INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Finite Element Analysis

FEA consists of a computer model of a mathematical or design that is stressed and
analyzed for specific results. It is used in new product design and existing product refinement. A
company is able to verify a proposed design will be able to perform to the client specifications
prior to manufacturing. Modifying an existing product or structure is used to qualify the product.
In case of structure failure FEA is used to help determine the design modifications to melt the
new condition.
here are generally two types of analysis that are used in industry. !" modeling
and #" modeling while !" modeling conserves simplicity and allows the analysis to be run on a
relatively normal computer it tends to yield less accurate results. #" modeling however produces
more accurate results while scarifying the ability to run on all fastest computer effectively within
each of these modeling schemes the programmer can insert numerous algorithms which may ta$e
the system behave linearly or non%linearly.
FEA Working Prini!le
FEA uses a complex system of points called nodes which ma$e a grid called a
mesh. his mesh is programmed to contain the material and structural properties which define
how the structure will react to certain loading conditions nodes are assigned at a certain density
throughout the material depending on the anticipated stress levels. &sually have a higher node
density than these which experience little or no stress points of interest may consists of fracture
point of previously tested material. he mesh acts as a spider mesh is that from each node these
extend a mesh element to each ad'ustment nodes.
Each FEA program may come with an element library or one is constructed
overtime. (ome sample elements are
i. )od elements
ii. *eam elements
iii. +late, shell, composite elements
iv. (olid element
v. (pring and Mass element
vi. )igid element
vii. -iscous damping element.
Main ste!s o" FEA Proess#
$i%#Mo&el Creation#
A detailed model of the component is drawn is !" or #" space according to the
requirement. he model can also be made in preprocessor or some different .A" pac$age and
data can be then transferred to ma$e a new model according to the analysis being carried out.
$ii%# A!!lying Mes'#
Mesh generation is a process of dividing the analysis process into finite element
to set better results. he finer the mesh more accurate the results and longer the time ta$en.
Aim of mesh generation is to create a minimum number of elements is order to
reduce the processing time.
$iii%# Assigning Pro!erties#
Material properties such as density, thermal conductivity coefficient of heat etc
are defined and their effects are analyzed under different operating conditions. /ptimization goal
such as addition of material and removal and design modifications are also defined. Areas where
in weight can be reduced are indicated along with design suggestions to minimize the chances of
part failure.
May FEA programs also equipped with the capability to use multiple materials
within structure such as
i. Isotropic.
ii. /rthotropic.
iii. Anisotropic.
Ty!es o" Analysis
$i%#Str(t(ral Analysis)
.onsists of linear and non%linear models. 0inear models use simple parameters
and assume that the material is not plastically deformed non linear models consists of stressing
the material part its elastic capabilities.
$ii%# *i+ration Analysis#
It is used to test the material against random vibrations. (hoc$ and impact each of
these incidents may act upon natural frequency of the incidents may act upon natural frequency
of the material which is turn may cause resonance and subsequent failure.
$iii%#Fatig(e Analysis#
Fatigue analysis helps designers to predict the life of material or structure by
showing the effects of cyclic loading.
$i,%#-eat Trans"er analysis#
1eat transfer analysis models the conductivity or thermal fluid dynamic of the
material or structure. his may consists of a steady state or transient transfer.
Res(lts o" "inite element analysis
FEA has become a solution to the tas$ of predicting failure due to
un$nown stresses by showing problems is a material and allowing designers to see all the
theoretical stresses within. his method of product design and testing is far superior to the
manufacturing costs which would be accurate if each sample was actually built and tested.
E2.3/456 SPACE TRUSS ANALYSIS
"ate455.5!.6#
AIM)
o determine displacement and reaction forces at 'oints and supports of space
truss and compare results with A3(7( results.
PRO.LEM DESCRIPTION)
A #" space truss is made of steel 8E9!55:pa; and is to support the load. All
dimensions are is centimeters. .ross sectional area of each member is !5cm
!
. As it is a space
truss #" spar element lin$ and is used for analysis one real constant set and are material model
are defined. he 'oint displacements reactions at supports are determined.
PROCEDURE)
PREPROCESSOR)
6. In main menu select preprocessor < element type < Add=Edit=delete.
!. /n the element type dialog box clic$ add. /n element type library select structural lin$ in
the left list box and then select #" finit stn 6>5 in the right list box. .lic$ o$ to accept the
element.
#. In main menu select preprocessor < )eal constant < Add=edit=delete.
?. /n real constant dialog box, .lic$ add. /n the element types for real constants dialog
box. (elect lin$> under choose element type and clic$ o$.
@. /n the real constant set number6 for lin$> dialog box enter !5 for cross sectional area.
.lic$ o$.
A. In main menu select preprocessor < Material properties < Material models. /n the
define material model behavior dialog box. "ouble clic$ structural < linear < elastic <
isotropic in the material models available box.
B. /n the linear isotropic properties for material number dialog box. Enter !5EA for Ex and
clic$ o$. (et +)27 to 5.5
>. In the main menu select preprocessor < modeling < create < nodes < In active .(.
/n create nodes in active .( system enter 6 for node number C 86!5,5,5; for 2,7,D
location .lic$ o$. .reate elements !,#,? and @ using data from below table.
In the main menu select preprocessor < modeling < create < elements < auto
numbered < hru nodes. +ic$ node 6 and node ! using left mouse button. )epeated again
create elements !,#,?,@,A,B,> and E using the below table.
Eleme
nt No
Coordinates in Global Cartesian System
Local Node 1 Local Node 2
1 1 4
2 1 2
3 1 3
4 1 5
5 2 4
6 2 5
7 3 4
8 3 5
9 4 5
E. In the main menu select solution < define loads < apply < structural < displacement
on nodes. +ic$ nodes !, #, ? and clic$ apply on the apply & )/ on nodes pic$ing menu.
65. /n the apply & )/ on nodes dialog box select all "/F from the "/FFs to be
constrained list box. .lic$ o$.
Node No
Coordinates in Global Cartesian System
X cm! " cm! # cm!
1 12$ $ $
2 $ $ %6$
3 $ $ 6$
4 $ 12$ $
5 $ $ $
66. In the main menu select solution < define loads < apply < structural < force=moment
value on nodes < pic$ nodes 6, @ and clic$ apply.
6!. /n the apply F=M on nodes dialog box select F7 from direction of Force=moment drop
down box and enter %!555 for value clic$ apply.
6#. Again pic$ nodes 6, @ and clic$ apply. (elect FD from the direction of force=moment drop
down box and enter %6555 for force=moment value and clic$ o$.
SOLUTION)
6?. In the main menu select solution < solve < current 0( < clic$ o$. /n the (olve current
load step dialog box. .lose solution done. .lose the dialogue box.
/ENERAL POST PROCESSOR)
6@. In the main menu select general post processor < plot result < contour plot <
nodal solution < "/F (olution < 2 component of displacement.
6A. 3odal (olution < "/F solution < 7 component of displacement.
6B. (elect nodal solution < "/F solution < D component of displacement.
6>. In the main menu select general post processor < list results < nodal solution. (elect
nodal solution < "/F solution < displacement vector sum and clic$ o$.
6E. )eview the results and close command window.
!5. From utility menu select file < exit save all and .lic$ o$.
RESULT)
hus the nodal deflection and reaction forces of the truss are determined using A3(7(.
8a;. No&al &is!laement
3ode 3o
"isplacement in GcmG along
2 axis 7 axis D axis
6
%!.66A 2 65
%#
%!.66A 2 65
%#
%5.>#> 2 65
%#
@ %5.?6E 2 65
%#
A 2 65
%#
%5.B@ 2 65
%#
8b;. Reation "ores at s(!!orts
3ode 3o
)eaction forces in G3G along
2 axis 7 axis D axis
! !555 5 6@55
# 5 5 @55
? %!555 ?555 5
E0#NO) 12 ANALYSIS OF A LON/ CYLINDER PRESSURE *ESSEL
Date) 11#12#34
AIM)
o analyze a long cylinder pressure vessel and to determine the maximum deflection,
tangential and radial stresses.
PRO.LEM DESCRIPTION)
A long cylinder pressure vessel of inside diameter 65cm and outside diameter !5cm is
sub'ected to an internal pressure 65$3=cm
!
. !5 structural solid element plane >! is used to
perform analysis.
PROCEDURE)
PREPROCESSOR)
6. In the main menu select preprocessor <Element type< Add=Edit="elete on the library
of element dialog box select structural solid in the left list box and then select Huad > node >! in
the right list box. (elect axis symmetric from element behavior drop down box and clic$ /$.
!. In main menu <preprocessor< materials properties< material models double clic$
structural< linear< elastic isotropic in right list box.
#. Enter !.6EB for E2 C 5.# for +)27.
?. (elect preprocessor< modeling< create< $ey points< Inactive .( on the create $ey
points in active co%ordinate system dialog box enter 6 for $ey point number and 865,5,5; for 27D
location in active cs.
@. (elect preprocessor< modeling< create< Areas <Arbitrary< hrough I+(
A. +ic$ $ey points 6,!,#,? clic$ o$ on the pic$ing menu.
B. (elect preprocessor< Meshing< (ize .ontrols< Manual (ize< :lobal (ize on the
global element sizes dialog box enter !5 for number of element divisions and clic$ /$.
>. (elect +reprocessor< Meshing< Mesh< Areas< Free< *oundary< 0oading
.onditions.
E. (elect +reprocessor< 0oads< "efine loads apply structural <displacements< /n
modes on the apply u, )/ to be constrained and clic$ /$.
65. In the utility menu select< entities, select< plot< )eplot, (elect< Entities
66. (elect +reprocessor< 0oads< "efine 0oads< Apply< (tructural< +ressure< /n
nodes on the apply press on elements dialog box enter 65,555 for load press value.
6!. (elect< everything
6#. +lot< elements clic$ save "* in ansys tool bar.
SOLUTION)
6?. In the main menu select solution < solve < current 0( < clic$ o$. /n the (olve
current load step dialog box. .lose solution done. .lose the dialogue box.
/ENERAL POST PROCESSOR)
6@. (elect general post processor< plot results< contour plot< nodal solutions.
6A. (elect nodal solutions< stress< 2 component stress contour nodal solution dialog
box select nodal solution <stress< D component of stress .loc$ /$.
6B. In the main menu select general post processor list results< 3odal solution on the list
nodal solution data dialog box.
6>. (elect nodal solution <stress <2 component of stress .lic$ /$.
6E. )eview and close the +)3(/0 command window. In the utility menu select File<
Exit on the exit from ansys select save< everything and clic$ /$.
RESULT)
hus the maximum deflection, tangential and radial stress induced in long cylindrical pressure
vessel in determined using A3(7(.
Maximum hoop stress 9 AAA@.@>3= cm
!
Maximum radial stress9%EEE>?.@63=cm
!
E0#NO) 14 A0IAL DEFLECTION OF OPEN COILED -ELICAL SPRIN/
Date) 11#12#34
AIM)
o determine the deflection of an open coil helical spring.
PRO.LEM DESCRIPTION)
An open coiled helical spring consist of 65 coils of mean diameter @cm the wire forming the
coils bring Amm diameter and ma$ing a constant angle of #5
5
with planes perpendicular to the
axis of spring. he spring is attached to a tensile load of 6!@3 E9!.6EB3=cm
!
, :9>.?EA 3=cm
!
.
he spring is analyzed for maximum deflection #"%65 node tetrahedral structural solid element
solid E! is used to perform the analysis.
PROCEDURE)
PREPROCESSOR)
6. Initially clic$ the preferences and select the structural preferences< structural< /$
!. In the main menu select preprocessor< Element ype< Add=Edit="elete on the library
of element types dialog box select structural solid in the box and select et 65 node E! in
the right list box.
#. (elect preprocessor <Material +rops< Material models< "ouble clic$ structural<
0inear< Elastic /rthotropic< Enter !.6EB for Ex, E7,ED and >.?EA for :xy, :yz, :zx.
?. (elect preprocessor <Modeling< .reate< Iey points inactive .( Enter 85,5,5; for
x,y,z location.
@. (elect wor$ plane <select and change active .( to global co%ordinates.
A. (elect preprocessor <Modeling< .reate <0ines In Active .( co%ordinates pic$ $ey
points !6 and !! in the same order and close the pic$ing menu.
B. In the utility menu select wor$ plane< off set wp by increments enter85,5,E5; for
xy,yz,zx angles and .lic$ /$.
>. (elect preprocessor< Modeling< .reate <Areas <.ircle <(olid .ircle enter 5.# for
radius and clic$ /$.
E. (elect +reprocessor< Modeling </perate <Extrude< Areas <Along lines< +ic$
area 6 and clic$ /$.
65. (elect preprocessor <Meshing< Mash tool on the mesh tool dialog box clic$ mesh and
clic$ pic$ all from mesh volumes pic$ing menu.
66. (elect preprocessor <0oads< define 0oads< Apply <(tructural< "isplacement </n
Areas< +ic$ Area and clic$ /$ . (elect all "/F and clic$ /$.
6!. (elect +reprocessor< 0oads< "efine loads <Apply <(tructural< Force=Moment
</n $ey points< +ic$ $ey points and clic$ /$.
6#. /n the apply Force=Moment on $ey points dialog box select Fz from direction of
Force=Moment drop down box and enter 6!@ for Force=Moment value.
SOLUTION)
6?. In the main menu select Finish and select solution <(olve< .urrent 0s.
6@. In the main menu select finish.
/ENERAL POST PROCESSOR)
6A. (elect general post processor< +lot results< .ounter +lot< 3odal solution< (elect
3odal (olution< "/F solution< D component of displacement .lic$ /$.
RESULT)
hus the axial deflection of an open coil is determined of an open coil helical spring is
determined using A3(7(.
Minimum axial deflection 9%5.55##!Ecm
Maximum axial deflection96.!!Ecm
E0#NO)5 MODAL ANALYSIS ON CANTILE*ER .EAM
Date) 11#12#34
AIM)
o determine displacement at modal points of cantilever beam using A3(7( and
analysis the modal results.
PRO.LEM DESCRIPTION)
3/ME3.0A&)E4
0 9@m, 0ength of beam
b 95.@m, .ross (ection *ase
h 95.@m .ross (ection 1eight
E9BJ65
65
3=mK!, 7oungFs Modulus of Aluminum
L95.#@, +oissonFs )atio of Aluminum
M9!B55$g=mK#, "ensity of Aluminum
N96=6E! mK?, Moment of Inertia
In this module, we will introduce the A3(7( Mechanical A+"0 -ibration Analysis
ype. his uses the Modal solution method. his tutorial will explore the free vibration of a
cantilever beam modeled with 6" *EAM elements and we will extract the natural frequencies
and mode shapes at these frequencies.
PROCEDURE
+)EFE)E3.E(
6. :o to Main Menu < +references
!. .hec$ the box that says (tructural
#. .lic$ /I
IE7 +/I3(
(ince we will be using 6" Elements, our goal is to model the length of the beam.
6. :o to Main Menu < +reprocessor < Modeling < .reate < Ieypoints < /n Oor$ing
+lane
!. .lic$ :lobal .artesian
#. In the box underneath, write4 5,5,5. his will create a $ey point at the origin.
?. .lic$ Apply
@. )epeat (teps # and ? for @,5,5
A. .lic$ /$
B. he riad in the top left corner is bloc$ing $eypoint 6.
o get rid of the triad, type =triad,off in &tility Menu < .ommand +rompt
>. :o to &tility Menu < +lot < )eplot
0I3E
6. :o to Main Menu < +reprocessor < Modeling < .reate < 0ines < 0ines < (traight
0ine
!. (elect +ic$
#. (elect 0ist of Items
?. ype 6,! for points previously generated.
@. .lic$ /$
PREPROCESSOR
6. :o to Main Menu < +reprocessor < Element ype < Add=Edit="elete Add
!. .lic$ *eam < !" Elastic # ..lic$ /I
)EA0 ./3(A3( A3" MAE)IA0 +)/+E)IE(.
3ow we will dimension our beam.
6. :o to Main Menu < +reprocessor < )eal .onstants < Add=Edit="elete
!. .lic$ Add
#. .hoose ype 6 *eam# .lic$ /I
?. &nder .ross%sectional area A)EA enter 6=?
@. &nder Area moment of inertia IDD Enter 6=6E!
A. &nder otal beam height 1EI:1 enter 5.@ .lic$ /I
B. .lic$ .lose
3ow we must specify 7oungFs Modulus, +oissonFs )atio and "ensity
6. :o to Main Menu < +reprocessor < Material +rops < Material Models
!. :o to Material Model 3umber 6 < (tructural < 0inear < Elastic < Isotropic
#. Input BE65 for the 7oungFs Modulus in E2.
?. Input 5.#@ for +oissonFs )atio in +)27 ..lic$ /I
@. :o to Material Model 3umber 6 < (tructural < "ensity
A. Input !B55 for the "ensity in "E3( ..lic$ /I
B. close /f "efine Material Model *ehavior window
ME(1I3:
6. :o to Main Menu < +reprocessor < Meshing < Mesh ool
!. :o to (ize .ontrols4 < :lobal < (et
#. &nder 3"I- 3o. of element divisions put 65. his will create a mesh of a total 65
elements ..lic$ /I
?. .lic$ Mesh
@. .lic$ +ic$ All
A. :o to &tility Menu < +lot < 3odes
B. :o to &tility Menu < +lot .ontrols < 3umberingP
>. .hec$ 3/"E 3ode 3umbers to /3 ..lic$ /I
"I(+0A.EME3
6. :o to Main Menu < +reprocessor < 0oads < "efine 0oads <Apply <(tructural <
"isplacement < /n 3odes
!. (elect +ic$ < (ingle < and clic$ node 6..lic$ /I
#. &nder 0ab! "/Fs to be constrained select All "/F
?. &nder -alue "isplacement value enter 5 ..lic$ /I
SOLUTION
Analysis ype
6. :o to Main Menu < (olution < Analysis ype < 3ew Analysis
!. .hoose Modal ..lic$ /I
#. :o to Main Menu < (olution < Analysis ype <Analysis /ptions
?. &nder 3o. of modes to extract enter > ..lic$ /I
@. (ince there is no added Frequency, clic$ /I in *loc$ 0anczos Oindow
A. :o to Main Menu < (olution < (olve < .urrent 0(
/ENERAL POSTPROCESSOR
3atural frequencies
:o to Main Menu < :eneral +ostproc < 0ist )esults < "etailed (ummary
M/"E (1A+E
o view the mode shapes that correspond to these frequencies4
6. :o to Main Menu < :eneral +ostproc < )ead )esults < *y +ic$
!. (elect the lowest Eigenvalue4 (et 6 < .lic$ )ead..lic$ .lose
#. :o to Main Menu < :eneral +ostproc < +lot )esults < "eformed (hape
?. &nder I&3" Items to be plotted select "ef Q undeformed ..lic$ /I
RESULT)
hus the displacement at modal points of cantilever beam can be determined using A3(7(
and analysis the modal results.
E0#NO)16 T-ERMAL 7 MI0ED .OUNDARY
"ate455.5!.6# 8CONDUCTION9 CON*ECTION AND INSULATED:
AIM)
Analysis of a simple conduction as well as a mixed conduction, convection and isolation
problem is carried out. he mixed conduction, convection and isolation boundary conditions.
Example is constrained as shown in fig. assume section to be infinite long.
PROCEDURE)
PREPROCESSOR)
6. .reate geometry.
Modelling< create < areas < rectangle< by ! corners< x95 y95 < width 9 6
height 9 6
!. Element type.
+reprocessor< element type < Add=Edit="elete < (elect thermal <mass<
solid Huad?node @@.
#. Material properties.
+reprocessor < material props < material model < hermal < conductivity <
Isotropic < $xx96v
?. Mesh size.
+reprocessor < meshing< size control< manual (ize < areas < all areas.
@. Mesh.
+reprocessor< meshing< mesh< areas < free < pic$ all.
A. "efine load.
(olution< define load < apply < thermal< temperature < on lines.
B. Apply convection boundary convection.
(olution< define loads< apply< thermal < convection < on lines.
>. Apply insulated boundary condition.
(olution < define loads< apply< thermal .onvection on lines.
E. (olve.
(olution < solve < current 0( < (olution is done.
65. )ead )esults.
:eneral post processor < plot results< contour plot < 3odal solution <"/F
solution <temperature.
RESULT)
he mixed boundary Rconduction=convection=insulationS for given example were
determined using A3(7(.
E2.3/45> .RID/E STRUCTURE ANALYSES
"ate455.5!.6#
AIM)
o determine stresses and the vertical displacements at 'oints and supports of bridge structure
with A*AH&( results.
PRO.LEM DESCRIPTION)
he two dimensional bridge structure, which consists of steel sections, is simply
supported at its lower corners. A uniform distributed load of 6555 3=m is applied to the lower
horizontal members in the vertical downward direction.
"etermine the stresses and the vertical displacements.
PROCEDURE)
6. (tart Abaqus and choose to create a new model database
!. In the model tree double clic$ on the T+artsU node 8or right clic$ on TpartsU and select
.reate;
#. In the .reate +art dialog box 8shown above; name the part and
a. (elect T!" +lanarU
b. (elect T"eformableU
c. (elect TOireU
d. (et approximate size 9 !5
e. .lic$ T.ontinuePU
?. .reate the geometry shown below 8not discussed here;
@. "ouble clic$ on the TMaterialsU node in the model tree
a. 3ame the new material and give it a description
b. .lic$ on the TMechanicalU tab&Elasticity&Elastic
c. "efine 7oungFs Modulus and +oissonFs )atio 8use (I units;
OA)3I3:4 here are no predefined system of units within Abaqus, so the user is responsible
for ensuring that the correct values are specified
d. .lic$ T/IU
A. "ouble clic$ on the T+rofilesU node in the model tree
a. 3ame the profile and select TU for the shape
i. 3ote that the TU shape is one of several predefined crosssections
b. . lic$ T.ontinuePU
c. Enter the values for the profile shown below
d. .lic$ T/IU
B. "ouble clic$ on the T(ectionsU node in the model tree
a. 3ame the section T*eam +ropertiesU and select T*eamU for both the category and
the type
b. .lic$ T.ontinuePU
c. 0eave the section integration set to T"uring AnalysisU
d. (elect the profile created above 8(ection;
e. (elect the material created above 8(teel;
f. .lic$ T/IU
>. Expand the T+artsU node in the model tree, expand the node of the part 'ust created, and
double clic$ on
T(ection AssignmentsU
a. (elect the entire geometry in the viewport and press Enter
b. (elect the section created above 8*eam +roperties;
c. .lic$ T/IU
E. Expand the TAssemblyU node in the model tree and then double clic$ on TInstancesU
a. (elect T"ependentU for the instance type
b. .lic$ T/IU
65. "ouble clic$ on the T(tepsU node in the model tree
a. 3ame the step, set the procedure to T:eneralU, and select T(tatic, :eneralU
b. .lic$ T.ontinuePU
c. :ive the step a description
d. .lic$ T/IU
66. Expand the Field /utput )equests node in the model tree, and then double clic$ on F
/utput6 8F/utput6 was automatically generated when creating the step;
a. &nchec$ the variables T(trainsU and T.ontactU
b. .lic$ T/IU
6!. Expand the 1istory /utput )equests node in the model tree, and then right clic$ on 1
/utput6 81/utput6 was automatically generated when creating the step; and select
"elete
6#. "ouble clic$ on the T*.sU node in the model tree
a. 3ame the boundary conditioned T+innedU and select T"isplacement=)otationU for
the type
b. .lic$ T.ontinuePU
c. (elect the lowerleft vertex of the geometry and press T"oneU in the prompt area
d. .hec$ the &6 and &! displacements and set them to 5
e. .lic$ T/IU
f. )epeat for the lowerright vertex, but model a roller restraint 8only &! fixed;
instead
6?. "ouble clic$ on the T0oadsU node in the model tree
a. 3ame the load T"istributed loadU and select T0ine loadU as the type
b. .lic$ T.ontinuePU
c. (elect the lower horizontal edges of the geometry press T"oneU in the prompt
area
d. (pecify component ! 9 6555
i. 3ote that because we have been using standard (I units the load applied is
6555 3=m, which is a total of 65,555 3 distributed across the lower
horizontal members
e. .lic$ T/IU
6@. In the model tree double clic$ on TMeshU for the *ridge part, and in the toolbox area
clic$ on the TAssign Element ypeU icon
a. 1ighlight all members in the viewport and select "one
b. (elect T(tandardU for element type
c. (elect T0inearU for geometric order
d. (elect T*eamU for family
e. 3ote that the name of the element 8*!6; and its description are given below the
element controls
f. .lic$ T/IU
6A. In the toolbox area clic$ on the T(eed Edge4 *y 3umberU icon 8hold down icon to bring
up the other options;
a. (elect the entire geometry, except the lower horizontal lines, and clic$ T"oneU in
the prompt area
b. "efine the number of elements along the edges as @
c. )epeat for the lower horizontal lines, except specify 65 elements along the edges
6B. In the toolbox area clic$ on the TMesh +artU icon
a. .lic$ T7esU in the prompt area
6>. In the menu bar select -iew&+art "isplay /ptions
a. .hec$ the )ender beam profiles option on the :eneral tab
b. .lic$ T/IU
6E. .hange the Module to T+ropertyU
a. .lic$ on the TAssign *eam /rientationU icon
b. (elect the entire geometry from the viewport
c. .lic$ T"oneU in the prompt area
d. Accept the default value of the approximate n6 direction
!5. 3ote that the preview shows that the beam cross sections are not all orientated as desired
8see +roblem "escription;
!6. In the toolbox area clic$ on the TAssign *eam=russ angentU icon
a. .lic$ on the sections of the geometry that are off by 6>5 degrees
!!. In the model tree double clic$ on the TVobU node
a. 3ame the 'ob T*ridgeU
b. .lic$ T.ontinuePU
c. :ive the 'ob a description
d. .lic$ T/IU
!#. In the model tree right clic$ on the 'ob 'ust created 8*ridge; and select T(ubmitU
a. Ohile Abaqus is solving the problem right clic$ on the 'ob submitted 8*ridge;,
and select TMonitorU
b. In the Monitor window chec$ that there are no errors or warnings
i. If there are errors, investigate the cause8s; before resolving
ii. If there are warnings, determine if the warnings are relevant, some
warnings can be safely ignored
!?. In the model tree right clic$ on the submitted and successfully completed 'ob 8*ridge;,
and select T)esultsU
!@. In the menu bar clic$ on -iewport&-iewport Annotations /ptions
a. &nchec$ the T(how compass optionU
b. he locations of viewport items can be specified on the corresponding tab in the
-iewport Annotations /ptions
c. .lic$ T/IU
!A. "isplay the deformed contour of the 8-on; Misses stress overlaid with the undeformed
geometry
a. In the toolbox area clic$ on the following icons
i. T+lot .ontours on "eformed (hapeU
ii. TAllow Multiple +lot (tatesU
iii. T+lot &ndeformed (hapeU
!B. In the toolbox area clic$ on the T.ommon +lot /ptionsU icon
a. 3ote that the "eformation (cale Factor can be set on the T*asicU tab
b. /n the T0abelsU tab chec$ the show node symbols icon
c. .lic$ T/IU
!>. o determine the stress values, from the menu bar clic$ ools&Huery
a. .hec$ the boxes labeled T3odesU and T(, MissesU
b. In the viewport mouse over the element of interest
c. 3ote that Abaqus reports stress values from the integration points, which may
differ slightly from the values determined by pro'ecting values from the
surrounding integration points to the nodes
i. he minimum and maximum stress values contained in the legend are
from the stresses pro'ected to the nodes
d. .lic$ on an element to store it in the T(elected +robe -aluesU portion of the
dialogue box
e. .lic$ T.ancelU
!E. o change the output being displayed, in the menu bar clic$ on )esults&Field /utput
a. (elect T(patial displacement at nodesU
i. .omponent 9 &!
b. .lic$ T/IU
#5. o create a text file containing the stresses, vertical displacements, and reaction forces
8including the total;, in the menu bar clic$ on )eport&Field /utput
a. For the output variable select 8-on; Misses
b. /n the (etup tab specify the name and the location for the text file
c. &nchec$ the T.olumn totalsU option
d. .lic$ TApplyU
e. *ac$ on the -ariable tab change the position to T&nique 3odalU
f. &nchec$ the stress variable, and select the &! spatial displacement
g. .lic$ TApplyU
h. /n the -ariable tab, unchec$ (patial displacement and select the )F! reaction
force
i. /n the (etup tab, chec$ the T.olumn totalsU option
'. .lic$ T/IU
#6. /pen the .rpt file with any text editor
a. /ne thing to chec$ is that the total reaction force is equal to the applied load 8
65,555 3;
RESULT)
hus the stresses and the vertical displacements of the bridge structure are determined using
A*AH&(.
E2.3/4E TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS ON CYCLINDER
"ate4 55.5!.6#
AIM)
o "etermine temperature distribution on the inside the cylinder using A*AH&(.
PRO.LEM DESCRIPTION)
.onsider a thin aluminum cylinder of length 6 m and inner and outer radii 5.! m C 5.!6
m respectively. he cylinder is $ept fixed at one end and at the other end a tensile load of !55
$+a is applied. he fixed end of the cylinder is at !B#.6@ I 8the ambient temperature; and the
free end at !B?.6@ I 8all other sides are insulated;. he cylinder expands due to the heat flow.
PROCEDURE)
he various functions within A*AH&( are organized into modules and we are going to use
these modules to define the steps in our procedure.
6. Wmodule load abaqus=A.E%!
!. Wabaqus cae
#. /nce you start A*AH&( .AE select .reate Model "atabase to create a new model.
?. he default module that opens up is the +art Module.
PART MODULE)
his module allows you to create the geometry required for the problem. o create a #%"
geometry you first create a !%" profile and then manipulate it to obtain the solid geometry.
3# From the +art oolbox on the left of the viewport select .reate +art.
2# 7ou can name the part as cylinder or anything else you li$e. Oe are going to create a
deformable solid shape in the #%" modeling space through extrusion so we do not change
the default selections.
4# Enter 6 as the approximate size and clic$ .ontinue.
;# .lic$ .reate .ircle .enter and +erimeter on the drawing toolbox and enter 5, 5 as the
center point in field below the viewport and press Enter. Enter the perimeter point as
5.!6, 5 and press Enter to complete the circle. (imilarly ma$e another circle with the
same center and the perimeter point as 5.!, 5. +ress Esc to exit the circle definition and
then press "one.
<# Enter the extrusion depth as 6 and press /I.
5# .lic$ Auto%Fit -iew in the toolbar above to zoom out and view all the points.
his finishes our wor$ in the +art module. (elect Module4 +roperty from the toolbar above
the viewport.
PROPERTY MODULE)
In this module you define the material properties for your analysis and assign those
properties to the available parts.
6. (elect .reate Material from the +roperty oolbox.
!. Enter material name as Aluminum. .lic$ on the :eneral tab and select "ensity from the
drop%down menu. ype in the mass density as !B55. .lic$ on the Mechanical tab and
select ElasticityWElastic from the drop%down menu. Enter the 7oungFs Modulus as B5EE
and the +oissonFs )atio as 5.##. .lic$ on the Mechanical tab and select Expansion. Edit
the reference temperature to !B#.6@ and the expansion coefficient to !#e%A. .lic$ on the
hermal tab and select .onductivity. Enter the thermal conductivity as 6A5. .lic$ on the
hermal tab and select (pecific 1eat. Enter the value as E55 and clic$ /I.
#. (elect .reate (ection from the property toolbox. 3ame the section as you li$e. Oe need a
solid homogeneous section for our problem. .lic$ .ontinue. (elect the material as
Aluminum and clic$ /I.
?. .lic$ Assign (ection on the property toolbox and select the part from the viewport. .lic$
"one below. (elect the section you had created and clic$ /I.
/ur wor$ in the +roperty module is done and we select the Assembly Module from the
toolbar above the viewport.
ASSEM.LY MODULE)
his module allows you to assemble together parts that you have created. Even if you have a
single part you need to include it in your assembly.
6. (elect Instance +art from the Assembly oolbox.
!. (elect the part you have created from the parts list and then select Instance type4
Independent. .lic$ /I.
(elect Module4 (tep from the toolbar above.
STEP MODULE)
his module allows you to select the $ind of analysis you want to perform on your model
and define the parameters associated with it. 7ou can also select which variables you want to
included in the output files in this modules. 7ou apply loads over a step. o apply a sequence of
loads create several steps and define the loads for each of them.
6. (elect .reate (tep from the (tep oolbox.
!. 3ame the step as you want and select .oupled temp%displacement as the procedure. .lic$
.ontinue.
#. he edit step dialog box lets you choose the solution technique, the solver type and define
the time stepping strategy.
?. &nder *asic change the )esponse to (teady%state and clic$ /I.
he Interaction Module allows you to set up interactions 8contact, film;, constraints,
connectors, fasteners and wire feature between parts. /ur problem does not involve any of these
features but it will be a good idea to explore this module on your own at a later time.
(elect Module4 0oad from the toolbar above.
LOAD MODULE)
he 0oad Module is where you define the loads and boundary conditions for your model
for a particular step 8indicated in the toolbar above;. 7ou can even define loads and boundary
conditions as fields li$e electric potential, acoustic pressure, etc.
6. (elect .reate 0oad from the 0oad oolbox. (elect (urface raction and clic$ .ontinue.
(elect the top face of the cylinder 8z96; 8it gets highlighted in red; and clic$ "one.
!. .hange the raction type to :eneral. .lic$ on the Edit tab under "irection in the dialog
box. Enter the starting point of the direction vector as 85, 5, 5; and the end point as 85,5,
6;. Enter the Magnitude as !e@ and clic$ /I.
#. (elect .reate *oundary .ondition from the 0oad oolbox. (elect (ymmetry =
Antisymmetry = Encastre and clic$ .ontinue. (elect the bottom face 8z95; of the cylinder
and clic$ "one. (elect +inned 8&695, &!95, &#95; and clic$ /I.
?. Again select .reate *oundary .ondition from the 0oad oolbox. (witch .ategory to
/ther and select emperature and clic$ .ontinue. (elect the bottom face of the cylinder
and press "one. Enter the magnitude as !B#.6@ and clic$ /I. (imilarly put the top face
at !B?.6@.
3ow that we have defined the loads and the boundary conditions we move on to mesh the
geometry.
(elect Module4 Mesh from the toolbar above the viewport.
MES- MODULE)
he mesh model controls how you mesh your model X the type of element, their size etc.
6. (elect (eed +art Instance from the mesh toolbox. Enter the approximate global size as
5.5!@.
!. .lic$ on Mesh +art Instance and then on 7es to mesh the model.
#. (elect Assign Element ype from the mesh toolbox. &nder Family select .oupled
emperature%"isplacement and switch :eometric /rder to Huadratic. .lic$ /I.
Ohen finished
select Module4 Vob from the toolbar above.
=O. MODULE)
his module allows you to submit your model for analysis.
6. (elect .reate Vob from the Vob oolbox. 3ame the 'ob as you li$e. (elect your model and
clic$ .ontinue.
!. 7ou can add a description to the 'ob, allocate memory, allot multiple processors and
select precision. &se the default values and clic$ /I.
#. (elect the Vob Manager from the toolbox and clic$ on the Orite Input tab.
?. If you are running the 'ob for the first time it is advisable to run "ata .hec$ to chec$ the
input file for errors. .lic$ /I to overwrite the 'ob files.
@. /nce the data chec$ is completed (ubmit the 'ob for analysis. .lic$ /I to overwrite the
'ob files. 7ou can clic$ Monitor to observe the progress of the solution process. 7ou can
see the errors, warnings, data and message file.
A. /nce the 'ob is completed clic$ on the )esults tab on the 'ob manager. his opens the
-isualization Module for post processing.
*ISUALI>ATION MODULE)
his model allows you to loo$ at your model after deformation. 7ou can also plot values
of stress, displacement, reaction forces, etc. as contours on your model surface or as vectors or
tensors.
6. (elect +lot "eformed (hape from the -isualization toolbox.
!. (elect +lot .ontours on "eformed (hape to plot stress contours on the model surface.
#. 7ou can see the location of the maximum C minimum stresses by selecting .ontour
/ptionsW0imitsW(how 0ocation.
?. (elect )esultsWField /utput from the main menu. his opens a dialog box that allows
you to select the variable you want to plot in the viewport.
@. (elect & 8(patial "isplacement at nodes;WMagnitudeW/I to plot the displacement
contours on the model.
A. o plot displacement vectors clic$ on +lot (ymbols on "eformed (hape on the toolbox.
B. 7ou can now animate this plot by selecting Animate 1armonic.
RESULT)
hus the temperature distribution on the inside the cylinder determined using A*AH&(.