ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MGIT
REVIEW ON
SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

DEFINATION
TRANSFORMER IS A STATIC DEVICE WHICH TRANSFERS POWER FROM ONE CIRCUIT TO ANOTHER CIRCUIT WITHOUT CHANGE IN FREQUENCY USUALLY WITH THE CHANGED VALUES OF VOLTAGES & CURRENTS.

PARTS OF TRANSFORMER

BASED ON THE OPERATION.

ABOUT TRANSFORMER
A TRANSFORMER DOES NOT CHANGE THE FREQUENCY OF THE SYSTEM, IT CAN BE TREATED AS CONSTANT FREQUENCY DEVICE.

AS TRANSFORMER TRANSFERS SAME AMOUNT OF POWER FROM ONE CIRCUIT TO ANOTHER CIRCUIT , IT CAN BE TREATED AS CONSTANT POWER DEVICE.
T/F IS A ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICE(IF INTERNAL PROCESS IS CONSIDERED). T/F CAN BE TREATED AS PHASE SHIFTING DEVICE SINCE IT OFFERS DISPLACEMENT OF 180 BETWEEN TWO CIRCUITS. T/F IS A SINGLY EXCITED DEVICE, SINCE IT REQUIRES ONLY ONE EXTERNAL VOLTAGE SOURCE TO ENRGISE ANY NO. OF WINDINGS PLACED ON ITS CORE. AS THE AMOUNT OF FLUX IN THE ORE IS CONSTANT IRRESPECTIVE OF POWER TRANSFER , IT CAN BE TREATED AS CONSTANT FLUX DEVICE.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER

A T/F IS WORKS BASED ON FARDAYS LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION PRINCIPLE.

WHEN EVER THERE IS A RELATIVE SPACE (OR) RELAITVE TIME VARIATION BETWEEN MAGNETIC FIELD AND CONDUCTOR THE EMF WILL BE INDUCED IN THAT CONDUCTOR

BASIC REQIUREMENTS TO GENERATE THE EMF:

MAGNETIC FILED SET OF CONDUCTORS RELATIVE SPACE VARIATION(OR) RELAIVE TIME VARIATION

METHODS TO GENERATE EMF

RELATIVE SPACE VARIATION(RSV) : RELAIVE TIME VARIATION(RTV):
MAGNETIC FIELD ARE STEADY(OR) TIME INVARIANT. SET OF CONDUCTORS ARE BEING MOVED SET OF CONDUCTORS-- STATIONARY STATICALLY INDUCED EMF DNAMICALLY (OR) MOTIONALLY INDUCED EMF EX: GENERATORS THE DIRECTION OF DYNAMICALLY INDUCED EMF AN BE FOUND BY FRHR EX: TRANSFORMERS MAGNETIC FIELD -- TIME VARYNG

THE DIRECTION OF DYNAMICALLY INDUCED EMF AN BE FOUND BY LENZS LAW

How Transformer works

Laminated soft iron core Output voltage (a.c.) Input voltage (a.c.)

Primary coil

Secondary coil

EMF EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER

Let N1 = Number of turns in primary windings. N2 = Number of turns in second windings.

m = Maximum flux in the core in Webbers.

m
=

Bm.A,

f = Frequency of A.C input in Hz.

As shown in fig- The flux increases from its zero value to maximum value m in one quarter of the cycle i.e. in T/4 seconds. Average rate of change of flux =

d dt

d
dt

T 1 4 4f

CONT.. Now Rate of change of flux per turn means ,the induced e.m.f per turn In volts.
Average e.m.f /per turn = 4f m volt. If flux m varies sinusoidally, then r.m.s value of induced .e.m.f is obtained by multiplying the average value with form factor. Form factor =r.m.s value / Average value =1.11 R.m.s value of e.m.f/turn = 1.11 4 f m = 4.44f m volt Now R.m.s value of the induced e.m.f in the whole primary winding. =( induced e.m.f/turn) .* number of primary turns E1 = 4.44fN1 m(1)

E1 = 4.44fN1BmA.

(m= BmA)

Semelerly, r.m.s value of the e.m.f. induced in secondry is, E2 = 4.44fN2 m E2 = 4.44fN2BmA. (m= BmA)..(2)

CONT
Its seen from (1) and (2) that E1/N1=E2/N2= = 4.44f m. It means that e.m.f/ turn is the same in both the primary and secondary windings. SO in ideal Transformer on no-load, V1=E1 and E2=V2

VOLTAGE TRANSFERMATION RATIO:

equ (2) E2 4.44 fN 2 m N 2 equ (1) E1 4.44 fN1m N1

SO in ideal Transformer on no-load, V1=E1 and E2=V2

E2 V2 N2 K E1 V1 N1
WHERE K IS CALLED VOLTAGE TRANSFERMATION RATIO CONSTANT

TRANSFORMER ON NO LOAD

PRACTICLE T/F ON NO LOAD

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
THERE ARE TWO GENERAL TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS. CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER THESE TWO DIFFER BY THE MANNERTHE WINDINGS WOUND AROUND THE MAGNETIC CORE. INORDER TO REDUCE THE EDDY CURRENT LOSSES THE CORE IS LAMINATED INORDER TO REDUCE THE CORE LOSSES THE CORE S MANUFACTURED FROM THE COLD ROLLED GRAIN ORIENTED SHEET STEEL (C.R.G.O) THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF WINDINGS EMPLOYED FOR TRANSFORMERS CONCENTRIC INTERLEAVED CONCENTRIC COILS ARE USED FOR CORE TYPE TRANSFORMERS INTERLEAVED WINDINGS ARE USED FOR SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMERS.

T/F TYPES

Shell type T/F is used for LV Core type T/F is used for HV Toroid T/F are used for LV preferably in energy conversion systems & for LED.

CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSFORMER CORE

CORE STAGGERING

SHELL TYPE T/F CORE STAGGERING

CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER

STEPPED CORE

SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER

EFFECT OF LEAKAGE FLUXES IN THE TRANSFORMER

P = net flux in window of primary lp = leakage flux of primary

S = net flux in window of secondary

ls = leakage flux of secondary M = mutual flux P = M + lp

S = M ls

ECE 441

22

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A T/F WITH LAGGING PF

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A T/F WITH LEADING PF

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A T/F WITH UNITY PF

 AB AC AD

AB AC AD

GRAINS DIRECTION AT DIFFERENT POINTS

EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN A T/F:

IN ORDER TO TRANSFER RESISTNCE FROM ONE SIDE TO ANOTHER SIDE THE POWER LOSS SHOULD BE SAME.

SECONDARY TO PRIMARY:
2 2 1 I2 R2 I1 R2 2 I 1 R2 2 R2 2 I1

R2 R K2
1 2

1 R01 R1 R2

R01

R2 R1 K2

PRIMARY TO SECONDARY :

I R1 I R
2 1 2 2

1 1

I 1 R1 I
1 1

2 1 2 2 2

R1

R02 R2 R

1 1 2

R K R1

R02 R2 K R1

LEAKAGE FLUX IN A T/F

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER

EQUIVALENT REACTANCE IN A T/F:

IN ORDER TO TRANSFER REACTANCE FROM ONE SIDE TO ANOTHER SIDE THE PER UNIT DROP SHOULD BE SAME.

SECONDARY TO PRIMARY:

I2 X 2 I1 X 12 E2 E1 X
1 2

X 01 X 1 X

1 2

I 2 E1 X2 I1 E2 X2 K2

X 12

X2 X 01 X 1 2 K

NOW TOTAL IMPEDANCE REFERRED TO PRIMARY SIDE IS :

2 2 Z 01 R01 X 01

PRIMARY TO SECONDARY :
I1 X 1 I 2 X 11 E1 E2 X
1 1

I1 E 2 X1 I 2 E1

X 02 X 2 X

1 1

X 02 X 2 K 2 X 1

X 11 K 2 X 1
NOW TOTAL IMPEDANCE REFERRED TO SECONDARY SIDE IS :

2 2 Z 02 R02 X 02

EXACT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A T/F WITH SECONDARY PARAMETERS REFERRED TO PRYMARY

APPROXIMATE EQUI CKT

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A T/F WITH PRYMARY PARAMETERS REFERRED TO SECONDARY

EFFECIENCY OF A T/F:
The ratio of power output to power input of a T/F is called its efficiency ().

GENERALLY EFFICIENCY CAN BE EXPRESSED IN

Due to the losses in a transformer, its output power is less than the input power.

Power output = Power input Total losses Power input = Power output + Total losses = Power output + Pi + PCu

CONT..

WHERE

V2 I 2 FL

IS CALLED VA RATING OF THE TRANSFORMER

EFFICIENCY OF A T/F AT ANY LOAD X

IS GIVEN BY

CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY IN A T/F:

During working of a transformer at constant voltage and frequency, its efficiency varies with the load. Its efficiency increases as the load increases. At a certain load, its efficiency becomes maximum. If the transformer is further loaded, its efficiency starts decreasing. To determine the condition of maximum efficiency, let us assume that the power factor of the load remains constant and the secondary terminal voltage (V2) is constant. Therefore, efficiency becomes only a function of load current (I2). For maximum efficiency

CONT..

2 Pi I 2 R02

P i P cu

TO ACHIEVE THE MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY IN A T/F THE COPPER LOSSES (VARIABLE LOSSES) SHOULD BE EQUAL TO IRON LOSSES(CONSTANT LOSSES) AT THAT CONDITION LOAD CURRENT IS GIVEN BY

I2

Pi R02

ALL DAY EFFICIENCY

The ratio of output in watts to input in watts is called commercial efficiency of a transformer.

. Distribution transformers are used for supplying lighting and general networks.
In Distribution transformers Core loss occurs through out the day. Copper loss occurs only when they are loaded and hence is less important. To judge their performance, all-day efficiency (or) operational efficiency is calculated.

The all-day efficiency is defined by

The all-day efficiency is less than the commercial efficiency of a transformer.

CONSTRUCTIONAL & DESIGN DEFFERENCES B/W POWER T/F & D.T/F

POWER TRANSFORMER
> 33 KV

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
<33KV Consumers are directly connected Load Fluctuations are More Loaded based on load cycle of consumers Cu losses load cycle of consumer & core losses takes place for 24 hrs Core losses are kept min while designing Amorphous steel Specific weight more

Consumers are not directly connected

Load fluctuations are Less Fully loaded through out 24 hours Cu losses & core losses takes place Cu loss are kept min while designing CRGO steel Specific weight less

Avg load on PT/F is nearer to full load

Max. effi will occur at nearer to full load Full load cu loss = core losses Power efficiency

Avg load on D.T/F is 70-75 % of full load

Max. Effi will occur at 70-75 % of full load Full load cu loss= 2* core loss All day efficiency

LOSSES IN A T/F
COPPER LOSSES CORE LOSSES

EFFECT OF VOLTAGE & FREQUENCY ON CORE LOSSES

It is known that for a transformer, V = 4.44 f m N = 4.44 f Bm A N . .. Bm (V/f) Where A = area .......... For constant A and N

CONT
HYSTERISIS LOSS
CONDITIONS
x Wh Bmax fv

EDDDY CURRENT LOSS

2 We KBmax f 2t 2

CORE LOSS

Wi Wh We
Wi Af Bf
2

wh f v cons tan t wh Af f
v cons tan t f
wh A v f 0.6
1.6

We f

2 2

We Bf

We Bv 2
Eddy current Losses Constant Eddy current Losses Decreases

v1.6 wi A 0.6 Bv 2 f
As hysteresis losses increases core losses Increases

f is Decreased

Hysteresis losses increases Hysteresis losses Decreases

v is Decreased

Core losses Decreases

VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A T/F

THE CHANGE IN VOLTAGE FROM NO-LOAD TO FULL LOAD IS CALLED VOLTAGE REGULATION

FOR LAGGING PF

VOLTAGE REGULATION CURVE

KAPP VOLTAGE REGULATION DIAGRAM

DRAWING ALGORITHM
In order to create the diagram it is necessary to know the equivalent reactance X02 and resistance R02 of the transformer as referred to the secondary side.
The following algorithm should be used: Draw phasor OL representing secondary terminal voltage V2 on load. Draw OX representing the phase of the secondary current at an angle 2 to OL such that cos2 is the power factor of the load. Draw phasor LM (I2 R02 - voltage drop on resistance referred to the secondary side) parallel to OX, and then MN (I2 X02 - voltage drop on reactance referred to the secondary side). The resulting NL is the total voltage drop. Transfer the impedance triangle NLM to OO'P which gives O'L = ON = 0V2. Therefore, for given secondary current the locus of N is a circle with centre O and radius 0V2, while the locus of L has the same radius but with the centre O' To find the voltage drop on full load at any power factor the radius OQS should be drawn at at angle to OX. If the impedance triangle is drawn in position UQT then OU = OS. The length of QS represents the voltage drop