa ls iwoZ lroZQrk vk;qDr dk ijke'kZ
ysuk iM+rk gSA eq[; lroZQrk vfèkdkjh osQ dk;ks± dk fuèkkZj.k Hkh osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;qDr gh djrk
gSA lroZQrk laxBu dks vkSj vfèkd etcwr cukus lacaèkh lroZQrk laxBuksa }kjk miyCèk djk, x, lHkh
lq>koksa dks lroZQrk vfèkdkjh fopkj gsrq osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;qDr osQ ikl Hkstrk gSA
osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;ksx dh 'kfDr;ka lhfer gksrh gSa] D;ksafd ;g dksbZ oSèkkfud laxBu ugha gSA ;g fliZQ
,d lykgdkj dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA blosQ tkap&iM+rky djus dh izfØ;k bruh tfVy vkSj yach gS
fd yksx bldh izrh{kk esa fujk'k gks tkrs gSaA blosQ ckjs esa lgh dgk tkrk gS fd osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;ksx
dHkh Hkh vksEcM~leSu dk fodYi ugha gks ldrkA ;g vk;ksx ,d izdkj ls osQUnzh; iz'kklu] ea=kky;ksa]
foHkkxksa] jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksa rFkk osQUnz ljdkj osQ nckoksa osQ pyrs bldh tkap izfØ;k fnuksa&fnu bruh
èkqa/yh gksrh tk jgh gS fd ;g Hkh ,d izdkj ls osQUnzh; iz'kklu dk gh ,d midj.k cu dj jg x;k
gSA

386
 yksd f'kdk;r rFkk fuokj.k oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
Hkkjr dh
ikBxr iz'u 36.2 iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) eaf=k;ksa rFkk lfpoksa osQ f[kykiQ ntZ f'kdk;rksa osQ fucVkjs osQ fy, iz'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx
us---------------------------rFkk ---------------------------osQ xBu dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA (yksdiky @ vksEcM~leSu
@ yksdk;qDr @ lalnh; lfefr;ka)
fVIi.kh
([k) ---------------------------esa yksd vk;qDr dk xBu fd;k tk pqdk gSA (egkjk"Vª @ rfeyukMq)
(x) ---------------------------lfefr us osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;ksx osQ xBu dk lq>ko fd;k FkkA
(laFkkue @ jkèkkÑ".ku)
(?k) osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;ksx dh Hkwfedk ---------------------------------------------gSA (foLr`r @ lhfer)

vkius D;k lh[kk

ljdkjh ra=k osQ f[kykiQ ukxfjdksa }kjk ntZ djkbZ xbZ f'kdk;rksa dks lquuk rFkk mudk fuokj.k djuk
vko';d gSA ;fn ,slk ugha fd;k x;k rks turk ljdkj osQ izfr viuh fu"Bk [kks nsxhA izR;sd turkaf=kd
ns'k esa yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k gsrq ,d ra=k dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa ;fn dksbZ ljdkjh
deZpkjh vFkok foHkkx vius dÙkZO;ksa osQ ikyu eas ykijokgh djrk gS vFkok dksbZ xyr dk;Z djrk gS
rks mlosQ f[kykiQ turk }kjk vnkyr esa f'kdk;r ntZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks U;kf;d
fuokj.k dgk tkrk gSA blosQ vykok yksd f'kdk;rksa ls lacafèkr iz'uksa dks laln osQ lnu esa Hkh mBk,
tkus dk izkoèkku gS rFkk blosQ fy, ,d vyx ls ;kfpdk lfefr uked ,d lalnh; lfefr dk Hkh
xBu fd;k x;k gSA yxHkx gj foHkkx esa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa }kjk dh tk jgh fofoèk xM+cfM+;ksa osQ
f[kykiQ f'kdk;rksa osQ fucVkjs osQ fy, foHkkxh; lroZQrk lsyksa dk Hkh xBu fd;k x;k gSA yksd
f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k gsrq fofHkUu izdkj osQ f'kdk;r iQksjeksa dk Hkh xBu fd;k x;k gSA 1966 esa
iz'kklfud lqèkkj lfefr us yksdiky rFkk yksdk;qDr osQ xBu dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA foaQrq vHkh rd
osQUnz vFkok jkT; Lrj ij eaf=k;ksa vFkok lfpoksa osQ f[kykiQ ntZ f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k gsrq yksdiky
dk xBu laHko ugha gks ldk gSA oqQN jkT;ksa esa yksdk;qDr dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA osQUnz ljdkj osQ foHkkxksa
rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØeksa eas O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkjksa ls lacfa èkr f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k gsrq osQUnzh; lroZQrk
vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA yksd f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k gsrq vU; dbZ izdkj osQ nwljs laxBu Hkh xfBr
fd, x, gSaA

ikBkar iz'u
1. tura=k esa yksd f'kdk;rksa dk fuokj.k cgqr egRoiw.kZ D;ksa gS\
2. yksd f'kdk;r osQ dkSu&dkSu ls fofoèk fuokjd midj.k gaS\
3. yksdiky rFkk yksdk;qDr dh D;k Hkwfedk gksrh gS\
4. osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;ksx dh D;k Hkwfedk gksrh gS\

387
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjr dh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj
36.1
(d) fuokj.k ([k) yksdra=k (x) vksEcM~leSu (?k) vnkyr (Ä) laln (p) iQksjeA
36.2
fVIi.kh
(d) yksdiky rFkk yksdk;qDr ([k) egkjk"Vª (x) laFkkue (?k) lhferA

ikBxr iz'uksa osQ laosQr

1. [kaM 36.3 ns[ksa
2. [kaM 36.4 ns[ksa
3. [kaM 36.5 ns[ksa
4. [kaM 36.6 ns[ksa

foLr`r Kku
1) eksfgr HkV~Vkpk;Z&ifCyd ,MfefuLVªs'ku%& LVªDpj] izkslsl ,aM fogsfo;j] dydÙkk] oYMZ izSl]
1987
2) fo|k Hkw"k.k] fo".kw Hkxoku& bafM;u ,MfefuLVªs'ku% ubZ fnYyh] ,l pkan ,aM oaQ_ 1974
3) voLFkh vkSj egs'ojh&ifCyd ,MfefuLVªs'ku% vkxjk] ,y- ,u- vxzoky] 1980
4) :edh clq&ifCyd ,MfefuLVªs'ku] dUlSIV~l] dUlSIV~l ,.M F;ksjht% ubZ fnYyh] LVfyZax

388
 yksd f'kdk;r rFkk fuokj.k oSdfYid ekWM~;wy - 2
iz'ui=k izk:i Hkkjr dh
fo"k; % jktuhfrd foKku d{kk % mPprj ekè;fed
vad : 100 le; % 3 ?kaVizs 'kklfud O;oLFkk

1. mís';kuqlkj vad forj.k

mís'; vad izfr'kr %

oqQy vad
fVIi.kh
Kku 35 35%
cksèk 45 45%
vuqi;z ksx 20 20%
oqQy 100 100%

2. iz'uksa osQ izdkj osQ vuqlkj forj.k

nh?kZ mÙkjh; iz'u 4×8 32

y?kwÙkjkRed 10 × 5 50
vfr y?kq mÙkjh; 9×2 18

3. fo"k;kuqlkj vadforj.k

bdkbZ @ mi&bdkbZ vad

1. O;fDr jkT; vkSj fo'o O;oLFkk 09
2. Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fofHkUu igyw 15
3. ljdkj osQ vax % osQUnz rFkk jkT; Lrjksa ij 15
4. yksdra=k dh dk;Z iz.kkyh 09
5. ljdkj dk laxBu 12
6. yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k 10
oSdfYid ekM~;wy
1. Hkkjrh; jktuhfr osQ oqQN mHkjrs eqn~ns 10
vFkok OR
2. Hkkjr eas Lokèkhurk la?k"kZ vkSj laoSèkkfud fodkl 10
oqQy 100

389
 lSEiy (iz'u i=k&1)
jktuhfr foKku

le;&3 ?kaVs vfèkdre vadµ100

lkekU; funsZ'k&
z iz'u i=k osQ nks Hkkx ^d* ,oa ^[k* gSaA
z osQfUnzd ekM~;wy ([k.M&d) osQ lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSA
z ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dks ^[k* Hkkx esa p;u dh lqfoèkk gSA mUgsa fodYi&1 vFkok fodYi&2 esa ls iz'uksa dks gy djuk gksxkA
z izR;sd iz'u vkSj mlosQ izR;sd Hkkx osQ vadksa dks iz'u osQ lkeus gh n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
Hkkx (d)
1. jktuhfr foKku dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A 2
2 mnkjokn dk D;k vFkZ gS\ 2
3- jkT; osQ nks vfuok;Z rRoksa dk mYys[k dhft,A 1$1
4- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk dk D;k egRo gS\ 2
5- x.kra=k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A 2
6- mPpe U;k;ky; osQ U;k;èkh'kksa dh fdUgha nks ;ksX;rkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A 1$1
7- lEiznk;okn dk D;k vFkZ gS\ 2
8- ncko lewg dk D;k vFkZ gS\ 2
9- Hkkjr vkSj :l osQ chp lg;ksx osQ fdUgha nks {ks=kksa dh igpku dhft,A 1$1
10- Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku dh fdUgha ikap izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 5
11- Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ dksbZ ikap dk;Zikfydk lacaèkh dk;Z fyf[k,A 5
12- Hkkjr osQ fuokZpu vk;ksx osQ dksbZ ikap dk;Z fyf[k,A 5
13- Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk dh fdUgha ikap fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 5
14- 'kklu dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft;s rFkk vPNs 'kklu osQ ekxZ dh fdUgha rhu ckèkkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A 5
15- Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ fdUgha ikap vkèkkjHkwr fl¼kUrksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 5
16- fiNys n'kd osQ nkSjku Hkkjr&ikfdLrku lacaèkksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 5
17- jk"Vª dh ifjHkk"kk dhft,A jk"Vªh;rk osQ vfuok;Z rRoksa dk mYys[k dhft,A 2$6 ¾ 8
vFkok
xkaèkhokn osQ fdUgha pkj fl¼kUrksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 4×2=8

390
18- Li"V djsa fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk :i la?kkRed gS ijUrq bldh vkRek ,dkRed gSA 8
vFkok
la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp foèkk;h lacaèkksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 8
19- Hkkjr dk iz/kuea=kh fdl izdkj fu;qÙkQ fd;k tkrk gS\ mldh 'kfDr;ksa] fLFkfr ,oa Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k
dhft,A 8
vFkok
mPp U;k;ky; osQ laxBu] vfèkdkj {ks=k rFkk fLFkfr dk ijh{k.k dhft,A 2+4+2=8
20- Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa ^tkfr* dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k@o.kZu dhft,A 8
vFkok
Hkkjr dh vkj{k.k uhfr osQ i{k vFkok foi{k eas vius fopkj fyf[k,A 8
Hkkx&[k
ekWM~;wy 1
fodYi I : fo'o O;oLFkk vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª
21. ,d èkzqoh;rk dk D;k vFkZ gS\ 2
22- la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fdUgha ikap fl¼kUrksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 5
23- 'kkfUr LFkkfir j[kus ls lacafèkr la;qDr jk"Vª dh uhfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
vFkok
la;qDr jk"Vª dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ls lacafèkr laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk dk ewY;kadu dhft,A
ekWM~;wy 2
fodYi II: Hkkjr dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
21- ukSdj'kkgh dk D;k vFkZ gS\ 2
22- tu f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, lq>k, x, lqèkkjksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
23- la?kh; yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ laxBu] 'kfDr;ksa vkSj fLFkfr dk vkadyu dhft,A 2+2+4=8
vFkok
oSQfcusV lfpoky; osQ eq[; dk;ks± dk ijh{k.k dhft,A 8

391
 vadu ;kstuk
Hkkx (d)
1- jktuhfr foKku jkT; vkSj ljdkj oSQls Fks] oSQls gSa vkSj oSQls gksus pkfg,µosQ fo"k; ls lacafèkr gSA
2- mnkjoknh ljdkj esa Lora=krk osQ izfr opuc¼rk dk fopkj gS rFkk O;fDr vkSj leqnk; osQ thou dk ,d <ax gSA
3- jkT; osQ vko';d rRo gSaµ(i) tula[;k (ii) fuf'pr Hkw&{ks=k] (iii) ljdkj (iv) laizHkqrk (dksbZ nks)
4- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk blfy, izklafxd gS D;ksafd ;g lafoèkku osQ mís';ksaµU;k;] Lora=krk] lekurk vkSj Hkzkr`Hkko
dks O;Dr djrh gS rFkk Hkkjr esa ljdkj osQ <kaps dks Li"V djrh gS fd bls yksdrkaf=kd] laizHkq] x.kra=k rFkk yksxksa dh
laizHkqrk ij vkèkkfjr gksuk gSA
5- x.kra=k dk vfHkizk; ,slh 'kklu iz.kkyh ls gS ftlesa ljdkj osQ izeq[k dks izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr fd;k
tkrk gSA
6- mPpre U;k;ky; osQ U;k;èkh'kksa dh nks ;ksX;rk,¡ gSaµ(1) og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg,A (2) og fdlh mPp
U;k;ky; dk de ls de ikap o"kZ rd U;k;kèkh'k jgk gks vFkok iz[;kr fofèkosÙkk gksA
7- lkEiznkf;drk (lEiznk;okn) dk vFkZ gS jktuhfrd ykHk osQ fy, èkeZ dk iz;ksx djukA
8- ncko lewg ,sls fgr lewg gSa tks vius fgrksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, ljdkj osQ fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
9- Hkkjr vkSj :l osQ chp vkfFkZd lg;ksx osQ nks {ks=k bl izdkj gSaµ (d) Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd ifj;kstukvksa esa :l dh
vkfFkZd lgk;rk_ ([k) nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikfjd lacaèkA
10- Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku dh ikap vkèkkjHkwr fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa%& (i) ;g cgqr foLr`r lafoèkku gSµewy lafoèkku esa 395 vuqPNsn
Fks_ (ii) ;g vkaf'kd :i ls yphyk vkSj dBksj gS_ (iii) ;g la?kkRed gS ijUrq bldh vkRek ,dkRed gS_ (iv) bleas
lalnh; ljdkj dk izkoèkku gS_ (v) blesa ,dy U;k; iz.kkyh dk izkoèkku gSA
11- Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dh ikap dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;k¡ bl izdkj gSaµ (i) jk"Vªifr izèkku ea=kh dks fu;qDr djrk gS rFkk mldh
lykg ij vU; efU=k;ksa dks fu;qDr djrk gS_ (ii) og jkT;ksa osQ jkT;iky fu;qDr djrk gS_ (iii) og l'kL=k lsukvksa dk
eq[; lsukifr gksrk gS_ (iv) og jktnwr fu;qDr djrk gS rFkk jktnwrkksa ls muosQ ifji=k izkIr djrk gS_ (v) og vU; ns'kksa
ls vkus okys mPpk;qDrksa ls muosQ ifjp; i=k izkIr djrk gSA
12- fuokZpu vk;ksx osQ ikap dk;Z bl izdkj gSaµ (i) Hkkjr esa izR;sd izdkj osQ pqukoksa osQ fy, erlwfp;ka rS;kj djrk gS_
(ii) lHkh izdkj osQ pqukoksa eas pquko e'khujh dk fujh{k.k djuk_ (iii) pquko dh frfFk;ka fuf'pr djuk_ (iv) jktuhfrd
nyksa dks pquko fpUg~ ckaVuk_ (v) jk"Vªh; vkSj {ks=kh; nyksa dks ekU;rk iznku djukA
13- Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk dh ikap fo'ks"krk,a bl izdkj gSaµ (i) izeq[k nyh; O;oLFkk ftlosQ usr`Ro ij tksj gksrk gS_
(ii) cgqnyh; O;oLFkk_ (iii) ny cny dh jktuhfr_ (iv) foi{k dh Hkwfedk esa o`f¼_ (v) {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa dh
Hkwfedk esa o`f¼A
14- 'kklu dk lacaèk thou dh xq.koÙkk dks lqèkkjus ls tqM+h 'kfDr;ksa] j.kuhfr;ksa] uhfr;ksa] ;kstukvksa ,oa dk;Z ;kstukvksa ls
gksrk gSA
15- (i) la;qDr jk"Vª esa vkLFkk] (ii) xqV fujis{k vkUnksyu esa fo'okl] (iii) iap'khy dh odkyr] (iv) lHkh ns'kksa vkSj fo'ks"kr%
iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ lkFk eS=khiw.kZ vkSj 'kkafUriw.kZ lEcaèk] (v) fooknkssa dks ckrphr }kjk gy djukA

392
16- dkjfxy] vkradokn vkSj d'ehj leL;k osQ ckotwn lacaèkksa esa eS=khiw.kZ iz;kl] ,d nwljs ns'k esa ljdkj vkSj jk"Vªkè;{kksa
osQ nkSjs] O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; ls lacafèkr lfUèk;ksa ij gLrk{kj djuk] tulkèkkj.k }kjk ,d&nwljs ns'k eas vkus tkus osQ
fy, clkssa ,oa Vªsuksa dks pykukA
17- jk"Vª ,sls yksxksa dk lewg gksrk gS tks izkÑfrd :i ls ,d&nwljs osQ lkFk etcwrh ls tqM+k gqvk eglwl djrs gSaA
jk"Vªh;rk osQ rRo (1) lk>k Hkwxksy] ,d lk èkeZ] lk>h jktuhfrd bPNk,a] lk>h laLÑfr] bu rRoksas dk laf{kIr o.kZu
djuk gksxkA
vFkok
xkaèkhokn (d) vfgalk] ([k) lR; vkSj lR;kxzg] (x) jke jkT;] (?k) jktuhfr vkSj èkeZ osQ chp fudVrk] (Ä)
VªLVhf'ki osQ fl¼kUr esa fo'oklA mijksDr fl¼kUrksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu djuk pkfg,A
18- Hkkjr dk lafoèkku vkaf'kd :i ls la?kh; rFkk vkaf'kd :i ls ,dkRed gS D;ksafd blesa nksuksa izdkj dh ljdkjksa dh
fo'ks"krk,a gSa ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os bu fo'ks"krkvksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu djsa vkSj ;g fu"d"kZ fudkysa
fd Hkkjr lkèkkj.kr% la?kh; gS vkSj vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g ,dkRed gks ldrk gSA
vFkok
ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp la?kh;] jkT; vkSj leorhZ lwph osQ ekè;e ls 'kfDr
foHkktu ij izdk'k Mkysa tSlk fd lafoèkku esa izkoèkku gS rFkk ;g n'kkZ;sa fd la?kh; ljdkj jkT; ljdkjksa ls vfèkd
'kfDr'kkyh gSA
19- Hkkjr us lalnh; O;oLFkk dks Lohdkj fd;k gS ftlesa izèkkuea=kh dks jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj cgqer
izkIr djus okys ny vFkok nyksa osQ xBcUèku osQ usrk dks izèkkuea=kh in osQ fy, vkeaf=kr fd;k tkrk gSA lafoèkku
esa mfYyf[kr jk"Vªifr dh lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dk izèkkuea=kh }kjk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks budk laf{kIr o.kZu
djuk pkfg,A izèkku ea=kh dk;Zikfydk dk rFkk ljdkj dk okLrfod eqf[k;k gksrk gSA
vFkok
mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k rFkk vU; U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku osQ izkoèkkuksa osQ vuqlkj
jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA mPp U;k;ky; dk vfèkdkj {ks=k v/ksfyf[kr gSµ(a) izkjafHkd vfèkdkj {ks=k (b) dkuwu
lacaèkh iz'uksa ls tqM+s ekeys (c) vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;ksa ij fuxjkuhs (d) izys[k U;k;ky;A bu fcUnqvksa dks la{ksi esa of.kZr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ vkèkhu gS ijUrq vius ls uhps@vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;ksa dk
fujh{k.k djrk gSA
20- Hkkjr dk lkekftd <kapk tkfr ij vkèkkfjr gSA o.kZ O;oLFkk tkfr dh okLrfodrk ls vfèkd fl¼kUr dh ckr djrh
gSA
tkfr ,sls ifjokjksa vFkok ifjokjksa osQ lewgksa dk ,d=khdj.k gS ftudk ,d la;qDr uke] la;qDr iwoZt gksrs gSa tks ,d
lekaxh leqnk; dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA Lora=k Hkkjr esa yksdrkaf=kd tkfr O;oLFkk us Hkn~nk [ksy [ksyuk 'kq: dj fn;k
gSA pkgs pquko osQ le; mEehnokjksa dk pquko gks vFkok ljdkjh inksa dks Hkjuk gks] tkfr dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh
gSA yksx Hkh mEehnokj dh tkfr ns[kdj ernku djrs gSaA
vFkok
vkj{k.k uhfr HksnHkkoiw.kZ laj{k.k ij vkèkkfjr gSA leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vHkko esa voljksa dh lekurk dk ifj.kke
lekurk dks c<+kus osQ ctk; vlekurk dks etcwr djuk gksrk gSA
Hkkjr esa vuqlfw pr tkfr;ks]a vuqlfw pr tutkfr;ksa rFkk vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks vkj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k gS rFkk efgyk
l'kDrhdj.k osQ ok;ns dks iwjk djus osQ fy, efgykvksa dks Hkh vkj{k.k fn;k x;k gSA ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dks vkj{k.k uhfr
osQ i{k vkSj foi{k esa roZQ nsus pkfg,A

393
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy I % fo'o O;oLFkk vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª
21- ,d/zqoh;rk dk vFkZ ,d /qzo ij vk/kfjr fo'o ls gS ftldk mn; lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu ls gqvkA ,d /qzoh; fo'o
dk usr`Ro la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dj jgk gSA
22- la;qDr jk"Vª osQ fl¼kar
(d) fo'o 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks cuk, j[kuk
([k) ns'kksa osQ chp ;q¼ dks Vkyuk
(x) fu'kL=khdj.k
(?k) vkilh lg;ksx % vk£Fkd] lkaLo`Qfrd bR;kfn
(M-) fooknksa dks vkilh ckrphr vkSj eè;LFkrk ls lqy>kuk
(p) tgka vko';d gks ogka 'kkafr lsuk dks Hkstuk
23- ijh{kk£Fk;ksa dks la;qDr jk"Vª osQ mn~ns';ksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dks mtkxj djuk pkfg, rFkk n'kkZuk pkfg, fd fdl gn rd ;g
fo'o 'kkafr LFkkfir djus esa liQy jgk gSA
vFkok
ijh{kk£Fk;ksa dks la;qDr jk"Vª dh fofHkUu ,tsfUl;ksa tSls varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu] ;wfulsiQ] ;wusLdks] fo'o LokLF; laxBu]
varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k] UNCTAD dk o.kZu djuk pkfg,A
vFkok
oSdfYid ekWM~;wy II % Hkkjr dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
21- ukSdj'kkgh Hkkjr dh ljdkj dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gSA ;g ns'k dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh
gSA bldks LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk Hkh dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ yksd lsod jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dks rc ijke'kZ nsrs gSa] tc
ea=kh dY;k.k osQ dk;ZØe vFkok uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
22- tu f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k osQ fy, fd, x, lq/kj gSa %&
(d) ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksduk
([k) osQUnzh; lroZQrk vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr
(x) vksecM~leSu uked laLFkku dks 'kq: djuk
(?k) yksdiky vkSj yksd vnkyr fu;qDr djuk
ijh{kk£Fk;ksa dks mijksDr lq/kjksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu djuk pkfg,A
23- la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k ,oa lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx iz'kklfud
rFkk bl izdkj osQ mPp inksa osQ fy, izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk,a djokrk gSA pqus x, mEehnokjksa dks l[r izf'k{k.k ysuk gksrk
gSA ;g viQljksa dh inksUufr] fuyEcu vkSj LFkkukUrj.k bR;kfn osQ fo"k; esa fliQkfj'ksa djrk gSA
la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ns'k dks vR;f/d oqQ'ky iz'kkld nsus esa iz'kaluh; Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA
vFkok
oSQfcusV lfpoky; osQ eq[; dk;Z gSa & (1) ckgj osQ ns'kksa esa izfrfuf/ e.My Hkstus osQ izLrko rS;kj djuk_ (2) tkap
iM+rky osQ fy, ljdkjh desfV;ksa dh fu;qfDr osQ izLrko rS;kj djuk_ (3) igys fd, x, fdlh fu.kZ; dks cnyus
dk izLrko rS;kj djuk_ (4) iz'kklfud foHkkxksa ls mRiUu gksus okys ekeyksa ij fopkj djuk rFkk mu lc ekeyksa ij
fopkj djuk tks iz/kuea=kh vFkok jk"Vªifr oSQfcusV osQ le{k fopkjkFkZ izLrqr djrs gSa rFkk (5) vFkok vU; dksbZ izklafxd dk;Z
ijh{kk£Fk;ksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os mijksDr dk;ks± dk laf{kIr o.kZu djsaxsA

394