Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

PC Assembling and Logical Circuits

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AND
OR

NOT

NAND

OR )(

NOR )(

-1-

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:
:

" "

.

AND OR NOT

) .(INVERTER

-2-

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) (HIGH ) (1 )(LOW
) (0
) (1 ) (TRUE
) (0

).(FALSE

)(Positive Logic

) .(Negative Logic
) (1 ) (0

) (0
) (1 .

-3-

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AND

AND

) (Logical Multiplication AND

) .(Logic Functions

) (A,B
) (Two Binary Variables

) (0 ) (Open ) (1
).(Closed

" "L ) (1

) (ON ) (0

) .(OFF

-4-

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) (L

).(Truth Table
L

ON

ON

ON

OFF

OFF

ON

OFF

OFF

) (Standard AND :

A, B Y AND.
AND.

) (bits ) (1 A,

B ) (1 AND
) (1 ).(1

) (

N = 2n
n

N .
-5-

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8
.

AND :

Y=AB
: Y ) A AND B (AND

Y = AB
Y .A AND B

) (Pulses .
AND
.

A , B ) (1

t1 Y ) (1
t2 A ) (0 B Y

) (0 .

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OR
OR

) (Logical Addition

. AND A , B

) (0 ) (Open )(1

).(Closed

:
L

ON

ON

ON

OFF

OFF

ON

OFF

OFF

-7-

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) (1

) (1 ) (0
) (0.

Y
1
1
1
0

A
1
1
0
0

B
1
0
1
0

OR :
Y=A+B
: Y +)A OR B .(OR
OR

AND
.

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A , B ) (1

t1 Y ) .(1

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(INVERTER) NOT
NOT

) (Inversion ) (1

) (0 ) (0 ).(1

NOT .
.

Y
1
0

A
0
1

: Y not A A bar

Y . A A bar
-10-

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NAND
AND

) (NAND ) (NOT AND AND

AND
.

A
0
1
0
1

Y
1
1
1
0

B
0
0
1
1

NAND.

)(0

) (1 ) (1
) (0 .AND NAND

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NOT,OR,AND
NAND :

Y AB
NAND

NAND ) (0

).(1

A , B ) (1 t1

Y ) .(0 t2
A ) (0 B ) (1

Y ) (1 .

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OR )(
OR ) (

XOR-gate .

XOR

XOR

Y
0
1
1
0

A
0
1
0
1

B
0
0
1
1

) (Y ) (1 A-B
) (1 ) (0 ) (0

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XOR OR

A=B=1 XOR )(1

) (1 ) (1

Y AB A B
:

YAB

A B XOR

ANDORNOT
XOR.

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XOR

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NOR )(
NOR XNOR

XNOR

.XOR

XNOR

Y
1
0
0
1

A
0
1
0
1

B
0
0
1
1

) (Y ) (1 A-B

A = B = 0 A = B = 1 ) (0

. ) (0 ) (1
-16-

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) (0
.

Y AB A B
:

Y AB

XNOR

ANDORNOT
XNOR.

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XNOR

-18-

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) (Boolean Algebra

) (Boolean Expression
.

):(1

A+0=A

OR

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):(2

A+1=1

OR )(1 A ) (1
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OR
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):(3

A0=0

AND ) (0 A
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AND ) (0 ).(A 0 = 0) (0

):(4

A1=A

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AND ) (1 A
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A = 1 AND ) (1
) .(1 AND ) (1
).(A 1 = A

):(5

A+A=A

OR A
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A = 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 A = 1 .1 1 1 0 1

):(7

A*A=A

A AND .
A = 0 0 * 0 = 0 A = 1 1 * 1 = 1
AND .A

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):(8

AA0

A AND A
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):(9

AA

. A = 0
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.

):(10
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)A + AB = A(1 + B
)= A(1
=A

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.

:

1 AND A, B . A B
2 AND A, C . AC
3 OR A B , AC A B AC

Y A B AC
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.
:

)Y AB(CD EF
A , B ) (CD EF

AND ) (CD EF C , D

AND E , F AND

AND .OR :

) (CD EF CD, EF

-24-

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) AB(CD EF:

1 NOT . D

2 AND . CD, EF
3 OR ). (CD EF

4 AND .Y

-25-

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Y
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
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C
0
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0
1
0
1
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B
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0
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1
1
1

.1 Y = 1
Y = 1 A

A = 0, B = 1, C = 0 ABC

) (1

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) (0 ) (1
. ABC

.2 Y = 1 OR
:

Y ABC ABC
ABC

AND ABC

A, B, C AND
OR .

: NOT

A, C AND , ABC
ABC OR ABC ABC

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) .(1 or 0

) (22 = 4

) (23 = 8.

) (1 ) (Y

) (0

Y A BC ABC ABC ABC

A BC 000, ABC 010, ABC 110, ABC 111

-28-

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1 Y
0 .Y

Y
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1

C
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

-29-

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A
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

.

.
AA A :

A 12 3
:

2 A +1 = 1 :

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A, B, C .

-31-

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-32-

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1 :

2 :

Y
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0

C
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
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0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

A
0
0
0
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1
1
1
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3
.

-33-

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:
:
.

) (
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3.3 3.3

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(logic

.
) (Boolean logic

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.(George :

AND OR NOT ) NAND (AND

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NOT
-34-

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. NAND

AND .

) (switch

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field-effect

semi-conductor

metal-oxide

.(MOSFET :

. 3.3
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5 .

.

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-35-

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AND

OR .
. AND

OR

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)
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.
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. 2 OR

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.IC IC

IC

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(
-36-

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) .(integration,VLSI very large-scasle

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4004 Intel
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) (registers

.
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. 16

16 .

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-37-

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( .

) (pipelining ) .(execution superscalar

) (pipelines

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80286 ) ( 4

80486

MMX .

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:
Digital Ic

switching

FET

Binary Digit

4 NAND

TTL:
Transistor Transis Logic

TTL :
low power TTL
High Speed TTL
Schottky TTL
TTL

Vcc 4.5 5

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Table Truth

:
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.
.

) .

(
-40-

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:
switching
counters
computation
display
memory storage

gates
flip flop
driver , buffer
registers
memory

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random access memory RAM

read only memory ROM .

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-43-

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Free Motherboard Half cache

..

"

...

..
...

IBM Apple .

IBM
.

SCANDISK DEFRAG
.

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Cache RAM

Cache

Full

!! Half Cache

Full cache
KB 512 Half cache 128KB Intel

Xeon Cache MB 2 ... Quad Cache ..

"" !!

Xeon Macroprocessor Microprocessor

I A

!!!! Quad Cache ...."

!!!

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.
:

Intel

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) .
.

2.4

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3 4 (

66 2 3 4 100 133 400533

800

B C 4.

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: Cache RAM

3
KB 512
KB 256 .
:

..

Chipset

800 USB2
UDMA100 ..

xAGP 8 PCI

Built-in Mainboards

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) " Built-in

Mainboards (

)( :RAM

.
MB .

.MB 256 of RAM

CACHE Cache 512K

4 DDRAM
400 DDRAM2
533 667.

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.
HardDisk 40 GB GB

UDMA )( .

IDE
Serial ATA SCSI .

Geforce

nVIDIA MB 64

MPEG DirectX9
Resoulution .

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..

Dot Pitch

0.28 0.24

Digital Control

.
Thin Flat Displays . LCD - TFT

..

.
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:
MB 1.44
3.5.

Optical

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:
..

240V 450V

...

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.
:

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:
.

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:
1.6
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17.
DVD-Rom/CD-RW
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4.1 .

:
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875 MB 512 2
GB60

MB Geforce 5900 64 19
0.24

DVD CD-
RW

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:
21
SCSI
USB2

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:
..
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