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37 views11 pagesUh L5 Sound Waves & Doppler Effect
Two sound waves with nearly the same frequencies interacting will produce a warbling sound that is alternately louder and softer. This is known as beats. For example, tones of 440 Hz and 444 Hz heard simultaneously will produce 4 beats per second. The Doppler effect occurs when there is relative motion between a source and observer, resulting in a change of observed frequency compared to the source frequency. When the source or observer is moving, the observed frequency is higher if moving towards each other and lower if moving away from each other. Sound waves can be classified as infrasound, audible, or ultrasound depending on their frequency.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
37 views11 pagesUh L5 Sound Waves & Doppler Effect
Two sound waves with nearly the same frequencies interacting will produce a warbling sound that is alternately louder and softer. This is known as beats. For example, tones of 440 Hz and 444 Hz heard simultaneously will produce 4 beats per second. The Doppler effect occurs when there is relative motion between a source and observer, resulting in a change of observed frequency compared to the source frequency. When the source or observer is moving, the observed frequency is higher if moving towards each other and lower if moving away from each other. Sound waves can be classified as infrasound, audible, or ultrasound depending on their frequency.
Uploaded by
Luis AlvaradoCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UH L5
Sound waves &
Doppler Effect
Beats: Two sound waves with nearly
the same frequencies interact with
one another, will produce a warbling
sound, a sound that is alternately
louder and softer.
Example : A person hears tones of
440 hertz and 444 hertz
simultaneously. Calculate
(a) The number of beats heard each
second
444 Hz 440 Hz = 4 beats/s
(b) The pitch of the resultant sound
(444 +440 Hz)/2 = 442 Hz
Sound waves spectrum
- Audible region: 20 20 KHz
- Infrasound: f < 20 Hz
produced by earthquake, wind,
weather patterns, be heard by some
animals
- Ultrasound: f > 20 KHz,
used to detect underwater objects;
echolocation by bats; ultrasound in
medicine.
The speed of sound
- The speed of sound is generally about 2-
4 times as fast in solids as in liquids and
about 10 -15 times as fast in solids as in
air.
- in dry air v = ( 331 + 0.6Tc ) m/s
where Tc is the air temperature in
Celsius.
- Speed of sound in various materials
in a copper rod v
Cu
= 3.5 x 10
3
m/s
in water v
H2O
= 1.5 x 10
3
m/s
in air at 20 C v
air
= 3.43 x 10
2
m/s
Sound intensity and intensity level
Intensity I = (energy/time)/area
= power/area = P/A
For point source I = P/4R
2
Threshold of hearing: I
0
= 10
-12
W/m
2
Threshold of pain (intensity
uncomfortably loud) Ip = 1 W/m
2
Intensity level (decibel level dB)
= 10 log(I/I
0
) dB where I
0
= 10
-12
W/m
2
Doppler Effect occurs with all types of
waves as the results of relative motion
between a source and an observer.
Source in motion
Static observer
red-shift & blue shift.
Results of Doppler Effect
In mechanical waves -> higher/lower freq
than the standing source frequency.
In electromagnetic waves -> red/blue shift
Doppler effect for a moving source
f
obs
= v/ = ( v / (v - v
s
) ) f
s
s moves toward o
f
obs
= v/ = ( v / (v + v
s
) ) f
s
s moves away
from o
Doppler effect for a moving observer
f
obs
= v/ = ( v + v
o
) f
s
/v o moves toward s
f
obs
= v/ = ( v - v
o
) f
s
/v o moves away from
s