Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 1

Chapter 8
Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single
Populations
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The overall learning objective of Chapter 8 is to help you
understand estimating
parameters of single populations, thereby enabling you to:
1.

Know the difference between point and interval estimation.

2.

Estimate a population mean from a sample mean when

is known.

3.

Estimate a population mean from a sample mean when

is unknown.

4.

Estimate a population proportion from a sample proportion.

5.

Estimate the population variance from a sample variance.

6.

Estimate the minimum sample size necessary to achieve

given statistical goals.

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 2

CHAPTER TEACHING STRATEGY
Chapter 8 is the student's introduction to interval
estimation and estimation of sample size. In this chapter, the
concept of point estimate is discussed along with the notion that
as each sample changes in all likelihood so will the point
estimate. From this, the student can see that an interval
estimate may be more usable as a one-time proposition than the
point estimate. The confidence interval formulas for large sample means
and proportions can be presented as mere algebraic manipulations of formulas
developed in chapter 7 from the Central Limit Theorem.
It is very important that students begin to understand the difference
between mean and proportions. Means can be generated by averaging some sort
of measurable item such as age, sales, volume, test score, etc. Proportions are
computed by counting the number of items containing a characteristic of interest
out of the total number of items. Examples might be proportion of people
carrying a VISA card, proportion of items that are defective, proportion of market
purchasing brand A. In addition, students can begin to see that sometimes single
samples are taken and analyzed; but that other times, two samples are taken in
order to compare two brands, two techniques, two conditions, male/female, etc.
In an effort to understand the impact of variables on confidence intervals,
it may be useful to ask the students what would happen to a confidence interval if
the sample size is varied or the confidence is increased or decreased. Such
consideration helps the student see in a different light the items that make up a
confidence interval. The student can see that increasing the sample size, reduces
the width of the confidence interval all other things being constant or that it
increases confidence if other things are held constant. Business students probably
understand that increasing sample size costs more and thus there are trade-offs in
the research set-up.
In addition, it is probably worthwhile to have some discussion with
students regarding the meaning of confidence, say 95%. The idea is presented in
the chapter that if 100 samples are randomly taken from a population and 95%
confidence intervals are computed on each sample, that 95%(100) or 95 intervals
should contain the parameter of estimation and approximately 5 will not. In most
cases, only one confidence interval is computed, not 100, so the 95% confidence
puts the odds in the researcher's favor. It should be pointed out, however, that the
confidence interval computed may not contain the parameter of interest.
This chapter introduces the student to the t distribution to estimate
population means from small samples when is unknown. Emphasize that this
applies only when the population is normally distributed. The student will
observe that the t formula is essentially the same as the z formula and that it is the
table that is different. When the population is normally distributed and is
known, the z formula can be used even for small samples. In addition, note that
some business researchers always prefer to use the t distribution when is
unknown.

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 3

A formula is given in chapter 8 for estimating the population variance.

Here the student is introduced to the chi-square distribution. An assumption
underlying the use of this technique is that the population is normally distributed.
The use of the chi-square statistic to estimate the population variance is extremely
sensitive to violations of this assumption. For this reason, exercise extreme
caution is using this technique. Some statisticians omit this technique from
consideration.
Lastly, this chapter contains a section on the estimation of sample size.
One of the more common questions asked of statisticians is: "How large of a
sample size should I take?" In this section, it should be emphasized that sample
size estimation gives the researcher a "ball park" figure as to how many to sample.
The error of estimation is a measure of the sampling error. It is also equal to
the + error of the interval shown earlier in the chapter.

CHAPTER OUTLINE
8.1

Estimating the Population Mean Using the z Statistic.

Finite Correction Factor
Confidence Interval to Estimate When is

Unknown

Confidence Interval to Estimate When the

Population Standard
Deviation is Unknown and n is Large.
8.2

Estimating the Population Mean Using the t Statistic.

The t Distribution
Robustness
Characteristics of the t Distribution.
Reading the t Distribution Table

Unknown and

Confidence Intervals to Estimate When is

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 4

Sample Size is Small
8.3

Estimating the Population Proportion

8.4

Estimating the Population Variance

8.5

Estimating Sample Size

Sample Size When Estimating
Determining Sample Size When Estimating p

KEY WORDS
Bounds
Chi-square Distribution
Degrees of Freedom(df)
Error of Estimation
Interval Estimate

Point Estimate
Robust
Sample-Size Estimation
t Distribution
t Value

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 5

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 8

8.1 a)

= 25 = 3.5

95% Confidence
x

b)

z.025 = 1.96

= 25 + 1.96

= 119.6 s = 23.89
98% Confidence

= 3.419
90% C.I.
+ z

= 56.7
80% C.I.
z

= 25 + 0.89 =

24.11 < < 25.89

n = 75
z.01 = 2.33

s = 0.974
z.05 = 1.645

= 12.1
z.10 = 1.28

= 119.6 6.43 = 113.17 < < 126.03

n = 32

0.974
s
= 3.419 + 1.645
32
n

3.5
60

2.89
s
= 119.6 + 2.33 75
n

+ z

d)

c)

+ z

n = 60

= 3.419 .283 = 3.136 < < 3.702

N = 500

N n
12 .1
= 56.7 + 1.28
N 1
47

56.7 2.15 = 54.55 < < 58.85

n = 47
500 47
500 1

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 6

8.2 n = 36
95% C.I.
x

8.3 n = 81
90% C.I.
x

s = 5.89

= 47 1.08 = 45.92 < < 48.08

= 90.4

Point Estimate
z.03 = 1.88

49

= 90.4 1.57 = 88.83 < < 91.97

= 90.4 1.88
n
70

8.5 n = 39
96% C.I.
x

= 47
z.05=1.645

2 = 49

= 90.4

+ z

= 211 7.51 = 203.49 < < 218.51

5.89
s
= 47 1.645
81
n

94% C.I.
x

2
36

= 211 1.96

8.4 n = 70
x

= 211
= 23
z.025 = 1.96

N = 200
z.02 = 2.05

s
n

= 66

11
N n
= 66 2.05
N 1
9

s = 11

200 39
200 1

66 3.25 = 62.75 < < 69.25

x

= 66

8.6 n = 120
99% C.I.

Point Estimate

x = 18.72
z.005 = 2.575

s = 0.8735

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 7

= 18.72

+ z

Point Estimate

0.8735
s
= 18.72 2.575 120
n

8.7 N = 1500
95% C.I.

n = 187
z.025 = 1.96

= 5.3 years

s
n

= 8.72 .21 = 18.51 < < 18.93

= 5.3 years

s = 1.28 years

Point Estimate

1.28
N n
= 5.3 1.96
N 1
187

1500 187
1500 1

5.3 .17 = 5.13 < < 5.47

8.8 n = 32
90% C.I.
x

8.9

n = 36
98% C.I.
x

= 5.656
z.05 = 1.645

s = 3.229

3.229
s
= 5.656 1.645
32
n

= 3.306
z.01 = 2.33

= 5.656 .939 = 4.717 < < 6.595

s = 1.167

1.167
s
= 3.306 2.33
36
n

= 3.306 .453 = 2.853 < < 3.759

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 8

8.10 n = 36
x

= 2.139

90% C.I.
x

s = .113

Point Estimate
z.05 = 1.645

(. 113 )
s
= 2.139 1.645
= 2.139 .03 = 2.109 < < 2.169
36
n

8.11 = 27.4
x

= 2.139

= 24.533

95% confidence interval

n = 45

s = 5.1239

z = + 1.96
Confidence interval:

+ z

5.1239
s
= 24.533 + 1.96
45
n

24.533 + 1.497 = 23.036 <

8.12 The point estimate is 0.5765.

< 26.030

n = 41

The assumed standard deviation is 0.1394

99% level of confidence: z = + 1.96
Confidence interval:

0.5336 < < 0.6193

Error of the estimate:

0.6193 - 0.5765 = 0.0428

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 9

8.13 n = 13

= 45.62

s = 5.694

df = 13 1 = 12

95% Confidence Interval

/2=.025
t.025,12 = 2.179
x t

5.694
s
= 45.62 2.179
13
n

8.14 n = 12

= 319.17

= 45.62 3.44 = 42.18 < < 49.06

s = 9.104

df = 12 - 1 = 11

90% confidence interval

/2 = .05
x t

t.05,11 = 1.796

9.104
s
= 319.17 (1.796)
12
n

= 319.17 4.72 =

314.45 < <

323.89

8.15 n = 27

= 128.4

s = 20.64

df = 27 1 = 26

98% Confidence Interval

/2=.01
t.01,26 = 2.479
x t
x

20 .6
s
= 128.4 2.479
= 128.4 9.83 = 118.57 < < 138.23
27
n

= 128.4 Point Estimate

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 10

8.16 n = 15

s2 = 0.81

= 2.364

df = 15 1 = 14

90% Confidence interval

/2=.05
t.05,14 = 1.761
x t

s
= 2.364 1.761
n

8.17 n = 25

0.81
15

= 2.364 .409 = 1.955 < < 2.773

= 16.088

s = .817

df = 25 1 = 24

99% Confidence Interval

/2=.005
t.005,24 = 2.797
x t
x

.817
s
= 16.088 2.797
25
n

= 16.088 Point Estimate

8.18 n = 22

= 1,192

98% CI and /2 = .01

x t

1,341.78

= 16.088 .457 = 15.631 < < 16.545

s = 279

df = n - 1 = 21

t.01,21 = 2.518

279
s
= 1,192 + (2.518)
= 1,192 + 149.78 = 1,042.22 <
22
n

<

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 11

8.19 n = 20
x

df = 19

= 2.36116

95% CI

t.025,19 = 2.093

s = 0.19721

2.36116 + 2.093

0.1972
20

= 2.36116 + 0.0923 = 2.26886 <

< 2.45346

Point Estimate = 2.36116

Error = 0.0923

8.20 n = 28

= 5.335

90% Confidence Interval

s = 2.016

df = 28 1 = 27

/2=.05

t.05,27 = 1.703
x t

2.016
s
= 5.335 1.703
28
n

8.21 n = 10

95% Confidence
x t

= 49.8

/2=.025

18 .22
s
= 49.8 2.262
10
n

= 5.335 + .649 = 4.686 < < 5.984

s = 18.22

df = 10 1 = 9

t.025,9 = 2.262
= 49.8 + 13.03 = 36.77 < < 62.83

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 12

8.22 n = 14,

/2 = .01,

98% confidence,

df = 13

t.01,13 = 2.650
from data:

= 152.16

s = 14.42
x t

confidence interval:

152.16 + 10.21 = 141.95 <

14 .42
s
= 152.16 + 2.65
14
n

< 162.37

The point estimate is 152.16

8.23 a) n = 44
p z

p q
n

p z

d) n = 95
p z

= .82

(. 51 )(. 49 )
44

95% C.I.

p q
= .82 1.96
n

c) n = 1150
p z

99% C.I.

= .51 2.575

b) n = 300

=.51

= .48

z.025 = 1.96

z.05 = 1.645

(. 48 )(. 52 )
=
1150

= .32

p q
= .32 1.555
n

= .51 .194 = .316 < p< .704

(. 82 )(. 18 )
= .82 .043 = .777 < p < .863
300

90% C.I.

p q
= .48 1.645
n

z.005 = 2.575

88% C.I.

(. 32 )(. 68 )
=
95

.48 .024 = .456 < p < .504

z.06 = 1.555
.32 .074 = .246 < p < .394

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 13

8.24 a) n = 116

x = 57

= x = 57
n

116

p q
= .49 2.575
n

b) n = 800

x = 479

p q
n

= .60 2.17

c) n = 240
=

p z

d) n = 60

p z

(. 49 )(. 51 )
116

= .49 .12 = .37 < p < .61

97% C.I.

z.015 = 2.17

x
479
=
= .60
n 800

p z

z.005 = 2.575

= .49

p z

99% C.I.

x = 106

(. 60 )(. 40 )
800

= .60 .038 = .562 < p < .638

85% C.I.

z.075 = 1.44

x 106
=
= .44
n 240
p q
= .44 1.44
n

x = 21
x
21
=
n 60

(. 44 )(. 56 )
240

90% C.I.

= .44 .046 = .394 < p < .486

z.05 = 1.645

= .35

p q
= .35 1.645
n

(. 35 )(. 65 )
= .35 .10 = .25 < p < .45
60

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 14

8.25

n = 85

x = 40

90% C.I.

z.05 = 1.645

= x = 40 = .47

p z

85

p q
= .47 1.645
n

95% C.I.
p z

z.025 = 1.96

p q
= .47 1.96
n

99% C.I.
p z

(. 47 )(. 53 )
= .47 .09 = .38 < p < .56
85

(. 47 )(. 53 )
= .47 .106 = .364 < p < .576
85

z.005 = 2.575

p q
= .47 2.575
n

(. 47 )(. 53 )
= .47 .14 = .33 < p < .61
85

All things being constant, as the confidence increased, the width of the interval
increased.

8.26

n = 1003
p z

= .245

p q
= .245 + 2.575
n

99% CI

z.005 = 2.575

(. 245 )(. 755 )

= .245 + .035 = .21 < p < .28
1003

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 15

8.27

n = 560

n = 560

8.28

p z

8.29

a)
b)

= .28

90% CI

z.05 = 1.645

(. 28 )(. 72 )
= .28 + .0312 = .2488 < p < .3112
560

x = 997

98% C.I.

z.01 = 2.33

x
997
=
= .80
n 1250
p q
= .80 2.33
n

n = 3481

(. 80 )(. 20 )
= .80 .026 = .774 < p < .826
1250

x = 927

x
927
=
= .266
n 3481

= .266 Point Estimate

99% C.I.
p z

z.025 = 1.96

(. 47 )(. 53 )
= .47 + .0413 = .4287 < p < .5113
560

p q
= .28 + 1.645
n

n = 1250

95% CI

p q
= .47 + 1.96
n

p z

p z

= .47

z.005 = 2.575

p q
= .266 + 2.575
n

(. 266 )(. 734 )

= .266 .02 =
3481

.246 < p < .286

8.30

n = 89

x = 48

85% C.I.

z.075 = 1.44

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 16

x 48
=
= .54
n 89
p q
= .54 1.44
n

p z

8.31

= .63

n = 672

8.32 a) n = 12
2

.995,11

18.46 <

b) n = 7

.975,6

.95,19

.005,11

s = 1.24
s2 = 1.5376
df = 12 1 = 11

= 4.37
95% C.I.

= 1.237347

= 26.7569

(12 1)( 44 .9)

2.60321

0.64 <

<

99% C.I.

< 189.73

(7 1)(1.5376 )
<
14 .4494

c) n = 20

s2 = 44.9

= 2.60321

z = + 1.96

(. 63 )(. 37 )
= .63 + .0365 = .5935 < p < .6665
672

= 28.4

(12 1)( 44 .9)

<
26 .7569

= .54 .076 = .464 < p < .616

95% Confidence

p q
= .63 + 1.96
n

p z

(. 54 )(. 46 )
89

.025,6

= 14.4494

(7 1)(1.5376 )
1.237347

<

< 7.46
= 105
90% C.I.

s = 32
df = 20 1 = 19

= 10.117

( 20 1)(1024 )
<
30 .1435

<

.05,19

= 30.1435

( 20 1)(1024 )
10 .117

s2 = 1024

df = 12 1 = 11

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 17

645.45 <

s2 = 18.56

d) n = 17

.90,16

< 1923.10

12.61 <

.99,15

.10,16

= 5.22935

18.24 <

= 23.5418

(17 1)(18 .56 )

9.31223

<

98% C.I.

<

.01,15

(16 1)( 37 .1833 )

5.22935

< 106.66

s = 4.3
s2 = 18.49
98% C.I.
df = 20 1 = 19

= 7.63273

.99,19

(20 1)(18 .49 )

<
36 .1980

9.71 <

df = 16-1 = 15

= 30.5779

n = 12
2

df = 17 1 = 16

< 31.89

(16 1)( 37 .1833 )

<
30 .5779

8.34

s2 = 37.1833

n = 16

= 9.31223

(17 1)(18 .56 )

<
23 .5418

8.33

80% C.I.

.01,19

= 36.1980

( 20 1)(18 .49 )
7.63273

<

< 46.03

Point Estimate = s2 = 18.49

8.35

s2 = 3.067

n = 152

.995,14

= 4.07468

(15 1)( 3.067 )

<
31 .3193

1.37 <

< 10.54

99% C.I.

<

.005,14

= 31.3193

(15 1)( 3.067 )

24 .07468

df = 15 1 = 14

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 18

8.36

s2 = 26,798,241.76

n = 14

95% C.I.

df = 14 1 = 13

Point Estimate = s2 = 26,798,241.76

.975,13

= 5.00874

= 24.7356

.025,13

(14 1)( 26 ,798 ,241 .76 )

<
24 .7356

14,084,038.51 <
8.37 a) = 36

<

(14 1)( 26 ,798 ,241 .76 )

5.00874

< 69,553,848.45

E=5

95% Confidence

z.025 = 1.96

z 2 2 (1.96) 2 (36 ) 2
n=
= 199.15
=
E2
52

Sample 200
b) = 4.13
n=

E=1

99% Confidence

z 2 2 (2.575 ) 2 (4.13) 2
=
E2
12

= 113.1

Sample 114
c) E = 10

Range = 500 - 80 = 420

1/4 Range = (.25)(420) = 105

90% Confidence
n =

z.05 = 1.645

z 2 2 (1.645 ) 2 (105 ) 2
= 298.3
=
E2
10 2

Sample 299
d) E = 3

Range = 108 - 50 = 58

1/4 Range = (.25)(58) = 14.5

88% Confidence

z.06 = 1.555

z.005 = 2.575

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 19

n =

z 2 2 (1.555 ) 2 (14 .5) 2

=
E2
32

= 56.5

Sample 57

8.38 a) E = .02
n =

p=.40

96% Confidence

z.02 = 2.05

z 2 p q ( 2.05 ) 2 (. 40 )(. 60 )
=
= 2521.5
E2
(. 02 ) 2

Sample 2522
b) E = .04
n =

p=.50

95% Confidence

z.025 = 1.96

z 2 p q (1.96 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
= 600.25
E2
(. 04 ) 2

Sample 601

c) E = .05

p = .55

90% Confidence

z 2 p q (1.645 ) 2 (. 55 )(. 45 )
=
n =
= 267.9
E2
(. 05 ) 2

Sample 268

z.05 = 1.645

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 20

d) E =.01
n =

p = .50

99% Confidence

z.005 = 2.575

z 2 p q (2.575 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
= 16,576.6
E2
(. 01) 2

Sample 16,577

8.39

E = $200
n =

= $1,000

99% Confidence

z.005 = 2.575

z 2 2 (2.575) 2 (1000 ) 2
= 165.77
=
E2
200 2

Sample 166

8.40

E = $2
n =

= $12.50

90% Confidence

z 2 2 (1.645 ) 2 (12 .50 ) 2

= 105.7
=
E2
22

Sample 106

8.41

E = $100

Range = $2,500 - $600 = $1,900

1/4 Range = (.25)($1,900) = $475

90% Confidence

z.05 = 1.645

z 2 2 (1.645) 2 ( 475) 2
n =
= 61.05
=
E2
100 2

Sample 62

z.05 = 1.645

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 21

8.42 p = .20

q = .80

90% Confidence,
n =

E = .02
z.05 = 1.645

z 2 p q (1.645 ) 2 (. 20 )(. 80 )
=
= 1082.41
E2
(. 02 ) 2

Sample 1083

8.43 p = .50

q = .50

95% Confidence,

E = .05
z.025 = 1.96

z 2 p q (1.96 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
n =
E2
(. 05 ) 2

= 384.16

Sample 385

8.44 E = .10

p = .50

95% Confidence,
n =

q = .50
z.025 = 1.96

z 2 p q (1.96 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
= 96.04
E2
(. 10 ) 2

Sample 97

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 22

8.45

= 45.6

s = 7.7467

80% confidence
x z

z.01 = 2.33

s
7.7467
= 45 .6 2.33
n
35

42.549 <

For 90% confidence:

s = .4373
/2 = .05

s
.4373
= 12 .03 1.833
n
10

11.78 <

= 45.6 + 3.051

< 48.651

= 12.03 (point estimate)

x t

= 45.6 + 2.462

< 48.062

98% confidence

8.46

z.03 = 1.88

s
7.7467
= 45 .6 1.88
n
35

43.138 <

= 45.6 + 1.676

< 47.276

94% confidence

xz

z.10 = 1.28

s
7.7467
= 45 .6 1.28
n
35

43.924 <

x z

n = 35

< 12.28

n = 10
t.05,9= 1.833

= 12.03 + .25

df = 9

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 23

/2 = .025

For 95% confidence:

s
.4373
= 12 .03 2.262
10
n

x t

11.72 <

s
n

= 12 .03 3.25

11.58 <

8.47 a) n = 715
p =

= 12.03 + .31

< 12.34
/2 = .005

For 99% confidence:

x t

t.025,9 = 2.262

t.005,9 = 3.25

(. 4373 )
= 12.03 + .45
10

< 12.48

x = 329

329
= .46
715

95% confidence
p z

z.025 = 1.96

p q
(. 46 )(. 54 )
= .46 1.96
= .46 + .0365
n
715

.4235 < p < .4965

b) n = 284
z
p

= .71

q
p
= .71 1.645
n

.6657 < p < .7543

90% confidence

z.05 = 1.645

(. 71)(. 29 )
= .71 + .0443
284

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 24

c) n = 1250

= .48

95% confidence

z.025 = 1.96

p q
(. 48 )(. 52 )
= .48 1.96
= .48 + .0277
n
1250

p z

.4523 < p < .5077

d) n = 457
p =

x = 270

98% confidence

z.01 = 2.33

270
= .591
457
p q
(. 591 )(. 409 )
= .591 2.33
= .591 + .0536
n
457

p z

.5374 < p < .6446

8.48

n = 10

90% confidence,

.95,9

s2 = 54.7667

s = 7.40045

/2 = .05

= 3.32511

(10 1)( 54 .7667 )

<
16 .919

29.133 <

.975,9

(10 1)( 54 .7667 )

<
19 .0228
2

<

= 16.919

(10 1)( 54 .7667 )

3.32511

/2 = .025

= 2.70039

4.258 <

.05,9

1 - /2 = .95

< 148.236

95% confidence,

df = 10 1 = 9

< 182.529

.025,9

<

1 - /2 = .975

= 19.0228

(10 1)( 54 .7667 )

2.70039

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 25

8.49 a) = 44
n =

E=3

95% confidence

z 2 2 (1.96 ) 2 (44) 2
= 826.4
=
E2
32

Sample 827
b) E = 2

Range = 88 - 20 = 68

use = 1/4(range) = (.25)(68) = 17

90% confidence

z.05 = 1.645

z 2 2 (1.645 ) 2 (17 ) 2
= 195.5
=
E2
22

Sample 196
c) E = .04

p = .50

98% confidence

q = .50
z.01 = 2.33

z 2 p q ( 2.33 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
= 848.3
E2
(. 04 ) 2

Sample 849
d) E = .03

p = .70

95% confidence

q = .30
z.025 = 1.96

z2 p q
4(1.96 ) 2 (. 70 )(. 30 )
=
= 896.4
E2
(. 03 ) 2

Sample 897

z.025 = 1.96

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 26

8.50

n = 17

= 10.765

S = 2.223

/2 = .005

99% confidence

s
2.223
= 10 .765 2.921
17
n

x t

df = 17 - 1 = 16

t.005,16 = 2.921
= 10.765 + 1.575

9.19 < < 12.34

8.51

p=.40
n =

E=.03

90% Confidence

z.05 = 1.645

z 2 p q (1.645 ) 2 (. 40 )(. 60 )
=
= 721.61
E2
(. 03 ) 2

Sample 722

8.52

s2 = 4.941

n = 17

.995,16

2.307 <

<

.005,16

df = 17 1 = 16

= 34.2672

(17 1)( 4.941 )

5.14224

< 15.374

= 213

98% Confidence
xz

= 5.14224

(17 1)( 4.941 )

<
34 .2672

8.53 n = 45

99% C.I.

s = 48
z.01 = 2.33

s
48
= 213 2.33
= 213 16.67
n
45

196.33 < < 229.67

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 27

8.54 n = 39

= 37.256

90% confidence

s = 3.891

z.05 = 1.645

s
3.891
= 37 .256 1.645
= 37.256 1.025
n
39

x z

36.231 < < 38.281

8.55

=6

E=1

98% Confidence

z.98 = 2.33

z 2 2 ( 2.33) 2 (6) 2
= 195.44
=
E2
12

n =

Sample 196

8.56

n = 1,255
p =

714
1255

z
p

x = 714

95% Confidence

z.025 = 1.96

= .569

q
p
= .569 1.96
n

.542 < p < .596

(. 569 )(. 431 )

= .569 .027
1,255

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 28

8.57 n = 25

s = 21

= 128

98% C.I.

df = 25 1 = 24

t.01,24 = 2.492
Point Estimate = $128
x t

s
21
= 128 2.492
n
25

117.534 <

= 128 + 10.466

< 138.466

Interval Width = 138.466 117.534 = 20.932

8.58

n = 60

= 6.717

98% Confidence
xz

s
n

s = 3.059

N =300

z.01 = 2.33

N n
3.059
= 6.717 2.33
N 1
60

300 60
300 1

6.717 0.824 =
5.893 < < 7.541

8.59 E = $20

Range = $600 - $30 = $570

1/4 Range = (.25)($570) = $142.50

95% Confidence

z.025 = 1.96

z 2 2 (1.96 ) 2 (142 .50 ) 2

n =
= 195.02
=
E2
20 2

Sample 196

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 29

8.60

n = 245
p =

x = 189

90% Confidence

z.05= 1.645

x 189
=
= .77
n 245
p q
= .77 1.645
n

p z

(. 77 )(. 23 )
=
245

.77 .044

.726 < p < .814

8.61

n = 90

p =

x = 30

x 30
=
n 90

95% Confidence

z.025 = 1.96

= .33

p q
(. 33 )(. 67 )
= .33 1.96
= .33 .097
n
90

p z

.233 < p < .427

8.62

n = 12

s2 = 228

= 43.7

df = 12 1 = 11

t.025,11 = 2.201
x t

s
n

34.11 <

.975,11

228

= 43 .7 2.201

= 43.7 + 9.59

< 53.29

= 3.81575

(12 1)( 228 )

<
21 .92

114.42 <

12

<

< 657.28

.025,11

= 21.92

(12 1)( 228 )

3.81575

95% C.I.

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 30

8.63

n = 27
95% CI:
x t

= 4.82

s = 0.37

df = 26

t.025,26 = 2.056

s
0.37
= 4.82 2.056
= 4.82 + .1464
n
27

4.6736 < < 4.9664

We are 95% confident that does not equal 4.50.

8.64

n = 77

= 2.48

95% Confidence
xz

s = 12
z.025 = 1.96

s
12
= 2.48 1.96
n
77

= 2.48 2.68

-0.20 < < 5.16

The point estimate is 2.48
The interval is inconclusive. It says that we are 95% confident that the average
arrival time is somewhere between .20 of a minute (12 seconds) early and 5.16
minutes late. Since zero is in the interval, there is a possibility that on average the
flights are on time.

8.65

n = 560

99% Confidence
p z

=.33
z.005= 2.575

p q
= .33 2.575
n

.28 < p < .38

(. 33 )(. 67 )
560

= .33 (2.575) = .33 .05

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 31

8.66

p = .50

E = .05

98% Confidence

z.01 = 2.33

z 2 p q ( 2.33 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
= 542.89
E2
(. 05 ) 2

Sample 543

8.67

n = 27

= 2.10

98% confidence
x t

s = 0.86

/2 = .01

df = 27 - 1 = 26

t.01,26 = 2.479

s
0.86
= 2.10 2.479
= 2.10 (2.479) = 2.10 0.41
n
27

1.69 < < 2.51

8.68

n = 23

.95,22

df = 23 1 = 22
= 12.338

( 23 1)(. 0631455 ) 2
<
33 .9244

.0026 <

8.69

n = 39
x z

s = .0631455

.05,22

90% C.I.

= 33.9244

<

( 23 1)(. 0631455 ) 2
12 .338

< .0071

= 1.294

s = 0.205

s
0.205
= 1.294 2.575
n
39

1.209 < < 1.379

99% Confidence

z.005 = 2.575

= 1.294 (2.575) = 1.294 .085

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 32

8.70

The sample mean fill for the 58 cans is 11.9788 oz. with a standard deviation of
.0556 oz. The 99% confidence interval for the population fill is 11.9607 oz. to
11.9970 oz. which does not include 12 oz. We are 99% confident that the
population mean is not 12 oz. indicating an underfill from the machine.

8.71

The point estimate for the average length of burn of the new bulb is 2198.217
hours. Eighty-four bulbs were included in this study. A 90% confidence interval
can be constructed from the information given. The error of the confidence
interval is + 27.76691. Combining this with the point estimate yields the 90%
confidence interval of 2198.217 + 27.76691 = 2170.450 < < 2225.984.

8.72

The point estimate for the average age of a first time buyer is 27.63 years. The
sample of 21 buyers produces a standard deviation of 6.54 years. We are 98%
confident that the actual population mean age of a first-time home buyer is
between 24.02 years and 31.24 years.

8.73

A poll of 781 American workers was taken. Of these, 506 drive their cars to
work. Thus, the point estimate for the population proportion is 506/781 = .648. A
95% confidence interval to estimate the population proportion shows that we are
95% confident that the actual value lies between .613 and .681. The error of this
interval is + .034.