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Switched Mode Power Conversion: Basic Converter Cell

The document discusses various isolated switched mode power converters. It describes the operating principles, key waveforms and characteristics of forward converters, including lossless reset forward converters. Push-pull converters and other isolated topologies like half-bridge and full-bridge converters are also covered. The analysis is done using the non-isolated equivalent circuit model of the converters.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

51 views46 pages

Switched Mode Power Conversion: Basic Converter Cell

Uploaded by

msrai

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Switched Mode Power Conversion

Basic Converter Cell

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Non-Isolated Converter

Buck Converter

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Isolated Converters - Contd

S
S

N1:N2

S
S

Electromagnetic Isolation

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Forward Converter Highlights
S
VG
VR

N1:N2

L
Im

R
C

Isolation between VO and VG

Maximum Duty Ratio: 0.5
Magnetic Core Utilisation: 0.5
Conductor Utilisation: 0.5
Circuit Voltage: 0.5
Additional Magnetisation Loss

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Forward Converter Non-isolated Equivalent Circuit

S VG
VG
VR

N2
N1

IO
VO

R
C

Non-Isolated Equivalent Circuit

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Forward Converter Steady State Analysis
S
VG
VR

N1:N2

L
Im

R
C

Im
0

t
TON

TS
t

0.5L m I 2m

V I

R R

Magnetisation Energy

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Forward Converter Steady State Analysis
Im
0

t
TON

TS
t

0.5L m I 2m

V I

R R

dt = 0.5VG I mpk TON

2
0.5VG2 TON
Energy Loss per Cycle =
J
Lm
2
0.5VG2 TON
Power Loss =
W
L m TS

Loss Per Cycle

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Forward Converter Steady State Analysis
Im
0

I mpk
TON

t
TS

2
0.5VG2 TON
Power Loss =
W
L m TS

Power Loss = 0.5VG I mpk D W

I mpk
PLoss
= 0.5
PO
IO

Magnetising Power Loss

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Forward Converter Non-isolated Equivalent Circuit
S
VG
VR

N1:N2

L
Im

R
C

S
N2
N1

IO
VO

S VG
VG

IO
VO

R
C

Non-Isolated Equivalent Circuit

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Forward Converter Non-isolated Equivalent Circuit
Effect of Switch, Inductor, Source Non-idealities
May also be Evaluated

S VG
VG
VR

N2
N1

IO
VO

R
C

Non-Isolated Equivalent Circuit

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Forward Converter Typical Losses & Efficiency
Im
0

I mpk
TON

t
TS

I mpk
PLoss
= 0.5
PO
IO

Typical Magnetisation Loss: 5%

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Lossless Forward Converter
N1:N1:N2

S
VG

S IL
IS

IO
R VO

L
IF S

Additional Winding (1:1) Returns the Magnetising

Energy to the Source

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Concept Behind Lossless Reset
S On
N1:N1

S S
VG
VP

S On

t
t

The Reset Winding (1:1) is Tightly Coupled

To Primary

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Concept Behind Lossless Reset
S On
N1:N1

S S
VG
VP

S On

t
t

VP
IP

The Reset Winding (1:1) is Tightly Coupled

To Primary

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Lossless Forward Converter
N1:N1:N2

IG
VG

S
IP

S IL
IS

IO
R VO

L
IF S

Reset Winding is rated for Magnetising Current only

Primary & Reset Winding are Wound Bifilar
Circuit Realisation

Switched Mode Power Conversion

S On

t
N1:N1:N2

IG
VG

S
IP

S IL
IS

IO
R VO

L
IF S

Flux & Reset Voltage

Switched Mode Power Conversion

S On

t
N1:N1:N2

IG
VG

S
IP

S IL
IS

IO
R VO

L
IF S

Secondary & Primary Current

Switched Mode Power Conversion

S On

t
N1:N1:N2

IG
VG

S
IP

S IL
IS

IO
R VO

L
IF S

Primary & Reset Current

Switched Mode Power Conversion

S On

N1:N1:N2

IG
VG

S
IP

S IL
IS

IO
R VO

L
IF S

Source Current

Switched Mode Power Conversion

S On

t
t

VP
IS

IP
IR

t
t

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Lossless Reset Forward Converter Highlights
N1:N1:N2

IG
VG

S
IP

S IL

IO
R VO

IS
IF S

Isolation between VO and VG

Maximum Duty Ratio: 0.5
Magnetic Core Utilisation: 0.5
Conductor Utilisation: 0.5
Circuit Voltage: 0.5
Lossless Reset

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Lossless Two Switch Forward Converter
N1:N2

IG
S
VG

S IL

S
IP
S
S

IO
R VO

IS
IF

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Lossless Two Switch Forward Converter
S On

S On

S
VG

S IL

S N1:N2

IP
S

IO
R VO

IS
IF

Core Flux & Primary Voltage

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Lossless Two Switch Forward Converter
S On

S On

S
VG

S IL

S N1:N2

IP
S

IO
R VO

IS
IF

Secondary & Primary Current

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Lossless Two Switch Forward Converter
S On

S On

S
VG

S IL

S N1:N2

IP
S

IO
R VO

IS
IF

Source Current

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Lossless Two Switch Forward Converter Highlights
N1:N2

IG
S
VG

S IL

S
IP
S

IO
R VO

IS
IF

Isolation between VO and VG

Maximum Duty Ratio: 0.5
Magnetic Core Utilisation: 0.5
Conductor Utilisation: 0.5
Circuit Voltage: 1.0
Lossless Reset

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Push-Pull Converter
N1:N1:N2

IS1
VG

IS2
I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

Switches turn-on with PWM in alternate half cycles

Flux resetting is done in Complementary Fashion
Duty ratio of primary switches < 50%
Secondary duty ratio < 100%
Back-to-Back Forward Converters

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Push-Pull Converter Waveforms
S1
S2

t
t

N1:N1:N2

IS1
VG

IS2
I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

Switch On State Intervals

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Push-Pull Converter Waveforms
S1
S2

t
t

N1:N1:N2

IS1
VG

IS2
I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

Output Inductor Current

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Push-Pull Converter Waveforms
S1
S2

t
t

I+

I-

t
N1:N1:N2

IS1
VG

IS2
I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

Secondary Currents

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Push-Pull Converter Waveforms
S1
S2

t
t

IS1

IS2

t
N1:N1:N2

IS1
VG

IS2
I+

IO
R VO

I-

Switch Currents

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Push-Pull Converter Waveforms
S1
S2

t
t

t
N1:N1:N2

IS1
VG

IS2
I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

Transformer Primary Voltage & Flux

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Push-Pull Converter Waveforms
S1
S2

t
t

t
N1:N1:N2

IS1
VG

IS2
I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

Hazard of Core Saturation

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Push-Pull Converter Highlights
N1:N1:N2

IS1

D1 IL

IS2

IS1

R VO

I+

Isolation between VO and VG

Maximum Duty Ratio: 1.0
Magnetic Core Utilisation: 1.0
Conductor Utilisation: 0.5
Circuit Voltage: 0.5
Lossless Reset
Hazard of Core saturation

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Other Isolated Converters

Half Bridge Converter

Full Bridge Converter
Isolated Flyback Converter

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Half Bridge Converters

N1:N2

I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Full Bridge Converters

N1:N2

I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Full Bridge Converters

N1:N2

I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

DC Blocking Capacitor CB

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Full Bridge Converters

N1:N2

I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

I P TS
<< VG
2C B

DC Blocking Capacitor CB

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Full Bridge Converters
IL

N1:N2

I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

Isolation between VO and VG

Maximum Duty Ratio: 1.0
Magnetic Core Utilisation: 1.0
Conductor Utilisation: 1.0
Circuit Voltage: 0.5/1.0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Forward Converter Non-isolated Equivalent Circuit
Idealised Analysis can be done on the Non-isolated
Equivalent Circuit
Effect of Switch, Inductor, Source Non-idealities
May also be Evaluated
VG

N2
N1

S
S

IO VO
R

Non-Isolated Equivalent Circuit

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Isolated Flyback Converters

S N :N
1
2
VG

IO
IS

R VO

S
C

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Isolated Flyback Converters - Features

S N :N
1
2
VG

IO
IS

R VO

S
C

Isolation between VO and VG

Maximum Duty Ratio: 2/3
Magnetic Core Utilisation: 0.5
Conductor Utilisation: 0.5
Circuit Voltage: 0.5

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Half/Full Bridge Converters
IL

N1:N2

I+
I-

IO
R VO

L
C

Isolation between VO and VG

Maximum Duty Ratio: 1.0
Magnetic Core Utilisation: 1.0
Conductor Utilisation: 1.0
Circuit Voltage: 0.5/1.0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Converters in Canonical Form
T1
P

L
IO

VO
VG

VD
L

VG T1

T2 VO

TON

VT
L

TOFF

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Operating Modes CCM and DCM
T1
P

L
IO

VO
VG

VD
L

VG T1

T2 VO

TON

VT
L

TOFF

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