Power System

Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Power System Protection
S.A.Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Bombay
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
1
Introduction
Sources of Fault Current
2
Sequence Components
Positive Sequence Components
Negative Sequence Components
Zero Sequence Components
3
Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors
Linearity in Transformation
4
Modeling Network
5
Fault Current Computation
Three Phase Fault
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Estimation of fault current is very important because
Fault current estimates and fault impedance form input
for setting and coordination of protective devices.
Since the system should withstand the resulting
stresses due to fault, equipment ratings are decided
based on these values.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
1
Introduction
Sources of Fault Current
2
Sequence Components
Positive Sequence Components
Negative Sequence Components
Zero Sequence Components
3
Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors
Linearity in Transformation
4
Modeling Network
5
Fault Current Computation
Three Phase Fault
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
The fault current in a system is contributed by
Synchronous Motors and Condensors
Induction Machines
Synchronous Generators
Electrical Utility System
Distributed Generation
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Sequence Components
The concept of sequence components was introduced
by Charles. L. Fortescue in 1918.
His intuition was that any 3 unbalanced system has 6
degrees of freedom whereas a balanced 3 has only 2
degrees of freedom.
Hence an unbalanced 3 phasors can be synthesized
by 3 sets of balanced phasors. They are
Positive Sequence Components
Negative Sequence Components
Zero Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
1
Introduction
Sources of Fault Current
2
Sequence Components
Positive Sequence Components
Negative Sequence Components
Zero Sequence Components
3
Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors
Linearity in Transformation
4
Modeling Network
5
Fault Current Computation
Three Phase Fault
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Positive Sequence Components
It represents a set of balanced phasors

V
a1
,

V
b1
and

V
c1
.
They are the balanced set of phasors in steady
operation of an ideal system.
If the stator of an induction motor is subjected to
positive sequence voltage, it causes rotation in anti
clockwise direction.

V
b1
= a
2

V
a1

V
c1
= a

V
a1
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
1
Introduction
Sources of Fault Current
2
Sequence Components
Positive Sequence Components
Negative Sequence Components
Zero Sequence Components
3
Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors
Linearity in Transformation
4
Modeling Network
5
Fault Current Computation
Three Phase Fault
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Negative Sequence Components
It represents a set of balanced phasors

V
a2
,

V
b2
and

V
c2
.
The order of

V
b2
and

V
c2
has been reversed with
respect to positive sequence phasors.
If the stator of an induction motor is subjected to
negative sequence voltage, it causes rotation of rotor in
clockwise direction.

V
b2
= a

V
a2

V
c2
= a
2

V
a2
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
1
Introduction
Sources of Fault Current
2
Sequence Components
Positive Sequence Components
Negative Sequence Components
Zero Sequence Components
3
Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors
Linearity in Transformation
4
Modeling Network
5
Fault Current Computation
Three Phase Fault
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Zero Sequence Components
It represents a set of balanced phasors

V
a0
,

V
b0
and

V
c0
.
Application of zero sequence voltage will not cause any
rotation of rotor of an induction machine.
This is because the net mmf induced in the air gap is
zero.

V
a0
= a

V
b0
=

V
c0
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Mathematical Description of Sequence Components

V
a
V
b
V
c

1 1 1
1 a
2
a
1 a a
2

V
a0
V
a1
V
a2

Or
[V
abc
] = [T][V
012
a
]

V
a0
V
a1
V
a2

=
1
3

1 1 1
1 a a
2
1 a
2
a

V
a
V
b
V
c

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
1
Introduction
Sources of Fault Current
2
Sequence Components
Positive Sequence Components
Negative Sequence Components
Zero Sequence Components
3
Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors
Linearity in Transformation
4
Modeling Network
5
Fault Current Computation
Three Phase Fault
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Signicance of Linearity in Sequence Transformation
Sequence transformation matrix provides a
methodology to convert sequence domain phasors to
phase domain phasors.
Inverse transformation matrix converts phase domain
phasors to sequence domain phasors.
There is no loss of information in either domain.
Both transformations are linear.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Signicance of Linearity in Sequence Transformation
Sequence transformation matrix provides a
methodology to convert sequence domain phasors to
phase domain phasors.
Inverse transformation matrix converts phase domain
phasors to sequence domain phasors.
There is no loss of information in either domain.
Both transformations are linear.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Signicance of Linearity in Sequence Transformation
Sequence transformation matrix provides a
methodology to convert sequence domain phasors to
phase domain phasors.
Inverse transformation matrix converts phase domain
phasors to sequence domain phasors.
There is no loss of information in either domain.
Both transformations are linear.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Signicance of Linearity in Sequence Transformation
Sequence transformation matrix provides a
methodology to convert sequence domain phasors to
phase domain phasors.
Inverse transformation matrix converts phase domain
phasors to sequence domain phasors.
There is no loss of information in either domain.
Both transformations are linear.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Modeling Network in Sequence Domain
Sequence component analysis is used when network is
balanced but phasors or loads unbalanced. Consider a
transposed transmission line with self impedance Z
s
and
mutual impedance Z
m
.

V
a
V
b
V
c

Z
s
Z
m
Z
m
Z
m
Z
s
Z
m
Z
m
Z
m
Z
s

I
a
I
b
I
c

V
a0
V
a1
V
a2

Z
s
+2Z
m
0 0
0 Z
s
Z
m
0
0 0 Z
s
Z
m

I
a0
I
a1
I
a2

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Advantages of Sequence Transformation
It is used when the network is balanced and it provides
decoupling of the network.
It can be applied for both balanced and unbalanced
loads.
Zero sequence currents provide sensitive earth fault
detection technique.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
1
Introduction
Sources of Fault Current
2
Sequence Components
Positive Sequence Components
Negative Sequence Components
Zero Sequence Components
3
Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors
Linearity in Transformation
4
Modeling Network
5
Fault Current Computation
Three Phase Fault
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Three Phase Fault
For a three phase fault,
I
2
= I
0
= 0 and I
1
= I
a
For a solid fault, fault current
I
1
=
V
Z
1
For fault through an
impedance Z
f
I
1
=
V
Z
1
+Z
f