Introduction A.

Oztekin 2005 1
INTEGRAL FORMS OF BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS
WHEN CONTROL VOLUME IS AT REST RELATIVE TO INERTIAL AXES
V
B
n
n
n
Typical Control Volume
n = unit outward normal to the surface
Conservation Laws
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 2
The density of the material is defined by
the condition that mass of material in V + B


dV m
V

} } }
=
The material, or bulk, velocity v is defined by
the condition that
Linear Momentum of material in V + B


dV
V
v p
} } }
=


Mass and linear momentum
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 3




Conservation of Mass
. across leaving is mass which at rate
in mass of change of rate
in mass of change of rate
B
V
B V
+
= +


dA dV
t dt
dm
B V
) ( n v +
c
c
=
} } } } }

Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 4

Newton's Second Law
. outside from in material on exerted force total
in material of momentum linear of change of rate
B V
B V
+ =
+


.
) (
) (
dA dV
dA v dV
t dt
d
B V
B V
f g
n v
v p
} } } } }
} } } } }
+ =
+
c
c
=

) or viscous (elastic area unit per force surface

gravity) ( mass unit per force body
=
=
f
g
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 5
First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy Equation)


Usually,
}}} } } }
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
V
V
dV i edV E v v
2
1

where
mass unit per system the of energy e
system the of energy total E
material the of mass unit per energy internal
=
=
= i

|
.
|

\
|
+ = v v
2
1
i e
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 6
Conservation of Energy - Continued
. boundary the across conducted is heat which at rate
in generated is energy which at rate
at work do forces surface which at rate
in work do forces body which at rate
changes in material of , energy, which at rate
B
V
B
V
B V E
+
+
+
=
+



Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 7
Conservation of Energy - Continued
dA dV q
dA dV
dA e dV
t
e
dt
dE
B V
B V
B V
) (
) ( ) (
) (
n q
f v g v
n v

'
+ + =
+
c
c
=
} } } } }
} } } } }
} } } } }

mass unit per generated is energy which at rate
area unit per flux heat q
=
'
=
q

Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 8
HEAT CONDUCTION IN A RIGID MATERIAL
constant. p
, n p f , 0 g , 0 v , constant
=
= = = =
Energy Equation Becomes
. 0 ) ( =
'
+
c
c
} } } } } } } }
dV q dA dV
t
i
V B V
n q
Assumptions:
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 9
HEAT CONDUCTION IN A RIGID MATERIAL -
Continued
If
z y x
q , q , q q =
DIVERGENCE THEOREM implies that
dV
z
q
y
q
x
q
dA
z
y
x
V B
) ( ) (
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
} } } } }
n q
so that
0 ) ( =
'

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
dV q
z
q
y
q
x
q
t
i
z
y
x
V

Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 10
Consequently, at all points of the region
. q
z
q
y
q
x
q
t
i
z
y
x
'
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

Assumptions:
Internal energy is a function only of temperature and
Fourier's law holds so
. ) ( , ) ( , ) ( or
) ( q ), (
z
T
T k q
y
T
T k q
x
T
T k q
T T k T i i
z y x
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
V = =
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 11
Equation for
: ) t , z , y , x ( T

.
c heat, specific the of Definition
) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( (
) (
p
dT
di
c
q
z
T
T k
z y
T
T k
y x
T
T k
x
t
T
T c
p
p
=
'
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c

Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 12

( ) ( ) ( ) q
z x
T
k k
z y
T
k k
y x
T
k k
z
T
k
y
T
k
x
T
k
t
T
T c
zx xz zy yz yx xy
zz yy xx p
'
+
c c
c
+ +
c c
c
+ +
c c
c
+
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c

2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
) (
Non-isotropic Material
When k is constant and second order tensor
k will be different in different directions
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 13
Isotropic Material
y diffusivit thermal
c
k
q
c
T
t
T
q
c z
T
y
T
x
T
c
k
t
T
p
p
p p
:
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

o
o

=
'
+ V =
c
c
'
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
Coefficients are constant and isotropic material
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 14
p
c
k
where T
t
T

o o = V =
c
c
2
When there is no heat generation
Unsteady heat conduction Parabolic Equation
Infinite velocity of propagation of effects
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 15
Suggestion:

Use of Telegraph Equation Damped Wave Equation
Hyperbolic Equation the disturbances propagate with a
finite velocity
T
t
T c
Usually
time relaxation c where
T
t
T
t
T
c
2 10
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
1
10
1 1
V =
c
c
~
=
V =
c
c
+
c
c
o o
t
t
o
o
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 16
T
z y x
T
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 Cartesian Coordinate System
Cylindrical Coordinate System
Spherical Coordinate System
T
z r r
r
r r
T
z z and rSin y r x with
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
= V
= = =
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
, cos
u
u u
( ) T
r r
r
r r
T
r z and r y r x with
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
= V
= = =
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1
cos sin sin , cos sin
|

| |
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 17
Thermal Conductivity k (W/(m K) for heat diffusion
Metallic Solid (W/mK)
Silver 418
Cu 387
Stainless Steel 16
Nonmetallic Solids
Periclas, MgO 42
Quartz 19
Quartz fused 2
Pyrex 1
Liquids W/(m K)
Hg 8
Water 5
Freon 0.07
Gases
H
2
0.175
He 0.141
Air 0.0243
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 18
Thermal Conductivity k
k is affected by

(a) impurities (most values are given for pure substances)
(b) radiation damage
(c) alloying
k
metals
> k
nonmetals

k
solid
> k
liquid
> k
gas


the effect of density
solid
>
liquid
>
gas

Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 19
Thermal Conductivity k
For metals,
Electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are related by
k = L
0
o T
where L
0
: Lorentz constant, o : electrical conductivity

For gases,
k c
v

for monatomic gases (rigid sphere molecules) k = 5/2 c
v

In general,
k depends on temperature T
k may also depend on pressure (p) and composition (c)

k usually is decreasing function of T for solids and liquids
and is increasing function of T for gases
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 20
Boundary Conditions at a Surface
1. Specify the temperature
). , , ( ) , , , 0 (
0
t z y T t z y T =
2. Specify the heat flux
). , , (
0
t z y q
x
T
k =
c
c

Special case when the surface is insulated

. 0 =
c
c
x
T

: 0 x =
x = 0
Solid
T(x,y,z,t)
T = T
0
(x,y,z)
Another Material
Introduction A. Oztekin 2005 21
Boundary Conditions at a Surface - Continued
3. Surface convection
). ) , , ( (
1 0
T t z y T h
x
T
k =
c
c

4. Surface radiation
). ) , , ( ( ) ) , , ( (
4
1
4
0 1 0
T t z y T T t z y T h
x
T
k + =
c
c
co

In general coefficients k, h, and c vary from point to point on the surface

: 0 x =
x = 0
Solid
T(x,y,z,t)
T = T
0
(x,y,z)
Another Material
T
1

). ) , , ( (
4
1
4
0
T t z y T
x
T
k =
c
c
co
o: Stefan - Boltzman constant
c: emissivity (0 s c s 1)
5. Surface convection and radiation